1.

saxelmwifo politikiT gamowveuli sargeblisa da zaralis Sefaseba mwarmoeblis

da momxmareblis

nameti

viciT, rom momxmareblis nameti gamoxatavs erTobliv wminda sargebels,

romelsac isini iReben konkurentul bazarze. xolo mwarmoeblis nameti
gansazRvravs mwarmoebelTa erTobliv sargebels.
momxmareblis nameti aris sidide anu saerTo sargebeli, romelsac igi
iRebs gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnisa da produqtis sabazro fass Soris sxvaobis
SemTxvevaSi. grafikulad, yvela momxmareblisTvis momxmarebelTa nameti aris
farTobi, romelic mdebareobs moTxovnis mrudsa da sabazro fass Soris.
mTlianad
bazrisaTvis
mwarmoeblis
miwodebis mrudis zeviT da sabazro fasis
farTobi.

nameti
qveviT

grafikulad
aris
mdebare samkuTxedis

Tu
viciT
mwarmoeblis da
momxmareblis nameti,
SegviZlia
im
keTildReobis
efeqtis (Welfare
Effects) Sefaseba,
romelic
miiReba
sabazro meqanizmSi saxelmwifo CareviT. Aseve SesaZlebelia ganvsazRvroT,
aseTi CareviT vin rCeba mogebuli an wagebuli da ramdenad. gavixsenoT
fasebis kontrolis SemTxveva _ saxelmwifo
iRebs kanons, romlis
mixedviTac mwarmoeblebi ver daaweseben fasebis zeda zRvarze ufro maRal
fasebs, fasebis zeda zRvari ki dawesebulia bazris wonasworobis fasze
dabla. viciT rom aseTi fasebis zeda zRvari iwvevs deficits (Warbi moTxovna)
warmoebis Semcirebisa da moTxovnis sididis gazrdis gamo. naxazze naCvenebia
momxmareblis da mwarmoeblis nametis cvlilebac, romelic wamoiqmna fasebze
saxelmwifo kontrolis politikis Sedegad. detalurad ganvixiloT es
cvlilebebi.

momxmarebelTa namatis wminda cvlileba aris A-s minus B radgan A

marTkuTxedi B samkuTxedze didia naxazze momxmarebelTa nametis cvlileba
dadebiTi sididea. fasebis regulirebis gamo produqtis fasi P max -s ver
gadaaWarbebs, rac wonasworobis fasis P 0 -ze qvemoTaa (A marTkuTxedsa da
B samkuTxeds Soris sxvaoba). mwarmoeblis zarali aris A marTkuTxedis
farTobisa
da C samkuTxedis farTobis jami. B da C samkuTxedebi erTad
gviCveneben fasebze kontrolis dawesebiT miRebul wminda danakargebs.
wminda
danakargebi.
fasebze
kontrolis
SemoRebis
pirobebSi,
momxmarebelTa mier miRebuli mogeba mwarmoebelTa zaralis kompensirebas
ver
axdens.
rogorc
naxazi gviCvenebs,
fasebze
kontrols
mivyavarT
mTliani nametis wminda
danakargebamde. wminda
danakargebi
gviCveneben
fasebze kontrolis
dawesebis
araefeqtianobas:
mwarmoeblebis mier
miRebuli nametis danakargebi aWarbebs momxmareblis nametis mogebas.

2. minimaluri fasebi
aRniSnuli situacia warmodgenilia naxazze
sadac P min aris saxelmwifos
mier dawesebuli minimaluri
fasi,
romelic
saxelmwifom
daawesa.
miwodebis
sidide am dros Q 2 -s, xolo moTxovnisa _ Q 3 -s Seadgens. Ggansxvaveba aris
gamoSvebuli produqtis Warbi, gauyidavi moculoba.
Aaxla
SevxedoT
ra
cvlilebebs
eqneba
adgili
mwarmoeblisa
da
momxmareblis nametebSi. is
momxmareblebi, romlebic jer kidev yiduloben produqts, axla ixdian ufro
maRal fass da nametis dakargvis gamo zaraldebian. es danakargi naxazze
warmodgenilia A marTkuTxediT. momxmarebelTa nawilma momatebuli fasebis da
nametis dakargvis gamo bazari datova. am SemTxvevaSi danakargi warmodgenilia B
samkuTxediT. momxmareblis nametis saerTo cvlileba tolia:
CS = -A-B

fasi regulirdeba imgvarad, rom ar SeiZleba iyos naklebi, vidre P min.

mwarmoeblebs
survili
aqvT
gamouSvan Q 2 produqtis moculoba, magram
momxmareblebi yiduloben mxolod Q 3 -s. Tu mwarmoeblebi awarmoeben Q 2 -s, maSin
Q2 -Q3 gauyidavi darCeba da mwarmoeblis nametis cvlileba iqneba A-C-D. am
SemTxvevaSi mwarmoebelTa mdgomareoba SeiZleba gauaresdes. saerTo cvlilebebi
mwarmoeblis nametSi toli iqneba:
PS=A-C-D

3. garantirebuli fasebi da qvotebi warmoebaze

minimaluri fasebis SemoRebis garda, saxelmwifos SeuZlia produqtze
fasi gazardos ori gziT . garantirebuli fasebi da qvotebi warmoebaze. saxelmwifo
awesebs
produqtis
sabazro
fass
Tavisufali bazris
fasze
maRla
da
yidulobs gamoSvebis mTel moculobas, rac aucilebelia fasisSesanarCuneblad.
saxelmwifos aseve SeuZlia gazardos fasebi warmoebis SezRudvis xarjze,
pirdapir an mwarmoeblis motivaciis saSualebiT. avxsniT am RonisZiebebis
gavlena momxmarebelze, mwarmoeblebsa da biujetze.

PO wonasworul
fasze
maRali PS fasis
SesanarCuneblad,
mTavroba
yidulobs gamoSvebuli produqtis nawils Qg moculobiT. mwarmoebelTa mogeba
aris A+B+D. momxmarebelTa
danakargebi aris A+B. saxelmwifos
danaxarjebi
warmodgenilia daStrixuli marTkuTxedis farTobiT Ps (Q 2 -Q 1 ).
bazarze
Sesvlisa da
gamoSvebuli
produqtis
Sesyidvis
garda
(erToblivi
moTxovnis zrdasTan erTad), saxelmwifos SeuZlia produqtze fasis
gazrda miwodebis Semcirebis xarjze. aRniSnulis miRweva SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi
kanoniT, anu
gamoSvebul
moculobaze
qvotebis dawesebiT. amis safuZvelze
produqtze fasebi SeiZleba gaizardos.

Ps maRali fasis SenarCunebis mizniT (P0 -Tan SedarebiT, rodesac moTxovna da

miwodeba wonaswordeba) saxelmwifos SeuZlia SezRudos miwodeba Q1 doniT, an
warmoebaze qvotebis dawesebiT (rogorc taqsebze medalionebis SemoRebiT), an
mwarmoeblisaTvis finansuri stimulirebis SeTavazebiT warmoebis Semcirebis mizniT
(rogorc naTesi farTobebis SezRudvis
dros).
imisaTvis,
rom
stimulebma
imoqmedon, isini unda iyos aranakleb B+C+D, e.i. ar unda iyos naklebi im
damatebiT Semosavlebze, romelsac miiRebdnen mosavlis ufro maRali Ps fasiT
gayidvis SemTxvevaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, mTavrobis danaxarjebi sul mcire B+C+D
mainc unda iyos.
4. saimporto qvotebi da tarifebi
bevri qveyana saimporto qvotebs (importirebuli produqtis raodenobis
SezRudva) iyenebs imisaTvis, rom produqtze Sida fasi msoflio fasebze ufro maRal
doneze SeinarCunos. mTavroba
amiT
erovnul
warmoebas
ufro
maRali
Semosavlebis
miRebaSi
exmareba,
vidre Tavisufali
vaWrobis
pirobebSi.
danaxarjebi, romlebsac sazogadoeba gaiRebs aseTi proteqcioneruli politikis
Sedegad, SeiZleba sakmaod maRali iyos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momxmarebelTa
danakargebi adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebis mogebas gadaaWarbebs.

Tu importi mcirdeba qvotis SemoRebis an iseTi tarifis dawesebis

Sedegad, romelic tolia T=P*-Pw , Sida fasi izrdeba P w -dan P*-mde. A
trapecia
kvlav
utoldeba
erovnuli
mwarmoeblebis
mogebas.
momxmarebelTa
danakargebi
utoldeba A+B+C+D. Tu gamoiyeneba tarifi, maSin saxelmwifo iRebs
Semosavals, romelic D-s tolia. wminda Sida danakargebi B+C-s Seadgens. Tu
tarifis nacvlad qvota gamoiyeneba, D marTkuTxedi xdeba ucxouri mwarmoeblis
mogebis nawili, xolo wminda Sida danakargi tolia B+C+D.
5. gadasaxadebisa da subsidiebis gavlenis Sedegebi
simartivisaTvis ganvixiloT gadasaxadi gayiduli produqtis erTeulze. anu
specialuri
gadasaxadi
(Specific
Tax).
specialuri
gadasaxadis
magaliTis
saxiT
moviyvanoT
gadasaxadebi
benzinsa da sigaretze.
vTqvaT,
saxelmwifom
SemoiRo gadasaxadi _ t TeTri erTeul produqtze. saxelmwifom unda miiRos
yovel gayidul produqtze aRniSnuli t TeTri. fasi, romelsac myidveli ixdis, t
TeTriT unda aRematebodes im fass, romelsac gamyidveli iRebs. aRniSnuli Sedegebi
naCvenebia naxazze am SemTxvevaSi P 0
da Q 0
warmoadgens sabazro fassa da
raodenobas gadasaxadis SemoRebamde. P b
aris is fasi, rasac myidveli ixdis.
P S aris fasi, romelsac gamyidveli

P b aris fasi gadasaxadis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac ixdis myidveli, P S

_
fasi, romelsac iRebs gamyidveli gadasaxadis gamoklebis Semdeg. mocemul
SemTxvevSi
sagadasaxado
tvirTi
Tanabrad gadanawildeba
myidvelebsa
da
gamyidvelebs Soris. myidvelebi kargaven A+B, gamyidvelebi _D+C, saxelmwifo iRebs
A+D Semosavlis saxiT. wminda
danakargebi tolia B+C. Tu moTxovna
SedarebiT
araelastikuria, xolo miwodeba SedarebiT elastikuri, sagadasaxado tvirTi
ufro metad myidvels awveba.

Tu
moTxovna
SedarebiT
elastikuria,
xolo
miwodeba
_ SedarebiT
araelastikuri, sagadasaxado tvirTi ZiriTadad gamyidvels awveba.
gadasaxadi
ZiriTadad myidvels ekisreba, Tu Ed /E s Tanafardoba arcTu ise didia da ZiriTadad
gamyidvels ekisreba, Tu
Ed /Es
Tanafardoba
didia.
myidvelze
dakisrebuli
gadasaxadis procenti, misi `gadakisrebuli wili Semdegi formulis meSveobiT
gamoiTvleba: gadakisrebuli wili = Es /(Es -Ed ) gadasaxadis wili, romelic modis
mwarmoebelze, tolia - Ed /(Es -Ed )

subsidia (Subsidy) SeiZleba iseTive xerxiT gaanalizdes, rogorc gadasaxadi.

igi ganixileba,
rogorc
uaryofiTi
gadasaxadi.
subsidiis
SemTxvevaSi
gamyidvelis
fasi
aWarbebs
myidvelis fass da maT Soris gansxvaveba aris
subsidiis Tanxa. Sesabamisad, subsidiis Sedegebi
warmoebis
moculobasa
da
moxmarebasTan mimarTebaSi gadasaxadis Sedegebis urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa, kerZod,
moculobebi gaizrdeba.

6. mogebis maqsimizacia monopoliis pirobebSi

monopolia aris sabazro struqtura, sadac erTaderTi firma yidis unikalur
saqonels, romlis
uSualo
Semcvleli
bazarze
ar
moipoveba. monopoliuri
bazari erTi gamyidvelisa da mravali myidvelis bazaria.

monopolistis mogeba maqsimaluria roca

. MC=MR

monop

olists ar SeuZlia mogebis gazrda gamoSvebuli produqtis raodenobis

gazrdiT an SemcirebiT, Tuki zRvruli amonagebi zRvruli danaxarjis tolia.
naxazze 11.2 `b~ maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi wertili zRvruli amonagebisa da
zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis gadakveTis wertilia. Tu
maqsimaluri
mogebis
Sesabamis produqciis moculobas Q*-iT aRvniSnavT, maSin mogebis maqsimizaciis
piroba monopolistisaTvis Semdegnairad SegviZlia CavweroT:
MR(Q*)=MC(Q*)
gantolebiT Cawerili mogebis maqsimazaciis piroba
zogadia da igi
marTebulia rogorc
monopoliuri,
aseve
konkurentuli
firmisaTvis.
konkurentuli
firmis
SemTxvevaSi zRvruli amonagebi fasis tolia. ase rom,
gantolebaSi
MR -is nacvlad
P
sabazro fasis CasmiT
miviRebT
mogebis
maqsimizaciis pirobas konkurentuli firmisaTvis, romelic mogebis maqsimizaciis
zogadi wesis konkretuli SemTxvevaa:
P=MC(Q*)

7. monopoliuri fasdadeba
monopolia fasis dawesebisas iTvaliswinebs saqonelze moTxovnis mruds.
maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi fasi aRemateba gayiduli bolo erTeulis warmoebis
zRvrul danaxarjs. monopolistis saqonelze moTxovnis mrudis formis specifika
da,
Sesabamisad,
moTxovnis
safaso elastikuroba gadamwyvet rols asrulebs
monopoliuri fasdadebisas.

naxazi ,,a~ gviCvenebs maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamis

PA
fass da
QA
raodenobas
monopoliur A bazarze. naxazi ,,b~ gviCvenebs
meore monopoliur B
bazars, sadac moTxovna naklebad mgrZnobiarea PA
fasis mimarT.
naxazze ,,b~
moTxovnis mrudi miRebulia D A moTxovnis mrudis SebrunebiT maqimaluri mogebis

Sesatyvisi PA fasisa da QA raodenobis amsaxveli wertilis mimarT.

B bazarze
maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasi gaxda PB . B bazarze moTxovna DB naklebad
elastikuria, vidre A bazarze moTxovna DA . fassa da zRvrul danaxarjs Soris
gansxvaveba ufro metia B bazarze, sadac moTxovnis fasismieri elastikuroba naklebia.

Tu moTxovna elastikuria, anu Q < a/2b, maSin zRvruli amonagebi dadebiTia. Tu

moTxovna araelastikuria anu a/2b<Q<a/b, maSin zRvruli amonagebi uaryofiTia.
zRvruli amonagebi nulis tolia (gadakveTs horizontalur wrfes) gamoSvebuli
produqciis iseTi raodenobisas, roca moTxovna erTeulovani elastiurobisaa
Q=a/2b.
roca monopolisti awarmoebs moTxovnis mrudis elastikur monakveTze,
mas SeuZlia mTliani amonagebis gazrda fasis Semcirebis xarjze gayiduli
produqtis moculobis gazrdiT;
roca monopolisti awarmoebs moTxovnis mrudis araelastikuri monakveTze,
mas SeuZlia mTliani amonagebis gazrda fasis gazrdis xarjze gayiduli
produqciis moculobis SemcirebiT;

8. monopoliuri bazris statikuri analizi

ganvixiloT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens monopolistis gadawyvetilebebze
sabazro moTxovnisa da warmoebis danaxarjebSi cvlilebebi.
naxazi 11.10 gviCvenebs,
Tu rogor icvleba wonasworoba monopoliur bazarze moTxovnis
gazrdis
SemTxvevaSi. naxazze 11.10 ..a, sadac zRvruli danaxarji zrdadia, moTxovnis
zrda
iwvevs wonasworuli fasisa da wonasworuli gamoSvebis moculobis zrdas.
naxazze 11.10 ,,b~, sadac zRvruli danaxarji klebadia, moTxovnis zrda iwvevs
wonansworuli gamoSvebis moculobis zrdas da wonasworuli fasis Semcirebas.
fasi mcirdeba miuxedavad imisa, rom monopolists SeuZlia gazrdili moTxovnis
gamo ufro maRali fasi daawesos. radgan zRvruli danaxarji klebadia, monopolisti
ufro met produqcias awarmoebs vidre awarmoebda moTxovnis gazrdamde.
am

SemTxvevaSi, produqciis raodenobis zrdis gamo

gadafaravs moTxovnis zrdis gamo fasis zrdis efeqts.

monopolistis optimaluri

P*

fasis

Semcirebis

efeqti

fasi:

monopolistis
Suawertilis
formula
gviCvenebs,
rom
monopolistis
optimaluri fasi aris moTxovnis mrudis vertikalur RerZTan gadakveTis (a - Sokuri
fasis) da mudmiv zRvrul danaxarjis c mruds
Soris zustad SuaSi mdebare
wertilis Sesabamisi fasi.

9. mravali sawarmos mqone monopolia. Kkarteli

mravali firma awarmoebs produqcias erTze met sawarmoSi. magaliTad,
mineraluri wylis
`borjomis~
Camomsxmeli
kompania
produqcias
awarmoebs
mineraluri wylis Camomsxmel ramdenime sxvadasxva qarxanaSi. monopoliis zemoT
aRwerili Teoria marTebulia mravali sawarmos mqone monopoliis SemTxvevaSic.
ganvixiloT aseTi monopoliis gadawyvetilebebi warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb da
ganvsazRvroT monopoliisaTvis sawarmoTaA optimaluri raodenoba. ori sawarmos mqone
monopoliis gadawyvetilebebi produqciis raodenobis Sesaxeb ori sawarmos mqone
monopoliis gadawyvetileba warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb ori komponentisagan
Sedgeba: 1. ra raodenobis produqcia awarmoos saerTod; 2. ra raodenobis
produqcia awarmoos TiToeul sawarmoSi. ganvixiloT
ori
sawarmos
mqone
monopolia, romlis erT-erTi sawarmos zRvruli danaxarjia MC 1 (Q), xolo meore
sawarmos zRvruli danaxarji ki MC2 (Q). davuSvaT, TiToeuli sawarmo
Tanabari
raodenobis produqcias awarmoebs. naxazi 11.13 gviCvenebs, rom 3 milioni
erTeuli produqciis gamoSvebisas I sawarmos zRvruli danaxarji metia II sawarmos
zRvrul danaxarjze ($6 >$3, SeadareT naxazze A wertili da B wertili). aseTi
monopoliis zRvruli danaxarjis mrudia MCT,
romelic miiReba TiToeuli
sawarmos zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis horizontaluri RerZis gaswvriv
SekrebiT. mas mravali sawarmos mqone monopoliis erTiani zRvruli danaxarjis mrudi
ewodeba

zogjer

erT

dargSi

momuSave

ramdenime

firma

SeTanxmebulad

gansaz

Rvravs
mwarmoebelTa

dargis produqciis
jgufi,
romlis

moculobasa
da
fass.
karteli
aris
wevrebic erTmaneTTan aTanxmeben produqciis

gamoSvebis moculobas da fass. msoflioSi cnobil kartels warmoadgens navTobis

eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia (OPEC). roca karteluri gaerTianebis wevrebi
icaven
SeTanxmebas,
maSin
karteli
moqmedebs rogorc mravali sawarmos mqone
monopolia. maSasadame, kartelis mogebis maqsimizaciis piroba identuria mravali
sawarmos mqone monopoliis mogebis maqsimizaciis pirobisa.
10. monofsonia
bazari
monofsoniuria
Tu
erTaderTi
firma
yidulobs
saqonels,
momsaxurebas an warmoebis faqtorebs mravali gamyidvelisagan. monofsonisti SeiZleba
iyos calkeuli individi, firma,
organizacia
an
saxelmwifo.
monofsoniuri
wonasworoba ganvixiloT firmis gadawyvetilebebi, romelic aris Sromis L
erTaderTi myidveli bazarze. davuSvaT, rom firmis sawarmoo funqcia damokidebulia
mxolod am faqtorze. firmis mTliani gamoSveba iqneba Q= (f L) , sadac L aris
firmis mier daqiravebul muSaTa raodenoba. davuSvaT, rom firma moqmedebs
srulyofili konkurenciis bazarze. maSasadame firmis mTliani amonagebi aris MR=P f L
Sromis faqtoris zRvruli
amonagebi
aris damatebiTi amonagebi, romelsac
firma iRebs erTi damatebiTi muSis daqiravebiT.

monofsonistisaTvis
ukuelastikurobis
mixedviT
fasdadebis
wesi
gviCvenebs monofsoniuri
Sromis
bazris
gansxvavebas
konkurentuli
Sromis
bazrisagan. am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli firma maqsimalur mogebas iRebs, roca
Sromis zRvruli produqtis amonagebi xelfasis tolia:

monofsoniur bazarze firma daqiravebul muSaxels uxdis iseT xelfass,

romelic Sromis zRvruli produqtis amonagebze naklebia. monofsonistisaTvis
ukuelastikurobis mixedviT fasdadebis wesis (IEPR) Tanaxmad, sxvaoba Sromis

zRvruli produqtis amonagebsa da xelfass Soris ganisazRvreba Sromis miwodebis

elastikurobis Sebrunebuli sididiT.

11 namadis miReba safaso diskriminacia

viciT, rom mogebis maqsimizaciisaTvis monopolisti awesebs P m fass, romelic
aiZulebs momxmareblebs iyidon produqtis Q m raodenoba (naxazi 12.1). monopolisti
iRebs mwarmoeblis namets. igi naxazze mocemulia G+H+K+L farTobebis jamiT.
es aris mwarmoeblis nametis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba, romelsac monopolisti
Rebulobs unificirebuli fasis dawesebiT produqtis yoveli erTeulisaTvis.

P m fasis dawesebiT monopolisti srulad ver iRebs momxmareblis namets (E+F

farTobi, naxazi 12.1). ufro metic, wminda danakargi (J+N farTobi) warmoadgens kidev
erT potenciur ekonomikur sargebels, romelsac verc mwarmoebeli da verc
momxmarebeli ver iRebs. wminda danakargebi warmoiqmneba moTxovnis mrudis A
da
B
wertilebs
Soris.
am
monakveTze
arian potenciuri
momxmareblebi,
romlebic
produqts
maSinac
ar
yiduloben,
rodesac
isini
mzad arian
gadaixadon Tundac maRali fasi.
12. pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia
pirveli
xarisxis
safaso
diskriminaciis
(srulyofili
safaso
diskriminacia)
arsis gagebisaTvis
sasurvelia
produqtis
moTxovnis
skala
warmoavadginoT rogorc gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnis sqema. igi gviCvenebs Tanxis
sidides,
romlis
gadasaxdeladac
mzad
aris momxmarebeli. moTxovnis mrudi
daRmavalia, amitom momxmarebeli, romelic produqtis pirvel erTeuls yidulobs,
mzadaa ufro maRali fasi gadaixados, vidre is momxmarebeli, romelic meore
erTeuls yidulobs. gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnis sidide klebulobs yoveli axali
erTeulis gadaxdis Semdeg. pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia idealuria
gamyidvelis gadasaxedidan. Tu gamyidveli warmatebulad
danergavs
pirveli

xarisxis safaso dikriminacias, maSin igi yovel erTeuls produqts daafasebs im

maqsimalur sidided, romlis gadasaxdeladac mzadaa momxmarebeli.

pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros firma axdens gamoSvebas

manam, sanam moTxovna da zRvruli danaxarjebi ar gadakveTen erTmaneTs, e.i. 20-Q=2,
Q=18 (naxazi 12.2). monopolistis mTeli amonagebi srulyofili pirveli xarisxis
safaso diskriminaciis dros aris farTobi moTxovnis mrudis qvemoT yvela
warmoebuli erTeulisaTvis. amonagebi es aris naxazze mocemuli OWXY farTobi,
romlis ricxobrivi maCvenebelia 198.
13. meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacia
meore
xarisxis
safaso
diskriminaciis
pirobebSi
firma
momxmarebels
sTavazobs raodenobriv
fasdaklebas.
erT
erTeulSi
gadaxdili
fasi
damokidebulia
nayidi
produqtis raodenobaze.
magaliTad,
kompiuteruli
programis erT erTeulSi gadaxdili fasi damokidebulia nayidi programebis
raodenobaze. Tu erT kompiuterul TamaSs yidulob, SesaZlebelia igi 50 larad
SemogTavazon, magram 10 TamaSSi SeiZleba 400 lari (erT TamaSSi 40 lari) gadaixadoT.

unificirebuli fasis dros firma iRebs mwarmoeblis namets 81 laris odenobiT

(RTMZ-is farTobis toli)
safexurebrivi
tarifiT
SeuZlia
11
lari
fasis

daweseba
pirveli
erTeulisaTvis awesebs
FKLM farTobi).

9
erTeulsaTvis,
xolo Semdeg yoveli damatebiTi
8 lars. firma iRebs mwarmoeblis namets 99 lars (RTMZ +

14. mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminacia

mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros firma sxvadasxva momxmarebelTa
jgufebs an bazris segmentTa identificirebas axdens. firma, romelsac unda
mogebis
maqsimizacia,
bazris yoveli segmentisaTvis specialur fass awesebs da
inversiuli elastikurobis wesis gamoyenebiT zRvrul amonagebs da zRvrul
danaxarjs utolebs erTmaneTs.

naxazi ,,a gviCvenebs moTxovnas naxSiris sarkinigzo gadazidvebze, xolo

,,b
moTxovnas
xorblis gadazidvebze.
xorblis
gadazidvebisTvis
xSirad
rkinigzis
nacvlad
barJebsa
da
satvirTo
manqanebs iyeneben,
amitom
misi
gadazidvebi Zalian grZnobiarea rkinigzis mier dawesebuli fasis mimarT.
naxSiris gadazidvebi ufro metad aris damokidebuli sarkinigzo gadazidvebze
da
amitomac
mzad arian
ufro
meti
gadaixadon.
mesame
xarisxis
safaso
diskriminaciiT
rkinigza
xSirad
naxSiris gadazidvebze
orjer
met
fass
awesebs,
vidre
xorbalze,
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
produqts gadazidvebis
zRvruli
danaxarji
TiTqmis
erTi
da
igivea.
am
magaliTSi
mogebis
maqsimizaciisaTvis naxSiris gadazidvis fasia $24, xolo xorblis $12.
15. arasrulyofili konkurencia da monopolisturi konkurenciis bazari
srulyofili
konkurenciis
bazari
Teoriuli
abstraqciaa.
wminda
monopolia
ki ekonomikaSi
iSviaTad
gvxvdeba
da,
rogorc
wesi,
igi
saxelmwifos
mxridan
regulirdeba. realur ekonomikur sistemaSi umetesad
gavrcelebulia arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazrebi, romlebsac
erTdroulad
axasiaTebT
rogorc
srulyofili,
aseve
monopoliuri
bazris Tvisebebi.
arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazris struqturebia monopolisturi konkurencia da

oligopolia. orive maTgani sxvadasxva

monopoliuri bazris Tvisebebs.

doziT

aerTianebs

konkurentuli

da

monopolisturi konkurenciis dros bazarze Sesvla Tavisufalia da mravali

gamyidveli yidis msgavs, magram ara
erTnair produqts. grZelvadian periodSi,
monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze wonasworuli mdgomareobis pirobebia:
1.
wminda monopoliis msgavsad, firma fasisa da gamoSvebis moculobis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebebs iRebs daRmavali moTxovnis mrudis pirobebSi; 2. firma maqsimalur
mogebas iRebs im raodenobis produqtis gamoSvebisas, roca zRvruli danaxarjebi
zRvruli amonagebis
tolia, xolo fasi wesdeba produqtze moTxovnis
mrudis
mixedviT. konkurentuli firmisagan gasxvavebiT,
fasi
ar
aris
zRvruli
danaxarjis toli.
3. konkurentuli firmis msgavsad, grZelvadian periodSi
dargSi firmaTa Tavisufali Sesvlis gamo mogeba nulis tolia.

16. wonasworoba ologopoliur bazarze

oligopolia
sabazro
struqturis
farTod
gavrcelebuli
formaa.
oligopoliuri dargis
magaliTebia
saavtomobilo,
aluminis,
foladis,
navTobqimiuri
mrewveloba, energetikuli
mowyobilobebisa
da
kompiuterebis
mwarmoebeli
dargebi.
oligopoliuri bazrisaTvis saqonlis diferenciacia
aucileblobas ar warmoadgens. produqtis did nawils da mTlian
moculobas
firmebis
arc
Tu
ise
didi
raodenoba
awarmoebs.
arseboben
iseTi
oligopoliuri bazrebi, sadac grZelvadian periodSi zogierTi, xan ki yvela
firma, mniSvnelovan
mogebas
iRebs.
es
imiT
aris
gamowveuli,
rom
oligopoliur bazarze
arsebuli barierebi arTuleben axali firmebis dargSi
Sesvlas. oligopoliur bazarze wonasworobis gansazRvra firmaTa aseT reaqciazea

damokidebuli. es koncefcia Seiqmna jon neSis (John Nash) mier 1951 wels. amitom am
wonasworobas vuwodebT neSis wonasworobas.
neSis wonasworobis dros TiToeuli
firma
maqsimalurad
ukeTesad
iyenebs
Tavis SesaZleblobebs konkurentebis
moqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

17. kurnos modeli

CavataroT bazris analizi mxolod ori konkurenti firmisaTvis. aseT bazars
duopolias (Duopoly) uwodeben.
duopoliis
martivi
modeli
pirvelad
SemogvTavaza
frangma
ekonomistma ogiustin kurnom kurnos modelis arsi imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom TiToeuli firma konkurentis warmoebis moculobas
miiCnevs
fiqsirebul sidided da amis Semdeg iRebs gadawyvetilebas, Tu ra raodenobis
saqoneli awarmoos TviTon.

`firma 1-is gadawyvetileba gamoSvebis moculobis Sesaxeb, romlis drosac

mogeba aRwevs maqsimums, damokidebulia `firma 2-is mier warmoebul produqtze. Tu
`firma 2 arafers awarmoebs, maSin `firma 1-is moTxovnis mrudi _ D 1 (0) iqneba
sabazro moTxovnis mrudic. zRvruli amonagebis mrudi _ MR1 (0) `firma 1is
zRvruli
danaxarjebis mruds _ MC1
kveTs wertilSi, sadac warmoebis
moculoba aris 50 erTeuli. Tu firma 50 erTeuls awarmoebs, maSin `firma
1-is
moTxovnis mrudi gadaadgildeba amave moculobiT marcxena mxares da gaCndeba
D 1 (50) mrudi. Am SemTxvevaSi, mogebis maqsimizacia xdeba 25 erTeuli produqtis
gamoSvebis dros. bolos, Tu `firma 1 dauSvebs, rom `firma 2 awarmoebs 75 erTeuls,
maSin mis wilad darCeba produqtis mxolod 12.5 erTeuli
firmis
reagirebis
mrudebi
gviCveneben,
ramdeni
unda
awarmoos
TiToeulma
maTganma konkurentis
gamoSvebis
moculobis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
wonasworobidan gamomdinare, TiToeuli firma irCevs Tavisi reagirebis mrudis
Sesabamis
warmoebis
moculobas.
aqedan
gamomdinare, warmoebis
moculobebis
wonasworuli done mdebareobs reagirebis ori mrudis gadakveTaze. warmoebis
moculobebis miRebuli wyvilis mniSvnelobebs kurnos wonasworoba ewodeba.
aseTi wonasworobis dros, TiToeuli firma sworad afasebs, ramdeni unda
awarmoos misma konkurentma da Sesabamisad iRebs maqsimalur mogebas.

`firma 1-is reagirebis mrudi gviCvenebs warmoebis moculobas, rogorc

funqcias im moculobidan, romelic misi azriT,
unda
awarmoos
`firma
2-ma.
`firma 2 reagirebis mrudi gviCvenebs warmoebis moculobas, rogorc funqcias
im
moculobidan, romelic unda awarmoos `firma 1-ma.
kurnos
wonasworobis
dros, TiToeuli
firma zustad
iTvaliswinebs
moculobas,
romelic
unda
gamouSvas misma konkurentma da amiT axdens mogebis maqsmizacias. Sesabamisad,
arcerTi firma ar gadaadgildeba am wonasworuli mdgomareobidan. kurnos
wonasworobis dros TiToeuli duopolisti awarmoebs zustad imden produqts,
ramdenic moutans maqsimalur mogebas. amave dros isini iTvaliswineben imas,
Tu
ramdens awarmoebs
misi
konkurenti
ise,
rom
arc
erT
maTgans
ar
gauCndeba survili Secvalos warmoebis moculoba.

18. safaso konkurencia

aqamde ganvixilavdiT firmebs, romlebic erTmaneTs konkurencias warmoebis
moculobebiT uwevdnen. bevr oligopoliur dargSi konkurencia mimdinareobs
fasebis
mixedviT.
magaliTad, `jeneral
motorsis,
`fordis
da
`daimlerkraisleris fasebi ZiriTadi strategiuli cvladebia da yoveli firma produqtze
fasebs adgens ise, rom ar iviwyebs Tavis konkurentebs. safaso konkurencia
erTgvarovani saqonlis dros _ bertranis modeli rogorc kurnos modelis dros,
aqac oligopoliaSi firmebi erTgvarovan saqonels awarmoeben. TiToeuli maTgani
konkurentis fass ganixilavs, rogorc mudmivs da yvela firma erTdroulad
iRebs gadawyvetilebas, Tu rogori fasi daawesos saqonelze. amgvarad, firmebi
warmoebis moculobebis nacvlad irCeven fass. aseTma cvlilebam SeiZleba sabazro
situaciaze gamaRizianeblad imoqmedos. safaso konkurencia diferencirebuli saqonlis
dros; oligopoliuri bazrisaTvis, garkveuli doziT, damaxasiaTebelia sasaqonlo
diferenciacia erTgvarovan saqonelTa Sorisac ki. magaliTad, benzingasamarTi
sadgurebi erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdebian
adgilmdebareobiT
da
SeTavazebuli
momsaxurebiT.
Sedegad sxvadasxva sadgurze benzinis fasebi gansxvavebuli iqneba.
bazris wili ganisazRvreba ara marto fasebiT,
aramed
gansxvavebuli
dizainiT,
TiToeuli firmis produqtis eqsploataciisa da momsaxurebis vadebiT. aseT
SeTxvevaSi
firmebs
konkurenciis
gaweva
uwevT
fasebis
da
ara warmoebis

moculobis xarjze. Axla ganvixilo martivi SemTxveva, bazarze marto ori firma,
wonasworoba vlindeba wertilSi, sadac reagirebis ori mrudi ikveTeba; Tqven
SegiZliaT darwmundeT,
rom fasi am wertilSi orive firmisaTvis 4 laris, xolo
mogeba 12 laris tolia. am wertilSi, arc erT firmas ar aqvs
fasis
Secvlis
stimuli,
radgan
TiToeuli
firma,
konkurentebis
fasis
gaTvaliswinebiT
saukeTesod iyenebs yvela SesaZleblobas.

19. patimarTa dilemis gamoyeneba oligopoliuri faswarmoqmni dros _ moTxovnis

texili mrudi
firmebis umravlesoba awesebs fasebs da warmoebis moculobebs TavianT
konkurentebis qcevaze mudmivi dakvirvebiTa da cifrebis mudmivi koreqtirebiT.
es
firmebs
reputaciis
SeqmnaSi
exmareba,
romelic
SesaZloa ndobaSi
gadaizardos. Sedegad xandaxan oligopoliuri koordinacia da TanamSromloba
miiRweva. ganvixiloT
sami-oTxi
firmisagan
Semdgari
dargi.
mravali
wlis
manZilze
am
firmebis menejerebi
iRlebian
safaso
omebSi
Semosavlebis
dakargviT da maT Soris Cndeba faruli urTierTgageba, romlis wyalobiTac
yvela firma SeinarCunebs maRal fass da arcerTi maTgani aRar cdilobs
konkurentisaTvis bazris wilis warTmevas.oligopolia
sabazro
struqturis
farTod gavrcelebuli formaa.
oligopoliuri dargis
magaliTebia
saavtomobilo,
aluminis,
foladis,
navTobqimiuri
mrewveloba, energetikuli
mowyobilobebisa
da
kompiuterebis
mwarmoebeli dargebi. oligopoliuri am bazrebze TiToeuli firma fass da
sabazro
moTxovnas
iRebs
rogorc
mocemuls, xolo konkurentebis qcevas
ignorirebas ukeTebs. oligopoliur bazarze fasebis da warmoebis moculobis
dadgenis
dros,
firma
nawilobriv
gaiTvaliswinebs
konkurentebis
qcevis

Sesaxeb strategiul
varaudebs.
imavdroulad,
damokidebulia TviT firmis gadawyvetilebebze.

konkurentebis

gadawyvetileba

bazrisaTvis
saqonlis
diferenciacia
aucileblobas
ar
warmoadgens.oligopoliuri
dargisTvis
Cveulebriv
damaxasiaTebeli
fasebis
mouqneloba, anu fasebis simtkice (Price Rigidity). maSinac ki, roca icvleba
danaxarjebi an moTxovna, firmebi mainc ewinaaRmdegebian fasebis cvlilebas. roca
fasebi ecema an moTxovna mcirdeba, maT eSiniaT, rom konkurentebi SedarebiT dabal
fasebs araswor interpretacias miscemen da daiwyeba safaso omis morigi
raundi. Tu danaxarjebi an moTxovna gaizrdeba, firmebi uars amboben fasebis
momatebaze. maT eSiniaT, rom konkurentebi uars ityvian fasebis momatebaze.

oligopoliisaTvis fasebis es mouqneloba safuZvlad udevs moTxovnis

texili mrudis models (Kinked demand Curve Model). am modelis YTanaxmad,
TiToeuli moTxovnis mrudi gadatexilia mimdinare P* fasze ufro maRali
fasis dawesebis dros (naxazi 13.9). P*-ze maRali fasis dros moTxovnis mrudi
sakmaod elastikuria imis gamo, rom Tu firma gazrdis fass P*-ze metad, sxva
firmebi mas ar mibaZaven. Sesabamisad, is dakargavs gayidvebis moculobisa da
bazris wilis mniSvnelovan nawils. meore mxriv, firma darwmunebulia, rom Tu is
Seamcirebs fass P*-ze dabla, sxva firmebic mibaZaven mas. maT ar surT
dakargon
bazris sakuTari wili. am SemTxvevaSi gayidvebi gaizrdeba mxolod im
donemde, ra donemdec SedarebiT dabali fasi gazrdis mTlian sabazro moTxovnas.
rogorc naCvenebia naxazze 13.9, zRvruli danaxarjebi SeiZleba gaizardos
warmoebis moculobis ucvleli donis dros magram, mainc darCes zRvruli
Semosavlebis toli. ase rom fasi ucvleli rCeba.
20. urTierTdamokidebuli gadawyvetilebebi da neSis wonasworoba
TamaSTa
Teoria
Seiswavlis
urTierTdamokidebul
optimalur
gadawyvetilebebs,
roca gadawyvetilebis
mimRebi
subieqtebi
racionalurad
iqcevian
da
iTvaliswineben
erTmaneTis mosalodnel sapasuxo qmedebebs. TamaSi
aris situacia, roca konkurentTa gadawyvetilebebi damokidebulia erTmaneTze.
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi TiToeuli individi cdilobs gamoicnos konkurentis
mosalodneli nabiji
da
imoqmedos
Sesabamisad.
gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas

moTamaSeebi
(firmebi,
individebi, mTavrobebi)
cdiloben
maTi
Semosavlebis
maqsimalurad gazrdas da arCeven Sesabamis strategiebs. strategia TamaSis
gegmaa, romelic aRwers Tu rogor moqmedebs moTamaSe urTierTdamokidebuli
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas.
neSis wonasworobisas, cnobilia ra konkurentis mier arCeuli strategiebi,
TiToeuli moTamaSis mier arCeulia maqsimaluri Semosavlis momtani strategia.
arcerT
moTamaSes
ar
SeuZlia
gazardos Tavisi mogeba meore moTamaSis mier
startegiis Secvlis gareSe. amrigad, Tuki moTamaSeebi elian, rom misi mowinaaRmdege
racionalurad moiqceva, maSin TiToeuli maTgani misTvis maqsimalurad xelsayrel
strategias
SearCevs
rogoric
ar
unda iyos
konkurentis
mier
miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebi.
Tu
moTamaSeebi
elian,
rom
mowinaaRmdege gadawyvetilebas
miiRebs
neSis
wonasworobis
Sesabamisad,
maSin
TviTonac
iRebs
neSis
wonasworobis Sesabamis gadawyvetilebas.
sawarmoo
simZlavreebis
gafarToebis
TamaSi
neSis
wonasworobis
erT
mniSvnelovan aspeqtzec miuTiTebs - neSis
wonasworobisas moTamaSeebis mier miRebuli Semosavlebi sulac ar aris maqsimaluri.
21. ganmeorebadi TamaSebi
sawarmoTa simZlavreebis gafarToebis TamaSSi TiToeul kompanias sakuTar
interesebze zrunvis savsebiT racionaluri motivi ubiZgebs iseTi qmedebisaken,
romelic
ar
aris maqsimaluri
koleqtiuri
mogebis
momtani
(cxrili
14.1).
moTamaSeebis koleqtiuri, SeTanxmebuli qmedebis SemTxvevaSi ki aseTi Sedegis
miRweva SesaZlebelia. ,,pepsisa da ,,koka kolas Soris konkurenciis es TamaSi
warmoadgens ,,patimarTa dilemis cnobili TamaSis erTerT konkretul SemTxvevas.
aseTi TamaSis ramdenjerme ganmeorebis Semdeg, moTamaSeebi iTvaliswineben wina
TamaSSi
sakuTar
da
konkurentis
mier
miRebul gadawyvetilebebs,
cvlian
strategiebs da, Sesabamisad, dramatulad icvleba TamaSis Sedegebic. ganmeorebadi
TamaSis efeqtis sailustraciod ganvixiloT ,,patimris dilemis msgavsi TamaSi,
TiToeuli
moTamaSisaTvis
`motyueba~
aris
dominanturi
strategia,
magram
moTamaSeTa koleqtiuri Semosavali maqsimaluria, roca orive maTgani irCevs
`TanamSromlobis~ startegias. Tu moTamaSeebi erTxel TamaSoben, am TamaSSi
TiToeuli
maTganisaTvis
saukeTeso strategia ,,motyuebaa. davuSvaT,
rom
moTamaSeebi am TamaSs uaxloes momavalSi kvlav da kvlav iTamaSeben. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, maT SesaZloa miaRwion wonasworobas, sadac TiToeuli maTgani
TanamSromlobis strategias irCevs.

Tu I moTamaSe TaRliTobs dRes, igi iRebs wyvetili xaziT gamosaxul

Semosavlebs.
Tu
igi TanamSromlobs mudmivad, maSin drois yovel periodSi igi
iRebs uwyveti xaziT gamosaxul Semosavlebs. AB monakveTi asaxavs I moTamaSis mier
TaRliTobis strategiiT miRebul erTjerad damatebiT Semosavals. AC monakveTis
sigrZe gviCvenebs I moTamaSis Semosavlis Semcirebas, romelic gamoiwvia II moTamaSis
mier I moTamaSis TaRliTobaze sapasuxo qmedebam.
22. mimdevrobiTi svlis TamaSebi da strategiuli svla
mimdevrobiTi svlis TamaSi (Sequential-Move Game) iseTi TamaSia, sadac
pirvelad erTi moTamaSe iRebs gadawyvetilebas, xolo mere ki danarCenebi, romlebic
jer akvirdebian pirveli moTamaSis qmedebas da mxolod amis Semdeg iReben
gadawyvetilebebs. mimdevrobiTi svlebis TamaSebSi pirveli svlis gakeTebis unars
SesaZloa zogjer udidesi strategiuli Rirebuleba qondes. mimdevrobiTi
svlis
TamaSis
gasaanalizeblad
viyenebT
,,TamaSis
xis
koncefcias. ,,TamaSis
xe
gviCvenebs TiToeuli moTamaSis mier arCeul sxvadasxva strategiebs da maT
Tanmimdevrobas.
naxazi
14.2
gviCvenebs
,,TamaSis
xes
,,koka
kolasa
da
,,pepsisaTvis. naxazze TiToeuli kompaniis mier Sesrulebuli svlebi dalagebulia
marcxnidan marjvniv.

,,pepsi~ iRebs gadawyvetilebas ,,koka-kolas~ mier pirvelad miRebuli

gadawyvetilebaze dakvirvebis Semdeg. ,,koka kolas~ aqvs sami alternativa. mis
mier
miRebul
TiToeul
SesaZlo
gadawyvetilebaze ,,pepsis~ aqvs aseve sami
alternativa. alternatiuli gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisi Semosavlebi TiToeuli
kompaniisaTvis
miTiTebulia
,,TamaSis
xis~
marjvena
mxares.
,,koka-kolas~
TiToeul
SesaZlo gadawyvetilebaze
,,pepsis~
optimaluri
sapasuxo
qmedebebi
aRniSnulia
Sesabamisi
alternativis
qveS gavlebuli
xaziT.
neSis
wonasworobisas
,,koka-kolas~
strategiaa
didi
qarxnis
aSeneba,
xolo
,,pepsisaTvis~ ar aaSenos qarxana.
strategiuli
svla
aris
TamaSis adreul etapze ganxorcielebuli
alternativebis SemzRudveli svla, romelic TamaSis Semdgom etapze
gavlenas
axdens konkurentTa gadawyvetilebebze svlis ganmxorcieleblis sasargeblod.