1 tk;d a0 *sme,f

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/

tk;d a0 *sme,f 2

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/

3 tk;d a0 *sme,f

jynfoo
l t
Ydk rSmpum;

'D O ya'awG u tzG J U csKyf t wG u f a &m?

tm;vkH;twGufyg wu,fh pdefac:rIawGyJ/
tJ ' D p d e f a c:rI a wG u d k &if q k d i f z d k Y nD n D
ñGwfñGwfeJY &ifqkdifMuzkdYvdkw,f/ jynfol
vlxkuvnf; 'Dpdefac:rIawGudk &ifqkdifzkdY?
pdefac:rIawGudk ausmfjzwfEkdifzkdY nDñGwfzkdY?
pd w f " mwf c G e f t m;awG &S d z d k Y v k d w ,f ?
'Dpdefac:rIawGudk &ifqkdifEkdifzkdY? ausmfjzwfzdkY?
ausmfvGefzdkY? atmifjrifzkdY[m ydkNyD;awmh
nDñw
G rf &I &dS edS YJ aqmif&u
G zf Ydk pdw"f mwfawGukd
jzpfay:apw,f/

a':atmifqef;pkMunf
vlxkacgif;aqmif
trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJYcsKyf

(etzppftpk;d &\ a&G;aumufyOJG ya'xGuaf y:vmNy;D aemuf a':atmifqef;pkMunfrS

a&SUaeBuD; OD;OmPf0if;rSwqifh trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJYcsKyfESifh jynfolvlxkokdY
trSmpum;)

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS xkwfa0onfh
tkd;a0*sme,fokdU pmrlrsm;? a0zeftBuHjyKpmrsm; ay;ykdUvkdvQif
abfsu.07@gmail.com okUd ay;ykE
Yd idk yf gonf/
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
tk;d a0 *sme,f 4

rmwdum

wH wm; eD aeU
3? jynfolokdYtrSmpum; a':atmifqef;pkMunf
5? rk;d vif;csed f rif;ok0Pf
6? pnf;eJv Y rf; aEGO;D tdrf
7? qk;d vku
d w f x hJ ;dk Zmwf tkid v
f if;cspf
8? t,f'Dwmh toH t,f'Dwm
9? ausmif;pkH? taMumif;pkH aygif;pkHrdaom ... Munfomwifh
14? yl;wGJaMunmcsuf
16? wHwm;eDaeY &ifrek ;f
20? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'(2008)qefYusifwkdufzsufa&; ... ckid rf if;
22? aygif;rS&r,fah tmifyJG rsdK;quf
25? ukdtmifqef;(ac:)AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
27? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ ,aeYwm0efbmvJ armifjrwfom
30? rdbjynfol ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;okdY jyefMum;csuf

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/

5 uAsm (jyefvnfqef;opfjcif;) tk;d a0 *sme,f

rk;d vif;csed f
wk;H armif;acgufí
rkd;aomufcgqD? eD;avNyD[k
a&mifeDarQmfvsuf apmifhrdonf/

tqdyftrkduf? aemufa&mifvdkufonf
tdyfikdufykd;oH? em;qlnHwkdY
aomuf,HiSufaus;? oHpkHaw;wGif
arS;írSed Mf uNyw
D um;/

yifhuluGefysuf? arSmifrSxGufrnfh
eHeufaejcnf? 0if;MunfMunfukd
qnf;&nfqGwfzsef;? a&mifpkHyef;wkdY
EIwfcGef;qufBudK? oif;eHUcsdKonf
y[k&d &f rG ;f MuNyw
D um;/

Mu,feDa&SUajy;? aejcnfat;onf
arSmifajrS;y,fcs? xkdcPü
rkd;0aumif;uif? vif;wyfqifonf
vlcY iG Ef ;dI vIy&f efzw
Ydk nf;/ /
rif;ok0Pf

(1960-61 ckESpfxkwf tkd;a0r*¾Zif; twGJ 2? trSwf 1 rSjyefvnful;,l az:jyygonf/)

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/

tk;d a0 *sme,f uAsm 6

pnf;eJUvrf;
ckcsdefu…
nDtudkrodwod umvr[kwfawmhbl;
bDv;l ubDb;l
vluvl

qlvG,feyfvG,f rsufawmifarT;wqHk;
rsufvHk; wdrfov’mzHk;
usHK;oGif;cHvdkufMur,fqdk&if
vnfiifBuKd ;wdUk wif;&pf
tarSmifwiG ;f eufrwS yg;

yef;rsm;ryGihf
yGifhyef;rsm; rarT;rvef;
vrf;udu k rSm;,Gi;f azmufvJG
vJ&molcdk;axmif;jzpfpOfMum;rSm

usm;Oykofudk,Hkpm;arSsmfvifh
t&l;&ifhvdkolwdkUudk xm;&pf
a&pD;udk qefwufypfvkdufMu&Hkom/ /
aEGOD;tdrf

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/

7 uAsm tk;d a0 *sme,f

qd;k vdu
k w
f x
hJ ;kd Zmwf

vrf;uusO;f ae&wJth xJ
wzufydwfvnf; jzpfaejyefw,f/

0J,mrSm tkwfeH&HjrifhjrifhBuD;awGumvdkU
rD;avmifjymylylawGatmufrSm
vSsmawGu tvsm;om;pefUxGuf
iHhvifhaewJh rsufvHk;0dkif;BuD;rsm;jidrfouf
cyfnnhH v
hH zufuckd ;l zdUk rsm;
awmifwufajcvSr;f wdUk aES;aeBuyH/k

r,Hrk &SBd ueJU

yife,fvw f pD nf;&JUtay:rSm
*d;k oGi;f zdUk jyifaeol[mvnf;
tJ'DvlBuD;yJjzpfaeav&JU/ /

tkdifvif;cspf

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/

tk;d a0 *sme,f 8

t,f'Dwmh toH
urÇmhEkdifiHa&;ZmwfckHay:wGif wacwfwcgu pum;wcGef; wGifus,fcJhzl;onf/
]]Who sticks the knief in the agenda?}}
]]Agenda rSm "g;axmufwm b,folvJ...wJh}}
t"dyÜg,fu EkdifiHa&;jyóemawGukd ajz&Sif;&onfhtcg tMurf;zufjcif;ukd b,folY
bufu pwifvkyfaqmifovJvkdY ar;cGef;xkwfonf/
ArmhEkdifiHa&;ZmwfckHay:wGif ...
1948 ckESpf jynfwGif;ppfukd pwifaoewfazgufcJhol?
1958 ESifh 1962 ppftmPmodrf;rIrsm;ukd pwifusL;vGefcJhol?
1962 ckESpf Zlvkdifv(7)&ufaeYwGif ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;ukd
yxrqkH; pwifypfowfcJhol?
1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vkH;vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIBuD;ukd aoewfoHrsm;jzifh
pwiftqk;H owfapcJo h ?l
xkdw&m;cHrSm wOD;wnf;omjzpfonf ... ppftmPm&Sifpepf/
,ckvnf; awGUqkHaqG;aEG;onfhenf;jzifh ajz&Sif;&efawmif;qkdaeonfh ArmhEkdifiHa&;
ZmwfcaHk y:wGif ppftmPm&Sipf epf u a&G;aumufyOJG ya'qko d nfh "g;wacsmif;ukd pku
d v f u dk yf gNy/D
xk"d g;onf trsKd ;om;'Dru
dk a&pDtzGcYJ sKyEf iS hf wkid ;f &if;om;ygwDrsm; tygt0if &[ef;&Siv f ?l
ausmif;om;jynfolw&yfvkH;ukd ppftmPm&SifwkdYu igwkdYvufxJrSm aoewf&Sdw,f? 'gaMumifh
igwkdYvkyfcsif&m vkyfw,fvkdY pdefac:vkdufonfh "g;wacsmif;yifjzpfonf/
rnfolrqkd ukd,fBudKufonfhvrf;ukd a&G;Ekdifonf/
tm;vk;H aumif;ygonf q&mBu;D ...qkNd y;D rdrw d u Ydk ,dk u
f sKd ;twGuf ajcokwyf q
k ;dk a>rpG,f
usdK; ppftmPm&SifpepfacG;uwufrS vkdufvkdu vkdufEkdifonf/
xkdolrsm;ukd toifwkdY oGm;vkd&m oGm;apawmh[kom qkd&rnf/
ppftmPm&Sipf epf\ "g;wacsmif;ukd qGEJ w I Ef idk zf u
Ydk m; aemufxyf"g;wacsmif; vkv d rd rhf nf/
xkd"g;rSm vlxkbufukd rsufESmrljcif;ESifh vlxkwkdufyGJyif/
vlxkwkdufyGJuyif ppftmPm&SifwkdY\ Agenda ay:pkdufxm;aom "g;ukd qGJEIwfEkdif
ayvdrfhrnf? EkdifiHa&;jyóemrsm;ukd awGYqkHaqG;aEG;a&;pm;yGJ0kdif;ay:okdY wifEkdifayvdrhfrnf/
jynfolvlxktusKd;aqmif&Gufvkdolrsm;onf ...
vlxkbufokdY rsufESmrlvsuf nDnDnGwfnGwfjzifh
ukd,fhvrf;ukd,favQmufMu½kHom/
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
9 aqmif;yg; tk;d a0 *sme,f

ausmif;pH?k taMumif;pHk aygif;pHrk ad om wln&D mvrf;

Munfomwifh (Auorsm;tzGcYJ sKy)f
2009-ckESpf Zifbm 20 -&ufaeY ? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif Adkvfatmifausmf usqHk;oGm;
wJhaeUrSm usrwdkU ausmif;ol ausmif;om;wpk[m ausmif;om;or*¾jrufcif;jyif&Sd Adkvfatmifausmf
txdrf;trSwf ausmufwdkifqDudk trSwfw&oGm;NyD; wdkifwnfjzpfcJhygw,f/ (&efukefwuúodkvf yifr
0if;xJudk usrwdkU 0ifcGifhr&Sdygbl;/ *dwfrSmvnf; vHkNcHKa&; xlxyfpGmcsxm;ygw,f/ um;0ifvdkU&wJh
rdef;*dwfudk ydwfxm;NyD; t0iftxGufudk wif;wif;usyfusyf ppfaq;ygw,f) 'gaMumifh usrwdkU[m
yk*Hvrf;bufuaepNyD; vSnf;wef;bufudk OD;wnfNyD; vrf;avQmufcJhMuygw,f/ &efukef wuúodkvf
buftjcrf; yvufazmif;ay:uae or*¾jrufcif;jyiftprSm ajcvSrf;udk cyfaES;aES; xdef;avSsmufNyD;
1938-ckESpf 'DZifbm 20 -&ufaeY ? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif Adkvfatmifausmf usqHk;oGm;wJhaeUjrifuGif;

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/

 tk;d a0 *sme,f aqmif;yg; 10
or*¾acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfMuwJh udak tmifqef;? udAk [de;f ? udak tmifausmw f Ukd rStpjyKí (7)Zlvidk f ta&;
tcif;? OD;oefUESifh rdIif;&mjynfhta&;tcif;wdkYtv,f 1988-rwfv ZGefv udkzkef;armfESifh wHwm;eD
ta&;tcif;rsm;tygt0if usrwdkUrsdK;quf 2007- a&T0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;txd wdkif;jynfeJU
vlrsKd ;twGuf toufay;vSLoGm;MuwJh ausmif;om;^olrsm;tm; &nfreS ;f Ny;D tav;jyK opömqdck yhJ gw,f/
Ny;D awmh usrwdUk &JU jrefrmEdik if aH wmfBu;D tmPm&Sipf pfzed yfaf tmufu vGwaf jrmufbUkd rdrw d Ukd &JU touf
udk y"merxm;bJ jynfolvlxka&SUuae rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfNyD; toufpGefUoGm;wJh tudkawmf
trawmfawG&JU qE´jynfh0atmifjrifonftxd usrwdkYrsdK;qufopf ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;[m
vnf; jynfolvlxk&JUa&SUuae &JwdkufBuD;wckvdk BuHUBuHUcdkifcdkif &yfwnfr,fhtaMumif; oH"dXmef cscJh
ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk vrf;avSsmuf&mrSm usrwdkU tkyfpkvdkuf oGm;&if tmPm&SifawG&JU tppftaq;eJU
BuHKawGUEdkifNyD; tEå&m,f&SdEdkifwJhtwGuf usrwdkU[m 3-a,mufwwGJ? 4-a,mufwwGJ ponfjzifh
cyfvrS ;f vSr;f pDjcm;Ny;D avSsmufchJ Muygw,f/ opömt"dXmefjyKwmwdYk tav;jyKwmwdu Yk kd wd;k wd;k Buw d Bf uwd f
vkyfNyD;oGm;wJhtcg usrwdkU&ifbwfay:? wcsdKUu OD;acgif;ay:rSm xdk;pdkuf yefqifxm;wJh ESif;qDyef;
eDeD&J&JawGudk jzKwf,lvdkufNyD; or*¾jrufcif;jyifbuf wuúodkvf0if;xJudk ypfoGif;vdkufMuw,f/
ausmif;0if;xJ a&mufwmvnf;&Sd ra&mufwmvnf;&Sdaygh/ pdwfawG vIyf&Sm;aeMuayr,fh wnfwnf
Nird Nf ird ef UJ bJ pk&yfjzpfwhJ tif;vsm; uefaygifay:rSm ab;roD&efrc jyefqkH Edik cf MhJ uygw,f/ uHaumif;
axmufrpGmbJ usrwdkY vIyf&Sm;rIudk b,folrSr&dyfrdcJhMubl;/
tif;vsm;uefaygifay: a&mufwJhtcgrSmawmh … … … 1988 ckESpf rwfv 16-&ufrSm
Nidrf;csrf;pGm qE´jycsDwufvmwJh ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awGudk vufeuftm;udk;eJU &ufpufpGmNzdKcGJNyD;
uefaygifay: wufajy;cJw h hJ tudt k rawGukd &uf&ufpufpuf a&ESpo f wfcw hJ jhJ zpf&yfukd ud, k af wGUyg0if
awGUBuHKcJhwJh tudkBuD; trBuD;awG ajymjycJhwmawGudk jyefowd&NyD; qdkUeifhaMuuGJpGmeJU]wuf} acgufrd
ygw,f/
acwftqufquf tmPm&SifawG[m usrwdkU ausmif;olausmif;om;awG? rdbjynfol
awGukd vufeuftm;ud;k eJU Murf;Murf;&rf;&rf; zrf;qD; owfjzwfwmawG zdEydS w f mawGukd cg;cg; oD;oD;
BuKH awGUcJ&h wJh bBu;D OD;Bu;D eJt Y udt
k rawGajymvdUk tMum;eJUudk cHjyif;emusn;f aewJh usrwdUk rsKd ;quf
opfawG[m 2007- a&T0ga&mif awmfveS af &;Bu;D rSmawmh etz ppftmPm&Siaf wGu olwUkd &JU pDe, D m
tmPm&SifBuD;awGeJU urÇmay:rSm &ufpufvSygw,fqdkwJhtmPm&SifawGu qvHo&avmuf
atmifudk rD;ukef,rf;ukef &ufpufjyvdkufwmudk rsuf0g;xifxif udk,fawGU BuHKvdkuf&ygNyDav/ usr
oli,fcsif;wa,muf&JU tarqdk&if a&T0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;BuD;rSm oHCmawmfawGudk tmPm&Sif
awGu bk&m;om;awmf&,fvdkU rav;rpm; rdkufrdkuf&dkif;&dkif; tMurf;zuf acsrIef; owfjzwfrIaMumifh
oHCmawmfah oG; ajruscw hJ hJ tjzpfq;kd Bu;D udk rsujf rifawGUNy;D wJah emufyikd ;f rSm bk&m;pifay:rSm MuufaoG;
a&mifyef;qdk&if b,fyef;udkrS rwifvSL&Javmufatmifudk ememusifusifjzpfaecJhygw,f/ uGefysLwm
wuúodkvfu oli,fcsif; u ]]tif; —vmjyefNyD 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ / 2008 zGJUpnf;yHkvdkbJ uvdrf
uuspfusOD;rSmbJ/ ußGefZmwfoGif;r,fhyGJ / igwdkU oli,fcsif;awGudk vTwfray; bJ? tarpk tygt0if
Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;awGuv kd nf; vTwrf ay;? jynfol tm;vH;k vdv k m;aewJh aphpyfnEdS iId ;f wmudv k nf;
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
11 aqmif;yg; tk;d a0 *sme,f

rvkyf? 'Dtwdkif;bJ oGm;ae&ifawmh igwdkU jrefrmjynf[m zdEdSyfrI awG wGef;vSefrIawGeJY ckvdkbJ vHk;csm
ywfcsmvnfaeawmhrSmygbJ[m}} ... wJh /
ta&SUydkif;wuúodkvfu tao;av;u (eHrnfajymifyg/ olu vlao;ayrJh pdwf"mwfu
wu,fhudk xl;cßGefxufjrufolyg)]]at;uGm— igwdkUrSm ausmif;om; tcGifhta&;qdkvnf; bmrSr&Sd?
tqifhjrifhwuúodkvf ynmomqdkw,f igwdkUausmif;rSm vufawGU0if&if bmoifaxmufulrSr&Sdbl;/
ausmif;vmbdUk vrf;p&dwu f vnf;Bu;D eJU? tdrrf mS rdbawGuvnf; pm;0wfaea&;eJU &ke;f uefae&wm?
vkyo f avmufvnf; rpm;&ygbl;uGm ? ukeaf ps;EIe;f awGu
BuD;aewmudk;}} ...wJh/
'*H k w uú o d k v f r S m ta0;oif w uf a ewJ h 1988ckESpf rwfv 16-
ausmif;om;wa,mufu ]]pae? we*FaEG igwdkU UDE
&uf r S m Nid r f ; csrf ; pG m qE´
ausmif ; zG i f h & uf r S m igwd k U Xmeud k ynma&;0ef B uD ;
vmwkef;u igwdkU twef;xJu ausmif;om;wa,muf jycsD w uf v mwJ h a usmif ;
uxNyD; ausmif;&JUvdktyfcsufawGudkajymawmh 0efBuD;u olausmif;om;awGudk
acgif;ndwNf y;D vkyaf y;r,faygh? 0efBu;D vnf;jyefa&m usew f hJ
twef;azmfawGu tm;&yg;& vufraxmifNyD; csD;usL; vufeuftm;ud;k eJU &uf puf
Mobm ay;Muw,f/ 'gayr,fh rausreyf vufnKdS ;xd;k Ny;D pGmNzKd cNJG y;D uefaygif ay:wuf
jypfwifMoZmay;wmuawmh Xme&JU tBuD;tuJygbJ
uGm}}...wJh/ tJ'DtcsdefrSmbJ '*HkwuúodkvfrSm a';wuf ajy;cJ h w J h t ud k trawG u d k
aewJh oli,fcsif;wa,mufu ]]trSefudk trSeftwdkif; &uf & uf p uf p uf a&ES p f
ajym&JwJh ausmif;om;taMumif;udk igwdkYvnf; Mum;yg
w,f? vG,v f , G f acgif;ndwcf w hJ mu 0efBu;D ? 'k&H if;u'H&k if; owfcw hJ hJ jzpf&yfukd ud, k af wGU
jzpfaewmu igwdkUausmif;yg/ NyD;cJhwJh 2009 Edk0ifbmrSm yg0if awGU BuKH cw hJ hJ ...
ta0;oifpmar;yGaJ wG ajzwke;f u taqmif 33 rSm txl;
cef;qdkNyD; ajzcdkif;wmawG &SdcJhw,f? tJ'Dtxl;cef;rSm
tm;umu [dt k aumifBu;D Bu;D acwfysuo f al X;&,f? aemufwa,mufu taumifo h rD; AD', D kd rif;orD;
wa,muf&,f tcGix hf ;l cHNy;D oD;oefpY mar;yGaJ jzoGm;cJw h ,f}} vdUk ajymvmygw,f/ tmPm&Siaf cwfrmS
jzpf c sif w mawG j zpf N yD ; pnf ; urf ; wd k U Oya'wd k U qd k w m jynf o l a wG t wG u f o m owf r S w f N yD ;
tmPm&SifawG&,f NyD;awmh olwdkU&JU vufa0cHawGusawmh pnf;urf;qdkwmudk csdK;azmufcsifovdk
csKd ;azmuf? Oya'qdw k mudv k nf; zifck xdik xf m;Muwmyg/ pD;yGm;a&;wuúov kd uf oli,fcsi;f wa,muf
ajymwmuawmh olU&JU oli,fcsi;f wa,mufq&kd if canteen rSm olU&JU arG;aeUudk oli,fcsi;f awGeUJ twl
usi;f yaewmudk ausmif;tmPmydik af wGu vma&mufwm;qD;Ny;D ausmif;om;udk ½k;H cef;ac:oGm;w,f/
tJ'DaeUu tJ'Dausmif;om;&JU arG;aeY[kwfr[kwf aoaocsmcsm ppfygawmhw,fwJh/ ppfvdkufawmh
ausmif;om;&JU arG;aeUu trSejf zpfaew,f/ 'gayr,fh tmPmydik af wGu wm;jrpfvu kd Nf y;D aemufaeUrSm

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/

 tk;d a0 *sme,f aqmif;yg; 12

a&T0ga&mif awmfvSefa&;jrifuGif;? ql;av? NrdKUawmfcef;ra&SU(25.9.07)

ausmif;om;udk rdb ac:cdkif;ygawmhw,f/ tJ'D ausmif;om;&JU arG;aeU[m azaz:0g&D 13 &uf ?
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;&JU arG;aeYeYJ wlaevdUk wm;qD; vdu k w
f mygwJh / tmPm&Sif tvdu k s vduk v
f yk af ewJh
q&mBuD; q&mrBuD; rsm;udkvnf; oem;rdygw,f/ tmPm&SifawG[m ynm&Sifqdk&ifrvdkvm;bl;?
ol&aJ umif;qd&k if rvdv k m;bl; Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;[m wdik ;f jynf&UJ vGwvf yfa&; zcifBu;D ? wyfrawmf&UJ
zcifBuD;yg/ ordkif; pmrsufESmrSm b,fvdkrS azsmufzsuf vdkUr&wJht&myg/
usrausmif;ydwf&ufrSm tarhudk aps;oGm;0,fay;awmh aps;xJrSm aps;a&mif;aewJh
acgif;&GufAsyfxdk;aps;onfawG[m xGufajy;olu xGufajy;? aps;Aef;arSmufolu arSmufeJUaygh/ usr
vnf; tuG,fwckrSm armarmyef;yef;eJU ausmrSDxdkifaewJh aps;Aef;udkifxm;wJh tzGm;tdkudk jrifawmh
tzGm;bmjzpfwmvJvUkd ar;MunfUawmh aps;onf tzGm;tdck rsm tifrwef armyef;wke&f D aewJt h oHeUJ
]]pnfyif vdu k zf rf;vdYk at&JU}} vdUk ajym&Smygw,f/ qufNy;D tzGm;tdu k ]]ighajr;&,f nreuf xrif;eyf
rSefbdkU usef;rma&; raumif;wJhMum;u tzGm;touft&G,feJU aps;xGuf a&mif;ae&wm/ 'gawmifrS
t&if; jyKwfNyD; xrif;teyf rrSefwJhaeUawG trsm;om;? ckvdk vdkufzrf;wJhaeYqdk ydkqdk;wmaygh? tzGm;
Aef;xJu oHyk&moD;tcsdKU jyKwfusukefNyD? olUußGefb0wkef;uvnf; ESdyfpufcH&? olUußGefb0u
vGwfawmhvnf; rxl;ygbl; at}}...wJh / usru tJ'DtaMumif;udk oli,fcsif;awGudk ajymjyawmh
*swD pD u
D oli,fcsi;f u ]]Munfoma& tzGm;tdk ajymwJh olUußeG b f 0u vGwaf jrmufawmhvnf; rxl;yg
bl;qdkwm wu,fawmh xl;wmaygh/ bmvdkUvnf;qdkawmh olUußGefb0uxufudk ydkNyD; ppftm
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
13 aqmif;yg; tk;d a0 *sme,f

Pm&Siaf wGu ud, k v hf rl sKd ;awGukd ESyd pf ufjy? zrf;qD;

axmif c sjy? owf j zwf w mawG vk y f a ewm
av}}...wJ/h
rSefygw,f/ ppftmPm&SifawG[m
usrwdkU ausmif;olausmif;om;awGudk rw&m;
ESdyfpufzrf;qD; axmifcsrIawG vkyfaeovdk
tmPm&Siaf wG&UJ vdu k vf zH rf;qD;rIaMumifh a&Smif
wdrf;&if; wzufEdkifiHudk a&mufoGm;&wJh oli,f
csif;awGvnf; renf;vSawmhygbl;/ ppftmPm
&SifawG[m usrwdkU ausmif;ol ausmif;om;
awGwifruygbl;/ usrwd&Yk UJ rdbjynfoal wG wdik ;f
&if;om;awGeUJ usrwdUk txG#t f jrwfxm;wJh Ak'&¨ UJ 1960 ckESpf ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m
om;awmf oHCmawmf t&Sio f jl rwfawG Nird ;f csr;f ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf\
pGm arwåmydkYqkawmif;wmudkawmifrS t&Suf qXrtBurd n f v D mcHrcS srw
S cf NhJ y;D
w&m;uif ; rJ h p G m eJ Y v uf e uf t m;ud k ; NyD ; urÇ m 1988 ckESpf
Bu;D wckv;kH tHMh owkev f yI &f &HG mS oGm;atmifukd urf; Mo*kwfv 28 &ufaeY
ukefatmif &ufpufolawGyg/ ESihf
usrwdUk ausmif;aygif;pHu k oli,fcsi;f 2007 ckESpf
awGeUJ taMumif;t&maygif;pHu k kd tJ'aD eYrmS ajym Mo*kwfv 28 &ufaeY
jzpfcJhMuNyD; wnDwnGwfwnf; oabmwlcJhwJh wkdYwGif jyefvnfzGJYpnf;cJhonfh
tcsuu f awmh jrefrmjynfrmS ppfreS w f 'hJ rD ukd a&pD ArmEkid if v
H ;Hk qkid &f m
tpd;k &w&yfay:vmbdeYk YJ usrwd&Yk UJ ausmif; toD; ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf\
oD;uausmif;om;or*¾awGeYJ ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m tpOfwpku d pf uJG idk af eonfh
ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfBuD; vGwf vGwf tajccHrlrsm;
vyfvyf &yfwnfvyI &f mS ;Edik b f Ykd usrwdYk ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;awG aygif;pnf;nDnGwf NyD; wlnDwJh
1/ trsdK;om;EkdifiHa&; (0g)
ajcvSrf;awGeJU tem*gwfvrf;qDudk cdkifcdkifusnf ppftmPm&Sipf epf qefu Y siaf &;
usnf qufavSsmufomG ;Mur,fqw kd mygbJ/ / 2/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;
3/ 'Drudk a&pD ynma&;
Munfomwifh 4/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;
(Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf) 5/ ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;
umuG,af &;

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/

 tk;d a0 *sme,f aMunmcsuf 14

jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pk tzGJUBuD;

88 rsdK;qufausmif;om;rsm;
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf
pmtrSwf/ /2^2010(rCw+88+Auo)
&ufpGJ / / rwfv 10 &uf? 2010ckESpf/
ppftmPm&Sifpepf w&m;0ifa&&SnfwnfwHha&; 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ
enf;vrf;aygif;pkHjzifh qefYusifMu
(1) etzppftyk pf o k nf 2010 ckEpS f rwfv(8) &ufaeYu BuKd wifaMunmNy;D ? rwfv (9)&ufaeYrpS í
a&G;aumufyGJESifh oufqkdifonfh Oya’rsm;ukd aMunmvmcJh&m ,aeYtxd jynfaxmifpk a&G;aumufyGJ
aumfr&SifOya'ESihf EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif; Oya'wkdYukd xkwfjyefaMunmcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
xkdOya'2 ckonf ppftkyfpk\ tpOftvmtwkdif; vufeuftm;ukd;jzifh jynfolvlxkukd wzufowf
t"r®tEkdifusifhEkdif&ef pDrHjyKvkyfxm;aom Oya'rsm;jzpfaMumif; awGU&ygonf/
(2) jynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifOya'tcef;(2) yk'fr (4) yk'frcGJ (c)wGif az:jyxm;onfh
aumfr&SifOuúXESifhtzGJY0ifrsm;rSm ]xifay: ausmfMum;onfh *kPfowif;&Sdaomyk*¾dKvftjzpf (etz)
ppftpdk;&u ,lqol jzpf&rnf} [laomtcsufonf jynfaxmifpk a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifukd jynfol
rsm;u ,kMH unfu;dk pm;aom yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;jzifh rzGb YJ ?J etz ppftyk pf u k pdwcf s&aom vufuidk 'f w
k rf sm;jzifh
zGJYpnf;jcif;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJukd etz ppftkyfpktvkdustwkdif; aqmif&GufawmhrnfrSm ykdrkd xif&Sm;
oGm;apygonf/
(3) EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSwfykHwifjcif;Oya'yk'fr(6)(*)wGif ]jynfaxmifpkor®w jrefrmEkdifiHawmf
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya’ukd xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;}[k az:jyxm;&m? xkdtcsufonf jrefrmjynf
'Dru dk a&pD tajymif;tvJudk vkv d m;onfh jynfwiG ;f jynfy tiftm;pkrsm;u ukid pf JG awmif;qkad eaom
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'(2008) jyefvnf okH;oyfjyifqifa&; tygt0if ]a&T*kHwkdifaMunmpmwrf;}
wckvkH;ukd vkH;0 ypfy,fvkdufjcif;yifjzpfygonf/
EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSwfykHwifjcif;Oya'yk'fr(4)(i)wGif ]axmifuscHae&ol r[kwfjcif;} [k
az:jyxm;jcif;onf urÇmhukvor*¾ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf rpöwmbefuDrGef; tygt0if
jynfwGif;? jynfyrS cßGif;csufr&dS vTwfay;&ef awmif;qkdaeMuaom a':atmifqef;pkMunf? OD;cGefxGef;
OD;ESihf ukrd if;ukEd idk f tygt0if Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om; 2000ausmw f \ Ydk jrefrmh'rD u
dk a&pDta&;wGif ta&;yg
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
15 aMunmcsuf tk;d a0 *sme,f

]]t"duuawmh usrwk&Yd UJ vlxak cgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pkMunf? Ny;D awmh

zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cHxm;&wJh ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG? NyD;awmh EkdifiHa&;
tusO;f om;awGukd rvTwb f eJ YJ 2008 zGpYJ nf;ykH tajccH Oya'ukvd nf; rjyifbeJ YJ
'D etzppftmPm&Sif oufq;dk &Snzf t Ydk wGuf usi;f yr,fh 2010 a&G;aumufyu JG dk
'D usrwkYd Auorsm;tzGt YJ aeeJY vk;H 0ukd qefu Y siyf gw,f/}}
Munfomwifh
ajyma&;qkdcGifh&Sdol
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJUcsKyf
(,ck yl;wGaJ MunmcsuEf iS yhf wfoufí 10.3.2010(Ak'[
¨ ;l aeY)nykid ;f VOA toHviT Xhf meu
Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS ajyma&;qkdcGifh&Sdol rMunfomwifhESifh qufoG,far;jref;csufukd
jyefvnfaz:jyygonf/)
onft h cef;u@ukd vk;H 0ypfy,fvu dk &f o
Hk mru jrefrmhEidk if aH &;jzpfpOfrS tNy;D wkid f z,fxw k yf pf&ef &nf&, G f
vkyaf qmifjcif;yifjzpfygonf/
EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSwfykHwifjcif;Oya'yk'fr(25)wGif wnf&SdaeaomygwDrsm;taejzifh ,ck EkdifiHa&;
ygwDrsm; rSwyf w Hk ifjcif; Oya'ESit hf nD ]avSsmufxm;jcif;r&Syd gu Ekid if aH &;ygwDtjzpfrS tvkt d avsmuf
ysujf y,fNy;D jzpfonf[k rSw, f &l rnf[}k az:jyxm;jcif;onf 1990 ckEpS af &G;aumufy&JG vm'fuv dk nf;
aumif;? xkd&vm'fykdif&Sif EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ukdvnf;aumif; wprusef zsufodrf;ypfvkdufjcif;omru
rJqE´&Sifjynfolrsm;ukdyg apmfum;vkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf/
(4) xkdYaMumifh a&G;aumufyGJESifhqkdifonfh xkdOya'(2)&yfyg az:jycsufrsm;ukd MunfhvSsifyif 2010
a&G;aumufyGJonf 'Drkdua&pD tajymif;tvJw&yfukd zefwD;ay;Edkifonhfvrf;aMumif; r[kwfaMumif;
vkH;0 xif&Sm;jywfom;aeygonf/
xkt Yd jyif rdrw d Ydk tpOfwpkud af wmif;qkcd MhJ uonft h wkid ;f ]a&T*w Hk idk af Munmpmwrf;} ygtcsurf sm;ukd
vk;H 0 ypfy,fvu dk Nf y;D ppftmPm &Sipf epf w&m;0if a&&Snw f nfwahH &; oufouftwGuo f m jyKvyk rf nfh
2010 a&G;aumufyGJukd rdrdwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&moHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJYBuD;? 88 rsdK;quf
ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfwkdYrS jynfolvlxktusdK;ukd
&nfarSsmí f jzpfEidk o f nfh enf;vrf;aygif;pkjH zifh jywfjywfom;om; qefu Y siof mG ;rnfjzpfaMumif; aMunm
vku d yf gonf/ /
jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pk tzGJUBuD;?
88 rsdK;qufausmif;om;rsm;?
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJUcsKyf/
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
 tk;d a0 *sme,f aqmif;yg; 16

wH wm; eD aeU
&ifrek ;f
,aeY 1350 jynfhta&;awmfykH ac: &Spfav;vkH;'Drkdua&pD vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIBuD; qifETJ
vmcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif; (22) &SdvmcJhNyDjzpfonf/ &Spfav;vkH;'Drkdua&pD ta&;awmfykH\tpukd jyef
aumufvQif 1988 ckESpf rwfv ukdzkef;armfta&;tcif;rS jyefaumuf&ayvdrfhrnf/
taemufBudKUukef;rSt&yfom;rsm; ESifh &efukefpufrIwuúokdvfrS ausmif;om;rsm; vufzuf
&nfqidk w f iG f omrefpum;rsm; &efjzpfonfh jyóemukd tcGit hf a&;wcktjzpfoabmxm;Ny;D &efuek f
pufrIwuúokdvf ausmif;om;rsm;ukd ppftmPm&SifwkdY wzufowf ypfcwfowfjzwfcJhMuonf/ xkdokdY
jyóemukd rSeu f efpmG rajz&Si;f bJ &efuek pf ufrw
I uúov dk af usmif;om;rsm;ukd ypfcwfowfjzwfco hJ nfrmS
ppftmPm&SifwkdY\ tnId;tmCmwaMumifhjzpfonf/
trSefrSm ppftmPm&SifwkdYwGif ausmif;om;rsm;tay:xm;&Sdaom tnId;tmCmwrSm 2
ck&Sdonf/ wcku ESpfumv Mum&SnfpGmuwnf;u ppftmPm&SifwkdY\'kdif,m&DwGif oHrIdpGJaeaom
tnId;tmCmwjzpfonf/
xkdtmCmwrSm 1962 ckESpfwGif ppfwyfrStmPmodrf;NyD;aemuf Armhajray:wGif ppftm
Pm&Sifpepf pwiftkwfjrpfcsuwnf;u jzpfay:vmcJhaom tnId;tmCmwjzpfonf/
1962 ckEpS f rwfv(2)&ufaeYwiG f Akv d af e0if;OD;aqmifonfph pfwyfrS ppftmPmodr;f Ny;D Ny;D csi;f
(4)vESifh (5)&uftMum? Zlvkdifv (7)&ufaeYwGif Armjynforkdif;ü ppftmPm&Sifpepfukd tapmqkH;
qefYusifcJhonfh ausmif;om;rsm;\ Zlvkdif(7)&uf ta&;awmfykH jzpfay:cJhonf/ Zlvkdif(7)7uf
ta&;awmfykHonf ppftmPm&Sifpepfukd yxrqkH;qefYusifcJhonfhtwGuf ppftmPm&SifwkdYu
ausmif ; om;rsm;tay: ppf t mPmod r f ; uwnf ; u tnI d ; tmCmwxm;&S d c J h o nf ? &uf & uf
pufpufvnf; ypfcwfESdrfeif;cJhonf/ xkd tnId;tmCmwtay:wGif ppftmPm&Sifpepfumv
wavQmufjzpfay:cJhaom 1974? 1975? 1976 ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;u xyfumxyfum qifh
apcJo h nf/
Armjynfolrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;uvnf; Zlvkdif(7)&ufa&mufwkdif;
ppftmPm&Sipf epfEiS hf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ukd &uf&ufpufpufypfowfco hJ nfh vky&f yfrsm;tay:
&GUH&Smrkef;wD;onfh pdwf"gwfrsm;ukd rysufruGuf ESpfpOfvufqifhurf;Muonf/
ppftmPm&SifpepfESifh ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIqkdonfrSm ppftmPm&Sifpepf pwufvm
uwnf;u urÇmwnfoa&GUwnfrnfh xm0&&efbufyifjzpfonf/
ppftmPm&SifwkdY\ aemufxyf tnId;tmCmwwckrSm vwfwavmtnId; tmCmw
jzpfonf/ 1987 ckESpf pufwifbmv (5)&ufaeY aeYvnf(11)em&DwGif xkdtcsdefu &Sdaeonfh
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
17 aqmif;yg; tk;d a0 *sme,f

1988-ckESpf rwfvta&;tcif;rS 'Drkdua&pDa&; qE´jyausmif;om;rsm;

rqvygwDtrnfcH ppftmPm&Siftpkd;&onf 75 usyfwef? 35 usyfwef ESifh 25 usyfwef

aiGpuúLrsm;ukd zsufodrf;vkdufonf/ EkdifiHtwGif; okH;pGJaeaom aiGaMu;tm;vkH;\ 89 &mckdifEIef;rSm
½kwfw&uf vkH;0 qkH;½IH;oGm;awmhonf/ jynfolrsm; csufcsif;qif;&J'ku©a&mufoGm;Muonf/
rEÅav;NrdKUwGif ausmif;om;jynfolrsm;u aiGpuúLzsufodrf;jcif;tay: csufcsif; uefYuGuf
aMumif; vSnfhvnfqE´jyMuonf/
&efukefpufrIwuúokdvfwGifvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;u xkdaeY 1987 ckESpf pufwifbmv
(5) &ufaeYnaeü aemufqkH; twef;wif pmar;yGJrsm;ajzqkdae&onfhMum;uyif jynfolw&yfvkH;\
taxGaxG'ku©rsm;ukdukd,fpm;jyKNyD;? aiGpuúLrsm; zsufodrf; jcif;ukd uefYuGufaMumif; qE´jycJhMuonf/
xkt d nI;d tmCmwrsm;jzifh ppftmPm&Siw f o
Ydk nf 1988 ckEpS f rwfv(13)&ufaeY t&yfom;
ESiahf usmif;om; tcefrY oifh &efjzpfMuonft h cg &efuek pf ufrw I uúov dk af usmif;om;rsm;ukd wzufowf
ypfcwfErdS ef if;vku d o f nf/
ppf t mPm&S i f w k d Y \ ypf c wf r I a Mumif h &ef u k e f p uf r I w uú o k d v f r S "gwk t if * sif e D , m
yOörESpaf usmif;om; ukzd ek ;f armfrmS &efuek pf ufrw I uúov dk af usmif;0ef;twGi;f wGif yGcJ si;f Ny;D usq;Hk cJNh y;D ?
owÅKwl;az:a&;tif*sifeD,m yOörESpfausmif;om; ukdpkd;EkdifrSm aq;&kHay:wGif usqkH;cJhonf/
xkaYd emuf &efuek pf ufrw I uúov dk 0f if;twGi;f ukzd ek ;f armfwYdk usq;Hk cJoh nfh ae&mwGif tkwrf sm;
pDí ig;axmifMh u,fvyk Nf y;D ? rwfv(13)&ufaeYnu tjzpftysurf S usecf ahJ om aoG;uGurf sm;? zdeyfrsm;
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
 tk;d a0 *sme,f aqmif;yg; 18
?usnf q H c G H r sm;uk d jyoxm;onf / rwf v (14)&uf a eY r S pí &ef u k e f N rd K Y a y:&S d
wuúokdvftoD;oD;rS ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; &efukefpufrIwuúokdvfokdY a&mufvmMuonf/
yef;acGcsMu? usqkH;olrsm;ukd *g&0jyKMuonf/
rwfv (15)&ufaeYwGif naearSmifpysdK;csdefwGif ppftpkd;tmPmykdifrsm;u &efukef
pufrw I uúov dk u f dk 0ifa&muford ;f yku
d vf u
dk Nf y;D taqmifaeausmif;om;rsm;ukd zrf;qD;oGm;awmhonf/
vufonf;qdwv f Qif vufxyd rf cHomqko d nft h wkid ;f &efuek pf ufrw I uúovdk rf S pwifcahJ om
ukdzkef;armf ta&;tcif;onf rwfv(16)&ufaeYwGif
&ef u k e f w uú o k d v f a usmif ; om;rsm;\ a'goonf
tjrif h q k H ; aoma&muf v mcJ h N yD ; ? oyd w f w m0ef u k d
olwkdYykcHk;ay:okdY wifvkdufawmhonf/ &efukefwuúokdvf
ppftmPm&Sifpepf ausmif ; om;rsm;uvnf ; xk d w m0ef u k d quf v uf í
ES i f h a usmif ; om;vI y f xrf;aqmifcMhJ uonf/ trSerf mS rwfv (16)&ufaeY &efuek f
wuúokdvf(yifr)wGif wjcm;ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;ol
&Sm;rIqo dk nfrmS ppftm ausmif ; om;rsm;vnf ; vma&muf p k ½ k H ; aeMuonf /
Pm&Sipf epf pwufvm txufwef;ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;
vnf; tjzLtpdrf;0wfpkHrsm;jzifh yl;aygif;yg0ifvmcJh
uwnf;u urÇmwnf Muonf/
oa&GU wnfrnfh xm0& xkdYaemuf ausmif;ol ausmif;om;axmifaygif;
rsm;pGm t"dywdvrf;ray:wGif pkrdvmMuNyD; xkdtcsdefu
&efbufyif jzpfonf/ rqvppftpkd;&\ vlrqefonfhvkyf&yfukd uefYuGuf
aMumif; w&m;a[mMu? ½Iwfcs qE´jyMuonf/ xkdokdY
w&m;a[m qE´jyMu&if; oD;jcm;uGJaeaom &efukef
wuúov dk (f vIid ef ,fajr)rS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf
oG m ;a&muf y l ; aygif ; Murnf [ k qk H ; jzwf c J h M uonf /
ausmif;om;xk pka0;yGrJ S qk;H jzwfonft h wkid ;f ausmif;om;
or*¾ cGyfa'gif;tvHukd vTifhwifNyD; pD;yGm;a&;wuúokdvf0if;aygufrS xGufí jynfrvrf;twkdif;
&efukefwuúokdvf(vIdife,fajr)okdY ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; axmifaygif; rsm;pGmwkdY csDwufcJhMuonf/
rwfv(16)&ufaeYwGif &efukefwuúokdvfausmif;0if;twGif;rS xGufvmaom ausmif;om;
oydwfwyfBuD;ukd tif;vsm;uefaygiftqkH;wGif ppfwyfu oHql;BuD;ESpfxyfjzifh ydwfumxm;onf/
tifvsm;uefaygifwzuftqkH;rS pD;yGm;a&;wuúokdvf*dwf0txd ausmif;om;wyfBuD;rSm &Snfvsm;
vSonf/ ausmif;om;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;u oHql;BudK; ESpfxyftwGif;0ifí ppfwyfrS t&m&Sd 2 OD;ESifh
oHql;BuD;rsm;ukdz,fNyD; vrf;zGifhay;&ef at;csrf;pGm aqG;aEG;aeMuonf/
xkt
d csed w f iG f vSn;f wef;vrf;qkq H rD S tjyif;armif;vmaom t"du½kP;f ESrd ;f eif;a&; tcsKyu f m;
jymBu;D onf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ukd taemufzufrS w&Murf;0ifwu dk af wmhonf/ xku d m;jymBu;D
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
19 aqmif;yg; tk;d a0 *sme,f
aemufrS vkxH ed ;f &Jrsm;u'kid ;f rsm; 'kwrf sm; ukid af qmifNy;D ppfajrjyifwu G f usm;wufx;dk ovkd ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;rsm;ukd tom;ukef 0if½kdufMuonf/
xkdtcsdefwGif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf owfuGif;xJ ydwfrdovkd jzpfcJhMuonf/
a&SUwGif ppfwyfESifh oHql;BudK;? nmbufwGif tif;vsm;uefaygif? b,fbufwGif tdrfNcH0if;rsm;?
taemufzufrS owfrnfh jzwfrnfh vkHxdef;wyfBuD; csDwufvmaeonf/
vkHxdef;rsm;u &uf&ufpufpuf 0if&kdufawmhonf/ uefaygifay:ajy;wufaomrsm;ukd
uefaygifwufí vkduf&kdufonf/ tif;vsm;uefxJwGif qHyifrSukdifí a&xJepfepfNyD;? &kdufonf/
ausmif;olrsm;udk tif;vsm;uefaygifwGifyif t0wftpm;rsm; uRwfonftxd &kdufNyD; tcsKyfum;
rsm;ay: qGJwifcJhMuonf/ tif;vsm;uefaygifay:wGif urÇmysufcJhonfhaeYwaeYyif/ rwfv(16)
&ufaeYwGif aoqkH;olpm&if;ukd ,aeYtxd aumuf,ltwnfjyKvkdY r&Ekdifao;ay/
xkd ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; aoG;pGef;cJhaomae&mav;onf xkdtcsdefu yef;c&rf;jym
vufbuf&nfqkdifav;&Sdonfhae&m? NyD;awmh ...wHwm;jzLrSwfwkdif&Sdonf/
xkdtjzpftysufjzpfNyD; (3)vtMum&efukefwuúokdvf(yifr)wGif rwfv ukdzkef;armf ta&;
tcif;jzpfpOfu rw&m;zdESdyfcH&rIrauseyfcsuftjzpf ukdzkef;armf(3)vjynfhtrSwfw& twef;rwuf
oydwfwkdufyGJqifETJcJhMuonf/ &efukefwuúokdvf\ t"dywdvrf;ray:wGif 1988 ckESpf ZGefv(14)
&ufaeYrS ZGefv(20)&ufaeYtxd ausmif;csdeftwGif;oydwfpcef;zGifhNyD; aeYpOf twef;rwuf
oydwfarSmufcJhMuonf/
ZGev f qE´jyyGrJ aS eí rwfv(16)&ufaeYwiG f wHwm;jzLrSww f idk üf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wkYd
aoG;ajrusc&hJ onfh tjzpftysuu f dk tpGjJ yKvsuf wHwm;jzLrSww f idk t
f m; ,aeYrpS í wHwm;eDrw S w f idk [
f k
trnfajymif;vJvkdufaMumif; &efukefwuúokdvfoydwfaumfrwDrS tqkdwifoGif;NyD; ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vk;H u wcJeuftwnfjyKcMhJ uonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ]],aeYrpS í tifvsm;uefajc&if;&Sd
wHwm;jzLrSwfwkdiftm; wHwm;eDrSwfwkdiftjzpfowfrSwfvkdufaMumif; ...}} &efukefwuúokdvfoydwf
aumfrwDu xkwfjyefaMunmvkdufonf/
tjzpftysufum; (22)ESpfMumcJhNyD/
okaYd omf vGecf ahJ om (22) ESpu f ppftmPm½l;wk\ Yd &ufpufMurf;MuKwrf aI Mumifh ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;rsm; aoG;ajruscJh&onfh rwfv(16)&uf wHwm;eDaeYtjzpftysufukdrl ukdzkef;armf
ta&;tcif;ESifhtwl ,aeYtxd arhr&EkdifMuao;ay/
arhr&Ekid o f rl sm;onf tqkad wmf cif0rf;\ ]]yef;c&rf;jym}} oDcsi;f ukd qkn d nf;rdvQiyf if ,cifu
vrf;wHwm;jzLvkdY qkdonfhae&mav;wGif tckvkd qkdnnf;rdMuawmhonf/ xkdaw;oHonf teD;qkH;
tem*gwfwGifvTrf;rnfh 'Drkdua&pD aw;oHjzpfygapawmh .../
]] yef;c&rf;jym aA'gav; urf;pyfem;rSm nSw
d ,
G f ...
vrf;wHwm;eD ae&mav; aw;oHvrT ;f apuG,f ...}}
&ifrek ;f
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
 tk;d a0 *sme,f aqmif;yg; 20

zGpYJ nf;yHt
k ajccHOya'(2008) qefu
Y siw
f u
kd zf suaf &;
vlxv k yI &f mS ;rIaz:aqmifMu
ckid rf if;
ppftyk pf k
ppftmPm&Sipf epf
ppftpk;d &
ppfAsL&du k a&pD,Eå,m; wnf&adS eorSs usaemfwYkd jrefrmEkid if w H iG f ppfreS af om ygwDp'kH rD udk a&pD
ta&;? vlYtcGihfta&;? wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\wef;wla&;ESihf udk,fykdifjyXmef;cGihf&&Sda&;? wkdif;jynfacwfrD
zGHYNzdK;a&; tp&Sdaomudpörsm; taumiftxnfay:vmrnfr[kwfyg/
taumiftxnfay:rvmcJah Mumif;(e0w-etz) ppftpd;k & tkypf ;dk cJo h nf(h 21)ESpu f mvudk
oufaojyKygw,f/
vuf&SdumvudkMunhfMupkdY ...
(etz)ppftpkd;&u Oya'tm;vHk;xkwfjyefvdkufNyD/
- jynfaxmifpk a&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sif Oya'
- EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif; Oya'
- jynfolYvTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJOya'
- trsdK;om;vTwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJOya'
- wdkif;a'oMuD;vTwfawmf odkYr[kwf jynfe,fvTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJOya'
jynfwGif;jynfytif;tm;pktm;vHk;u wnDwnGwfwnf;wkefYjyefvkdufMuw,f/
“wzufowfusw,f^rSswrIr&Sdbl; ...wJh/
“ygwDtzGJYtpnf;wpfck? vlyk*¾dKvfwOD;wa,mufudk &nf&G,fNyD;a&;om;xm;wm
xif&Sm;w,f ...wJh/
“EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pktm;vHk;eJYjynfolvlxkwpf&yfvkH;twGufpdefac:csufjzpfw,f ” 'gudk
nDnñ D wG ñf w G ef &YJ ifqidk jf zwfausmEf idk zf v
Ykd t
kd yfw,f/
wckyjJ znhaf jymcsiyf gw,f/ (etz) ppftpd;k &xkwjf yefvu kd w
f OhJ ya'awG[m ]1988ckEpS f 'Dru kd
a&pDvx l v
k yI &f mS ;rIBu;D }u zefw;D ay;cJw h hJ atmifo;D atmifyiG t fh m;vH;k udk zsuq f ;D vdu k w f myJjzpfygw,f/
1988 ckESpfvlxkvIyf&Sm;rIBuD;xJuay:xGufvmwJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDeJY EkdifiHa&;orm;awGudk
EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fxJuae z,fxkwfvdkufwmjzpfw,f/
1990 jynfEh pS f ygwDp'kH rD u dk a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufy&JG v'fukd zsuq f ;D vdu
k w
f mvnf;jzpf
w,f/
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
21 aqmif;yg; tk;d a0 *sme,f

wNydKifeufxJrSm ppftmPm&Sifpepfudk w&m;0ifjzpfapzdkY]zGJYpnf;yHktajccHOya'(2008)}qdk

wmudk 2010 a&G;aumufyGJusif;yNyD; toufoGif;zdkYBudK;pm;BuHpnfxm;w,f/
]tiftm;pktm;vHk;yg0ifa&;eJY vGwfvyfNyD;w&m;rSswwJha&G;aumufyGJusif;yay;a&;}qdkwJh
ukvor*¾tygt0if^jynfyEkdifiHrsm;u awmif;qdkaerIudkvnf; y,fcsvdkufwmjzpfygw,f/
2010 a&G;aumufyu JG 0kd ifzq
Ykd &kd if 1988 ckEpS 'f rD u dk a&pD ta&;awmfyBkH u;D u zefw;D ay;cJw h hJ
atmifo;D atmifEaHS wG? 1988 ckEpS u f pNy;D ,aeYumvtxd vrf;rawGay:rSm? awmifawmifawGxrJ mS ?
tusOf;axmiftoD;oD;rSm pGefYvTwfcJh&wJh toufaoG;acßG;aygif;rsm;pGmudk eif;acspGefYvTwfNyD;rSyJ jzpf
Ekid rf ,f/
zGpYJ nf;yHt k ajccHOya'(2008)udk (etz)ppftpd;k &u anmifEpS n f v D mcHrmS pdwBf uKd uf tajccHrl
awGcsNyD;? pdwfBudKufa&;qGJ csrSwftwnfjyKcJhwmjzpfw,f/
tJ'zD pYJG nf;yHt k ajccHOya'yk'rf (443) t&zGpYJ nf;cJw h hJ ]ode;f pd;k a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Si}f qdw k m
uvnf;(etz)ppftpdk;& pdwfBudKufacgif;acguf zGJYpnf;cJhNyD;jzpfw,f/
tvm;wlyJ ]Ekid if aH &;ygwDrsm;rSwyf w kH ifjcif;Oya'}qkw d mudv k nf; zGpYJ nf;yHt
k ajccHOya'yk'rf
(443)t& xkwfjyefcJhNyD; wnf&SdqJEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udk &ufaygif; (60) twGif; jyefvnfrSwfyHkwif&
r,fvdkY qdkw,f/ tESpfom&uawmh wnfqJEkdifiHa&;ygwDawGudk zsufodrf;vkdufwmygyJ/
jynfov Yl w T af wmfa&G;aumufyOJG ya' qkw d mudv k nf; zGpYJ nf;yHt k ajccHOya'yk'rf (443)t&
xkwjf yefcNhJ y;D 'DOya'&JU yk'rf (91) yk'rf cG(J c) rSmawmh 1990jynfah &G;aumufy&JG v'fukd ]tvdt k avsmuf
ysufjy,foGm;onf[k rSwf,l&rnf} qdkNyD;a&;xm;w,f/ tESpfom&u]1990 jynfha&G;aumufyGJ&v'f
zsuo f rd ;f vku d Nf y}D qdw k myJ/
csKyaf jym&&if (etz) ppftpd;k &u 1988 ckEpS v f xl v k yI &f mS ;rIBu;D uzefw;D ay;cJw h hJ atmifo;D
atmifESHawGudk wcsufxJeJY zsufodrf;vdkufwmygyJ/
'ghtjyifwqihfwdk;aumufcsufcsr,fqdk&if trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJYcsKyfuwifjyxm;wJh
]a&T*w kH idk af Munmpmwrf;} ygawmif;qdck suaf wGuv kd nf;y,fcsvu kd wf mjzpfovd/k ]Ed0k ifbmv 11 &uf
aeYpGJjzihf a':atmifqef;pkMunfrS (etz) Ouú| Adkvfoef;a&TxHay;pm}udpörsm;udkvnf; vufrcH[k
taMumif;jyefvdkufwmjzpfygw,f/
'gaMumihf usaemfwdkY jynfwGif;jynfy tiftm;pktm;vHk;^Oya'wGif; Oya'y tm;vkH;
^ajray:ajratmufvIyf&Sm;aeoltm;vHk; vkyfaqmif&rnfhvkyfief;wm0efrSm zGJYpnf;yHk tajccH Oya'
(2008) qefYusifwdkufzsufa&;udk OD;wnfcsufxm;onfh vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIBuD;w&yf tjrefqkH; az:xkwf
pnf;&Hk;vIyf&Sm;oGm;Mu&efomjzpfygaMumif; wifjyvkduf&ygw,f/
usaemfwdkYausmif;om;rsm;taeeJY tvkyform;? v,form;? wkdif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;?
wyfrawmftwGi;f u wkid ;f cspjf ynf cspw f yfrLS ;wyfom;rsm;? tpk;d &,Eåm;aygif;pHt k wGi;f u 0efxrf;rsm;?
q&mawmfoC H mawmfrsm;? pmay*Dw&ky&f iS ef ,fy,frsm;rS tEkynm&Sirf sm;tm;vH;k u zGpYJ nf;yHk tajccH
Oya'(2008)qefu Y sif wkud zf suaf &;vlxv k yI &f mS ;rIBu;D twGi;f yg0ifvmatmif EI;d aqmf pnf;&H;k Muygpd/Yk
ckid rf if;
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
 tk;d a0 *sme,f aqmif;yg; 22

aygif;rS&r,fhatmifyGJ
rsdK;quf
62ckESpf Adkvfae0if;u wdkif;jynf&JUtmPmudkrw&m;odrf;,lvdkufjyD;wJhtcsdefrSm ArmedkifiH
vHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf(Auo)eJUwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo) wdkUu
tmPmodr;f awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k &udk qefUusiv f Ukd &orSs qefu Y sit f mcH tHwk &ifqikd f cJMh uw,f/
tJ'gudpk pfwyfeUJ tiftm;oH;k jy;D &uf&ufpufpufypfcwfErdS Ef iS ;f zrf;qD;cJw h ,f/ordik ;f 0if ausmif;om;or*¾
taqmufttHBk u;D udk olyek af usmif;om;awG&UJ XmecsKyt f jzpf 'kid ;f erduk ef UJ azmufczJG suq f ;D ypfcw
hJ ,f/
ausmif;om;ausmif;olawGaoaMu 'Pf&m& tusOf;axmifxJa&mufMu awmwGif;
a&mufMujzpfjyD; ppftmPm&SifpepfqefUusifa&;kvSKyf&Sm;rSK &yfwefUoGm;cJU&w,f/
'gayr,fhvHk;0vufavSsmhvdkufwmr[kwfyJ ,m,D&yfqdkif;jidrfoufvkduf&wmjzpfw,f/
ppftmPm&Sipf epfukd vufrcHeikd f qefUusiw f u kd zf suv f Mdk uwJh ausmif;om;ausmif;olawG[mvufonf;
awGuu kd spu f spzf uG o
f rd ;f &if;odo k o kd yd o f yd v
f KS y&f mS ;cJMh uygw,f/1969 ckEpS t f a&mufrmS jrefrm edik if rH mS
usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh ta&SUawmiftm&S uRef;qG,ftm;upm;yGJ(tJ'DwHk;u SEAP Game) rSm jyóem
&SmjyD;ppftmPm&SifawGudk tHwkqefUusifcJhMujyefw,f/pepfwuspkpnf;rSKawmhr&SdcJhBuygbl;/tJ'gudk
vnf; tiftm;oH;k jzKd cyJG pfw f mudck v H u kd &f wmygyJ/ taMumif;uawmh wuúov kd af usmif;om;awG &JUtH<k u
qefUusifwJhvSKyf&Sm;rSKausmif;om;wdkufyGJoufoufomjzpfcJhwJhtwGufygyJ/
v,form;xkux kd m;vdUk jrKd UjytajccH qif;&Jom;tvkyo f rm;awGeUJ awmif yl;aygif;vSKy&f mS ;
rSKrvkyef ikd cf BhJ uygbl;/tJ'yD t JG jy;D rSm jyefvnfjird o f uftm;arG;cJMh u&wJh tm;arG;cJMh u&wJh ppftmPm&Sif
&efukefNrdKUrS 1988 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfykHjrifuGif;

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/

23 aqmif;yg; tk;d a0 *sme,f

vIdifom,mpufrIZkHtvkyforrsm; xkdifoydwfarSmufaeMupOf/
pepfqefUusiaf &;vSKy&f mS ;rSK [m 1974 ckEpS rf mS wBurd jf yefjy;D ay:aygufvmcJyh gw,f/tJ't D csed rf mS awmh
ausmif ; om;awG p wif v d k u f w J h a usmif ; om;wd k u f y G J r [k w f y J rqvppf t pd k ; &&J U tvk y f o rm;
tcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufrKS zdEydS rf KS pm;0wfaea&;usyw f nf;qif;&JrKS awGukd rcHeikd Mf uawmhwhJ tvkyo f rm;
vl w ef ; pm;awG & J U wd k u f y G J y g/tJ ' D t vk y f o rm;awG & J U b0ud k p memem;vnf c J h B uwJ h ppf t pd k ; &ud k
qefUusiftmcHzdkUwdkufyGJ&SmaeBuwJh ausmif;om;awGu yl;aygif;yg0ifcJhBuygw,f/
ynmwwf a usmif ; om;tvT m eJ U ypö n f ; rJ h t vk y f o rm;awG yl ; aygif ; wd k u f c d k u f c J h w J h
wdkufyGJjzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fhvlxkeJUyl;aygif;aqmif&GufedkifcJhjcif;r&Sdygbl;/ppftmPm&Siftpdk;&u
tiftm;oHk;tMurf;zufEdSrfESif;cJhvdkU&J&ifhwJhtvkyform;&JabmfawGeJUausmif;om;awG tustqHk;
rsm;cJhygw,f/ trsm;BuD;zrf;qD;jypf'Pfcs cHcJh&ygw,f/'gayr,fhawmfvSefwdk;wufwJh ausmif;om;
ausmif;olawGeJUtvkyform;awG[mvufravSsmhcJh tnHhcH'l;raxmufcJhBuygbl;/csdKaoG;orS tjrjr
vkyfvkyfaecJhBuwmygyJ/aemuf 1975 ck 'DZifbmvrSm ukvor* taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSK;csKyf
OD;oefUpsmye udpu ö w kd nfjy;D ausmif;om;awGazmfaqmifcBhJ uwJh ]OD;oefUta&;tcif;}?1976ckEpS f rwfv
q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrSdKif; &mjynhftcef;tem;usif;ya&;udkwnfNyD; ausmif;om;ausmif;olawG
azmf a qmif c J h B uwJ h ] rS K d i f ; &mjynf h ta&;tcif ; }awG q uf w d k u f j zpf a y:vmcJ h y gw,f / 'gayr,f h
wpdwfwydkif;uvGJ&if tvkyform; vlwef;pm;eJU jynfolvlxktrsm;pkBuD;&JUyl;aygif;yg0ifrSKudk
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
 tk;d a0 *sme,f aqmif;yg; 24
r&cJBh uygbl;/ausmif;om;vSKy&f mS ;rSK ausmif;om;wdu k yf JG wcktjzpfppf tpd;k &utiftm;oH;k acsrKS e;f wmudk
cHcJh&jyefygw,f/tJ'Dtcsdefu ppftpdk;&udkqefUusifawmfvSefaeBuwJh awmwGif;vufeufudkif
tiftm;pkawG ygwDawGuvnf; tenf; tusOf;uvGJvdkU qufoG,fyl;aygif;yg0ifulnDtm;ay;rSK
rvkyfedkifcJhMuygbl;/ tJ'gaBumifhyJ ausmif;om; wdkufyGJawGusqHk;cJhBuwmygyJ/
aemuf q H k ; 1988ck Mo*k w f v (*)&uf a eUrS m tH k < uayguf u G J j zpf a y:cJ h w J h vl x k ' D r d k u a&pD
awmfveS af &;Bu;D uawmh e,fcsUJ qefUusiaf &; 1300 jynft h a&;awmfyBkH u;D xufawmif ydjk y;D Bu;D rm;cJw h hJ
jrefrmwekid if v H ;kH uv,form; tvkyo f rm; ausmif;om;eJU jynfoUl 0efxrf;awG tm;vH;k yg0if yl;aygif;
aqmif&u G ef ikd cf MhJ uwJv h x
l 'k rD u
kd a&pD ta&;awmfyBkH u;D jzpfcyhJ gw,f/tJ't D a&;awmfyBHk u;D [m atmifyJG
&zdUk vufwurf;tvdak &mufru S sq;kH &SK;H edrUf cJ&h wmyg/ vlwef;pm;aygif;pHk tvTmaygif;pHk jynfov l x
l Bk u;D
w&yfv;kH &JUyg0ify;l aygif;rSKu&kd cJ&h UJ eJU&S;kH edrchf &hJ wmyg/ tJ't D aBumif;&if;uawmh usaemfwYkd ta&;awmf
yHBk u;D &JU acgif;aqmifrKS jyoem? pnf;vH;k nDnw G rf KS jyóem? qH;k jzwfcsuf rSm;,Gi;f wJjh yóemawGaMumifh
qdkwmudkodrDSem;vnfwJholwdkif;vufcHcJhBuygw,f/ 'Daumufcsuf? 'Doifcef;pm[m odyfcufcufcJcJ
awG;awmxkwf,laep&mawmifrvdkbl;vdkUusaemfxifygw,f/ t"duajymvdk&if;uawmh tifrwef
&ufpufMurf;wrf;ovdk aumufuspfpOf;vJ OmPfrsm;vSwJh usaemfwdkY wdkif;jynfu ppftmPm&Sif
tpdk;&udkz,f&Sm;jzKwfcsedkifzdkY aygif;pnf;vdkU&edkiforSs tiftm;awGaygif;pnf;MuzdkU? toHk;jyKvdkY&edkifwJh
awmfveS af &;enf;emawGtm;vH;k udk xdxad &mufa&muftoH;k jyKeikd zf Ukd vdt k yfygw,f/tJ't D wGuf usaemfwYkd
aygif;pnf;nDnw G Bf u&ygvdrrhf ,f/ jynfov l x l wk &yfv;kH vdv k m;awmifw h aewJbh t
kH usKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf
bHk&efoljzpfaewJh ppftmPm&Siftpdk;&udk wnDwnGwfwnf;wdkufcdkufMu&ygvdrfhr,f/ 'g[m ta&;
tBuD;qHk;tcsufyg/
'Dae&mrSm usaemfwdkY&JUvlxk'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmufqef;pkMunfajymcJhwJh ta&;
BuD;wJhpum;ESpfckudk usaemfudk;um;wifjycsifygw,f/
a':atmif q ef ; pk B unf u ]]ppf w yf q d k w mvl x k u a&G ; cs,f v d k u f w J U tzG J U tpnf ; &J U tay:rS m
b,fawmhrS&Sdraeap&bl;/'Dt,ltqudktcktcsdefrSmedkifatmifwdkuf&ifwdkuf rwdkuf&if wdkif;jynf
twGut f Eå&,fy/J }}vdUk jywfjywfom;om;ajymcJzh ;l ygw,f/ ckusi;f yzdUk pdik ;f jyif;aewJ2h 010 a&G;aumufyJG
qdw k m[m ppfwyfuvlxu k a&G;cs,w f ifajrmS ufvu kd wf hJ tzGUJ tpnf;tay:rSm tjrw J rf;ae&m ,lomG ;
zdkUBudK;pm;wmygyJ/usaemfwdkUudkckppftpdk;&u a½G;cs,fzdkUwGef;ydkUaeygjyD/ usaemfwdkYqHk;jzwfcsuf rSefrSef
uefuefeJU wnDwnGwfxJ tHk<uqefUusifMu&ygvdrfhr,f/
aemufa':atmifqef;pkBunfu jynfolvlxkudkwdkufwGef;ajymBum;cJhwJUpum;uawmh
]]'D t csd e f r S m owå d & S d & S d e J U vk y f v d k u f v d k U &S d & if aemuf u s&if usrwd k U [m raMumuf M u&wJ h
acwfuakd &mufomG ;edil yf gw,f/'Dtcdserf mS aBumufjy;D awmh vkyo f ifo
h avmuf rvkycf v hJ Ukd &S&d if aemufquf
jyD;awmhaMumufae&wJhpepfudk &Sifoefatmifvkyfay;ovdkjzpfoGm;ygr,f}} qdkwmygyJ/
azmufjyefqdk;oGrf;vSwJh ppftpdk;&udk wnDwnGwfxJ qefUusifwGef;vSefypfvdkufMu&atmifyg/
rsKd ;quf
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
25 txÅKyw
Ü d tk;d a0 *sme,f

ukdatmifqef;
(ac:)
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
(1915 - 1947)

tkd;a0r*¾Zif; wm0efcHt,f'Dwmpm;yGJay:rS ukdatmifqef;

ukdatmifqef; (ac:) AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd tz OD;zm? trd
a':pkwdkYrS ewfarmufNrdKYwGif 1915 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (13) &ufaeYu
arG;zGm;cJhonf/ ewfarmufNrKdU OD;aombdw txufwef;ausmif;? a&eH
acsmif;NrKdU trsKd;om; txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/
1932 ck ZGefvwGif &efukefwuúodkvfodkYa&muf½Sdí 1937 ckESpfwGif
0dZmÆ bJUG xl;udk qGwcf ;l cJ\
h / Oya'oifwef;wGif wESpaf usmrf Q ynmavhvm
qnf;yl;cJaY o;onf/
1935-36 rS wuo trIaqmiftzJUG wGi?f td;k a0r*¾Zif; wm0efcH
t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif½GufcJhonf/ tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wGifygaom (Hell
Hound at Large) ]i&JacG;BuD; vGwfaeNyD} [laom aqmif;yg; xnfhoGif;
az:jycJo h nft
h wGuf ausmif;xkwcf &H \/ 1936 ck oydwf ta&;awmfyw kH iG f
jyefMum;a&;Xme wm0efcjH zpf\/ 1936-37 ckEpS w f iG f wuo Ouú|jzpfí
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾wGif yxrqHk;twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfav
onf/ 1938-39 ckwGif wuo Ouú| jzpfonf/
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
tk;d a0 *sme,f txÅKyw
Ü d 26
ukvm;-Arm t"du½kPf; ay:cJYonf/ or*¾onf t"du½kPf;
aMumifh 'kua© &muforl sm;tm; u,fq,fa&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif½u G cf hJ
onf/ 1936 ck oydwf ta&;awmfyHk wGif zJGUpnf;ay;cJY&aom qmjrbl;
aumfrwD tpD&ifcpH m xGuv f monf/ tpD&ifcpH mukd wuorS uefu Y u G cf hJ
onf/ a'gufwmbarmftpdk;&u wuúodkvftufOya'Murf; jyKvkyf&ef
pDpOfonfudkvnf; vufrcHcJhay/
ukdatmifqef;onf wuo Ouú|tjzpf oufwrf;ukefonf
txd raecJ Y a y/ atmuf w d k b mvwG i f ausmif ; rS x G u f í wd k Y A rm
tpnf;t½H;k odYk 0ifa&mufum? Edik if aH &;udk tcsed jf ynfh wm0ef,l vkyaf qmif
cJo
h nf/ 1939 ckEpS w f iG f wuo ud, k pf m;vS,af umifpv D Bl u;D tjzpf wm0ef
,lcohJ nf/ 1939 ckESpf Mo*kwfv(15) &ufaeYawG Armjynf uGefjrLepf
ygwDudk pwifwnfaxmiforl sm;wGif yg0ifcNhJ y;D ? Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwD\
yxrqkH;twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/
1941 ck E S p f w G i f t*F v d y f t pd k ; &u qk a iG (5) usyf j zif h
0g;&rf;xkwfjcif; cH&NyD;? *syefjynfodkY a&muf½SdoGm;\/ *syef tultnDudk
,lum &Jabmfo;kH usyd u f kd a½SUaqmifvsu?f Armhvw G v
f yfa&;wyfrawmfukd
xlaxmifcJhonf/ 1941 ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;tm; ArmjynfrS
armif;ESif xkwfcJhavonf/
*syefacwfwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf? ArmhumuG,fa&;
wyfrawmfwdkY\ aoemywdtjzpfjzifh vnf;aumif;? tpdk;&tzJGU0if
ppf0efBu;D tjzpfjzihf vnf;aumif; aqmif½u G cf \ hJ / 1945 ck? rwfv (27)
&ufaeUwGif *syefzufqpf rsm;tm; ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD? jynfo h t Yl a&;
awmfyHkygwDrsm;ESihf vufwJGum awmfvSefcJYonf/ zufqpfqefYusif a&;?
jynfolUvGwfvyfa&; tzJGUcsKyfBuD; (zqyv) udk wnfaxmifol jzpf\/
ppfNyD;acwfwGif zqyv Ouú|tjzpf wm0ef,lí? t*Fvdyf e,fcsJUorm;
vufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf qufvufwu kd yf 0GJ ifonf/ 1947
ckESpfwGif tpdk;&tzJGUü 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf vufcHaqmif½Guf\/ Armh
vGwfvyfa&; twGuf t*FvefEdkifiHodkY oGm;a&muf aqG;aEG; awmif;qdkcJY
onf/ 1947 Zlvdkifv? (19) &ufaehwGif rormolwdkh\ vufcsufjzifU
usq;Hk cJo
h nf/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ol uG,fvGefoGm;aomfvnf; orD;
jzpfol ,ck vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pkMunfukd wkdif;jynftusdK;
qufvufo,fykd;&ef xm;csefcJhygonf/ /

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/

27 aqmif;yg; tk;d a0 *sme,f

ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ ,aeYwm0efbmvJ
armifjrwfom
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ ,aeYwm0efbmvJ
tqdkygar;cGef;udk rajzqdkrD “ausmif;om;vli,f” qdkonhfpum;vHk;udk &Sif;vif;ygOD;rnf/
wjcm;awmhb,fvdkowfrSwf Murnfrodyg/ usaemfuawmh ausmif;om; vli,fqdkonfrSm t|r
wef;ausmif;om;t&G,frS pwifNyD;txufwef;ausmif;^ tpkd;& pufrIvufrI ausmif;^ aumvdyf^
wuúov kd w
f pfcck w
k iG f avhvmoif,al eonhf vli,fusm;^r tm;vH;k udk qdv
k ydk gonf/ &nfñeT ;f ygonf/

,aeYwm0efbmvJ
yxrtqih f rd r d u k d , f w k d i f E S i h f r d r d a exd k i f & mywf 0 ef ; usif & S d jzpf p Of j zpf & yf r sm;ud k
avhvm&efjzpfygonf/
'kwd,tqifh rdrdudk,fwdkifESihfrdrdaexdkif&mywf0ef;usifudk ajymif;vJypf&efjzpfygonf/
avhvmjcif;qdo k nfrmS jzpfpOfjzpf&yfrsm;udk odem;vnfatmifvyk jf cif;ESifh od&edS m;vnfvm
onh f t wk d i f ; ud k , f w k d i f ud k , f u syg0if a qmif & G u f & ef E S i h f u d k , f h y wf 0 ef ; usif r S tjcm;ol r sm;
yg0ifvmatmifpnf;&H;k jcif;jzpfygonf/
yxrtqifjh zpfonfh rdru d ,kd w
f idk Ef iS rfh rd ad exdik &f mywf0ef;usi&f jdS zpfpOfjzpf&yfrsm;udk avhvm
&efqo kd nfrmS rdrw d pfO;D csi;f b0 (rdom;pkb0) rS rdr&d yfuu G ?f rdrad us;&Gm? rdrNd rKd U? rdrw
d idk ;f jynf xkrd w S qihf
urÇmBuD;txd wqihfNyD;wqihf pl;prf;avhvmoGm;&ef qdkvdkygonf/
tedrq hf ;kH tqihf rdrrd o d m;pkb0ESiafh exdik &f m&yfuu G yf wf0ef;usiu f akd vhvmMunfv h sS if rnDrsS
rIESihf rw&m;rIawG awGYjrif&ygvdrfhrnf/ trsm;qHk;ESihftodomtxif;&Sm;qHk;awGYjrif&rSmu qif;&J
csrf;omuG[aeonhf tcsufyifjzpfonf/ ,if;tcsufwGifyif csrf;omolutenf;pkjzpfNyD;? trsm;pk
ubmaMumihfqif;&JarGawaeMujcif;yifjzpfonf/ bmaMumihf trsm;pkuqif;&JaeMuNyD; tenf;pk
csr;f om~u, G 0f aeMuoenf;/ bmaMumifq h if;&JNy;D bmaMumihcf sr;f omae&wmvJ/ tJ'v D kd uGm[rI[m
b,fvkdtajccHtaMumif;w&m;awGaMumihfjzpfay:&wmvJ pojzihf pl;prf;Mu&rnf/
rnDrsS EiS rfh w&m;rIawGuakd vhvm&mwGif wdusonht f ajccHtcsut f vufawGukd &SmazGwmu
p&rnf/ udk,fwkdifudk,fus ar;jref;avhvmrSwfom;&rnf/ xdkYtjyif wkdif;jynfwGif; xkwfa0aeonfh
owif;pm^r*¾Zif;^*sme,fponhf pmapmifpmwrf;rsm;udk zwf&IavhvmNyD; wdusonfh udef;*Pef;
tcsuftvufawGudkxkwf,lpkaqmif;&rnf/
jynfwiG ;f jynfya&'D,?kd &kyjf rifoMH um;tp&So d nfh rD', D mrsm;udv k nf;em;axmif&rnf/ ,if;odYk
avhvmjcif;r&Sv d sS if rnDrsS EiS fh rw&m;rIuakd vhvmod&EdS idk v f rd rhf nfr[kwyf g/ bmawGjzpfysuaf eovJ/
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
tk;d a0 *sme,f aqmif;yg; 28

&efukefwuúodkvf0if;twGif; ausmif;om;or*¾ jyefvnf zGJUpnf;onfh tcrf;tem;(28.8.88)

bmawGajymqdkaeMuovJqdkwmudkodvdkvSsif xkdt&mudk a&;om; az:jyaeonfh rD'D,mtm;vHk;udk

em;axmifzwf&IaezdkYvdkonf/ tqufrjywfem;axmifae&rnf/ zwf&Iae&rnf/ avhvmae&rnf/
wyGw
J ;kd aumuf&;dk rD;avhvmrIrsKd ;vkyí
f rjzpfyg/

b,folawGupwifOD;aqmifMurvJ
Ek;d Mum;olvil ,fwidk ;f upwif&rnf/ pwifEidk o f nht
f qifu
h pwif&rnf/ t|rwef; t&G,f
ausmif;om;vli,fu rdrdESihf t&G,fwltwef;wloli,fcsif;rsm;udk EId;aqmfwmu pwif&rnf/
txufwef;ausmif;om;t&G,v f il ,frsm;ESifh wuúov
kd t
f &G,f vli,frsm;uvnf; tvm;wlyif rdrEd iS hf
twef;wloli,fcsif;rsm;txJrS pdwfwloabmwl&Sdolrsm;udk EId;aqmfwmu pwif&rnf/ xdkokdY
ausmif;om;vli,f 3 OD;rS 5 OD;xd&Sdaom avhvma&;tpktzGJYi,frsm;pkzGJY &rnf/ Ekd;Mum;ol vli,f
ausmif;om;uOD;aqmifNyD; rdrdwdkY tm;vHk;zwf&Iavhvm&rnf pmapmifpmwrf;rsm;udk owfrSwfNyD;
tm;vH;k zwf&aI vhvmap&rnf/
ausmif;om;vli,fwkdif;onf EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? ppfa&;? vlrIa&;? usef;rma&;?
obm0ywf0ef;usi?f &ky&f iS *f w
D ? ,Ofaus;rIpmaytEkynm? bmomoema&;? Edik if w H umta&;? pojzihf
bmom&yfrsdK;pHkudkavhvmae&rnf/

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/

29 aqmif;yg; tk;d a0 *sme,f

okdYtwGuf tajccHavhvma&;jzpfonfh tedrhfqHk;vkyfc^vpm? tdrfvc? ausmif;vc?

pmtkypf mwrf;aMu;? bwfpu f m;c? ESifh vuf&dS qef^qD^ qm; tp&So d nfuh ek af ps;EIe;f awGukd wdwu d sus
od&SdrSwfom;avhvmzdkYvdkonf/
tedrfhqHk;tqihf ukefaps;EIef;bmaMumihfBuD;jr§ihf&wmvJ/ vkyfc^vpm bmaMumihf enf;yg;
&wmvJ/ vuf&u dS ek af ps;EIe;f ESifh vuf&vdS pmvkycf udEk idI ;f ,SOMf unhNf y;D rnDrsS onfh taMumif;&if;udk &SmazG
az:xkwfwwf&rnf/ zwf&Iavhvm&mwGif bmawGjzpfysufaeovJqdkwmawGudk yxrqHk; qkwfudkif
rdzvYkd o
kd nf/
EIid ;f ,SOwf wf&rnf?a0zefqef;ppfwwf&rnf/ ar;cGe;f xkww f wf&rnf/ ar;cGe;f awG&UJ tajzudk
&SmazGwwf&rnf/ a0zefqef;ppfaz:xkwfavhvm&&Sdvmonhf twkdif;&J&J0Hh0hH wifjyajymqdk&J&rnf/
txl;ojzih, f aeYxw k af 0aeaomowif;pmtygt0if r*¾Zif;^*sme,f^pmapmif pmwrf;rsm;
udkzwf&Iae&rnf/ ,if;pmapmifpmwrf;rsm;wGifaz:jyxm;onfh jynfwGif;jynfyjyóem taMumif;
t&mrsm;udk pl;prfavhvm&rnf/ ,if;jyóemt&yf&yf\ ordik ;f aMumif; aemufcEH iS fh ,aeY vufawGY
jzpfysufaerIrsm;udkqufpyfavhvm&rnf/,if;odkY avhvmjcif;jzihf tqkdyg jyóem rsm;udk wqihfNyD;
odjrifem;vnfvmapygvdrrhf nf/
,cktcg usaemfwkdYwkdif;jynfwGif;trdsK;om;’Drdkua&pD tzGJYcsKyfacgif;aqmif a’:atmiffqef;
pkMunf\aetdrf tus,fcsKyfcscH&rI jyifqifcsufwifoGif;jcif;? ygwDpHka&G;aumufyGJusif;yrnf
qdok nhu f pd ?ö vdiI o f m,mpufrZI &kH dS puf&v kH yk o
f m;rsm; vpmvkycf wd;k jri§ afh y;a&;twGuf oydwaf rSmuf
awmif;qdkaeMujcif;? wkdif;&if;om;typf&yf tzGJYtpnf;rsm;\ wyfzGJUrsm;udk e,fjcm;apmihfwyftjzpf
ajymif;vJzpYJG nf;&mwGiw f if;rmrIrsm;jzpfay:vmaejcif;? Ekid if yH idk v f yk rf sm; yk*v¾ ud ykid f jyKvyk af ejcif;ponhf
wwkdif;wjynfvHk;ESihfoufqdkifaeonhf jzpf&yfrsm;rsm;ay:aygufjzpfyGm;aeygonf/
,if;okdYaomudpö&yfrsm;udk ausmif;om;vli,frsm; od&SdaezdkYvdktyfygonf/ tem*wfudk yHk
azmfMurnfh vli,fausmif;om;rsm;onfypöKyÜefjzpf&yfrsm;udk vpfvsL&IítvsOf; rjzpfEkdifyg/ tquf
rjywfpl;prf;avhvmaeMuNyD;rdrdwdkY\ oabmxm;tjrifudkaz:xkwf EkdifpGrf;&Sd&ygvdrfhrnf/ okdYrSom
xufjrufaomausmif;om;vli,frsm;onf vSyopfvGifaom tem*wfacwfopfudkzefwD;Ekdif yg
vdrrhf nf/
okdYtwGuf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ ,aeYwm0efrSm wkdif;jynf\tajctaet&yf&yfudk
odem;vnfatmifvkyfa&;ESihf odem;vnfvmonfESihftnD wkdif;jynf\ ta&;udpöwkdif;wGifa&SUwef;
uae yg0ifvmMua&;omjzpfygonf/ ,if;wm0efudkusaemfwdkY a&SUtqufqufu aemifawmf
ausmif;om; vli,frsm;xrf;aqmifcJhMuNyD;jzpfygonf/
usaemfwdkYvnf; usaemfwdkYacwf\ xdkwm0efudk ,aeYxrf;aqmifMu&rnf/
avhvma&;? rdrdudk,fwdkifESihfrdrdaexdkif&mywf0ef;usifudk ajymif;vJypf&efudpörsm;
aemiftvsOf;oihfonhftcg qufvufa&; om;wifjyygOD;rnf/
armifjrwfom
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/
tk;d a0 *sme,f 30

rdbjynfol ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;okYd jyefMum;csuf

&ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom? 'Drkdua&pD wjym;om;rSr&Sdaom zufqpfqefonfh ppf

tmPm&Sifpepf atmufwGif ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm;onf or*¾\ wjcm;EkdifiHa&;wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmif&if; tkd;a0*sme,f
ukd ykHrSef xkwfa0Ekdif&ef usm;ukwfusm;cJ tm;xkwfBudK;yrf;aeMu&ygonf/
ausmif;om;or*¾\tmabmfukdxif[yfaom? vGwfvyfa&;zcifBuD; AkdvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ac: ukad tmifqef; wm0efct H ,f'w D mtjzpf wm0ef,al qmif&u G cf ahJ om orkid ;f
tpOftvmBuD;rm;onfh tkd;a0*sme,fukd jyefvnfxkwfa0&jcif;vnf;jzpfNyD;? vuf&Sdjzpf
ay:aeaom acwftajctaeukv d nf; xif[yfaz:jyEkid &f ef? Armjynfov l x
l \k ppftmPm
&SifpepfqefYusifa&;? 'Drkdua&pDa&;wkdufyGJwGif tkd;a0*sme,frS wwyfwtm; yg0iftm;
jznfhEkdif&ef BudK;pm;ae&jcif;vnf; jzpfygonf/
wenf ; tm;jzif h q k d a omf tvG e f w m0ef B uD ; NyD ; ? ppf t mPm&S i f a tmuf w G i f
tkd;a0*sme,fukd vQdKU0Suf xkwfa0&jcif; jzpfonfhtwGuf tcuftcJtMuyftwnf;
rsdK;pkH&Sdaeygonf/
xkdokdYaom tajctaetaMumif;rsm;aMumifh usaemfwkdY\ tkd;a0*sme,fwGif csdKU,Gif;
tm;enf; csufrsm; rvGJra&Smifom yg&SdaerSm aocsmygonf/ usaemfwkdY\ tm;enf;csuf
rsm;ukd rnfolrqkd axmufjy a0zefapvkdygonf/ tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd axmufjya0zefjcif;
rjyKrSmukdyif usaemfwkdY txl;pkd;&drfrdygonf/
xkdYaMumifh csdKU,Gif;tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd jyifqifEkdif&ef? jznfhqnf;Ekdif&eftwGuf
vkdtyfaom orkdif;tcsuftvufrsm;? pmrlrsm;? a0zeftMuHay;pmrsm; ay;ykdYjcif;? tzuf
zufrS ukd,fwwfEkdifonfhykHpHESifh ulnDjcif;jzifh tkd;a0*sme,fukd ausmif;om;? jynfolw&yf
vkH;u 0kdif;0ef;aqmif&Gufaeonfh ppftmPm&Sif pepfqefUusifa&;? 'Drkdua&pDa&;wkdufyGJ0if
pmapmifwpfcktjzpf oabmxm;Mu&ef yefMum;tyfygonf/

tdk;a0*sme,f

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/

31 tk;d a0 *sme,f

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/

tk;d a0 *sme,f 32

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf/