05/06/2006 1

Digital VLSI Slot Machine

Project Documentation
Christopher Condrat, Heather Malko
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering;
Department of Computer Science
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112

Our project’s slot machine, with few exceptions, provides

Abstract—We present a design for a casino slot machine the same action as a real slot machine, including a relatively
implemented as a digital VLSI chip. The design represents fully high level of visual graphics and details for a single chip
functional slot machine: user input is accepted, the reel positions design. We shall show that, while the goals of this project
are randomly computed and animated, and rewards are provided
according to certain conditions. This paper also covers the testing
were ambitious, the design meets those goals and has resulted
performed on the physical chip that was fabricated from the in a quality implementation.
design described in this paper, as well as the problems associated
with it.
II. PROJECT DESIGN
Index Terms—VLSI, Verilog, Slot Machine, graphics
The key design effort for this project is centered upon
capturing the experience of a real slot machine. The most
important aspect of any slot machine is that it, over time, loses
I. INTRODUCTION
the player money. To that end, our slot machine performs

T HIS project involves the design of a digital VLSI chip that

operates as a slot machine. Slot machines are relatively
simple state machines: they accept input (which includes
poorly: it awards more money than it consumes. This is not a
real issue however, because the player can add infinite
amounts of virtual money to the slot machine to play with.
money), generate random numbers (reel positions) and reward Despite this design “flaw” the slot machine is designed to act
money based off of that number (payout). Commercial slot like a real slot machine in other ways. The project was broken
machines are nearly all controlled by computer chips; down into a series of key goals for what our slot machine
mechanical features like spinning reels and pull-handles exist would accomplish:
solely for entertainment value. Color graphics, pre-rendered – Key to the slot machine is
At the core of slot machines the main computer chips are that it should render a full slot machine to the screen, and in
responsible for forcing the machines to abide by a certain color. This chip controls no mechanical reels or other devices;
“payout,” that is, the long-term percentage of wins to losses, the chip renders all the graphics. The graphics are rendered in
nearly always less than 100%, but by law, usually greater than 6-bits-per-pixel color (2-bits per channel), allowing for 64
90%. The concept of payout-percentage is a combination of
colors, and also making this the only class project to render
winning-combination odds and the amount paid out by a
colors to the screen. Any board containing our chip and
winning-combination. Payout computations are the most basic
wanting to display the colors will need a pair of resistors to be
part of any slot machine, and what make nearly all slot
machines act the same with few exceptions. For reasons attached to the 2-bits-per-color-channel red, blue and green
discussed later, our slot machine provides greater-than-100% outputs; information on these resistor specifications will be
payout, which means it would lose its owner money over time given later. The graphics are pre-rendered, and stored on chip,
and therefore be a very poor slot machine for commercial or on an attached EEPROM or other memory device.
purposes. Animation – A simple slot machine implementation would
What makes a slot machine distinctive is its entertainment either just show the resulting reel values and award money, or
value, which comes in the form of graphics and sounds. The cycle through the reel symbols one-by-one. This
entertainment value a slot machine provides is what keeps a implementation takes the slot machine realism further by
player playing by feeding the machine more money. With the actually animating the symbols spinning on the reels. In
payout computations being relatively consistent across most addition, the reels are designed to reveal their values in order,
slot machine designs, most of the design and engineering of left to right, in a timed fashion to extend the animation and
slot machines is in the slot machine’s ability to provide emulate the real reel action that takes place on a slot machine.
entertainment to the user. This project is no less different: Rule-based Payout – The slot machine still abides by rules-
most of the coding went into generating, rendering and based payouts, for instance some symbols, the jackpot symbol
animating graphics.
05/06/2006 2

and the cherries symbol provide winnings for simply appearing machine is a finite state machine with 8 states. A basic state
anywhere with any other combination of symbols. This is in diagram for the control logic can be seen in Fig 2.
addition to different three-of-a-kind awards. There are two inputs: add coin and spin. The control
Money management – When the user wins, the money is module holds two values, the current winnings and the value of
placed into a winnings counter. If the user should decide to the bet. When the add coin button is pressed, it adds one coin
play again, the money should be subtracted from the winnings to the bet. A coin is subtracted from the winnings if there is
before the player needs to add new money. any money present, or else it is assumed to have come from the
These four goals are the driving force behind the slot player. The control only allows for three coins to be bet per
machine. With these in mind some design decisions were spin.
made: the overall operation of the slot machine, the visual When the spin button is pressed, the control sends a lock
design of the slot machine, and the needed modules to signal to a random number generator module, which latches its
implement the slot machine. The overall design of the slot value, and a reel animate signal to the video controls. The
machine, in terms of modules can be seen in Fig. 1. control stays in a spin state until the done signal is received,
meaning the reels are finished animating on the screen. The
Now we shall go over the different components that make next step is to calculate the winnings. If a winning spin
up the slot machine: occurs, the amount won is added to the winnings and the
control returns to the beginning and waits for a coin to be
A. Slot Machine Control
added.
The slot machine’s operation is best described by the logic There are a total of 8 symbols for each reel. The random

Lock Bet 1

LFSR Control Spin

LFSR Value
LFSR Value

Winnings

Coins in
SpinReel

ReelDone
The Arbiter should be combinational logic.

Graphics Money Odometer Money Odometer

Reel Animator
Arbiter (WINNINGS) (COIN)
Number

Number

Y
Row/Col

Row/Col

Money/Odometer select
Row-Source BCD
Select
Row/Col

The Arbiter doesn’t need sub-tile row offset

Reel Tiles information as it will not change. However
Interface Tiles
ROM / Color the Reel and Odometers need full row data
ROM Numbers
Function to determine which number, at which offset,
ROM
should be displayed.

48-bits, 2-bit select

Y[2:0]
(sub-tile row select) X

VGA Hsync/Vsync/RGB

Fig. 1. A top-level block-diagram of the chip.

that controls the play action. The control module for the slot number has 9 bits, allowing each one of the three reels uses 3
05/06/2006 3

Bet = 0
Winnings = 0 arbiter. The output of this large multiplexer is then passed
Reel_Animate = false
LFSR_Lock = false Button Hit: Spin
Bet > 0
Else onto the VGA controller, which renders the graphics to the
Reset screen using VGA signals. The relationship of mapped data in
Spin the graphic system can be seen in Fig 5.
Reel_Animate = false Input
Button Hit: Add Coin
AND LFSR_Lock = true
Finally, the VGA controller is the heart of the graphic
system, and yet has the most mundane role. The controller
LFSR_Lock = false Bet < 3 Reel_Animate = true
Reel_Animate_Done
Else = true
merely provides screen coordinates to the other modules, while
Bet = Bet + 1
dumbly rendering the pixel information from the 48-bit tile
Coin Coin Spin row to the outside VGA connector.
C. Reel Animation
Winnings = 0
Player_Win = true

Coin Slot machines attract users through lights, sounds, and also
Winnings > 0
movement. A slot machine would be boring without reels to
Winnings = Winnings - 1
Bet = Bet + 1
Spin Winnings = Winnings +
spin and keep the user in anticipation. The reel animator
Amount_Won
module controls reel animation. Animation comes in the form
Player_Win = false
of vertical scrolling of reels, much like the mechanical
versions. This requires a vertical offset to be computed for
Fig. 2. The state diagram for the control logic. each of the reels. Each reel rotates independently of the
of the bits from the random number. There is a payout for any others; however, all reels rotate at the same speed. The reel
3 of a kind, and for any spin that has a jackpot or a cherry results are revealed when the reels stop. To make the slot
symbol. Every possible combination will occur 1 out of every machine animation more attractive and coordinated, reels are
512 spins, except for the triple-jackpot, which occurs once out stopped from left-to-right, and money is only awarded (or
of every 1,024 spins. With the current payout, 59% of the taken) after all the reels have fully revealed.
spins will be a winning spin. Over time, the slot machine has a Animation is timed upon successive frames (full screens)
payout of 247%—a very bad thing for a commercial slot of animation, and therefore the reel animator only changes the
machine, but fun for the player. The table in Fig 3 shows the reel-offset at the beginning of a frame. As a VGA screen is
winnings and the odds for the different combinations. refreshed 60 times per second, the reel spins at 8 pixels per
frame, rendering nearly a full reel rotation per second. Each
B. Graphics reel spins a minimum of four times before revealing its
Graphics establish the look and feel of the slot machine. symbol, extending the play action.
Great attention was paid to ensuring that the slot machine
D. Money Odometers and BCD
would be able to display detailed graphics to the screen.
Memory restrictions were a deciding factor in determining the The money odometers render numerical values to the screen
detail and resolution of graphics the slot machine would representing both the coin wager, and the user winnings.
render, and also the screen resolution. Subsequently, the Internally, bit vectors represent both the winnings and the
chosen resolution was 128x120, centered on a 640x480 coins in the machine; however, a BCD was designed to display
display, meaning that all pixels needed to be quadrupled in the current winnings in base-10, to provide the player with a
size (2x2). Winning
All graphics were manually drawn on a computer. The Winning Combos Odds s Winnings per Spin
restriction on the number of colors means that graphics can 3-jackpots 0.0977% 500 0.49
only be drawn using 64-colors, or in other words, the high two 3-cherries 0.1953% 200 0.39
bits of each color channel. Despite this limitation, the graphics 3-3xbars 0.1953% 100 0.20
are relatively high quality, as depicted in Fig 4. 3-bars 0.1953% 50 0.10
Displaying graphics to the screen involves many modules 3-$ 0.1953% 40 0.08
working independently to determine what is drawn to the 3-777 0.1953% 30 0.06
screen. The graphic system is based upon rendering “tiles”— 3-7 0.1953% 20 0.04
8x8 pixel graphics—repeatedly across the screen using a tile-
3-lemons 0.1953% 10 0.02
mapper. This mapping module is named the graphics arbiter,
2-jackpots & 1-cherry 0.5859% 5 0.03
and is named such because in addition to providing the basic
1-jackpot & 2-cherries 0.5859% 4 0.02
tile mapping for the slot machine interface, it is charged with
2-jackpots 3.5156% 4 0.14
the task of arbitrating which modules will render to the screen.
When a module is allowed to decide what is displayed to 2-cherries 3.5156% 2 0.07
the screen, it provides row and column information to ROMs 1-jackpot & 1-cherry 7.0313% 3 0.21
or graphic functions. These in turn pass on pixel information, 1-jackpot 21.0938% 2 0.42
as a full 8-pixel tile-row of 6-bit pixels (48-bits total) to a 1-cherry 21.0938% 1 0.21
multiplexer, the output of which is selected by the graphics
Fig 3 Winnings and odds computations
05/06/2006 4

F. Final Details
First, a shading module was added in between the reel ROM
output and the VGA controller. This shading module shades
the top and bottom of the reel graphics, by subtracting color, to
give the appearance of a rounded shape. The effect is not as
good as it could be because of the low number of colors, but it
is still observable.
As an area of future work, multi-frame animated tiles could
be added to the interface by assigning certain tiles to cycle
through tiles. Such animations could be used to render
blinking lights or switch the state of a winner indicator or such.

III. DESIGN APPROACH AND IMPLEMENTATION

The design approach for this project, in terms of actual chip
design is centered on independent module operation; that is,
the various modules that make up the entire chip should be
able to be implemented without depending on other modules.
This approach allows different parts of a chip to be designed in
Fig. 4. A picture of the slot machine in operation. parallel, and therefore speeds up the process of implementing
chips.
TileMap Tile Pixel Another important aspect of our design approach is that we
16 8 used other programming languages, in this case Matlab, to
generate code for our project. A lot of the data, notably
graphics, needed to be converted from raw form (bitmaps) into
15 8 Verilog code, which could then be added to the chip. The use
of code-generating programs also ensures that errors can be
6-bits
fixed on a global basis, instead of requiring a group member to
Fig. 5. The relationship of mapped data for rendering graphics. hand-edit mistakes out of the individual blocks. Copies of our
Matlab scripts for generating Verilog code can be found in the
more familiar counting scheme. The player can win up to accompanying reference material.
216 − 1 = 65,536 coins before the counter rolls over; we A. Simulation and Verification
assumed the player would leave before that happens. Slot machines are not inherently complex; they are
Animating the money odometers would be an area of further basically a mechanized implementation of a dice-throwing
work, and with the addition of a cash-out button (to make the game with wagers and winnings. The mechanics of a slot
odometer drop to zero), help our slot machine emulate real machine’s control code can be functionally simulated in
ones even better. Verilog as it is merely a state-machine. Slot machines are not,
however, merely made of control logic; they are also charged
E. Graphics ROMs
with entertaining the user. The “action” rendered by a slot
The graphic ROMs contain the graphics to be rendered to the machine is measured in human-countable time, making
screen. They accept a row and column as input and return a functional Verilog-simulations slow at best, and meaningless at
full row of pixels for a tile (48-pixels) as output. For the reel worst. In our tests, rendering a single frame of graphics, using
ROM, the graphics turned out to be so large that it could not test-benches on the Icarus Verilog[1] simulator would take
be held on-chip (this status is still pending), so in its place, as a minutes even on very fast machines. Animations were to be
potentially temporary solution, a color-generating function was measured in multiple seconds of real time, and with 60 frames
added in place of a ROM. This saved a lot of room in the final per second, simulation using only Verilog proved to be a very
design. time-consuming process. A better solution was needed.
An alternative to an on-chip ROM is the use of an EEPROM.
EEPROMs act like static RAMs for reading, allowing for
relatively large amounts of data to be stored off-chip. Our
EEPROM design turned out to be nearly as large as the reel
ROMs, because its last-minute design used a lot of flip-flops
as a buffer, and so was removed in lieu of a color-generating
function. We shall see if the reel ROMs or the EEPROM
controller will find their way into the fabricated design; for
now a color function is used in place of the reel ROM.
05/06/2006 5

The solution to the simulation problem came in the form of External Connections
using an FPGA, a 100,000-gate Xilinx Spartan II in our case,
as the “chip.” Verilog is compiled using Xilinx’s ISE FPGA Red1
Push-Button
compiler, and the resulting bitmap is loaded onto an FPGA. Spin Red0
470

1000
Red
Due to space constraints, some graphics, notably the reel Push-Button
Coin-In
Green1
470

ROMs, needed to be removed and/or swapped out; however SLOT Green0

1000
Green
the resulting FPGA implementation could still provide the (all debounced) MACHINE Blue1
470
VGA
Blue0 Port
necessary rendition of the slot machine to verify its Push-Button
CHIP 1000
Blue

functionality. (break)
nReset
Hsync
Hsync
The real-time simulations also enabled our group to make Vsync
Vsync
adjustments to the code itself. For instance, the reels should

EEPROM
Address
stop (and therefore reveal the symbol it lands on) starting with

EEPROM
the left reel and ending with the right. Some combinations of

DATA
symbols, due to the relative order of the symbols, would cause
the reels to be rendered out of order. The solution to this
EEPROM
problem: force two full-reel-rotations between successive
reel-stops. This extends the animation, but ensures that the For off-chip data

reels reveal themselves in order. Fig. 6. How the slot machine chip would integrate into a system.
the Spin and Coin-in signals. A break-based push-button
IV. INTEGRATION INTO A SYSTEM
should be used for the reset signal, as it is active-low. Please
The chip requires a 50Mhz clock to operate. Other clock consult the Fig 6 for further details.
speeds will affect the VGA controller in adverse ways and
cause animation timing-problems as well. V. FABRICATED CHIP
The slot machine chip requires outside components to
The design was fabricated by MOSIS circuit-fabrication
operate correctly. Depending on the implementation, the chip
service [2], which provides free design fabrication for
may need access to an external EEPROM for reel graphics
educational purposes. This free fabrication service has two
data, or may stand alone without the EEPROM if enough chip
purposes: to enable students to fabricate designs and receive a
space is available for fabrication, or if the internal color
physical chip as a result, and more importantly, for MOSIS,
function (no symbol graphics) is used instead of reel graphics.
helps provide “realistic” and varied designs to help gauge the
The slot machine does, however, depend on resistor ladders to
quality of the fabrication process for MOSIS. The latter
produce color output to the screen. Each 2-bit color channel
purpose requires that students take a testing course to test and
can provide four combinations of output, and by passing these
benchmark their chips—both for educational value, and to
outputs through resistors (470Ω and 1000Ω), variable voltages
provide data to MOSIS on how well their fabrication operates.
can be sent out the VGA port, and therefore variable levels of
Fabricated designs vary in size, and are measured in tiny
color output. These, along with the synchronizing signals
processor units (TPUs). Arbitrary numbers of TPUs are not
allow the chip to render graphics to the VGA port. Amplifiers
allowed, and designs must fit into sizes of one, two, four,
for the signals may be required, but this requirement has not
and—for the first time ever in an educational fabrication run—
been verified.
six TPUs. Because of the massive amount of graphics data in
For input, pre-debounced push-buttons should be used for
the slot machine design, strings were pulled to allow a 6-TPU
processor design to be sent to MOSIS—without a reduction of
total chips returned. This also meant that no EEPROM had to
be incorporated in an extra-chip design to store the graphics
data.
Unfortunately, as there was no previous instance of a 6-TPU
design, the pad-ring required extra modification to work with
the design. Additional metal had to be laid down into the
design to fit the fabrication rules as well.

Fig. 7. Photo of the fabricated chip.

05/06/2006 6

The resulting fabricated chip can be seen in Fig. 7. A

micro-fabbing microscope was used to photograph various
parts of the chip at high resolution. The images were then
stitched together using Adobe Photoshop and color-matched to
provide consistent lighting—as if the chip was photographed
as a whole.

VI. CHIP TESTING

The chip was tested using an ancient Tektronix LV-500
machine, built in 1989. This archaic relic from the personal-
computer dark ages helps benchmark chip performance under
“extreme” conditions. As the MOSIS fabrication technology
4.5

4.2
Fig. 9. Photo of the FPGA-simulated design.

3.7
8px 96px 696px

3.2 Each pixel is one clock cycle (the design ended up being
clocked down to 25 Mhz for simplicity). The pattern above
repeats continuously as the screen is drawn.
2.7 After a somewhat frustrating start, where the wrong voltage
was applied to the design, the tester started consistently
reporting that the tests passed. Next came the schmoo plots.
2.2 Schmoo-plots depict two test conditions, for instance chip-
voltage and clock-speed, varied on a 2D plot, with one
condition representing the horizontal axis, and the other
1.7 condition representing the vertical axis. A schmoo plot helps
visualize the conditions under which the chip will operate
correctly.
1.2
8ns 40ns The varying-conditions used in the testing of the fabricated
Phase Width (2ns/block)
chip were voltage and clock pulse-width. There were some
issues involving untestable voltage values, specifically the
Fig. 8. Schmoo Plot device voltage, which would not go below the forced voltage.
We were unable to find a workable solution to this issue, so
available to students is not especially modern, the chip designs
instead of varying the device voltage, we varied the forcing
have the opportunity to fail under adverse conditions where the
voltage versus the phase width and plotted the graph. The
5V, 0.6-micron logic may not hold up.
resulting schmoo-plot can be seen in Fig 8.
Testing is performed using test vectors, for which the LV-
After testing the chip using the LV-500, we determined that
500 may store up to 64,000 of. Values are forced, and then
the MOSIS fabrication run produced a working yield of 100%.
tests are made to determine whether the device has returned
This is unsurprising seeing that this was a relatively simple
the correct value. The tester has no ability to automatically
design, and it wasn’t really pushing the boundaries of even the
generate a clock, so clock signals must be coded manually into
test vectors. Test vectors can either be inputted by hand at the L K J H G F E D C B A A B C D E F G H J K L

terminal, or loaded into the machine via its onboard FTP 1

2
Blue1
Blue0
1
2
server, which is only accessible via one or two machines on 3 Red1 3

campus. 4 4
Reset Red0 Reset

5 Green1 5

In the case of the slot machine design, the output generated

CoinIn CoinIn
6 TOP Green0 BOTTOM 6
7 HSync 7
by the chip comes in the form of video signals. These signals Spin
8 8
Spin

VSync
take some time before any change in the output can be 9 9
10 10
detected. The earliest-arriving, that is earliest-changing, 11 11

predictable signal is the horizontal synch signal (Hsync), VDD GND CLK

which has a pattern:

Fig. 10. Wiring diagram.
05/06/2006 7

of a 5-Volt power supply, a 25 MHz clock, 3 switches and

their associated components, and a VGA connector and its
associated components.

Fig. 11. Implemented Board

age-old 0.6μ-technology. Unfortunately, we were unable to
provide a qualitative assessment of the yield, as will be seen
later, as we were only able (or willing) to test the Hsync signal
on the LV-500. A better functional test would come in the Fig. 13. VGA Connector [3]
form of a board to hold and operate the chip, for its original This circuit board includes a 5-volt supply for powering and
purpose: to play. grounding the fabricated slot machine chip, the clock chip, the
switches, and multiple debouncers. It was determined that the
VII. BOARD DESIGN clock consist of 5Vdc HCMOS Crystal clock oscillator with
The goal of the project was to produce a working playable features such as wide frequency range, tight symmetry option,
slot machine, which would produce color graphics on a VGA fast rise and fall times, HCMOS and TTL compatible, tristate
monitor. In the design phase of the project, we were able to enable/disable options, and anti-static packaging tube. Hence
simulate the design on an FPGA, albeit with a limited set of
graphics because of the lack of slice-resources available. With
the full 6-TPU design, we were able to incorporate all the
graphics that were drawn for the design, including all reel
symbols, which needed to be omitted from the FPGA, in lieu
of some functionally generated color “symbols.” A photo of
the FPGA simulation in operation can be seen in Fig 9.
Needless to say, the ability to see the design working in its full Fig. 14. VGA Buffered Signals
glory was something to look forward to. an Abracon xo – crystal clock oscillators with Full Size
The slot machine chip required that a special circuit board TTL/HCMOS Clock Oscillator 25MHz was selected. The final
be designed and implemented for proper validation and input signals were switches for the reset, spin, and coin signals.
verification of the fabricated chip. The basic game requires It was determined that a pushbutton debouncing circuit is
that there exists an input clock signal and multiple switches for necessary for these input signals for the chip. Figure 12
the following input signals: reset, spin, and coin. The output represents this configuration.
of the game requires that a VGA monitor be implemented;
hence, a VGA adaptor is essential. This circuit board consists For the output of the vga monitor, it is necessary to
examine the vga connector
It is essential that the circuit board buffers the outputs of the
chip. The buffer is a single-input device, which has a gain of 1,
mirroring the input at the output. It has value for impedance
matching and for isolation of the input and output.
Furthermore, it is essential that the Red, Green, and Blue have
this configuration.

VIII. RESULTS & CONCLUSION

Our team has successfully implemented a working slot
machine as a digital chip. We are happy to acknowledge that
we have achieved the aims of the project with a high level of
standards. Additional work could have be done on the design
to make the slot machine even better; however, time, notably,
space constraints dictated otherwise. Presented below are the

Fig. 12. Pushbutton Debouncing Circuit

05/06/2006 8

results of implemented circuit board and further conclusions.

The fabricated chip worked when tested, but we have not
been able to make it work correctly in its functional
environment. After implementing the circuit board presented
above, the result was a blank monitor screen. Hence, the
potential problems are improper implementation of the above
design, clock issues, or an unsuccessful fabricated chip.
The first potential problem is a design flaw or a poor
implementation of this design. It seems unlikely that there is a
design flaw for switches since an Agilent 54622D Mixed
Signal Oscilloscope was utilized for testing purposes. The
simulated results match preliminary results; i.e. a switch
switches properly with the becouncing circuit. Next a multi-
meter seemed to vary that wire wrapped signals were properly
connected and matched the design schematic. Hence, it is
possible that the design was implemented poorly. We will
further explore this issue.
The second potential problem is a fault clock. First, the
design utilizes an Abracon XO – crystal clock oscillators with
Full Size TTL/HCMOS Clock Oscillator 25MHz. Based on
the Agilent 54622D Mixed Signal Oscilloscope, there is a
successful 25 MHz Clock. However, it possible that the
fabricated chip will not operate successfully with this
component. Hence, an Agilent Function Generator was
employed to emulate a clock. Based on the results, values for
Hsync and Vsync were consistently at 25mV DC. Yet, it is
possible that errors occurred when implementing this
configuration and we plan on exploring this issue.
The third potential problem was a faulty fabricated chip.
This could potentially mean that a layout design occurred or
failed block layout occurred. The memory allocation resources
at the University of Utah limited the amount of analog
simulations. Hence the FPGA was heavily used as a test for
analog simulation. Another potential problem associated with
this conclusion is that the chip was not fabricated correctly.
This seems highly unlikely since MOSIS is well known for
their products. This final conclusion does not seem likely
since the chips produced good schmoo plots.
We hope to find the error of our poor simulation results and
be finally able to play the slot machine in its full colorized
glory. This project has been an amazing learning experience.
The opportunity to design, fabricate this slot chip, and finally
implement an associated circuit board was incredibly exciting
and satisfying. We have form the foundation of chip design
and hopefully we will use these skills in our potential future
chip designs.

REFERENCES
[1] Icarus Verilog simulator and compiler.
http://www.icarus.com/eda/verilog/
[2] The MOSIS Service
http://www.mosis.org/
[3] VGA Connector
http://www.theavguide.co.uk/AdvHTML_Upload/vgaplug3.jpg