Future Wireless Based On SDR and UWB

Creation of Future Social Infrastructure Based on Information Telecommunication Technology Yokohama National University
Colloquium Institut EURECOM Sophia-Antipolis, France, June 23, 2005
Future Wireless Based on SDR and UWB

Latest Wireless Technologies: Software Defined Radio(SDR) and Ultra Wideband(UWB) Wireless Communications Ryuji Kohno
Professor, Division of Physics, Electrical & Computer Eingeering, Yokohama National University Director UWB Technology Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NiCT) Chairman
Ryuji Kohno's Committee, Japan IEICE SDR Technical Properties, Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential 1 1 Confidential Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
Future Wireless Based on UWB and SDR

Agenda 1. Trends of Wireless Communications 2. State of Arts for SDR(Software Defined Radio) and Anticipation of SDR Evolution 3. State of Arts for UWB(Ultra Wideband) Radio and Anticipation of UWB Evolution
2 Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
Current Wireless Communication Networks

ItBXOffice Networks lbg [N (Wireless LAN iLANEATMj etc).
Machine Networks. @i@BjM
Mobile gdb Networks. Home z[lbg[N Networks. TV AUDIO ITS ( Intelligent xH Transport e VX Systems). Vehicle-to H -Roadside. M Inter-Vehicle M Communication
Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005 3
VTR Home Link PRINTER PC
GAME
Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential
Wireless Infrastructure and Ad-Hoc Communication Networks

1. 3rd Generation Mobile Communication System 3G(IMT-2000: UMTS, W-CDMA, EDGE, GPRS) 2. Multimedia Mobile Access Control Systems: 4G(B3G) (MMAC, BRAN, U-NII, E2R) 3. Digital Terrestrial TV Broadcasting System (DAB, DVB, DMB) 4. Intelligent Transport System (ITS: ETC,DSRC, Car LAN) 5. Wireless Local Loop: i WLLj 6. Wireless LAN:i WiFi, WiMax, Bluetooth, IEEE802.11a,b,g,n,p) 7. Home Network :(ADSL, FTTH, Wireless 1394, Wireless USB) 8. Wireless PAN: (WPAN over UWB: IEEE802.15.3a, 3c) 9. Sensor Network :(RFIDTag, Zigbee, IEEE802.15.4a)
Core Physical Layer Techniques for Wireless Communication Systems 1. Spread Spectrum (CDMA, Radar) 2. Adaptive Array Antenna (Smart Antenna, MIMO) 3. Multi-Carrier Modulation(OFDM) 4. Channel Coding(Turbo Coding and Decoding, Space-Time Coding, Network Coding) 5. Wireless Protocol(Wireless ATM, Wireless IP, Wireless 1394, Wireless USB) 6. Software Radio (SDR: Software Defined Radio) 7. Ultra Wide Band(UWB) by Impulse Radio and others
5
Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
Core PHY Technologies Satisfying Multiple Demands in Wireless Communications

(1) Countermeasure against Fading (1) Countermeasure against Fading (2) Ranging and Positioning (2) Ranging and Positioning
: :Equalization, Diversity, EC Code, Antenna, etc. Equalization, Diversity, EC Code, Antenna, etc. : :Radar, Navigation, Roaming Radar, Navigation, Roaming : :Environment and Circumstance Observation, Environment and Circumstance Observation, @ @ Sensor, @ @ Adaptive Control Sensor, Adaptive Control
(3) Recognition and Control of an Object (3) Recognition and Control of an Object
Spread Spectrum Spread Spectrum & UWB technique & UWB technique Array Antenna Array Antenna & MIMO technique & MIMO technique
(4) Information Security & Authentication (4) Information Security & Authentication
: :Information of Charge, Protection of Privacy, Information of Charge, Protection of Privacy, Countermeasure against Terrorism Countermeasure against Terrorism Driving Assist (handicapped) and Better QoS Driving Assist (handicapped) and Better QoS
(5) Human Interface (5) Human Interface
(6) Interference Suppress & Diversity Gain (6) Interference Suppress & Diversity Gain
: :Improving S/I+N and User Capacity Improving S/I+N and User Capacity
Software Defined Software Defined Radio(SDR)technique SDR Radio(SDR)technique
(7) Adaptability and Reconfigurability (7) Adaptability and Reconfigurability

: :Adapting Environment and Multimode Service Adapting Environment and Multimode Service
Future Wireless Based on UWB and SDR

Balance between Integration and Personalization of Networks Network IP-base

IPV4
Power Line Communication
ISDN
IPV6
MobileIP VIP ITS IVC IR DSRC
xDSL
Satellite/HAPS
S-UMTS
F-PACH
Satellite Broadband DVB-S DVB-
IP-base
Broadband Bluetooth W-LAN BRAN MMAC
Broadcasting
DAB
DVB-T DVBEGPRS EDGE
IEEE 802.11a/b CDPD Body LANs
GPRS GSM
UMTS++ UMTS HDR CDMA2000 IS-95 IS-
Personal FWA Area Networks Broadband WLL MBS 60 Local Area Networks WFA
Cellular
MBS 40
MWS xMDS
Quasi-Cellular
Wireless Local Loop
Balance between Integration and Personalization Integration of Networks of Network Network IP-base
IPV4 EIP-base Power Line ISDN MobileIP IPV6 Communication (Voice over IP, Internet TV, Mobile IP.j VIP xDSL F-PACH ITS IVC IR DSRC
Satellite/HAPS
S-UMTS
Satellite Broadband DVB-S DVB-
Broadcasting
DAB
DVB-T DVBEGPRS EDGE
IP-base Software Radio

CDMA2000
Broadband Bluetooth W-LAN BRAN MMAC
IEEE 802.11a/b CDPD Body LANs
GPRS GSM
UMTS++
HDR UMTS Personalization of Network
Personal FWA Area Networks Broadband WLL MBS 60 Local Area Networks WFA
Cellular
ESoftware IS-95 IS-
MWS MBS 40 Reconfigurable Radio xMDS Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
Quasi-Cellular
Wireless Local Loop
Software Defined Radio(SDR)

SDR is a broad concept that all functions of wireless communications like bands, modulation and coding scheme, protocol can be reconfigured with software including all-digital transceivers and software-based adaptability for multi-purposes and multiapplications in multi-environments.
yNecessary Propertiesz 1. Broadband & Multi-band for Multi-mode Service 2. Re-configurability of System Hardware 3. Downloadability@ System Configuration Software of 4. Adaptability for Environment
10
Software Defined Radio as Countermeasure to Combat with Current Problems in Wireless Comm.
Huge Demands for Broadband Wireless Communications Co-exit of Various Wireless Systems Inter-System Interference Low Power Consumption Demand for Multi-Mode Software Antenna
@ A B
@ A B
Space Division(SDMA) Based on Beamforming Omit of IF Circuits (Direct Conversion) Software Reconfigurability (Re-Configuration)
Software Defined Radio(SDR)
11
Multi-mode Reconfigurable Radio System
Download of system software to change system configuration

BS BS
STB STB
Device is reconfigured as a TV receiver Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential
Device is Device is Device is reconfigured as reconfigured reconfigured as a a wireless LAN terminal 12 as a car cellular phone navigation system Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005 Colloquium,
Multi-mode Reconfigurable Radio System
Device is reconfigured as a TV receiver
Device is reconfigured as a car navigation system
Device is reconfigured as a cellular phone
Device is reconfigured as a wireless LAN terminal 13
Software Reconfigurable TV Broadcasting Terminal (Using MPEG-2 standard)

BS/CS compatible antenna UHF antenna
BS tuner
(channel selectionpart) digital demodulation 1 (BPSK)
CA descrambler
Compatible element
About 100KG
CS tuner
(channel selectionpart)
(QPSK) (8PSK)
About 200KG
digital demodulation 2
FEC (trellis) (viterbi) Inner Code correcting
ECC (RS) Outer Code correcting DE MUX TS decoder
MPEG decoder image speech data decode
image
Terrestrial tuner
(channel selectionpart)
(OFDM)
500KG
digital demodulation 3
speech & OSD

200KG 1MG
data
CATV
(64QAM)
About 100KG
About 100KG
System CPU (64bitRISC) modem
Firm ware Firm ware
About 10MB
memory
Software Reconfigurable ITS Terminal

VICS beacon antenna Cellular phone Base Station TV broadcast station
FM broadcast station
90`
700MHz band TV broadcast
2.5GHz band
76`
800MHz band 1.5GHz band
beacon TV car-mounted car-mounted antenna antenna
90MHz band FM radio
FM radio car-mounted antenna
Cellular phone car-mounted antenna
TV
VICS
TV receiver VICS receiver

FM@ Radio
Cellurar phone terminal
FM radio receiver
Table 2 Examples of Multimode Terminals

Systems Demand Already Exists Already Exists Both cover nationwide Complementary Seamless coverage Seamless coverage Seamless coverage Seamless coverage ~ Commonality ~ ~ FDD/TDD ? TDMA/SS TDMA/CDMA ? CDMA/? CDMA/SS OFDMA/OFDM Frequency range 800M/1.5G/1.9G 800M/1.5G 800M/1.5G/2G 2G/3-10G 2G/2.4G Sf /T .2G
PDC+PHS PDC+GPS PDC+3G 3G+4G 3G+WLAN11b 4G+WLAN11a DSRC+WLAN11a 3G+4G+WLAN +WPAN
QPSK/OFDM ? CDMA/OFDM/?
5.8G/5.2G ? 2G/5.2G/3-10G
16
Demands for SDR in Beyond 3G Software radio is one of key technology to realize next generation (beyond 3G) mobile communication systems from the viewpoint of .
Remote Maintenance without recall ( Bug fix ) Reduction of industrial waste Frequency re-allocation ( viewpoint of regulation) Coexistence between old and new systems
Communication systems on demand

17 Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
Applications of Software Defined Radio

PDC GSM IS-95 IMT-2000 PHS DECT GPRS UTLA Pager
De
te c
(ICU,)
an gi ng .
Ille gal rad io Medical Servises

g, rin te me ntrol leTe le-co Te
tin g
e ac s MEO Sp on GEO d ti an ica te n lli mu e at om S C
LEO
(Int Mobile Communications elligent Transport Systems)
Po (G si PS tio ER n oa ing mi . n R
g)
ed ix (F W k) or w et N sN FW les ire
Broadcasting (BS,CS,Terrestrial, CATV)

W i re (B les lu s e L IE too AN EE th 80 2. 11 a, b
Ku Ka L
ITS
ETC VICS IVC
18
SDR Forum
http://www.sdrforum.org/
Non-profit organization in the USA to promote SDR Proposing a CORBA-based SDR system architecture Starting members were involved in the Speakeasy project in USA <Major Purposes> 1. Standard of API(Application Program Interface) for common interfacing among various modules of SDR terminal. 2. Standard of download procedure for SDR services
IEICE
Software Radio Technical Committee

(http://www.ieice.or.jp/cs/sr/jpn/index-e.html) Society: IEICE Communication Society Established: December, 1998 Discussion Topics:

Theory on SDR Software and hardware technology for SDR Applications of SDR Research on APIs (Application Programmable Interface) Standardization for SDR Collaboration and cooperation with active organizations in other countries such as SDR-Forum
Members of the IEICE Software Radio Technical Committee

Tokyo Inst. Tech. Chair: Ryuji Kohno Yokohama Nat. Univ. Kei Sakaguchi keiki Fujii Tokyo Noukou Univ. Vice-Chairs: Kazuhiro Uehara NTT Nokia Japan Masaaki Katayama Nagoya Univ. Tatu Koljonen Mamoru Sawahashi NTT DoCoMo Secretaries: Hiroshi Harada NICT Shintaro Taira National Defense Yokitoshi Sanada Keio Univ. Agency Hiroshi Tsurumi Toshiba Ysuhiko Asano Fujitsu Labs. Junichi Takada Tokyo Inst.Tech. Masao Nakagawa Keio Univ. Yoshio Nakamura Tohoku Univ. Atsuya Yokoi Sunsong Tatsuaki Sakai KDDI Members: Masachika Harada TI Japan Kyushu Univ. Yoshi Akaiwa Takuzo Fujii Hitachi Kokusai Sangikyo Osamu Atsumi Toshiharu Kojima Mitsubishi Hitachi Nobukazu Doi Kouichi Honma Panasonic Tokyo Inst. Tech. Kiyomichi Araki Masakazu Sampei Osaka Univ. Eiichi Murata Kyoto Univ. Meiji Univ. Tetsushi Ikegami Hiroyuki Morikawa Univ. Tokyo NEC Hiroyuki Ishii Daisaku Yamane JRC Ericson Japan Teruo Ohnishi Consults: Yoshitaka Ogawa Hokkaido Univ. Joe Mitola III MITRE Yoshio Karasawa Univ. Electro-Comm. Mark Cummings enVia, Inc. enVia, ATR Lab Takashi Ohira Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential
21
Activities of IEICE Software Radio Technical Committee in 1999

January 27: The first technical committee meeting (Tokyo) March 11: The first technical conference : Joint Workshop (Yokusuka Research Park: YRP) together with the SDR Forum (March 9-11). June 30: 2nd technical conference i Osaka) September: Panel session was held in the PIMRC99 conference (10th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications)(Osaka) November 17: 3rd technical conference (Nagoya)

April 11-13: SDR Workshop (Seoul, Korea) April 17: 4th technical conference : Joint Workshop (Yokosuka Research Park:YRP) together with the SDR Forum. May 16: Panel session at VTC spring (Vehicular Technology Conference) 2000 (Meridian Pacific Hotel Shinagawa, Tokyo) June: Publication of the special Issue on SDR in IEICE Trans. on Communications(English Volume) July 21: 5th technical conference (Keio Univ., Yokohama) September 13-15: Tyrrhenian Workshop on SDR(Italy) September 30: Panel session in IEICE Annual Conference (Nagoya Inst. Tech., Nagoya) October 20: 6th technical conference and Technical Exhibition (NTT Musashino, Tokyo)
Research Trend in 1th Stage

Before 2001 (from Activities of IEICE SR-TC)
Introduce software radio, Search research items, and applications Developed key technologies

Broadband and multipurpose receivers
Direct conversionALow IF
Software processing (adaptive) antenna Broadband and multipurpose analog-to-digital converter

Effect of resolution of AD converter to Digital signal procession hardware Adaptive multi-sampling method Software architecture Flexible synchronization method, adaptive coding and decoding technique Download protocol Software architecture to reduce the volume of software
Configuration of software

Software download method

Auto-recognition of modulation scheme

24
Development of prototype systems

Prototypes 1
NICT(1999) *CRL
Software Radio ITS Multimode Terminal
Affiliation Name
ARIB(1998)
Software Radio Receiver
NTT(1999)
Software Radio Base Station and Terminal for Cellular & Ad-hoc Adnetworks
RF/IF part, ADC/DAC part, pre/post processor part, DSP part, IF part, CPU part IF under sampling PHS, quasi cellular communication 2.45GHz 2.45GHz 13MHz 13MHz 25,39MHz 25,39MHz 300KHz(PHS),75kHz 300KHz(PHS),75kHz 384kbps(PHS),96kbps 384kbps(PHS),96kbps i quasi cellular communicationj communication Pi/4QPSK(PHS),BPSK,Q PSK, pi/4QPSK,16QAM 104Msps(10bit)/52Msps(1 104Msps(10bit)/52Msps(1 2bit) 1600*4 MIPS Wireless downloading, Adaptive modulation
Toshiba(1999)
Software Radio Prototype by Direct Conversion
Antenna part, Direct conversion receiver part, transmission part, ADC/DAC part, DDC part, DSP part Baseband over-sampling overPHS,GSM,PDC i Layer 1j 1 1.5` 2GHz 1.5 45MHz(TX), 10MHz(RX) 45MHz(TX), None 25` 192kHz 25 192kHz 384kbps(PHS),270.833kb 384kbps(PHS),270.833kb ps(GSM),42kbpsi PDCj ps(GSM),42kbps PDC TX:pi/4QPSK,nTX:pi/4QPSK,nPSK(n=2-8) PSK(n=2RX:n-PSK,@ RX:n PSK, pi/4QPSK,GMSK,MSK 40Msps(10bit)/64Msps(12 40Msps(10bit)/64Msps(12 bit) 1600MIPS 1600MIPS
Configuration
Antenna part, Sampling parti RF,IF,ADC), part signal processing part (DSP), CPU part, monitor Baseband overoversampling Surveillance to Detect Illegal Radio 27,900,500,2000 MHz 32 kHz
RF part (PHS,GPS,ETC), IF/ADC/DAC part, FPGA/DSP part, Control part IF under-sampling underPHS,GPS,ETC (full) ,GSM i Layer 1j ,User 1 1900,1500,5200MHz 1900,1500,5200MHz 2048kHz 2048kHz 10MHz(PHS),40MHz(ETC) 10MHz(PHS),40MHz(ETC)
Sampling Application Coverage Processing frequency IF frequency Channel bandwidth Transmission speed Modulation scheme
32 kHz 8,6,32 kbps
2048kHzi MAXj 2048kHz MAX 384kbps(PHS),1023Mcps(G 384kbps(PHS),1023Mcps(G PS),1024kbps(ETC),384, 270.833kbps(User) Pi/4QPSK(PHS).BPSK+SS( GPS),ASK(ETC),QPSK,G MSK, pi/4QPSK, 50 Msps(14bit)/60 Msps(14bit)/60 Msps(10bit) Msps(10bit) 1600*4 MIPS Simultaneous processing, Parameter control circuit
BPSK,QPSK,pi/4QPSK, GMSK,FM,AM
DAC/ADC DSP power Characteristics
None / 5 Msps (12bit) 1600*4 MIPS MUSIC,DCMP algorithm included
Changing parameters of 25 modulation, coding, and Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005 filter
Examples of the Prototype Software Radio Hardware Developed in Japan

signal processing1 (demodulation processing)
Antenna switcher
RF amplifier
Frequency conversion
Detector
A/D conversion unit
signal processing2 (direction of arrival measurement processing)
CPU unit Divider Divider
Controller (Personal computer)
Frequency synthesizer
Oscillator
Antenna Section
Sampling Section
Signal Processing Section
Fig. 1 Block Diagram of prototype SDR receiver for ARIB.

26
Prototypes 2
Hitachi-kokusai electronics (1999)
Software Radio prototype
ADC/DAC/FPGA part, DSP part, I/F part, control part
Affiliation
Toyo communication Equipment and Tohoku electronics power company (1999) Intelligent Base Station
RF part, ADC/DAC part, DSP part, ADC/DAC part, DSP part, I/F part, CPU part, monitor
NEC(1997)
Name Configuration
Software Receiver
RF part, signal processing part,(ADC+DSP+CPU), control part IF under sampling PHSi Layer 1j PHS 1
Sampling Application Coverage Processing frequency IF frequency Channel bandwidth Transmission speed Modulation scheme pi/4QPSK,FM TXF10-20MHz, RX:65-75MHz TX 10RX:65TXF1.25MHz, RX 650kHz TX 370-380 MHz 370-
IF under sampling
25MHz-3GHz 25MHz10MHz 10MHz 455kHz-100MHz 455kHz21.4MHz 21.4MHz
50bps-64kbps 50bpsFSK,BPSK,QPSK,6QAM,AM,FM, SSB 125 Msps(14bit)/65 Msps(12bit)@ Msps(14bit)/65 Msps(12bit) MAX 3200 MIPS/module
384kbps(PHS) 384kbps(PHS) BPSK,QPSK,pi/4QPSK.8PSK, 6QAM,,FSK,MSK,GMSK,AM, FM None/40Msps(12bit) None/40Msps(12bit) 1200MFLOPS 1200MFLOPS Identification algorithm of modulation schemes
40 Msps(12bit)/ 40 Msps(12bit) Msps(12bit)/ Msps(12bit) 320 MFLOPS/board
27

Feb.6: Publication of Two Years Activities Report of SR-TG IEICE in Communication Society Steering Committee Meeting March 26-29: (1)Panel session on Applications of SDR (2)Symposium on Latest Technologies of SDR in IEICE Annual Conference (Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu) April 26: 7th technical conference : Joint Workshop (IEICE Headquater, Kikaishiko-Kanikan,Tokyo) together with the SDR Forum(April24-26) July: Publication of the special Issue on SDR in IEICE Trans. on Communications(Japanese Volume) September 18-21: (1)Panel session on SDR (2)Technical Session on Latest Technologies of SDR in IEICE Joint Societies Conference (Univ. Electro-Communications, Tokyo) October 17: FCC-MPHPT SDR Workshop(MPHPT headquater, Tokyo) October 18: 8th technical conference (CRL, Tokyo) December 14: 9th technical conference (Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka) 28
Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
Prototypes 3
NTT(2001)
Software Radio Base Station and Terminal
RF/IF part, ADC/DAC part, pre/post processor part, DSP part, IF part, CPU part IF under-sampling under-
Affiliation Name Configuration
NICT (2001) *CRL

Software Radio Prototype for ITS
RF part (PHS,GPS,ETC), IF/ADC/DAC part, FPGA part, Control part IF under-sampling underETC,VICS,AM/FM radio,FM Multiple Service GPS( Fully installed), PHS,GSM (Layer 1), User 5.8GHz,1.5GHz, 5.8GHz,1.5GHz, 76-00MHz, 0.5-.6MHz 760.570kHz-5MHz 70kHz1023Mcps(GPS),1024kbps(ET 1023Mcps(GPS),1024kbps(ET C),384kbps(PHS), 270.833kbps(GSM) ASK(ETC),BPSK+SS(GPS),Q PSK,GMSK, Pi/4QPSK, BPSK 20 Msps(14bit)/20 Msps(10bit) Msps(14bit)/20 Msps(10bit) Only FPGAs Simultaneous processing (MAX 5 systems), Parameter controlled circuit, Small size, 12V-2A 12V-
SONY-CSL(2000)
Software Radio Universal Platform (SOPRANO) SOPRANO)
RF part, signal processing part, control part
Sampling Application
BB Over Sampling
PHS,IEEE802.b Wireless LAN (Fully installed)

1.51.9,2.45GHz 1.51.9,2.45GHz 66 MHz 384kbps(PHS),96kbpsi IEEE802.11bj 384kbps(PHS),96kbps IEEE802.11b
Triple Mode WLAN
Coverage IF frequency Transmission speed
2.45GHz,5.25GHz 2.45GHz,5.25GHz None Signals with its bandwidth of 15 MHz BPSK,QPSK,.8PSK,16QAM,6 4QAM
Modulation scheme
Pi/4QPSK(PHS),CCKPi/4QPSK(PHS),CCKSS(IEEE802.11bj SS(IEEE802.11b 88Msps(14bit)/88Msps(12bit) 88Msps(14bit)/88Msps(12bit) 1600*4 MIPS Flexible Rate Pre/Post Processor
Broadband Direct Conversion Based on Multi-Port Junction MultiMMIC ( Zero IF) (500MHz-9GHz) (500MHz-
29
First Prototype of Software Radio Receiver in SONY CSL/ATL
SOPRANO 1.1
1. Hardware Platform F SDR Platform which demodulates received signal of dual band in 2.45GHz and 5.25GH and was operated by 5port Junction Direct Converter with broadband (500MHz - 9GHz) and low power consumption. 2. Software PlatformF Software design framework of baseband circuitthrough system high - level language (C++, Systemto circuit implementation. C)
RF Circuit 5port Direct Convertert
Fiveport MMIC
Digital Circuit
A/D
I-Q
I
Calculation Block Wireless Data Protocol
A/D A/D
Preselect Filter 1
Preselect Filter 2 Local Filter
Gain Control
Local Signal
Non-linearity Compensation for Power Detection
30
NICTs Development of SDR prototype for new generation mobile communication systems
Consists of general-purpose FPGA, CPU, and RF boards Software modules for W-CDMA and IEEE802.11a is prepared Layer 1,2,and 3 for both systems are completely implemented SDR can communicate with W-CDMA BTS and access point for wireless LAN Communication systems can be changed manually or automatically
31
Developed by Dr.Hiroshi Harada,

Leader of Wireless Access Group, Yokosuka Radio Communications Research Center National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)
FPGA board, CPU board, and RF board
FPGA board
CPU board
RF board
32
Requirement of FPGA, CPU, and RF boards

Item FPGA board ADC DAC FPGA IF to RF board External clk I/F External output CPU board CPU OS 2ch/170 Msps/12bit/0dBm input 2ch/500 Msps/12bit/0dBm output Xilinx XC2V4000,6000,8000 (selectable) Analog in (2ch)/Analog out(3ch)/Cont(5bit) Input 5M-66MHz, 0dBm 2,4,8,16 times clk generate automatically CPU-IF (Max 80Mbyte/s) External output(Max 600Mbyte/s) 430 MIPS(240MHz)~ 2 Requirement
-ITRON (PrKERNEL 4)
I/O RF boards
Compact Flash, RS232C,USB,Ethernet/JTAG 5 GHz band board + 2 GHz band board 33

(1)Panel session on Applications of SDR (2)Symposium on Latest Technologies of SDR
March 27-30: IEICE Annual Conference (Waseda University, Tokyo)
March 29: Publication of the special Issue on SDR in IEICE Trans. on Communications(English Volume) in December April 16-18: SDR Forum in National Science Academy, Tokyo April 19: 10th technical conference (Will-Aichi, Nagoya) July: 11th technical conference (Sumson Lab, Yokohama) August 19: URSI-GA 2002 (Maastricht, The Netherlands)Commission C Signals and Systems Session C.1: Software Reconfigurable Radio Systems September 18-21: IEICE Joint Societies Conference (Univ. ElectroCommunications, Tokyo) (1)Panel session on SDR (2)Technical Session on Latest Technologies of SDR October 27-30: WPMC02 (Hawaii, USA) Keynote & Panel on SDR November 6-8: ITST2002 (Seoul, Korea) Talk on SDR for ITS November 11-12: 2002 Software Defined Radio Technical Conference and Product Exposition (SDR02) in San Diego, USA 34 Ryuji Kohno's Properties,12th technical conference (ATR Lab, Kyoto) Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005 December 13: Confidential

(1)Panel session on Applications of SDR (2)Symposium on Latest Technologies of SDR
March 19-22: IEICE Annual Conference (Tohoku University, Sendai)
March 28: Publication of the special Issue on SDR in IEICE Trans. on Communications(English Volume) in December April 14: SDR Forum in Mita Hall, Keio University, Tokyo June 27: 13th technical conference (Ritsumeikan University, Shiga) September 22-26: IEICE Joint Societies Conference (Niigata University, Niigata) (1)Panel session on SDR(2)Technical Session on Latest Technologies of SDR September : SDR Forum in Paris October 19-22: WPMC03 (Yokosuka, Japan) Panel & Technical sessions on SDR October 12-18: ITU TelecomWorld03 (Geneve, Switzerland) Invited speech on Future Wireless with SDR and UWB October 30: SDR Seminor (Shinchu, Taiwan) Intro. Japanese Activities November 17-20: 2003 Software Defined Radio Technical Conference and Product Exposition (SDR03) in Orlando, USA December 9: 14th technical conference (Tokyo NoKo University, Tokyo)
35

March 22-25: IEICE Annual Conference (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo) (1)Panel session on Applications of SDR (2)Technical Sessions on Latest Technologies of SDR May 7: 2004 Workshop on Smart antenna and SDRin cooperation with SDR Forum, Hanyang University, Seoul in Korea May 31: 15th technical conference (Toshiba Training Center, ShiYokohama) September 21-24: IEICE Joint Societies Conference (Tokushima University, Tokushima) (1)Tutorial Session on SDR (2)Technical Sessions on Latest Technologies of SDR September 12-15: WPMC04 (Abano Terme, Italy) Panel & Technical sessions on SDR October 10-13: ISITA2004 (Parma, Italy) Technical Sessions on SDR October 29: 16th technical conference (Nagoya University, Nagoya) November 15-17: 2004 Software Defined Radio Technical Conference and Product Exposition (SDR04) in Phoenix, USA
36
(1) Antenna
8 8 8 8
Developed Key Technologies for SDR Systems (Part 1)

Phased array antenna in which phase of received signals in each element antenna can is controlled to design beamform. Adaptive array antenna is which both phase and amplitude can be adaptively controlled for adaptive beamforming. Antenna spacing of adjacent elements is used to be half a wavelength, so these are implemented with micro-strips for millimeter waves. Digital Beam Forming(DBF) for Multi-band or Broadband Software Reconfigurable Antenna
Space-Time Signal Processing
Digital Beam Forming(DBF) Adaptive array antenna can digitize signals received at each element and control beamform or antenna pattern with software algorithm. MIMO, Space-Time Coding & Space Division Multiple Access(SDMA) Software antenna can distinguish multiuser signals in space domain and enable to Multiple Access in space domain.
37
Smart Antenna: Adaptive Array Antenna

Adaptive array antenna can supress undesired signal waves by beamforming or directivity in spatial domain
Spatial Filter, Array Sensor

Xn X2 X1
Adaptive Array Antenna Adaptive Array Antenna ::Software Antenna Software Antenna
Wn
Ln
W2
L2
W1
Software Radio Software Radio

e(k)
+ Reference
Y(k)
38
Project on Mobile Satellite Communication Systems Using Ka-band with Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications in Kohno Lab of Yokohama National University
DBF array antenna + Receiver
Geostationary Satellite (Ka-band)

VSAT antenna + Transceiver
Uplink: 30GHz Downlink: 20GHz

1.8m Parabolic Antenna and HUB station in the top of building
Mobile Station
HU Both Station located in Academia B -Industry Collaboration Center of Yokohama National University
Station
39
Mobile Station of Mobile Satellite Communication System Using Ka-band in Yokohama National University
Refrection Antenna DBF Antenna 64 elements

(2) AD Conversion Technique Quadrature Sampling demodulating IF signal as 2 channel with two low-speed ADC Bandpass Sampling Under sampling band limited IF signal and changing into base -band
Super-fast sampling ADC by the superconductive device

(3) Digital Signal Processing Technologies: DSP, FPGA, ASIC etc (a) DSP can perform adaptive signal processing but processing speed should be
improved higher. (b) FPGA can perform fast signal processing but reconfigurability should be improved.
(c) Software Reconfigurable LOGIC ExampleF Quicksilver@ TechnologyCMorphICs


(4) RF Circuit Technique (a) Linearity of PS(Phase Shifter), ATT(Attenuator) and LNA(Low Noise Amplifier) should be calibrated when array weights are controlled in analogue. (b)The dynamic range of the MMIC should be wide enough to avoid the design which requires an experience in RF. (c) Power consumption increase in Wideband RF Circuit RF performance declines, because the third inter-modulation distortion and dynamic range becomes worse.
(d)Direct
RF signals are directly converted into baseband signals instead of complex IF transform (Circuit simplify,Possible to generalize)
Conversion
(5) RF Analog Processing (a) Analog Adaptive or Tunable Antennas and Filters is developed for multi-band service. (b) Analog processing and LOGICS in RF can reduce digital
processing in baseband and improve real-time reconfigurability.

Remained Research Issues for Software Reconfigurable Radio and Networks

1. Mass Production of Software Reconfigurable antenna, RF module and baseband LOGIC 2. Description Language and module definition for Standardization of API 3. Inter-operable OS for Multiple Processors 4. System Handover for Transparency of Various Networks 5. Secure Protocol for System Software Download 6. End-to-end Reconfigurabilty(E2R) via Various Networks
Research on SDR in Yokohama National University

Concept of Universal radio in SDR Multimode PLL for carrier recovery and modulation identification Adaptive Modulation & Channel Coding Technique Modulation & Channel Coding Identification Technique Channel and System Sensing for SDR+UWB communication system
Kenta UMEBAYASHI

Kentaro IKEMOTO
Kazuyuki OKUIKE
On-Board Automatic Certification System (ACS) for Typeapproval of SDR Terminals
Motoko TANIGUCHI
Remote Maintenance based on FPGA Fault Detection Using Error Correcting Codes for SDR Systems Adaptive Radio Resource Management Using SDR Basestations and Terminals
44
Anticipation of SDR Evolution

@
There are two directions of SDR Evolution.
1. From Physical Layer to Network Layer Terminal Reconfigurability Basestation Reconfigurability Network Reconfigurability 2. From Radio to Consumer Electronics Reconfigurable Radio Reconfigurable Network Reconfigurable Equipments; Audio/Video, Consumer Electronics Reconfigurable Toy, Reconfigurable Automobiles ?
46
Anticipation of SDR Evolution (continue)
What is the most important issue for these directions? 1. To Network level: (1) Sophisticated Measurement or Sensing Radio Environment Cognitive radio (2) Multi-layer Reconfigurability between physical and network layers E2R (End-to-end Recofigurability) 2. To Consumer Elecronics: Reconfigurable Architecture Software-Hardware Compatibility, Software-Hardware Co-Design
What shall we do next? (1) Business: Make valuable business models ! (2) Education: Educate experts for SDR who can cover crossover field between Computer Science and Radio Communication Engineering ! 47
Elementary and Cross-over Technologies for SDR

Transmission Tech.
(Signal Design and Detection Theory)
Wireless Tech.
Modulation & Demodulation Multiplexing Multiple Access Air Interface
Netoworl Routing Protocol (Tranform) Cryptography Inf. Security
User Interface
(Elec-Mag Field Analysis, Propagation Modeling)
Software Defined Radio Interface

Coding & Decoding
Software Eng.
(Algorithm, Program Language)
Real- time OS Application Channel Estimatio Equalization Description Language Download Program (IDL, SDL) Reconfiguration API Antenna Mesurement Adaptive Array Antenna(DBF) Simulation Equipments RF Circuit Convertor Device Driver Adaptive Algorithm Battery Filtering Sampling (ADC, DAC) Device Process Signal Processing Tech. Processor
(SemiCon, Super Conductive)
Memory
(FPGA, DSP, ASIC)
(Digital Filter, FFT)
48
Future Wireless Based on SDR and UWB

Background of UWB R&D

Current Demands on Radio Systems Higher Capacity and Better QoS Wideband Radio Systems, e.g. 3G(UMTS, IMT2000), WLAN(IEEE802.11.a,b,g) by Wideband CDMA, SS, OFDM etc.
The wider bandwidth radio system, the better performance will be obtained. UWBi Ultra Wideband) is attractive because
Low Interference to Coexisting Systems Very Small Power Consumption Ultra High Speed Data Trasmission. High Multipath Resolution
One-chip Implemention : SoC
Transmitted Power(dBm/MHz)
Comparison of Spectral Distribution

Conventional Narrowband system Limit of Radiated Noise Power By FCC Part15 (-41.3dBm/MHz)
Spread Spectrum System
Ultra Wideband (UWB) System
Frequency@igj psec) 10nW/MHz)

Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential 51 Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
Kohno Laboratory
Definition of UWB
UWB Bandwidth
Fractional bandwidth (BW) = (Bandwidth)/(Central Frequency) > 25%i DARPAj Fractional bandwidth (BW) > 20% or Bandwidth > 500MHziFCC)
Fractional
BW = 2
fH fL f fL = H fH + fL fc
1.3%
Comparing Examples
E@ AM@ 6.8kHz/530kHz

cdmaOne@ 1.25MHz/800MHz 0.15% W-CDMA 5MHz/2200MHz 0.23% WLAN(IEEE802.11) 22MHz/2450MHz

PSD 10 dB
0.9%
fl
fh
Frequency
Modulation and Multiple Access Schemes for UWB Transmission

1. Modulation
1.1 Modulation without Carrieri Impulse Radio, Carrier-freej free Using a train of impulsive signals (1) PPM(Pulse Position Modulation) (2) Bi-phase Modulation (3) PSM(Pulse Shape Modulation) using orthogonal pulses 1.2 Modulation with Carrier (1) FH, TFH (2) DS (3) OFDM
2. Multiple Access Scheme for Multi-users

(1) Time Hoppingi TH)/CDMA (2) DS/CDMA (3) CSMA/CD,CA
What is Impulse Radio UWB(UWB-IR) ?
Several 100 nsec
< 1 nsec
BPSK Signal with Sinusoidal Carrier
UWB Signal with Pulse Train
EUWB-IRi Ultra Wide Band based on Impulse Radio) is defined

as a radio communication scheme using a train of pulses with duration of less than 1nsec. EIts spectrum is ultra-widely spread over several GHz in width.
Creation Kohno of Future Social Infrastructure Based on Information Telecommunication Laboratory
Technology Yokohama National University
Time Waveforms and Frequency Spectra at Tx and Rx Antennas
Typical Transmission of UWB-IR Signal with PPM and TH

Case of Datum=0
Output
E Data Modulation: Pulse Positioning Modulation(PPM) E Multiple Access: CDMA based on Time Hopping(TH) Remark: Both are Time-Domain Processing ! 56
Typical Transmission of UWB-IR Signal with PPM and TH

Case of Datum=1
Output
E Data Modulation: Pulse Positioning Modulation(PPM) E Multiple Access: CDMA based on Time Hopping(TH) Remark: Both are Time-Domain Processing ! 57
Modulation and Multiple Access in Time Domain (TH/PPM) ( Stre ) (t ( e ) ) = wtr (t ( e ) jT f c (je )Tc D (j e ) )
j =
Pulse waveform Pulse Repitition TH Chip length Tx Datum time Shift value for binary TH pattern for User ID modulation
D j = (1,1,0,1,0,1, L)
(Referencej M. Z. Win and R. A. Scholtz, Ultra-Wide Bandwidth Time-Hopping Spread-Spectrum Impulse Radio for Wireless Multiple-Access Communications, IEEE Trans. Commun., Vol. 48, No.4, pp. 679-691, Apr. 2000
Channel Capacity (Max Transmission Rate) Shannon Capacity in AWGN Channeli bit/secj
C = B log
2
P 1 + N
C = Max channel capacity in bits/s B = Channel bandwidth in Hertz P = Signal N = Noise power power in Watts in Watts
Since UWB systems use ultra wideband width a over several GHz, transmission rate can theoretically achieve ultra high speed more than 1Gb/s.
Properties and Benefits of UWB

1. Power Spectrum Density is extremely low (lower than noise) Possible to coexist with other systems due to low interference ( High immunity to interference due to large effective processing gain) UWB can keep all features of Spread Spectrum and 2. Time duration of a pulse is extremely short ( a few nsecj emphasize its advantages. Robust against multi-path distortion because of RAKE type of receiving with high interest for capacity limit Information Theoretical path resolution High resolution ranging and positioning i within a few cmj LowPossible to achieve both communication andProcessing cost implementation based on Signal ranging 3.only in timeand extremely low duty cycle operation Carrier free, domain (e.g. One-Chip SoC) Possible to implement low cost and compact systems with New minimal RF, no mixer, and low power-consumption as business creation in wireless industry as well 4.novel research paradigm in Academia widei GH ) Occupied frequency bandwidth is extremely Possible to achieve ultra-high capacity (many users) or high speed transmission (over 100 Mbpsj 60
Potential Applications of UWB

Wireless communications
High speed/low speed and high user capacity Short distance communication (e.g., a few ten meter) Indoor wireless CE(e.g., WPAN, wireless tags, Sensor Netowork) Outdoor communications (e.g., WLL)
PC
ITS: Intelligent Transport Systems

Colision avoidance radar Realization of both communication and ranging with a single hardware
PC
TV
Imaging and sensors

Medical imaging Ground penetration
Security systems
Intrusion detection and sensing
printer PDA Digital Camera
Digital Video
Digital Audio 61
Targeting of UWB Wireless Communications

IEEE802.11a
Power Consumption
during Transmission
IEEE802.11b
Low Power Consumption
Bluetooth
Higher Capacity
UWB
10M 100M
62 62
1M
Achievable Transmission Rate(b/s) Ryuji Kohno's Properties,

Confidential Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
Problems of UWB
1. Design and Mass-Production of Pulse Generators, RF devises, Antennas etc for UWB 2. Detection of Accurate Pulse waveform in Receiver Inter-Pulse Symbol Interference in the Presence of Multipath 3. Multi-user Interference or Intra-system Interference 4. Inter-system Interference with Co-existing Overlaid Systems 5. Spectral Management for UWB Systems to Avoid Collision or Interference with Conventional Systems
Kohno Laboratory
UWB Emission Limit for Indoor Communication Systems defined by the FCC Feb 14, 02 [between 3.1-10.6 GHz. ]
Kohno Laboratory
UWB Emission Limit for Outdoor Communication Systems defined by the FCC Feb 14, 02 [between 3.1-10.6 GHz. ]
Subjects of Current Research (1/2)

Transmitters, pulse generation, waveforms and basis functions
High-speed pulse generation Spectrum shaping and wavelet basis functions More efficient and adaptive modulation techniques
Receivers and baseband

High-speed sampling (Tm = 1 ns, 2s/pulse fs = 2 Gsps) Interference rejection techniques UWB RAKE receiver designs (e.g., SW radio architecture)
Access control and network intergration

UWB MAC protocol Coding techniques Novel access techniques (e.g., hybrids)
Regulation
Noise aggregation, limits and thresholds
Subjects of Current Research (2/2)

Synchronization and time base stability
Picosecond accuracy Jitter reduction
Propagation
Measurement of UWB signal Propagation for indoor communication (e.g., very short range) Channel models for higher frequency (e.g., above 2.4 GHz)
Antennas
Low cost, efficient, electrically small antennas for portable applications
Technology
High-speed CMOS implementation
Research Issues on UWB in Kohno Laboratory

1. Interference Analysis between UWB and conventional Systems 2. Multi-level or M-ary schemes for Improvement of UWB Transmission Efficiency 3. Pulse Shaping and Multi-pulse Shaping schemes for Improvement of UWB Transmission Efficiency 4. Multi-user Detection and Interference Cancellation Technologies for Improvement of UWB-CDMA User Capacity 5. Design of Sequences with Appropriate Correlation Properties for UWB-CDMA and Synchronization 6. Space-Time Equalization Technologies in the Presence of Multipath Distortion 7. Space-Time Interference Cancellation Technologies in the Presence of Overlaid or Co-existing Conventional Systems 8. Ultra Wideband Antenna for UWB 9. Joint Communicating and Ranging Systems Based on UWB 10. Joint Optical and Radio Implementation for UWB Transmission
68
2004 Doctor, Master, and Bachelor Theses on UWB in Kohno Laboratory 1. Doctor Thesis(a part): Orthogonal Pulse-Shape Design in Jitter Channel and in Differentiating Channels (Giuseppe Abreu) 2. Master Thesis: Array Antenna Using Element Antenna with Different Frequency Characteristics for UWB Wireless Transmission (Tadatomo Satoh) 3. Master Thesis: Multiuser Detection for Ultra Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (Senei Segawa) 4. Master Thesis: ITS Inter-Vehicle Communication and Ranging Using Ultra Wideband Impulse Radio (Takeshi Matsumura) 5. Master Thesis: Ultra Wideband Radio Transmission Using Fiber Bragg Grating (Takehiro Yamamoto) 6. Bachelor Thesis: Non-linear Swept Chirp Waveform for UWB Multiple Access Communications (Shunpei Ida) 7. Bachelor Thesis: Error-Detection for Synchronization Using Orthogonal Sequences in UWB Impulse Radio Communications (Kyoichi Obana) 8. Bachelor Thesis: Adaptive Modulation in Multiband OFDM in the Presence of@ Narrow Band Interference (Sumikazu Yahata) 9. Bachelor Thesis: Estimation of Direction of Arrival Using Array Antenna@ with Modified Hermitian Waveform in UWB Communication S stems (Takashi 69 Uefuji) Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
Regulatory Activities on Commercial UWB

> In the USA, the FCC released the UWB regulations on February 14, 2002 with strict guidelines on transmitting power. > In Europe, ETSI is making the UWB regulations while EC established IST projects,e.g. Ultra Waves, UCAN, PULSERS. > In Japan, NICT(CRL) established UWB technology Institute and organizes UWB Consortium to promote R&D and make radio regulation for commercial use of UWB.
NICT UWB Project in NICT

NICT Wireless Communications department NICT UWB Project
UWB technology group
Millimeter-wave promotion project Millimeter-wave device group Communication system EMC group
UWB standardization activities

NICT contributes standardization in Telecommunication Council in Japanese government, IEEE, ITU-R in cooperation with academia and industry on the basis of result of research activity. For instance;
A) IEEE 802.15 TG3a : Proposal of Soft Spectrum Adaptation B) IEEE 802.15 TG4a : Proposal being prepared C) ITU-R TG1/8 : Contributions in 3 meetings from October 2003
Japanese UWB Consortium among Industry, Academia, and Government

>@ Organization:
NICT(CRL) UWB Technology Institute and associating Manufacturers (over 30 companies) and Academia (6 universities) (1) Microwave Group: Short-term R&D of WPAN etc (2) Millimeter wave Group: Mid-term R&D of millimeter applications
>@ Aim:
(1) R&D and Regulation of UWB Wireless Systems (2) Channel Measurement and Modeling with Experiment Design and Implementation of UWB System Test-bed in bandi 960MHz, 3.1-10.6GHz, 22-29GHz, over 60GHz) (3) R&D of Low Cost Module with higher data rate over 100Mbps (4) Contribution in Standardization and regulation with ARIB, MMAC, IEEE802.15, MPHPT, and ITU-R etc
Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential 73 Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
NICT UWB Project and Japanese UWB Collaboration

Domestic Activities
Yokosuka Research Park (YRP)
Cooperation of R&D
International Activities PULSERS Project
Collaboration
International Conferences -IWUWBS&UWBST 2004 In Kyoto -IWUWBT 2005 in Yokosuka
NICT UWB Project

EUWB Technology Group EMillimeter-wave promotion project EMillimeter-wave device group ECommunication system EMC group
MOU MOU SARA Project
-R&D, Standardization, Regulation, Collaboration-
Private Companies
MICs Regulation for UWB MMACs Domestic Standardization for UWB
Universities
Proposal & Contribution International Standard: IEEE 802.15
Japanese UWB Consortium

- Joint research group - Joint proposal for standard Standardization and Regulation activity
International Regulation: ITU-R TG1/8
74
Major Research Issues in UWB Consortium

> Ultra Hi-speed Transmission Technologies over 100Mbps) (pulse shaping, modulation, multiple access schemes, protocol ) > Ultra Hi-accuracy Ranging and Positioning Technologies (less than 1cm accuracy) > UWB Devices Technologies in Micro and Millimeter Wave Bands > UWB Antennas Technologies in Micro and Millimeter Wave Bands > Propagation Measurement and Channel Modeling for UWB > Interference Suppression Technologies in intra- and inter-systems: coexistence with conventional systems > Measuring Methods for Type-Approval of UWB Commercial Products
Potential UWB Application of Micro Wave Band IEEE 802.15 m Wireless PAN (Personal Area Network)n TG3a(Altenative PHY)
Transmission Data Speed: Over sevral 100Mb/s Communication Range: less than 10 meters The 3rd generation BluetoothH @@ Wireless PANi Personal area network) Wireless USB(Universal serial bus) 2.0 Data rate: 480Mbps (USB 2.0) - DS-UWB (Motorola, NICT etc: UWB Forum) and MB-OFDM UWB(Intel, TI etc: MBOA) are competing in standardization. (Ref.) IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth 1 Mb/s @@@ IEEE 802.15.3 WiMedea 20 Mb/s @
76
Expected UWB Applications in Millimeter Wave Band

Colision avoidance radar ( in 22-29GHz and 76GHz) Realization of both communication and ranging with a single hardware
Wireless Communications
Ultra high speed and user capacity: over 10 Gb/s Short and long distance communication
Satellite and Inter-Satellite Communications, Ranging & Positioning

Realization of both communication and ranging without interference
Standardization of Wireless PAN (Personal Area Network) in IEEE 802.15 TG3a (Alternative PHY)
March 13-17, 2003:Dallas First round of proposal (23 Proposals ) May 12-16, 2003:Dallas Second round (13 Proposals) July,20-25,2003:SanFrancisco,Down-selection started (to 6 Proposals) Sept., 2003, Singapole Draft improvements Nov., 2003, Albaquake Try to Harmonize two proposals to a single one Jan,. 2004, Vancouver Compromising two proposals with enhanced MAC March, 2004,Orlando Common Signaling Mode(CSM) was proposed May, 2004, Anaheim Reset to remained Two Major Proposals July, 2004, Portland NICT&Motorola Group won to be 1th majority proposal. Sept. 2004, Berlin Confirm vote for its single standard failed and reset. Nov. 2004, SanAntonio NICT&FreeScale won to be 1th majority Jan. 2005, Monterey Confirmation to be a single standard failed. March 2005, Atlanta Panel Discussion on FCC Waiver for MB-OFDM May 2005, Carins MBOA won with 4 more votes Data Rate & Range: 110Mbps(over 10m),200Mbps(over 4m),480 Mbps(closer) QoS: Without ARQ, PER (Packet Error Rate) < 8% After FEC(Forward Error Correction), BER < 10-9 Power Consumption: Less than 100 mW ( in 110 Mbps) Less than 250 mW (in 200 Mbps) Max No, of Terminals: 256 (in a single network) Max No. of Simultaneous Networks: 4 Size of Implemented RF Circuits: PC Card Size Expected Coexisting Systems: IEEE802.11a/b, IEEE802.15.1/3/4, PHS, Cellular Phones, GPS etc. Expected Cost of RF Circuits: Equal or lower than Bluetooth MAC: IEEE802.15.3
78
Variation of UWB Modulation for Wireless PAN including DS-UWB and MB-OFDM
DS schemes Spread Spectrum Other User f DS/FH schemes DS-CDMA-FDMA DS- CDMAOrthogonal DS-CDMA-FDMA DS- CDMAOrthogonal DS/FH schemes Frequency Hopping Other User FH schemes
f Orthogonal Multi Carrier FH-CDMA schemes FHFrequency Hopping (One User) Orthogonal
Frequency Hopping Other User (One User) f

Orthogonal Orthogonal
79
http:/www.uwbforum.org/
http:/www.multibandofdm.org/
NiCT-UWB Consortiums Soft-Spectrum UWB PHY Proposal for IEEE 802.15.3a

Basic Concept Soft-Spectrum Adaptation(SSA) Design proper pulse waveform to avoid interference to coexisting radio systems in the same band. Match its spectra with required spectral mask, even if regional spectral mask is different and changed.
Soft-Spectrum Adaptation(SSA)
82
Basic Formulation
f (t ) =
Example of Pulse Generator
k =1
f k (t )
Synthesize pulse waveform
In case of multiband: Kernel function is Sinusoidal

f k ( t ) = cos[ 2 ( f L +
(1 + 2 k ) B sin( B t ) )t ] Nt B:bandwidth [f H ` f L] 2 N
Feasible Solution: Pulse design satisfying Spectrum Mask Divide (spread-and-shrink ) thewhole bandwidth into several sub-bands Soft Spectrum (spectrum matching) Pulse synthesized by several pulses which have different spectra Soft Spectrum, M-ary signaling 83
N division Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential
2.2 Soft-Spectrum Adaptation(SSA) Classification

(1) Free-Verse Type of SSA A kernel function is non-sinusoidal, e.g. Gaussian, Hermitian pulse etc. Single band, Impulse radio (Carrier free) (2) Geometrical Type of SSA A kernel function is sinusoidal with different frequency. Multiband with carriers (Multi-carrier)
Gaussian Mono-cycle Pulse and its Spectrum
[GHz]
Gaussian Dual-cycle Pulse and its Spectrum
2.4GHz
5.2GHz
K-2 Free-verse Soft-Spectrum pulse (Dual-cycle) (Note: several band notches can be designed so as to avoid interference with W-LANs in 2.4 and 5.2GHz
85
(1) Free-verse Type Soft-Spectrum Adaptation

Freely design pulse waveforms by synthesizing pulses, e.g. overlapping and shifting
2.4GHz
5.2GHz
time
frequency
Design proper pulse waveform in order to avoid interference to co-exiting systems such as WLANs at 2.4 and 5.2 GHz bands.
time
frequency
Match its spectra with required spectral mask in flexible and adaptive, even if regional spectral mask is changed.
86
(2) Geometrical Type Soft-Spectrum Adaptation

Freely design pulse waveforms using various geometrical type envelopes
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 1 0.8 0.6
Triangular-type envelope
0.8 0.6
Exponential-type envelope
1 0.8 0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8
0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8
Cosine-type envelope
Gaussian-type envelope
87
Soft-Spectrum UWB multi-band signals (Cosine-type envelope)

1.5
Frequency
f4
1
0.5
f3
Amplitude
f2
-0.5
f1
-1
Time
-1.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time (samples)
t1
t2
t3
t4
Soft-Spectrum UWB Multi-Band Time-Frequency Hopping
Time-frequency-hopping(TFH) for Soft-Spectrum multi-band UWB with geometrical-type envelopes

time
Example of band allocation in Soft-Spectrum multi-band Approach
Example of band allocation in Soft-Spectrum multi-band Approach

0 -2 -4 Amplitude (dB) -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18
0 -2 -4 Amplitude (dB) -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Frequency(GHz) 5.5 6
-20 3
3.5
4.5 5 Frequency(GHz)
5.5
Adaptive, controllable spread-and-shrink of frequency bandwidths is feasible, according to the actual interference environment and the spectrum requirements Soft-Spectrum adaptation philosophy as mentioned before
(3) Optimized Pulse Shaping for SSA

Low peak
Optimized pulse shapes

Mutually orthogonal
Available to Pulse shape multiple access Pulse shape modulation In order to reduce narrowband interferences
Available notches
Non-spiky in both time and frequency domain
Free-verse Type + Geometrical Type (Envelope) (Pulsed Sine)
Ex.: Modified Hermitian Pulsed Ex.: Modified Hermitian Pulsed Sinusoidal Wavelets Sinusoidal Wavelets
Pulse width and center frequency is adaptively changeable.
Time [nsec] notches Frequency [GHz]
Japanese Spectral Allocation of Coexisting Systems in 3.1` 10.6GHz (no blank frequency slot)
Modified SSA-UWB pulse wavelet with adaptive spectral notches achieving coexistence, flexibility and efficient power transmission
SSA-UWB optimized pulse wavelet generation 1.5 -0 -10 Relative amplitude (dB) 20 40 60 80 Time (samples) 100 120 140 1 Relative amplitude -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -1 0 -90 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Frequency (samples) Spectrum characteristics of SSA-UWB optimal pulse wavelet
0.5
-0.5
Harmonization Based on Soft-Spectrum Adaptation

Kernel functions SSA type
Adaptive Mitsubishi Mitsubishi ST Microelectronics ST Microelectronics
Freeverse SoftSoftSpectrum Spectrum Adaptation Adaptation (SSA) (SSA)
Gaussian
Single-band
Modulated modified Hermitian
DS-UWB DS-UWB
NiCT & UWB NiCT & UWB Consortium Consortium

Motorola, Motorola, Freescale(XSI) Freescale(XSI)
TF Hopping Intel, Wisair Intel, Wisair TF Coding
Global standard
Dual-band XSI Wavelet
GA, Philips GA, Philips Sinusoidal Multi-carrier Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential OFDM TI TI
MB-OFDM MB-OFDM
Geometrical
Multiband with carrier
93
Summary of Soft-Spectrum Adaptation

G @ Regulatory Satisfaction: Soft-Spectrum adaptation(SSA) can satisfy the FCC Spectrum Mask
and any Mask adaptively.
avoid possible interferences with other existing@ narrowband wireless systems.
Interference Avoidance: SSA can be applied to
among different UWB systems because SSA includes various proposed UWB systems as its special cases.
Global Hamonization: SSA is good for harmonization
Future Version-up: SSA is so scalable as to accept

future UWB systems with better performance like Software Defined Radio(SDRj . 94
NICTs Implementation of UWB Transceiver CMOS-MMIC for WPAN in Microwave Band (Feb.2004)
Geometrical-type SSA-UWB (MB-OFDM) transceiver module E0.18-micron CMOS-MMIC EDisizeF@R 2 mm EMax TX rate: 320Mb/s
Free-verse-type SSA-UWB (Impulse Radio) transceiver module
95
NiCT developed SLOT BOW-TIE UWB Antenna

IEEE802.15.3a meeting, Nov. 2003, Albaquaque
(1) Small and thin FR-4 substrate (2) Frequency coverageF 3.8 -10.6 GHz (3) VSWR = 2.8 (4) Return loss -6.5 dB (5) Gain 2.2 - 4.7 dBi
IEEE802.12.3a meeting, Jan. 2004 Banquver @ SizeF@ 20.5 0.5 mm (1) 44

(2) Substrate: Teflone (r = 2.2 , tan = 0.0009) (3) Patch: Copper (18 um) (4) Feed: Microstrip Line 50
Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential 96
Characteristics of NiCT developed SLOT BOW-TIE UWB Antenna

Magnitude of Scattering Matrix (dB)
VSWR
S11
Magnitude of VSWR Frequency GHz VSWR< 3 (3.8 to 10.6GHz)

Magnitude of Gain (dBi)
GAIN
Frequency GHz S11< -6 dB (3.8 to 10.6GHz)
Frequency (GHz) Gain > 2 dBi (3 to 10.6GHz)

97
Trend on UWB-based Sensor Network (IEEE802.15.4a)

Low Rate Sensor Network Study Group 4a was established July 2003 Technical Requirements for 15.4a
Low cost Low data rate (>250kbps) Low complexity Low power consumption Additional requirementsi different from 15.4j Mobilityi over 11mph) Accurate Positioningi <30cmj Robustness against interference Long distance
What is the optimal modulation scheme for IEEE802.15.4a?

Hi Accuracy Positioning:Wideband Low Cost: Simple Modulation Low Power Consumption: less processing complexity@@@@@@ @
Pulsed DS UWB has

been chosen as a single standard of IEEE802.15.4a.
Call for Applications

19 responses Proposals based on UWB transmission
Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential 98
Baseline Agreement of IEEE802.15.4a in March 2005

Points of Agreement for UWB signalling Modulation scheme should admit multiple classes of receivers

Ternary modulation
Transmitter based on deterministic pulse structures Should allow reception by coherent, differentially-coherent (can be TR) and non-coherent receivers Provision for homogeneous operation when membership supports it Specific modulation format TBD Center of three bands is mandatory(500MHz bandwidth) Other two optional Wider bandwidth (1.5 GHz+) concentric with center band is optional CDMA within frequency bands Consider ways to avoid Japanese UNII band (shift band lower)

Sub-banding:(3.1-10.6GHz)
Harmonic chip rate integer relationship between center frequency and chip rate Integer-plus-half is also proposed, some concerns with DC balance Maintain 3.1 corner
Specific band plan - TBD Cost effective reference frequency with appropriate PPM Potential for optional chirp mode (at best, if and where allowed)
Constant PRF is desired as possible
Specific frequency and tolerance is TBD
99
Specified Issues and Optional Issues in Baseline Agreement of IEEE802.15.4a, March 2005
As noted on previous slide Mandatory ~500 center band

AM of 3.1-4.9 is 3.975 GM of 3.1-4.9 is 3.877 Center band frequency is TBD, but must be in [3.85 to 4.05]
Optional 2 additional 500 MHz bands for FDM center frequencies TBD Wideband concentric with center specified above Sub-GHz band Chirp of some form (could be 2.4 GHz band Merger E) Chaotic waveform and SOP mechanisms for homogeneous (chaos-only) networks Add TH as additional SOP mechanism Add chirp specifically for UWB as SOP mechanism Add specific optional band > 6 GHz with guaranteed >1.5GHz BW Support mode for higher data rates (few to 10 Mbps) Other issues Desire to have common packet for communications and ranging if possible Multiple (2-few) PRF in band
100
Additional Issues in Chirp Signaling in 2.4GHz band in the Baseline Agreement

UWB signalling is one of the two valid modes for communication 2.4 GHz chirp is a valid mode for communication only Ranging shall not be supported for 2.4 GHz chirping, and shall be supported for UWB signalling UWB is valid for both communications and ranging
Channel Propagation Models in IEEE802.15.4a UWB Channel Model in 2-10GHz band@iAverage power decay profilej
Industrial, Indoor residential, Indoor office, and Outdoor
0 Average power [dB] -10 -20 -30 0 50 100 Time [nsec] 150 200
Average power [dB]
Residential Office Outdoor Industrial
0 -10 -20 -30 0 Residential Office Outdoor Industrial 50 100 Time [nsec] 150
LOS
NLOS
200
Agricultural areas / Farms

0 Average power [dB] -10 -20 -30 0 50 100 Time [nsec] 150 200 Farm
3 Signaling Schemes are assumed

UWB Scheme in 2-10GHz band 2UWB Scheme in VHF and UHF bands Narrow band schemes (ISM bands such as 2.4GHz band )
The following models for UWB schemes in 2-10GHz band 2Industrial environments (LOS/NLOS) Indoor residential (LOS/NLOS) Indoor office (LOS/NLOS) Outdoor (LOS/NLOS) Agricultural areas/Farms Body-worn devices Body-
The model for UWB scheme in VHF and UHF bands

LOS/NLOS
No restriction for Naroow band schemes
102
7 Groups based on 26 Proposals for IEEE802.15.4a in January 2005
NiCT Proposal:
DS-UWB with an Optional CS-UWB for LowRate Wireless Personal Area Networks
Advantages of using direct sequence UWB (DS-UWB) and chirp signaling UWB (CS-UWB)
High frequency efficiency Uniform use of frequency within the band High robustness against noise and multipath Correlated processing High compatibility with other existing systems Low interference level High feasibility for SOP Use DS codes, chirp slops/patterns
DS-UWB with an Optional CS-UWB for IEEE802.15.4a

Transmitter
(24,12)-Golay (24,12)-Golay encoder encoder BPSK BPSK Spreading Spreading Pulse Pulse shaping shaping Local Local oscillator oscillator CHIRP CHIRP GA GA
Receiver
Pre-Select Filter LNA LNA DeDeCHIRP CHIRP LPF LPF GA GA LPF LPF GA GA 1 or 2-bit 1 or 2-bit ADC ADC 1 or 2-bit 1 or 2-bit ADC ADC
Decision Decision // FEC FEC decoder decoder
I Q Additional circuits to DS-UWB as an option Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential
Local Local oscillator oscillator
Sync. Sync.
105
Waveforms With/Without Chirp of DS-UWB with an Optional CS-UWB

Gaussian pulse Gaussian pulse Gaussian pulse Gaussian pulse Gaussian pulse
time
(24,12)-Golay (24,12)-Golay encoder encoder
BPSK BPSK
Spreading Spreading
Pulse Pulse shaping shaping Local Local oscillator oscillator
CHIRP CHIRP
GA GA
linear-chirp
linear-chirp
linear-chirp
linear-chirp
linear-chirp
time
DS-UWB Link Budget (500MHz)

Parameter Distance (d) Parameter Data rate (Rb) (Rb) Modulation Value 1 Value 1024 BPSK Notes Peak payload bit rate (Rb) (Rb) (kbps) Average Tx power (Pt) Coherent detection Tx antenna gain (Gt) (Gt) Frequency band Geometric center frequency (fc) (fc) Path loss @ 1m (L1) Path loss @ d m (Ld) Rx antenna gain (Gr) (Gr) Pulse duration (Tp) (Tp) Spreading code length (Ns) Chip rate (Rc) (Rc) Chip duration 2.649 1024 2.048 488.3 2.649 64 Rx Noise figure (Nf) (Nf) 131.072 7.63 =Rs*Ns (MHz) Rs*Ns =1/Rc (nsec) =1/Rc nsec) Average noise power per bit (Pn) (Pn) Minimum required Eb/N0 (S) Eb/N0 Implementation loss (I) Link Margin 36.63 -137.00 6.25 3.00 16.07 7.00 -106.90 dB dBm dB dB dB (ns) Rx power (Pr) Average noise power per bit (N) -91.12 -144.00 29.54 0 -81.58 -114.00 -16.9 0 3.85 - 4.35 4.09 44.68 20.00 dBm dBi GHz GHz dB dB dBi dBm dBm 1 1024 kbps Value 30 Value 10 Unit m
Coding rate (R)
1/2
(24,12)-Extended (24,12)Golay Hard-decision Harddecoding Rs=Rb/R Rs= Rb/R (ksymbol/s) ksymbol/s)
Raw Symbol rate (Rs) Rs)
2048
Min. Rx Sensitivity -127.75 -97.65 Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Level 107 dBm 107 Confidential Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
CS-UWB Link Budget (500MHz)

Parameter Distance (d) Parameter Data rate (Rb) (Rb) Modulation Value 1 Value 1024 BPSK Notes (kbps) Coherent detection (24,12)-Extended (24,12)Golay HardHarddecision decoding Rs=Rb/R Rs= Rb/R (ksymbol/s) ksymbol/s) (ns) Peak payload bit rate (Rb) (Rb) Average Tx power (Pt) Tx antenna gain (Gt) (Gt) Frequency band Coding rate (R) 1/2 Geometric center frequency (fc) (fc) Path loss @ 1m (L1) Path loss @ d m (Ld) Rx antenna gain (Gr) (Gr) Rx power (Pr) Average noise power per bit (N) Spreading code length (Ns) Chip rate (Rc) (Rc) Chip duration 1024 2.048 488.3 4 8.192 122.1 =Rs*Ns (MHz) Rs*Ns =1/Rc (nsec) =1/Rc nsec) Rx Noise figure (Nf) (Nf) Average noise power per bit (Pn) (Pn) Minimum required Eb/N0 (S) Eb/N0 Implementation loss (I) Link Margin 37.65 -127.25 -137.00 6.25 3.50 17.09 -97.15 -89.60 -144.00 7.00 -106.90 29.54 0 -80.06 -114.0 Value 30 1 -15.38 0 3.85 4.35 4.09 44.68 20.00 Value 10 1024 Unit m kbps dBm dBi GHz GHz dB dB dBi dBm dBm dB dBm dB dB dB dBm
Raw Symbol rate (Rs) Rs) Chirp signal duration (Tc) (Tc)
2 25
2048
The items given in red characters Min. Rx Sensitivity Level Ryuji have different values from those of DS Kohno's Properties,
108
108
SOP with DS Codes or Chirp patterns

16 chips
DS Codes
Code 1 Code 2 Code 3 Code 4
Time SOP with DS codes. Frequency

Subband 1 Subband 2 Subband 3
Time
Ryuji Kohno's Properties, SOP with chirp patterns. Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential 109 109 Confidential Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
SOP Performance Examples

100 10-1 BER
interference #1 DS Eb/N0= 6dB Eb/N0=10dB Eb/N0=15dB CS
10-2 10-3 10-4
Pi Pi interference #2
Pc Pi
Coordinated
interference #3
10-5 -10 -9
-8
-7
(a) Simulation setting.
-6 -5 -4 Pc/Pi (dB)
-3
-2
-1
(b) Simulation results.

Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential 110 Ryuji Kohno's Properties, 110 Confidential Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
Single Link Performance (AWGN)
1.0 One Packet includes 32 bytes. 10-1 PER
10-2
CS-UWB BW=2GHz DS-UWB BW=2GHz CS-UWB BW=500MHz DS-UWB BW=500MHz
10-3 2
111 Ryuji Kohno's Properties, 111 Confidential Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
5 6 Eb/N0 [dB]
Performance With 15.4a Channels

10 Average PER
-1
CM8
CM5 CM1
DS-UWB
Data rate: 1kbps (nominal) Modulation: BPSK Pulse shape: Gaussian monocycle Spreading code: 1024 chips ADC: 1Gs and 1bit Channel models CM1: Indoor residential LOS CM5: Outdoor LOS CM8: Industrial environments NLOS
10
-2
10 10 Average PER
-3
20
30
-1
BW=2GHz 40 50 60 70 Distance [m]

CM1
CM8 CM5 10
-2
BW=500MHz 10
-3
20
30
40 50 Distance [m]
60
70
Interference Models for Coexisitence

IEEE802.11a Center frequency: 5.18 GHz Emission power: 15 dBm Antenna gain: 0 dBi MB-OFDM Frequency band: Group 1, lower three bands Emission power: -41.3dBm*528MHz*Duty cycle Antenna gain: 0 dBi
Interference Evaluation
The minimum criteria requires a 1m separation.
Interference models
IEEE802.11a BW = 2GHz MB-OFDM Eb/N0 = inf. Eb/N0 = 10 dB Eb/N0 = inf. BW = 500MHz Eb/N0 = 10 dB BW = 2GHz 0.012 0.022 0.104 0.115 Eb/N0 = inf. Eb/N0 = 10 dB 0.52 m 0.80 m
Tolerable distance to achieve PER<1%
UWB: Propagation distance = 1m. BW = 2 GHz, fc = 4.1 GHz. Data rate = 2 Mbps, FEC off. BW = 500 MHz, fc = 3.35 GHz.
Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential 114 Ryuji Kohno's Properties, 114 Confidential Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
Successful Unification for IEEE802.15.4a based on NICT Proposal Comparison between NICTs and Unified Proposals
@ UWB Scheme Band Plan and Bandwidth(BW) UWB band: BW=500MHz & 2GHz, variable center frequency UWB band: BW=500MHz & more in 3.85 ~ 4.05GHz BW=1.5GHz & more in > 6GHz @ Data Rate Support Higher than 10Mbps @ others
Mandatory:DS-UWB NICT Option: CS-UWB Proposal (Chirp Signaling) Mandatory:DS-UWB Unified i Coherent, Proposal Defferential NonCoherentj Option: CS-UWB and others
Chirp in ISM i 2.4GHzj band is option
Mandatory lower Chirp in ISM than 10Mbps i 2.4GHzj band is standard
Expected UWB Applications in Millimeter Wave Band

Colision avoidance radar ( in 22-29GHz and 76GHz) Realization of both communication and ranging with a single hardware
Wireless Communications
Ultra high speed and user capacity: over 10 Gb/s Short and long distance communication
Satellite and Inter-Satellite Communications, Ranging & Positioning

Realization of both communication and ranging without interference
Type A Type B
Conventional Radar F Low Resolutioni

SS(Spread Spectrum)Radar
@
UWB Radar
some 10cm ` some j
Advanced Radar F High Resolution i some `

@
tv a
Radar
somej
Applicable Bands for Vehicular Radar

5.8GHz:
Integration of large antenna sizes into vehicle bumpers is not feasible Fractional BW for high resolution not achievable with AM (e.g. 50%) Integration of moderate antenna sizes into vehicle bumpers is feasible Acceptable attenuation of Wave propagation trough bumper material Fractional BW for high resolution achievable with AM (e.g. 12.5%) Availability of off-the-shelf components, mature production processes
24GHz:
Economical hybrid design on softboard possible without MMICs
61GHz / 77GHz:
Unacceptable attenuation of Wave propagation trough bumper material no discrete packaged components available no priceworthy hybrid design, but MMICs ==> RTTT concepts uses different bands for various applications
5.8GHz: Communication near range 24GHz: Near Range Radar with moderate antenna focussing 61GHz: Communication/Telematics mid range 77GHz: Mid Range Radar with high antenna focussing like ACC
Spectral Mask in Qusi-M
illimeter Band(22-29GHz)
Peak E.I.R.P power (FCC)i0dBm/50MHzj Average E.I.R.P. power (FCC)
43 - .1
Rad iation lev el [dBm/MHz]
53 - .1 3 .161.41.427 2.692.7 10.6810.7 15.35-15.4 Prohibited Band S5.340) 23.624 24.0524.25 24.7725.23 25.2726.98 27.0227.46 22.422.98 31.331.5 29 31
53 7- .
0.69
16.
22
Frequency
]zHG[
Wireless Subscriber Communication (Moving-object detection sensor) Low Power Data Trasmission System
NICTs Implementation of 26 GHz UWB Impulse Radar System

Monolithic module including PA, mixer all RF parts
GaAs MMIC
RF Frequency Transmission power Modulation scheme Occupied band-width
Preciseness of measurement
26.3 GHz 1.26 mWi Peakj Pulse(ASK)

Pulse-width 1 nsec Pulse-repetition period 300 nsec
> 2 GHz < 30 cm 10 m @bore-sight 40 msec 10 dB

15 dBi @ Beam-width > 40 deg. (Horizontal) @ > 10 deg. (Vertical)
Max. detection distance

Update period of output data
Total NF Antenna gain
121
Ubiquitous UWB Sensor Network Test Room
3D Positionor Geolocatrion Equipment

Measurement Antenna
Variable Wall UWB Sensor Node
Mesearment Equipment
UWB Sensor Node
3.1 UWB Radio Systems Regulatory Committee in MPHPT Telecommunications Council

@ > Four working groups were set up to investigate compatibility between UWB and other radio communication systems in Nov. 2002:
Group 1: the Compatibility Model Working Group, Group 2: the Fixed-Broadcasting systems Working Group, Group 3: the Radar-Aviation and Maritime systems Working Group, Group 4: the Satellite-Low Power systems Working Group
@ Comments were invited on the Draft Interim Report > 22 submissions received in the period 2 27 February 2004
Proposed Compatibility Models and Spectral Mask

>@ Different types of UWB radio systems under consideration
Impulse Radio type
-30 -35 -40
DS-UWB type MB-OFDM type

1 generation
GROUP A
st
Low-Band Full-Band
Power [dBm/MHz]
Reserved
GROUP B
Future
GROUP C
Reserved
GROUP D
-45 -50 -55 -60 -65 -70 -75 -80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Band Band Band Band #1 #2 #3 #4
Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13
High-Band
3432 MHz 3960 4488 5016 MHz MHz MHz 5808 6336 MHz MHz 6864 7392 7920 MHz MHz MHz 8448 8976 MHz MHz 9504 10032 MHz MHz
0 -5 -10 -15 dB -20 -25 -30 f -35 -40
Low-Band
High-Band HighBand
Frequency [GHz]
3 4 5 fc=4.104GHz
7 GHz
8 9 10 fc=8.208GHz
11
>@Proposals for emission power spectral mask

Proposal 1 Proposal 2
Based on FCC Outdoor specifications
Standards for Extreme Low Power Stations in Japan applied to portion of spectrum outside the range 3.1 10.6 GHz
Part 15 FCC outdoor

1.9 1.61 3.1 10.6
Part 15 FCC outdoor

3.1 10.6
Proposal 1 (dotted line)

0.96
Proposal 2 (dotted line)
ITU-R TG1/8 for UWB Global Regulation

1. Starting: ITU-R established Task Group 1/8 in the meeting of SG1 in July 2002. Assigned Questions are > Q.226i Spectrum management framework related to the introduction of ultra-wideband (UWB) devicesj and > Q.227i Compatibility between ultra-wideband (UWB) devices and radiocommunication servicesj . 2. Working Plan:Meetings are planned 4 times from 2003 to 04. General Chairman:Mr. Salim Hanna (Canada). WP 1F UWB characteristics FChair: William Gamble (USA) WP 2F UWB compatibility FChair: Yves Ollivier (France). WP 3F UWB spectrum management frameworkF Chair: Christoph Wste (Germany) WP4F UWB measurement techniques FChair: Tetsuya Yasui ( NiCT, Japan)
125
ITU-R TG1/8: Summery of 1st meeting

Date and place: Geneva from 21-24 January 2003 Attendees:@ 85 delegates representing 17 Administrations, 18 Sector Members including NICT, Input documents:@ 44 input documents Output (Temporary) documents:@ 23 temporary documents
ITU-R TG1/8: Summery of 2nd meeting

Date and place:@ Geneva from 27-31 October 2003 Attendees:@ 118 delegates representing: 26 Administrations 18 Sector Members including NICT Input documents: 57 input documents Output (Temporary) documents: 37 temporary documents
126
Japanese Contributions on Measurements of UWB Signals for ITU TG1/8

ITU Document 1-8/44-E ITU Document 1-8/45-E
CONCERNING RADIATED MEASUREMENTS IN REVERBERATION CHAMBER CONCERING LIMITAION AND EXTENSION OF FREQUENCY DOMAIN MEASUREMENTS USING CONVENTIONAL SPECTRUM ANALYZER CONCERNING METHOD OF PEAK POWER MEASUREMENTS CONCERNING PEAK POWER MEASUREMENT BY USING A SPECTRUM ANALYZER CONCERNING EMISSION MASK MEASUREMENTS USING A SPECTRUM ANALYZER FOR UWB EQUIPMENT WITH AN INTERNAL ANTENNA CONNECTOR CONCERNING TIME DOMAIN MEASUREMENTS BY USING OSCILLOSCOPES CONSIDERATION OF MEASURMENT OF UWB FH SYSTEM
ITU Document 1-8/46-E ITU Document 1-8/47-E ITU Document 1-8/48-E
ITU Document 1-8/49-E ITU Document 1-8/50-E
ITU-R TG1/8: NiCT work for 3rd meeting

Date and place: Boston, USA , June 2004 Draft contributions from NiCT in Japan: 1 doc for Characteristics (WG1) 7 docs for Measurement (WG4) 7 participants from NiCT and UWB consortium
ITU-R TG1/8: NiCT Work for 4th meeting

Date and place: Geneve, Switzerland, Nov.1-7 2004 Draft contributions from NiCT in Japan: 1 doc for Characteristics (WG1) 7 docs for Measurement (WG4) 8 participants from NiCT and UWB consortium
ITU-R TG1/8: NiCT work for 5th meeting

Date and place: San Diego, USA , May 18-27 2005 Draft contributions from NiCT in Japan: 2 doc for Characteristics (WG1) 2 doc for Coexisitence (WG2) 1 docs for Measurement (WG4) 12 participants from NiCT and UWB consortium
ITU-R TG1/8: future meeting schedule

Final meeting will be held October 13-19 in Geneve And SG1 will be held Oct. 24-25. >NiCT contribute the activities of ITU-R TG1/8 positively. >NiCT aims that UWB can be introduced to the users soon @ under the harmonization in the world. >NiCT seeks best way from the point of users view.
129
Anticipation of UWB Evolution

@ UWB is widely applicable practical physical layer technology. (1) Within a few years, wireless PAN and sensor network based on UWB must be started servicing for the time to market. (2) More successive UWB products will bring us more business opportunities in wireless CE, PC, Handset, ITS etc. @ UWB brings various new research subjects in academic works. (1) From Information Theoretical aspect, capacity analysis, channel coding in space, time, and frequency domains (2) RF circuit and antenna for UWB need new design rule. Regulatory key issues for commercial UWB systems; (1) Compatibility: Avoidance of Interference to co-existing systems should be ensured for radio regulation first. (2) Harmonization among different standards and regulations
130
http://www1.ilcc.com/uwbst_iwuwbs2004/index.htm
http:/www.icu2005.ee.ethz.ch/
http://www2.nict.go.jp/mt/b189/IWUWBT2005/
New Book Release on this May by John Wiley&Sons: Ultra Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering by Ghavami, Michael, and Kohno
Concluding Remark
SDR and UWB are the most promised technologies for future wireless communication networks and create new applications, e.g. ITS, medical care etc. Software reconfigurability(SDR, E2R) in multiple layers can improve ad-hoc wireless networks(WLAN, WPAN etc) as well as infrastructure wireless networks(UMTS, 4G) in terms of ubiquitous connectivity, network transparency, and adaptive resource managements. UWB technology makes speed and capacity of ad-hoc wireless networks ultra higher, and ranging and positioning resolution of sensor networks ultra higher. However, many unsolved problems have still remained in SDR and UWB, so we hope to start collaborating with you for comprehensive solution !
NiCT-UWB Consortiums Soft-Spectrum UWB PHY Proposal for IEEE 802.15.3a

Basic Philosophy Soft-Spectrum Adaptation(SSA) Design proper pulse waveform corresponding to required band restriction Match its spectra with required spectral mask in flexible and adaptive, even if regional spectral mask is changed
Soft-Spectrum Adaptation(SSA)
136
(1) Free-verse Type Soft-Spectrum Adaptation

Freely design pulse waveforms by synthesizing pulses, e.g. overlapping and shifting
2.4GHz
5.2GHz
time
frequency
K-3 Free-verse Soft-Spectrum Adaptation pulse (Note: band notches clearly happen at 2.4 and 5.2 GHz as well)
time
frequency
K-4 Free-verse Soft-Spectrum Adaptation pulse (Note: pulse waveform has more freedom)
137
Exhibition
Motorola
NICT
Anticipation of UWB Evolution

@ UWB is much more practical technology than SDR, so within a few years, wireless PAN based on UWB etc should be started servicing. Technical key issues for commercial UWB systems: (1) Specification of signaling, modulation, chip design and architecture (2) Protocol matched with UWB nature
Anticipation of UWB Evolution(continue)

Regulatory key issues for commercial UWB systems; (1) Interference to and from co-exisiting systems (2) International fair competition rather than monopoly (3) Collaboration and cooperation among industry, academia, and government.
Elementary and Cross-over Technologies for SDR & UWB

Transmission Tech.
(Signal Design and Detection Theory)
Modulation & Demodulation Multiplexing Multiple Access
Software Defined Radio (Elec-Mag Field Analysis, Ultra WideBand Radio

Wireless Tech.
Propagation Modeling)
Air Interface
Netoworl Routing Protocol (Tranform) Cryptography Inf. Security
User Interface
Software Eng.
(Algorithm, Program Language)
Real- time OS Interface Application Coding & Decoding Description Language Download Program Channel Estimatio Equalization (IDL, SDL) Reconfiguration API Antenna Mesurement Adaptive Array Antenna(DBF) Simulation Equipments RF Circuit Convertor Device Driver Adaptive Algorithm Battery Filtering Sampling (ADC, DAC) Device Process Signal Processing Tech. Processor
(SemiCon, Super Conductive)
Memory
(FPGA, DSP, ASIC)
(Digital Filter, FFT)
141
Receiver Architectures
ADC RF 1stIF 1st LO 2nd LO Baseband Digital Processing
Conventional Superheterodyne receiver:

Even though this is widely used now, it is difficult to change system parameters such as bandwidth, because RF and IF signals are processed by fixed analog components.
ADC RF LO IF
Digital Processing
IF sampling:
Down-conversion from IF to baseband is done digitally undersampling is necessary to sample bandpass IF signals
ADC RF Near-zero IF LO
Digital Processing
Near-zero IF down conversion:

RF is down-converted to near-zero IF, which is sampled digitally need not deal with DC offset problem
ADC RF LO Baseband
Digital Processing
Direct (zero IF) down conversion:

RF(Radio Frequency) is directly down-converted to baseband in analog domain have to deal with DC offset problem
Security problem for SDR

1. What is a secure way to download and reconfigure a software to a software radio terminal? 2. Is there a way to prevent hacking operation of a software radio terminal? 3. How can we change radio regulation based on typeapproval so as to match with SDR commercial products?
Part I Research on Software Reconfigurable Technology in Kohno Laboratory
Research on SDR in Yokohama National University
Kenta UMEBAYASHI
Concept of Universal radio in SDR Multimode PLL for carrier recovery and modulation identification
Kentaro IKEMOTO
Pulse Shape and Coded Modulation Technique Under Multi Path Fading Channel Adaptive Modulation & Channel Coding Technique Modulation & Channel Coding Identification Technique System Sensing for SDR+UWB communication system
Kazuyuki OKUIKE
On-Board Automatic Certification System (ACS) for Software Defined Radio
Motoko TANIGUCHI
FPGA Fault Detection Using Error Correcting Codes for Software 147 Defined Radio Systems Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
Concept of Universal radio in SDR
Main advantages of an Universal Radio

Ultimate flexibility and adaptability Dramatic improvement of Frequency utilization efficiency Universal radio can adapt to the multiple communication systems Universal radio can estimate the environment and adapt it. Universal radio can be realized by using SDR techniques.
More flexible or universal mode
Channel estimation
Channel Environment Mode change recognition
Data base of software
User needs
Universal radio Fig.1 Basic Concept of Universal radio

Subjects of the universal radio in SDR Channel estimation algorithm without any supplemental information is necessary to realize high adaptability Universal algorithm which can adapt multiple types of the module is necessary to reduce number of the mode changing Mode change recognition or identification is necessary to realize ultimate flexibility Our research focuses on this subject with Modulation Identification technique without any supplemental information. 148 In conventional technique, supplemental information is employed to control the mode change
Multimode PLL
Multimode PLL for carrier recovery and modulation identification

Multimode PLL can recover the carrier and identify the modulation type without supplemental information Modulation identification is key technology which can identify the mode change.
Contributions of this research:

Carrier and initial phase offset problem is considered with digital PLL. Carrier lock and modulation identification are processed at same time, therefore, acquisition time is reduced. Multimode PLL is evaluated in the Adaptive Modulation System in ISDB-S
Digital PLL From matched filter slo(n)
r(n)
Brief Process of Multimode PLL

I/Q symbols
Bank of phase lock detector
sin/cos table
SW
r(n)
BPSK PLD 8PSK PLD 16QAM PLD QPSK PLD
NCO
Modulation identification
Initial Acquisition state: PLL does not operate = SW is open Phase Lock Detectors detect Lock or Non-Lock Mod ID logic output the modulation identification result or non-modulation due to the outputs of PLDs If the modulation scheme is identified state is changed to tracking state. Otherwise, state is not changed. Tracking state: PLL operate = SW is closed Loop filter (LPF) and Phase Error Detector (PED) are configured based on the identified modulation type. If the output of modulation identification non-modulation, state is changed to initial acquisition. Otherwise, state is not changed.
LPF
Bank of PED
Modulation ID (LOCK)
Control Signal
Fig.2 Multimode PLL

In modulation identification, other detection techniques, e.g. carrier recovery, countermeasures for fading have to be considered. Modulation identification technique has to be evaluated on the concrete application. This research show the solutions for above problems.
149
PulseBased on Information Telecommunication Shape and Coded Modulation Technique Under Multi Path Fading Channel Technology Yokohama National University
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 Amplitude 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4
UWB Signal with Modified Hermite Pulses Train
Creation of Future Social Infrastructure
n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5 n=6 n=7
Transmitter Side Information LDPC Encoder S/P
System Model
Modified Hermite Pulse
Pulse Generator (N) Receiver Side Information Sum-Product Decoder Antenna P/S Demodulator
h1 (t )
h2 (t )
Iterative Decoding
Hermite polynomials function -0.6 Hermite Pulse are orthogonality respectively -0.8 Transmits symbols simultaneously
-1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Time [ns] 1 1.2 1.4 Received -8 x 10 Signal r(t)
() dt
Modified Distribution Modified Distribution
() dt
Demodulator
P/S Output Decision
C n = r (t ) hn (t ) dt
hn (t )
Dn = 2C n 1
Modified Distribution
() dt
Decoding Process
EM Algorithm
Sum-Product HMM for Fading Environment Pseudo LLR Synchronization Carrier Offset Phase Offset Several Iterative Processing
150
Theoretical and Simulated BER Characteristics of Hermite Pulse
Creation of Q Future Social Infrastructure Based on Information Telecommunication Technology Yokohama National University
Adaptive Modulation & Channel Coding Technique

1 Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 4 Frame 4 Frame 3 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame
-A 0
A
1 I
BPSK
1200 Bit
BPSK
1200 Bit
QPSK
2400 Bit
8PSK
3600 Bit
8PSK
3600 Bit
16QAM 16QAM 16QAM

4800 Bit 4800 Bit 4800 Bit
8PSK
3600 Bit
QPSK
2400 Bit
8PSK
3600 Bit
10
A 2
00
SNR
-A 2 11 -A 2
Q
A I 2 01 A
Frame Structure for Adaptive Modulation & Channel Coding Technique
Time
Source Encoder Convolutional Code Encoder 1
System Model for Adaptive Modulation & Channel Coding Technique
000 100 -A 101
001 011 A
I
Switch Convolutional Code Encoder N Encoder Information Finite State Machine Adaptive Coding System
Modulator
010 111 - A
Q
110
3A 10 0100 0101 0000 0001
I
Transmitter Side Select Optimum Encoder and Gradual Transition For Channel Condition Receiver Side Viterbi Estimation in the Trellis Estimation of the used Encoder
1000 1100 1001 1101 - 3A 10 1011 1010 1111 1110 - 3A 10
3A 10
0111 0110
0011 0010
Codes from Channel Estimation Result Selecting Encoder System
Viterbi Decoder 1 Source Decoder Viterbi Decoder N Viterbi Estimation
Demodulator
Constellation for Soft Decision Decoding Ryuji Kohno's Properties,
Confidential
Channel Estimation
151
Modulation & Channel Coding Identification Technique

Flowchart Channel Coding Identification Technique
Modulation Identification Technique Phase and Carrier Offset
Step 1. Initialization
Step 2. Sum-Product Decoding Step 9. General Sum-Product Decoding Step 3. Calculation of Soft Decision Bit
Step 4. Phase Error Estimation Using MMSE
Step D. Estimate Modulation Scheme
Modified LLR
Step 5. Phase Error Offset Using Soft Decision Bit
Triple Viterbi Algorithm (RX)
LModu = mean
1 NumBit
QPSK 3/4
Num Bit i =1
| L(u ) | * Modified
i
Step 6. Update of LLR
BPSK 2/3
W PSK 4/5
PU QAM 1
Step 7. Stop Regulation of Soft Decision Phase Error Offset
Step 8. Frame Synchronization
1st in viterbi decoding System Model

Data Bit LDPC Encoder Noise Modulation Scheme Estimator Phase Estimator Carrier and Phase Offset Carrier Sense Sampling & Buffering Sum-Product Algorithm Decoded Data
Trellis diagram (Combined with several trellis diagram) Estimate the encoder automatically
Decode: Convolutional code Estimate: Encoder transition FSM transition
2nd in viterbi estimation of encoder transition

Converted to encoder information Observation corresponds to encoder information Estimate the ML trellis encoder transition
Combination Iterative Algorithm of Sum-Product Decoding + Frame Synchronization and Phase and Carrier Offset
Soft Decision Bit
Frame Synchronization
Pseudo-posterior Loglikelihood Ratio
3rd in viterbi estimation of FSM transition

Converted to FSM information Observation corresponds to FSM information Estimate the ML trellis FSM transition
152
System Sensing for SDR+UWB communication system

Frequency Response Order (Between n=1-7 and n=8-14)
2
Hermite Polynomial
t d n 2 hn (t ) = (1) e (e ) dt n n t d n 2 hn (t ) = (1) e (e ) dt n n t2 4
2
t2 2
Modified Hermite Polynomial
Bandwidth extends wider as the number of order increases
Receiver Side Transmitter Side
Correlation Characteristics in Frequency Domain between Narrowband signal and Template for Modified Hermite Pulse
System Model
dij Info h(t) Pulse Generator Correlation Detection
s(t) Narrow Band Signal
n(t) Noise
h(t)

Dn = 2Cn 1
Cn = r (t ) hn (t )dt
Spectrum Analyses of Narrowband Signal (BPSK) Using Template for Modified Hermite Pulse (Left) Using Conventional Scheme (Right)
153
Huge Demands for Broadband Wireless Communications Co-exit of Various Wireless Systems
Low Power Consumption Inter System Interference Hardware Software Reconfigurability (Re-Configuration) System Sensing One-Chip Implementation
System Stabilization Demand for Multimode Software
ITS (Intelligent Transport System)
Home Networks
Office Networks
Environments Broadband Wireless Communications Techniques Privacy of Communication & Certification Inter System Interference Countermeasure
Applications Fading Countermeasures Inter User Interference Countermeasure Interference Countermeasures
Omit of IF Circuits (Direct Conversion) Auto Certification Remote Maintenance
Concept of Software Defined Radio & Ultra WideBand Communications
MIMO Multi User Detection Fading Countermeasure System Handover
SDR --Adaptive---Adaptive-Modulation Coded Modulation Coding
UWB Pulse Shape Coded Modulation
Adaptive Resource Adaptive Equalizer
System Sensing
Adaptive Array Antenna Adaptive Sampling
For Environment
For Application
Channel Estimation
Concept of Research
154
Creation of Future On-BoardSocial Infrastructure Automatic Certification System (ACS) for Software Defined Radio Based on Information Telecommunication Technology Yokohama National University
BACKGROUND Current Radio Regulation @ Radios cant reconfigure the system. HOWEVER SDR Terminal can reconfigure the system.
THEREFORE
RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE PARTIES INVOLVED IN THE ACS

Governmental Authority Type Approval of SDR Hardware SDR Hardware Manufacturer Sell the SDR Hardware ACS Creator Send the Test Data or ACS Update SDR Software Manufacturer Send the Signed and Encrypted Software
We have to change the radio regulation based on type approval to match SDR commercial products.
ACS ARCHITECTURE
Fixed Module ADC/DAC
Power@ Amp
Wireless Service Provider
User
Reconfigurable Module
Channel Coding Source Coding
COMPAELSON OF ACS- AND C3PC- BASED FRAMEWORK

Rolei ACSj Role ACS Rolei C3PC) Role Not in Existence Authorize SDR Hardware and Software ACS Creator Government al Authority Make ACS Standardize ACS Authorize SDR Hardware
Antenna
Modem
InfoSec
RF/IF
SDR I/O
Test Signals I/O Interface
Output signals Output signals
Tamper Resistance
Certification Authority Operator Hardware Manufacture r
Provide the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Authenticate the identity of users (Digital Signature:DS) Provide the Wireless Communication Infrastructure Make SDR Hardware and Acquire the Type Approval Make SDR software Make SDR Hardware and Acquire the Type Approval Acquire the Type Approval of Software with the Software Manufacturer Make SDR Software and Acquire the Type Approval with Hardware 155 Manufacturer
Test Signals Governmental Authority Data Base
Certification Function Reference Signals
ACS Data Generation Data Base Function Test & Reference ACS Signals
Software Manufacture r
Colloquium, Institute Use the SDR terminal France, June 23, 2005 EUROCOM, without complicated operation User
Creation of Future Social Infrastructure Based Information Detection Using Error Correcting Codes for Software Defined Radio Systems FPGAonFaultTelecommunication Technology Yokohama National University
Remote maintenance of the SDR System

It is possible to maintain remotely because the terminal system is remotely self-reconfigurable Significant advantage for users and manufactures
Fault Detection of FPGA in the SDR terminal after shipment

Possible to repair itself by using fault free parts The purpose is only detecting and pinpointing the fault part Reduction of the computational cost is required
A remote fault detection system with low computational cost at the terminal FPGA hierarchical fault detection using error correcting code
Based on the regularity of error correcting code which is beforehand given to the test output The test areas are hierarchically distributed
In the SDR terminal
Test output Compute syndrome Find (x)
Protocol of the proposed system

SDR terminal
Base station The FPGA data of the SDR terminal request
Transmit the FPGA data about fault rate and fault part to the base station Implement TD on the FPGA and compute syndrome S as the test.
In the base station

Find positions Find error values
Generate a configuration data TD for the FPGA test and transmit TD to SDR terminal
Syndrome & Output
Detecting faults
Locating faults
Yes
S=0? No Transmit S and the output code word w. Decode w as detect fault part. Generate a new configuration data CD avoided fault part and transmit CD to SDR terminal.
Selection of error correcting code for test

Probability of aliasing
The probability of not detecting fault correctly
Re-implement
Trade-off
Computational cost of the terminal Check circuit area The average of the transmit information quantity
Implement CD
Degradation Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential
156 Test complete notice to Base station. Reduction Data of the FPGA is renewed. Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
UWB History
CRL 05 2002 UWB project Start
Ross 1963 (t) response for microwave N-ports
Ross 1970s US patents
Harmuth 1980s UWB antennas
1990s UWB development programs
06 1999 UWB devices
Bennet and Ross 1978 Ross 1965 Time Domain UWB technology Electromagnetics Research at Sperry
Barrett 1989 UWB Term
1998 FCC 14/02 2002 FCC UWB UWB regulatory NOI approval
2004 and beyond Commercialization of UWB applications
(1) impulse radio (2) time domain (3) carrier-free

Research Issues on Impulse Radio/UWB in Kohno Laboratory

1. Comparison between UWB and SS Systems 2. Multi-level or M-ary schemes for Improvement of UWB Transmission Efficiency 3. Pulse Shaping and Multi-pulse Shaping schemes for Improvement of UWB Transmission Efficiency 4. Multi-user Detection and Interference Cancellation Technologies for Improvement of UWB User Capacity 5. Space-Time Equalization Technologies in the Presence of Multipath Distortion 6. Space-Time Interference Cancellation Technologies in the Presence of Overlaid or Co-existing Conventional Systems 7. Joint Communicating and Ranging Systems Based on UWB 8. Ultra Wideband Antenna for UWB
158
Subjects of Current Research (2/2) Important Aspects for UWB systems implementation
Synchronization and time base stability UWB commercial systems can be available only if low Picosecond accuracy cost implementation of UWB circuits and Jitter reduction antennas are ready for mass production as well as a Propagation theoretical performance analysis and a regulation Measurement schemes for UWB signal rearrenagement. for indoor communication (e.g., very short range) Channel models
Channel models for higher frequency (e.g., above New methods of measuring UWB signals 2.4 GHz) and Antennas measurement equipments should be developed.
Low cost, efficient, electrically small antennas for portable applications New Design rules of RF circuits for UWB impulse
Technology response should be invented and established different from High-speed CMOSsinusoidal response. conventional implementation
UWB Technology Institute in CRL

>@ Aim:
1. 2. 3. Promote R&D of UWB Commercial Systems and Its Related Technologies Cooperation with Industry and Academia Modify Radio Regulation and Establish Guidelines and Standard
>@ >@ >@
Date: Officially July 1, 2002 (Effectively May 2002) Place: CRL(Communication Research Laboratory) in YRP Director: Ryuji Kohno
UWB Consortium between Industry and Academia

>@ Aim:
1. R&D and Regulation of UWB Wireless Systems 2. Experimental Analysis of UWB System Test-bed in band i 960MHz, 3.1-10.6GHz, 22-29GHz) 3. R&D of Low Cost Module with higher data rate over 100Mbps 4. Contribution in Standardization and Regulation in ARIB, MPHPT, ITU etc
160
Companies participating in UWB Consortium (1)

Advantest Corporation Anritsu Corporation CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. Fujitsu Limited Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. Hitachi Cable, Ltd. Hitachi Communications Technologies, Ltd. Hitachi Kokusai Electric Inc. Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd.
Companies participating in UWB Consortium (2)

NEC Corporation NEC Engineering, Ltd. NTT Advanced Technology Corporation Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd. Omron Corporation Samsung Yokohama Research Institute Samsung Electronics SANYO Electric Co., Ltd. Taiyo Yuden Co., Ltd. Telecom Engineering Center
163
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS (CSA2004), Banff, July 8, 2004 Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
Japanese UWB Consortium

UWB Microwave Group:
> Leader Dr. Ryuji Kohno (CRL, Yokohama National Univ.) > Sub Leader Dr. Hiroyo Ogawa (CRL) > Leaders of 5 Working Groups Dr. Takehiko Kobayashi; WG on Channel Propagation Dr. Jun-ichi Takada; WG on System Measurement Dr. Ryuji Kohno; WG on UWB System Design Dr. Toshiaki Matsui; WG on UWB System Implementation Mr. Tetsuya Yasui; WG on International Collaboration > Registered Researchers (incl. part-time researcher) 83 Researchers from 22 organizations
Comparison of System Specification

Specification
Data Rate Communication Range Drawback Targeted UWB System Over 100Mbps 10 Short range ELow Power Consumption EAd-Hoc ELow Cost EHigh Speed ERanging & Positioning Bluetoot h Upto 721kbps 10` 100 Bluetooth Ver.2 2Mbps 10` 100 5.2GHz Mobile Acess Upto 54Mbps 100 High power consumption EAd-Hoc ELow Cost Indoor Only High Transmission Rate License Free System in 60GHz Home-link 1.6Gbps 10 High Cost
Low rate EAd-Hoc ELow Cost
Advantages
http://www.ericsson.co.jp/products/bluetooth_ip/faq/faq_02c.html #33
165
CRL-UWB Consortiums Soft-Spectrum UWB PHY Proposal for IEEE 802.15.3a

March 2003 Ryuji KOHNO
Director, UWB Technology Institute, CRL Professor, Yokohama National University Chair, CRL-UWB Consortium
Honggang ZHANG , Hiroyo OGAWA
Communications Research Laboratory (CRL) & CRL-UWB Consortium

166
Advantages of Soft-Spectrum Adaptation (SSA)

Soft-Spectrum Adaptation (SSA) can adapt signal spectra to any spectral requirement by flexible pulse waveform shaping similar to Software Defined Radio (SDR). 1. Global regulation satisfaction: SSA can flexibly adjust UWB signal spectrum so as to match with spectral restriction in transmission power, i.e. spectrum masks. 2. Interference avoidance for co-existence: SSA can adaptively avoid interference from and to co-existing systems in the same band and maximize spectral efficiency. 3. Harmonization for various proposed systems: SSA is good for harmonization among different UWB systems because SSA includes various proposed UWB systems as its special case, e.g. XSIs DS-CDMA as a case of Free-verse type SSA MBOAs MB-OFDM as a case of Geometrical type SSA 4. Future system version-up: SSA is so scalable as to accept future UWB systems with better performance like SDR. 167
2.5 Improved Common Signaling Mode (ICSM) using PSWF-type SSA pulse wavelets
DS-UWB operating bands Low Band High Band
10 11 GHz
10 11 GHz
MB-OFDM operating bands

Band Group #1 Band #1 Band #2 Band #3 Band Group #2 Band #4 Band #5 Band #6 Band Group #3 Band #7 Band #8 Band #9 Band Group #4 Band #10 Band #11 Band #12 Band Group #5 Band #13 Band #14
3432 MHz
3960 MHz
4488 MHz
5016 MHz
5544 MHz
6072 MHz
6600 MHz
7128 MHz
7656 MHz
8184 MHz
8712 MHz
9240 MHz
9768 MHz
10296 MHz
168
Basic principles of compatibility model in Japan

(1) Radio spectrum is a finite resource. As such, radio spectrum usage should adhere to international systems of rules and should be carefully designed to avoid future problems. (2) As yet, UWB stations do not belong to any designated service and the UWB format is not based on the Radio Regulations (RR) allocations. As such, it is not considered in compliance with stipulations. (3) The study of compatibility conditions is predicated on radio regulations (RR) Section 4.4 concerning interference. [Radio Regulations. Section 4.4] Administrations of the Member States shall not assign to a station any frequency in derogation of either the Table of Frequency Allocations in this Chapter or the other provisions of these Regulations, except on the express condition that such a station, when using such a frequency assignment, shall not cause harmful interference to, and shall not claim protection from harmful interference caused by, a station operating in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, the Convention and these Regulations.
169
Japanese Contributions on Measurements of UWB Signals for ITU TG1/8

Regulatory Committee for UWB Radio Systems in Ministry:MPHPT Japanese Regulator (MPHPT) has been investigating mutual interference between UWB and victim systems. Some results on measurements of UWB signals have been presented at ITU TG1/8. This is important for a regulator to approve type of UWB systems. Regulators in ITU Region 3 (Korea, China, Singapole etc in Asia) may be mostly same situation.
Joint UWBST&IWUWBS 2004

Hotel Granvia Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan, May 19-21, 2004
2004 Joint International Conference on UWB Systems & Technologies(UWBST2004) and International Workshop on Ultra Wideband Systems(IWUWBS2004)
General Chair:@
Ryuji Kohno Yokohama National Univ.
Technical Program Chair: Tetsushi Ikegami, Meiji Univ. Technical Program Committee Co-Chairs: Yukitoshi Sanada, Keio University Shigenobu Sasaki, Niigata University Organizing Committee Chair: Shinsuke Hara, Osaka Univ. Organizing Committee Co-Chair: Akifumi Kasamatsu, CRL Sponsor National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) Yokosuka Research Park R&D Promotion Committee (YRP) Yokohama National University 21st Century COE Technical Sponsors(Tentative) IEEE Communication Society (COMSOC) IEEE Microwave Theory and Technology Society (MTT) IEICE Technical Group on Wide Band Systems (WBS) IEICE Technical Group on Radio Communication Systems (RCS) IEICE Technical Group on Microwave (MW)
Antennas and Propagation: Antennas Channel measurement and modeling Field trials and measurements Modulation Schemes and Systems: Modulation and detection Interference and capacity Receiver architectures Implementation: RF modules Integrated circuit design and implementation Low power consumption technique Regulatory issues: Signal modeling Co-existence scheme with the other systems UWB Applications: Radar Positioning Ad-hoc networks Tools for system analysis Important Due Dates Submission of 5 page full paper: 31 Dec, 2003 Notification of acceptance: : 10 Feb, 2004 Camera ready submission due:10 March, 2004
PULSERS, Europe Korean UWB Forum, ETRI Japanese UWB Consortium

In Cooperation with Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts Telecommunications (MPHPT), Japan Multimedia Mobile Access Communications Committee(MMAC) and
171
Further Studies
@ (1) Harmonization with international studies is required, particularly with ITU-R and IEEE studies. Similarly, the outcomes of technical studies in Japan should be contributed in recommendations from organizations such as the ITU-R.
@@ Theoretical calculations based on the ITU-R recommendations and (2) the proposed compatibility model incorporating FCC emission power proposals found that long separate distance or limitations on the number of devices would be required for compatibility between UWB and other radio systems, necessitating further studies as follows: > Study of actual effect of UWB based on experimental data and simulations > Detailed investigation to consider actual deployment of radio systems > Other strategies for mitigating interference > Review of emission power proposals
Potential Applications of UWB

Wireless communications
High speed/low speed and high user capacity Short distance communication (e.g., a few km) Indoor wireless (e.g., WLANs, wireless tags, WPAN) Outdoor communications (e.g., WLL)
IEEE802.11a Low Power Consumption IEEE802.11b Bluetooth

Power Consumption during Transmission
Colision avoidance radar Realization of both communication and ranging with a single hardware
Imaging and sensors

Medical imaging Ground penetration
Higher Capacity
UWB
10M 100M
Security systems
Intrusion detection and sensing
1M
Achievable Transmission Rate(b/s)
000
001
010
t
I
100 101 110
t or
II
t
III
M-ary Pulse Shape Modulation i PSM) or Pulse Shape Multiple Access (PSMA) based on geometric Soft-Spectrum waveforms
2003 Symposium on Yokohama National University COE for Creation of Future Social Infrastructure Based on Information Telecommunication Technology Education & Culture Hall, Yokohama National University March 5, 2003
Yokohama National University COE for Creation of Future Social Infrastructure Based on Information Telecommunication Technology
Ryuji Kohno Professor, COE Leader Division of Physics, Electrical and Computer Engineering Yokohama National University, Japan E-mail: kohno@ynu.ac.jp URL: http://www.dnj.ynu.ac.jp/
175
@@ The COE Covering Research Fields

@Major Fields of Government Committee of Science and Technology: Environmental Energy, Life Science, Information Telecommunications,Nano-Technology The COE Leading Fields in a World Wireless Communications{ Integrated Photonics F Integrated Optical and Radio Communications Close Collaboration between System Design and Device Development
Partners: Communication Research Laboratory (CRL), Yokosuka Research Park(YRP)
Appropriate Size: Various Staffs within one Course
Evolution
Middle Rage Objective: Creation of Social Infrastructure Based on Information Telecommunications Technologies
Long Range Objective: Grand Design of Infrastructure for Future Society
176
Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential COE for Future Social Institute EUROCOM, France, Te lecommunications Colloquium, Infrastructure Based on Information June 23, 2005 YNU
The COE Covering Research Fields s

Network Infrastructure Based on Optical and Rado Telecommunication Technologies
Research on System Architecture
Prof. Ryuji Kohno: System Architecture, Space-Time Signal Processing
Prof. Rokuya Ishii: MultiMedia Siganal Processing, Proceesors
Prof. Shingo Ohmori( CRL ) Design and Application of Satellite and Mobile Communication Systems Prof. Hiroyuki Arai: RF Circuits, Antenna, Measurement
System Design Group
Prof. Tsutomu Matsumoto: Information Security, Tamper Resistancy Prof. Atsuo Kawamura: Mechatronics, Robotics
Research on RF System Implementation

Asso. Prof.Nobuyuki Yoshikawa: Super Conductive Devices/Integrated Circuit Asso. Prof. Yasushi Takemura: High-Density Memory/StorageDevices
Device Research Group
Prof. Yasuo Kokubun: Optical Integrated Circuits for Wave-length Multiplexing Asso. Prof. Toshihiko Baba: Photonics Crystal, Opto-Electronics
Research on Intelligent Storage Devices
Research on Optical-Radio Trasform 177
Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential COE for Future Social Infrastructure Based on Information TeJune 23, 2005 Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, lecommunications YNU
Receiver Architectures
ADC RF 1stIF 1st LO 2nd LO Baseband Digital Processing
Conventional Superheterodyne receiver:

Even though this is widely used now, it is difficult to change system parameters such as bandwidth, because RF and IF signals are processed by fixed analog components.
ADC RF LO IF
Digital Processing
IF sampling:
Down-conversion from IF to baseband is done digitally undersampling is necessary to sample bandpass IF signals
ADC RF Near-zero IF LO
Digital Processing
Near-zero IF down conversion:

RF is down-converted to near-zero IF, which is sampled digitally need not deal with DC offset problem
ADC RF LO Baseband
Digital Processing
Direct (zero IF) down conversion:

RF(Radio Frequency) is directly down-converted to baseband in analog domain have to deal with DC offset problem
Table 1 Mobile Communication Systems in Japan

System 4G (MIMO-OFDMA) IMT-2000(CDMA1X) PDC PHS(micro cell) IEEE802.11a,b,g,n MMAC Altair(Motorola) IEEE802.15.3a UWB-WPAN Pocket Bell Analog Low Power type Frequency bands 4.5 GHz 2.0GHz 800MHz, 1.5 GHz 1.9 GHz 2.4 GHz, 5.2GHz(ISM band) 5.15-5.25 GHz 19 GHz 3.1GHz 10.6GHz (Ultra Wideband Tech.) 250 MHz 250/400 MHz
Cellular
Wireless@ LAN @ Wireless PAN
Pager Cordless Phone
Fig.1
PDC/PHS Dual Mode Terminal Doccimo

Location Identification Map Information
Fig.2 PDC Mobile Location Terminal by GPS ( Naviewn )

181
2. IEICE Workshop on Software Radio in June 30, 1999

Life Science Center, Senri, Osaka, Japan
Regular Sessions (1) Opening Address by Ryuji Kohno (Yokohama National University) (2) Research of Developing Software Radio Reciver in the ARIB Project by Tokihiko Yokoi (Toshiba) et al. (3) Implementaion and Evaluation of Software Radio Receiver by Yokoi (Toyocom) (4) Programable Real-time Simulator by Ohta (MPT, CRL) (5) Algorithm to Estimate Modulation Scheme and Symbol Synchronization by Kenta Umebayashi, Ryuji Kohno (Yokohama National University) Invited Talks (6) Application of Super-conductor Device to Software Radio Systems by Katayama and Fujimaki(Nagoya University) (7) Integration of Circuits for Software Radio Portable System by Kenji Yaniguchi, Ryuji Yoshimura, Tan Boon Keat, Tohru Ogawa (Osaka University) (8) Software Antenna Based on Eigenvector Analysis Toshio Karasawa (University of Electro-Communications) (9) Identify System for Unknown Modulated Signals Shintarou Taira (National Defense) (10) Shannon vs. Moore: Digital Signal Processing for Broadband Wireless Communications by Ravi Subramanian (Morphics Technology)
182
4. IEICE Workshop on Software Radio in April 17, 2000

Yokosuka Research Park(YRP), Kanagawa
Invited Talks (1) The Software Defined Radio Forum; An Overview by Allan Margulies (MITRE Co.) (2) Software Defined Radio Forum Technical Committee Operations by Peter Cook (SDR Forum) Regular Sessions (3) Proposal of a super-conducting tunable filter for software-defined radio by Shigeki Mototsu (Kinki Univ.) et al. (4) A study on an adaptive symbol timing synchronization method for multi-mode & multi-service software radio communication system by Ryo Sawai (Chuo Univ.) et al. (5) Space Hopping Scheme Under Short Range Rician Multipath Fading Environment by Satoshi Ishii (Yokohama National Univ.) et al. (6) Adaptive Block Coding and Decoding For Channel Condition Based on a Concept of Software Defined Radio by Kentaro Ikemoto (Yokohama National Univ.) et al. (7) A Study on an Over-the-Air Download Scheme for Software Radios by Hiroyuki Shiba (NTT) et al. (8) Flexible Security Systems and a New Structure for Electric Commerce for Software Radios by Makoto Sugita (NTT) et al. (9) A Software Defined Radio using Direct Conversion Principle by Hiroshi 183 Yoshida (Toshiba Co.) et al.
19. IEICE Workshop on Software Radio in June 27, 2003

Ritsumeikan University, Shiga
[1] System Sensing Using a Correlation of the Template Pulse for Impulse Radio Under the Ultra Wideband Wireless Communication Environment by K. Ikemoto and R. Kohno (Yokohama National University) [2]Array Antenna based BSS for Radio Surveillance by Edgar CARLOS, Jun-ichi TAKADA (Tokyo Inst. Tech.)
[3] A Software Oriented Modem Architecture for UMTS Terminal and the Evaluation Board Development by M. Mukai, T. Tomizawa, D. Takeda, T. Wakutsu, T. Tandai, A. Yamaga, Y. Miyamoto,
and H. Tsurumi (Toshiba Corp.)
[4]Implementation of Radio Security Module in Globally Roaming SDR Terminals by Chih Fung
LAM, Tien Dzung DOAN, Kei SAKAGUCHI, Jun-ichi TAKADA, Kiyomichi ARAKI (Tokyo Inst. Tech.) [5] Conformity of Technical Standards for SDR -The Examination Outline in TELEC- by K. Oda i TELECj
[6] A Study on Fault Detecting of FPGA Using Error Correcting Codes for Software Defined Radio Systems by M. Taniguchi, K. Okuike, K. Umebayashi, H. Ochiai, and R. Kohno (Yokohama National
University)
[7] Influence of Jitter of Sampling Clock on the Performance of a Wideband Software-Defined Radio Base Station, by K. Suzuki, H. Okada, T. Yamazato and M. Katayama (Nagoya University) [8] Application to the satellite Communication equipment of Software Defined Radio, by H. Katagiri
(NEC TOSHIBA Space Systems), O. Takeda (NEC TOSHIBA Space Systems), S. Senba (NEC TOSHIBA Space Systems), Y. Hisada, M. Tsuji (National Space Systems), T. Sezai (National Space Systems), and Y. Suzuki (Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology) [9] An Implementation of Digital Pre-distortion Linearizer for Software Defined Radio, by H. Wang, K. Kosaka, K. Sakaguchi and K. Araki (Tokyo Inst. Tech.)
[10] A Study on Blind Adaptive Modulation Scheme for Rain Attenuation by using Multimode PLL,
by K. Umebayashi (Yokohama National University), R. M. Zaragoza (San Jose State University) and R. Kohno (Yokohama National University)
[11]The software radio technology and the subject towards deregulation of a wireless mobile network Properties, Confidential Ryuji Kohno'sbusiness free competition time by T. Maeda i Ritsumeikan University) Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
184
21. IEICE Workshop on Software Radio in May. 31, 2004

Toshiba Research Center, Yokohama [1] Experiment of Analog-Digital Signal Processing For Multi-Channel Reception, by A. M. BOSTAMAN, Y. SANADA (Keio Univ.) [2] Gain/Phase Imbalance Correction Technique for Wideband Quadrature Demodulators using Digital Signal Processing, by M. MATSUI, T. NAKAGAWA, K. KOBAYASHI and K. ARAKI (NTT) [3] FPGA Based Rapid Prototyping of MIMO 4~ 4 Spatial Multiplexing System, by M. CUI, H. MURATA and K. ARAKI (Tokyo Institute of Technology) [4] Development of a Software Defined Radio Oriented MIMO Signal Processing Hardware, by K. MIZUTANI, K. SAKAGUCHI, H. WANG, A. YAMAOKA, J. TAKADA, K. ARAKI (Tokyo Institute of Technology), S. MANABE (Koden Electronics Co., Ltd.) [5] Multi-Service Simultaneous Reception with Diversity Technique by Sharing Branches, by N. SUZUKI, K. ITO, T. SHIBATA and N. ITOH (Toyota Central R&D labs. Inc.,) [6] A Study on Communication Quality Estimating Method between Heterogeneous Communication Systems, by T. SAKAMOTO, K. ABE (Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.), T. Matsuoka, K. UMEBAYASHI (Univ. of Oulu), M. TANIGUCHI and R. KOHNO (Yokohama National Univ.) [7] On Wireless Resource Allocation in Networks Using Software Defined Radio, by M. Taniguchi, R. Kohno (Yokohama National Univ.), K. UMEBAYASHI (Univ. of Oulu), T. SAKAMOTO, K. ABE and T. MATSUOKA (Matsushita Electric Ind Co., Ltd.) [8] The Outline of Core Framework and Waveform Application of SCA (Software 185 Communication Architecture) v2.2, by S. NAKAMURA, T. FUJII and Y. KANAHASHI Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
Synchronization bg MUX/ MODEM DEMUX bncdb Filtering IF RXlg `ms Beam + UD Tlg ` f b Control
Freq. Conversion Amp. qeF Filtering QDSTfg
hrcm Pre/Post ` / c C c / ` Interface cro qe/he Interface Processor Conversion iBSj Voice,Data c/`FPOCPOSlg Interface uld Bus `/cFPQCTQlg iPS j llh bot PUOOlhor~SC@QOOlg Call Control botFROOlgC@USla@l gccFQfa
Fig.3 Configuration of NTTs prototype SDR station.

11. MPHPT/FCC/IEICE/SDR-Forum Joint SDR Workshop for Regulation

1. Date: October 17, 2001 2. Place: Conference
Hall, Ministry of Public management, Home affairs, Posts and Telecommunications (MPHPT), Tokyo 3. Organizers: IEICE SR-TG,TELEC, MPHPT, SDR Forum, ITU Japan
4. Program 13:00-13:10 Opening remarks: Ryuji Kohno (Chairman of IEICE SR-TG) 13:10-13:40 Invited speech 1 New FCC Software Defined Radio Policy Speaker: Mike Marcus (FCC, USA) 13:40-14:10 Invited speech 2 System Aspects of SDR Regulation Speaker: Stephen Blust (SDR Forum, USA) 14:10-14:45 Invited speech 3 Activity on the technical regulation conformity certification of software radio - Japan - Speaker: Kiyoshi Sekiguchi (MPHPT) and Koichi Sazanami (TELEC) 14:45-15:00 Coffee Break 15:00-16:30 Panel Session (Simultaneous interpretation available) Subjects
and its solutions for the technical regulation conformity certification of software radio
Moderator: Ryuji Kohno (Chairman of IEICE SR-TG) Panelists: Mike Marcus (FCC), Stephen Blust (SDR Forum), Koichi Sazanami (TELEC), Mark Cummings (enVia), Mike Chartier (Intel), Hiroshi Harada (CRL), Kazuhiro 187 Uehara (NTT), Masaaki Katayama (Nagoya Univ.), Junichi Takada (Tokyo Inst. of Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005 Tech.), Shinichiro Haruyama (SONY CSL), Hiroshi Tsurumi (Toshiba)
URSI-GA 2002 , Maastricht, August 19, 2002 Commission C Signals and Systems Session C.1: Software Reconfigurable Radio Systems(I)
Chair: Ryuji
Kohno (Yokohama National University, Japan)
E8:30-8:50 C.1.1 Security Issues of Downloading for Software Re-Configurable Radio Systems Versus Usual Internet Downloading (invited paper) Miodrag Mihaljevic(SONY CSL) and Ryuji Kohno(Yokohama National University) E8:50-9:10 C.1.2 Software Defined Radio; Current State/Future Directions of The Technology and the Need for International Coordination on Regulation (invited paper), Mark Cummings (EnVia, USA) E9:10-9:30 C.1.3 Scalable Architecture for Computationally Intensive Software Radio Systems (invited paper) Stephen Pearce and David Murotake (Mercury Computer Systems,USA) E9:30-10:00 Break E10:00-10:20 C.1.4 A Solution for Regulatory Issues with SDR (invited paper) Nigel Jefferies, Walter Tuttlebee, and Klaus Moessner (Vodafone, VCE, UK) E10:20-10:40 C.1.5 Channel Diversity in Mobile Software Radio Receivers: Harald Schnepp, Johann-Friedrich Luy, Peter Russer (DaimerChrysler, TU 188 Ryuji Kohno's Properties, 188 Muenchen,Properties, Confidential Germany) Confidential Ryuji Kohno's Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
Research Trend in 2nd Stage

After 2001 (from Activities of IEICE SR-TG)
Developed key technologies

Software Processing (adaptive) Antenna and Space-Time Processing Broadband and multipurpose analog-to-digital converter Software Reconfigurable LOGIC Direct Converters for low power consumption and high reconfigurability RF Analog Processing and LOGIC Security for hardware and software
Solutions for problems when we introduce software radio

Security for software download
Problems when certification bodies give license for software radio equipments: New Type Approval Scheme
Electrical labeling
New applications Development of prototype

Technical certification framework -Present-
The hardware and software for the radio are integral and inseparable --- Hardware Defined Radio (HDR)
Certification Agency
Performs the test for technical conformity issues and controls the certificate
Terminal Manufacturer Radio Equipment
Users User Terminal
Application and certification for technical regulation conformity
Sales and purchase
Technical certification framework -Near Future-
The hardware and software for the radio are not integral and separable. Software manufacturer and hardware manufacturer belong to a common company or a common alliance.
Terminal Manufacturer
Radio Equipment Software Hardware
Users User Terminal
Sales and purchase
Technical certification framework -FutureHardware Flow

Software Manufacturer
Radio Equipment Software
Users
User Terminal
Sales and purchase
Software Hardware
Hardware Manufacturer
Radio Equipment
Software Flow
Hardware
Certified hardware and software are integrated at the user
Configuration of the SDR Terminal

Connecters EEP ROM Lch CLK RF cnt. AD AD DA DA RF boards DA DA AD AD RF cnt. CLK
Main CPU
FPGA
FPGA
Sub CPU
FPGA
FPGA
Rch Connecters CPU boards Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential
193 FPGA boards Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
Security problems for SDR

1. Secure Download: What is a secure way to download and reconfigure a software to a SDR terminal? 2. Secure Operation: Is there a way to prevent hacking operation in a SDR terminal? 3. Secure Certification: How can we approve a type of SDR terminals (type-approval) by radio regulation?
Overview Demands for Software Defined Radio (SDR) or Reconfigurable Radio and Network Researching Bodies for SDR in Japan Trend of R&D for SDR in Japan Anticipation for Future SDR
NICTs New Generation Mobile (NeGeMo) Network Project Seamless access to the public and private networks (ex. Internet) through heterogeneous radio access networks (RANs) Secure service (application) handover between public and private networks
Wireless LAN network Intelligent Transport Systems(ITS) network Multimode terminal Broadcasting network
Cellular phone network

Home network
196
When software radio is applied to new generation mobile communication systems

Internet L2Sw / L3Sw / Mobile IP
2G
BS SDR Terminal WLAN AP AP .11a .11b/g
AP
3G
BS
System handover mode
System handover mode
Multiple service mode
197
To realize NeGeMo (Beyond 3G)

System selection ( System handover) mode
Soft handover mode between different systems Hard handover mode between different systems
System multiplexing mode

Multiplexing between different systems Multiplexing between same systems
System avoidance mode
Software Reconfigurable Radio and Network

1. Broadband & Multi-band for Multi-mode Service 2. Re-configurability of Hardware with Software 3. Secure Downloadability 4. Adaptive Sensing Radio Environment
198
Beyond 3G Hotspot System Based on Software Reconfigurable Radio and Network

Edge router
Internet
Core Network
Segment Network (Star type)
Sub-Segment Network (ROF type)
Control AP Local AP
Switch
To other network
Segment Network (Bus type) SDR-based Access point (AP)
SDR-based terminal
High mobility
Targeting UWB Systems (Data rate vs Mobility speed)

Mobility
4GGSM Cellular PDC PHS IMT-2000 (3G-cellular)
Pedestrian Nomadic
Bluetooth
UWB Systems
5.2GHz-Wireless Access
WPAN, RADAR, Sensornetwork
Indoor
etc
2M 10M 50Mbps 100Mbps
Data Speed
200
Rx Pulse Shapes
1 Time Domain view of Single Gaussian Monocycle
10
0
Rx Spetral Shapes
Spectrum of Single aussian Monocycle ulse G P
0.5
] B d [ y t i s n e D r e w o P
p m A 0
e d u t i l
05 - . -05 .
04 - .
-03 .
02 - .
-01.
0 Time ns] [
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
10
-1
5 Frequency ]HG[z
10
Used Cases and Interference to Existing Systems

> Proposed used cases
The main specifications of proposed used cases in the compatibility model are as follows: Indoor usage (wall attenuation: 12 dB) Users density: 3,000 devices per km2 Active ratio: averaging 1% 5% on per time basis Operation on board an aircraft, a ship or a satellite is prohibited
> Interference with coexisting radio systems

The proposed compatibility model was subject to interference calculation under the following conditions to assess interference by a single UWB device with other radio communication systems (test details shown separately). FCC transmission power mask: -41.3 dBm/MHz at 3.1 10.6 GHz Free space propagation Wall attenuation: 12 dB (assuming indoor use;
outdoor use: four times greater separate)
Average power and peak power evaluation

202
Working Group 1 (WG 1) UWB characteristics Chairman: William Gamble (USA) Mandate: To collect and document key technical and operational characteristics of UWB; Working Group 2 (WG 2) - UWB compatibility Chairman: Yves Ollivier (France). Mandate: To address compatibility issues Deliverables: 1 One or more ITU-R Recommendation(s) on compatibility between UWB devices and Radiocommunication services. 2 ITU-R Report summarizing the results of technical studies on compatibility between UWB devices and Radiocommunication services.
Working Group 3 (WG 3) - UWB spectrum management framework Chairman: Christoph Wste (Germany). Mandate: to prepare a spectrum management framework intended as guidance to administrations considering the introduction of UWB devices. Working Group 4 (WG4) - UWB measurement techniques Chairman: Tetsuya Yasui ( NiCT, Japan) Mandate: To develop appropriate measurement techniques for UWB emissions Deliverables: Develop one or more ITU-R Recommendation providing guidance to administrations how to measure emissions from devices using UWB technology.
ITU-R TG1/8: Summery of 1st meeting

Date and place: Geneva from 21-24 January 2003 Attendees:@ 85 delegates representing 17 Administrations, 18 Sector Members including NiCT, Input documents:@ 44 input documents Output (Temporary) documents:@ 23 temporary documents
ITU-R TG1/8: Summery of 2nd meeting

Date and place:@ Geneva from 27-31 October 2003 Attendees:@ 118 delegates representing: 26 Administrations 18 Sector Members including NiCT Input documents: 57 input documents Output (Temporary) documents: 37 temporary documents
205
Traditional UWBi Impulse Radio, Carrier-free)

1. Modulation Carrier Free Using a train of impulsive signals (1) PPM(Pulse Position Modulation) (2) Bi-phase Modulation
DS(Direct Sequence)CTH(Time Hopping)
(3) PAM(Pulse Amplitude Modulation) (4) PSM(Pulse Shape Modulation) using orthogonal pulses 2. Multiple Access (1) TH/CDMA
Japanese Regulatory Schedule on Commercial UWB Systems

May, 2002: NICT(CRL) established UWB technology Institute. August 2002: MMAC established UWB committee for commercial UWB WPAN and home-link. Sept. 2002: NICT(CRL) established UWB Consortium. Nov. 2002: MPHPT organized UWB regulatory committee. March, May, July, Sept.,Nov. 2003, Jan., March, May and July 2004: NICT(CRLj and UWB consortium proposed a SoftSpectrum Adaptation(SSA) scheme for IEEE 802.15 TG3a. Feb., 2004: MPHPT released an interim report of UWB Radio regulation. 3rd Q, 2004: MPHPT will partially approve a commercial UWB regulation.
2.4 Implementation realization of SSA-UWB transceiver CMOS-MMIC

Press Release by NiCT (CRL):
Tokyo, Japan, March 15, 2004 NICT ( former CRL) today announced
an achievement for having developed a worlds first Ultra Wideband (UWB) transceiver modules using 0.18-micron CMOS-MMIC (3mm2) technology, realizing maximum data rate of 320 Mbps jointly with a number of industry members in UWB Consortium. These UWB transceiver modules can be applied to Soft-Spectrum Adaptation (SSA), not only for impulse radio transfer but also for multi-band OFDM transfer etc. It will be used for high data rate transmission evaluation, interference avoidance and UWB regulation establishment. Detailed information are expected to be published at the Joint UWBST&IWUWBS 2004, Kyoto, in May 2004.
Remained Research Issues for Software Reconfigurable Radio

1. Reconfigurable Hardware Architecture: Mass Production of Reconfigurable LOGICs 2. API among Several Modules: Description Language, Range of Standardization 3. Inter-operable OS: Multiple Processors & CORBA 4. Various Network Architectures: System Handover 5. Secure Protocol of Download Services 6. End-to-end Reconfigurabilty via Various Networks
\tgEFAZLeB
1. Secure Download: What is a secure way to download and reconfigure a software to a SDR terminal? 2. Secure Operation: Is there a way to prevent hacking operation in a SDR terminal? 3. Secure Certification: How can we change radio regulation based on type-approval so as to match with SDR commercial products?
SDR versus Internet Download

1.Security needs
integrity authenticity secrecy non-repudiation SDR yes yes yes yes SDR yes yes mandatory Internet yes yes yes yes Internet yes yes not mandatory
2.Parties involved
User Provider Approval authority
SDR versus Internet Download

3.Requested cryptographic primitives Secret-key ciphers Public-key ciphers Hash functions Digital signature 4.Dedicated requirements
SDR Internet usually not required usually not required
SDR yes yes yes yes
Internet yes yes yes yes
User inaccessibility to the security System Approval label

mandatory mandatory
212
UWBZT[lbg[N (IEEE802.15.4a) v
QoS : \@M \@ m[h ( j \@ }em E d MAC PHYA[d Np\ E ` RF ^ O p\ E reB i Mandatoryj
E Location-awarenessi Mandatoryj 10cmxxZp E rbg[g Individual link bit rate: peer to peer 1kbps @ PHY _SAP Aggregated bit rate:data collector 1Mbps @ PHY_ SAPf[\ ^ i}Aem[h XVj E 0-30mi 100mv ALNm[ h A data collector f[^[g-Kv j E PHYv
Regulation 213 alt-PHY e E n K Colloquium, Institute EUROCOM, France, June 23, 2005
rL^ X
UWBC[W
UWB[ g
I/Fui
YRCj
UWBm[h dAh zbNlbg[N i YRCj
T-Engine UC@iYRP rL^X l b g [ N F j UWB UNITVXe
SVXeg {
YRP rL^Xlbg[NNICT {Z^[SJ-
Ka@AwACxgAW[{ AhzbN UWBlbgNAvPV[ [

ITU-R TG1/8: T NICT : 2005N5 18-27ATfBGS

NICT iS :WUj
@@{FM@\ WG1AFQ @@@WGQgpFQ @ WGSAFP NICT UWBR\VA @@

(1) (2) (3) (4)
PQQiSPSUj WG1ijF Emission`A@ N X } X } (B CEPT, FCCNLj WG2ipjFpA{yZp FB WG3it[[NjFB WG4i@jF{TpB
X NICTvAyNg
ITU-R TG1/8 \ UiIj X X :2005N10 13-19CAWl[u Fe SG1:10 24-25 UWBdg@wB

215
DS-UWB Modulation/Demodulation
Modulation.
Gaussian Gaussian Filter Filter LO LO Fc~4GHz Fc~4GHz
Demodulation.
LPF LPF LO LO Fc~4GHz Fc~4GHz

ADC ADC
Chirp/De-chirp Processing
Chirp can be done by passing a pulse signal through a DDL.
Amplitude Frequency
Amplitude
Time
Time
Time
Pulse signal
Frequency
De-chirp is realized by doing correlated processing.

T Correlator output
Correlated processing B: 3-dB bandwidth of chirp T: time interval of chirp Ryuji Kohno's Properties,
Time shift[s] 217 217
Why CS-UWB is needed?

100 100
Cross-correlation coefficient
9090 80
80
DS-UWB CS-UWB
7070 6060 5050 4040 3030 2020 1010 0-0.4 0

-0.4 -0.3
-0.3
-0.2
-0.2
Cross-correlation coefficient -0.1 0 0.1
-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
218 218
0.4
Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Normalized time difference Ryuji Kohno's Properties, Confidential
On-Board Automatic Certificating System (ACS) for SDR

EType-Approval function in Licence-Certificate-Body can be carried out with On-Board, On-Chip, OnLine, and Real-time. Each reconfigurable module in SDR architecture can be approved on board or on chip. ACS consists of tamper resistant hybrid hardware and software.
Concept of on-board ACS
Radio Resource Management in Network Using

SDR Basestation and Terminals
one SDR Basestation (BS) Several Terminals
SDR and conventional terminals are mixed
BS (SDR) TerminalN Scheme s2
Terminal1 Scheme s1 Terminal2 SDR
Downlink
Terminaln Scheme sx
G = (S , M ) S = {s1 , s2 ,L , s x | x N }
M = {m1 , m2 , L, m y | y N !}
G : Network S : Set of schemes in G M : Set of combinations among elements of S

220
mi = (Scheme of terminal1, Scheme of terminal2, EEE Scheme of terminalN) ,

UWB Technology Institute in NICT(CRL)

>@ Aim
1. Promote R&D of UWB Commercial Systems and Its Related Technologies 2. Transfer the Technologies to Industry by Cooperation with Industry and Academia 3. Modify Radio Regulation and Establish Guidelines and Standard
>@ Date: May 1, 2002 >@ Place:

NICT(former CRL:Communication Research Laboratory) in YRP (Yokosuka Research Park)
>@ Director:
Ryuji Kohno
222
Motivation for UWB research in NICT

Focus has turned to wireless communications capable of providing broadband communication environment any time anywhere. Above all, UWB is attracting attention for ubiquitous wireless system. Therefore, NICT established UWB Technology Institute (Director: Prof. Ryuji KOHNO) in Yokosuka Radio Communications Research Center in May, 2002.
NICT: National institute of Information and Communications Technology Duty: Fundamental or public R&D regarding information technology, communication technology and radio technology Budget: Funded mainly by Japanese government
Study items for UWB technology

NICT has a lot of study items for UWB. For instance as follows; A) Optimization of communication method and protocol with regard to communication and ranging B) Implementation of circuit and device to generate shaped pulse with SSA (soft spectrum adaptation), and UWB antenna C) Propagation characteristics and measurement for UWB signal in wide frequency bandwidth and lower power D) Interference with wireless systems sharing the same frequency band
NICT UWB Project

NICT-UWB project A) This project is advanced by the collaboration with related study groups in NICT in the leadership of UWB Technology Group. B) Several researchers in NICT as well as excellent researchers in the field of UWB study participate in this project. C) Collaboration with academia, industry and international forum is promoted positively.

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