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    Lecture 11, Ch. 25

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    S. Spencer

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    Lecture 11, Ch. 25

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    S. Spencer
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    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    20 views11 pages

    Lecture 11, Ch. 25

    Uploaded by

    S. Spencer

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 11

    Lecture #11 Date _______

    • Chapter 25 ~
    Phylogeny &
    Systematics
    Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of a species
    • Systematics:
    the study of biological
    diversity in an
    evolutionary context
    • The fossil record:
    the ordered array of
    fossils, within layers, or
    strata, of sedimentary rock
    • Paleontologists
    The fossil record

    • Sedimentary rock: rock formed


    from sand and mud that once settled
    on the bottom of seas, lakes, and
    marshes

    • Dating:
    • 1- Relative~ geologic time scale;
    sequence of species
    • 2- Absolute~ radiometric dating;
    age using half-lives of radioactive
    isotopes
    The Geological Time Scale

    QuickTimeª and a
    Cinepak decompressor
    are needed to see this picture.
    Biogeography: the study of the past and
    present distribution of species
    • Pangaea-250 mya
    √ Permian extinction

    • Geographic isolation-180 mya


    √ African/South American
    reptile fossil similarities
    √ Australian marsupials
    Mass extinction
    • Permian
    (250 million years
    ago): 90% of marine
    animals; Pangea
    merge
    • Cretaceous
    (65 million years ago):
    death of dinosaurs,
    50% of marine
    species; low angle
    comet
    Phylogenetics
    • The tracing of evolutionary
    relationships
    (phylogenetic tree)
    • Linnaeus
    • Binomial
    • Genus, specific epithet
    • Homo sapiens
    • Taxon (taxa)
    Phylogenetic Trees
    • Cladistic Analysis:
    Analysis taxonomic approach
    that classifies organisms according to the
    order in time at which branches arise
    along a phylogenetic tree (cladogram)
    • Clade: each evolutionary branch in a
    cladogram
    • Types:
    • 1- Monophyletic single ancestor that
    gives rise to all species in that taxon and
    to no species in any other taxon;
    legitimate cladogram
    • 2- Polyphyletic members of a taxa are
    derived from 2 or more ancestral forms
    not common to all members; does not
    meet cladistic criterion
    • 3- Paraphyletic lacks the common
    ancestor that would unite the species;
    does not meet cladistic criterion
    Constructing a Cladogram
    • Sorting homology vs. analogy...
    • Homology:
    likenesses attributed to common
    ancestry
    • Analogy:
    likenesses attributed to similar
    ecological roles and natural selection
    • Convergent evolution: species
    from different evolutionary branches
    that resemble one another due to
    similar ecological roles
    A Cladogram

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