Contents

Preface Contributors Notations Acronyms 1 Scope 1.1 Aim of the Model Code 1.2 Format 1.3 Levels of approximation 1.4 Structure of the Model Code 2 Terminology 2.1 Definitions 2.2 References 3 Basic principles 3.1 General 3.1.1 Levels of performance 3.1.2 Levels-of-Approximation approach 3.2 Performance-based design and assessment 3.2.1 General approach 3.2.2 Basis for verification 3.3 Performance requirements for serviceability, structural safety, service life and reliability 3.3.1 Performance criteria for serviceability and structural safety
3.3.1.1 Serviceability limit states 3.3.1.2 Ultimate limit states 3.3.1.3 Robustness

iii iv xx xxxvi 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 24 25 25 25 26 28 28 28 30 31 32 34 36 37 37 38 39 39 44 45 45 46 48 49 49 50 50 51 53 54 54 55

3.3.2 Service life

3.3.2.1 Specified service life and residual service life 3.3.2.2 Verification of service life

3.3.3 Reliability
3.3.3.1 Target reliability level 3.3.3.2 Component reliability and system reliability

3.4 Performance requirements for sustainability 3.4.1 General 3.4.2 Performance requirements for environmental impacts 3.4.3 Performance requirements for impacts on society 3.5 Life Cycle Management 3.5.1 General 3.5.2 Quality Management
3.5.2.1 General 3.5.2.2 Project Quality Plan 3.5.2.3 Life Cycle File

3.5.3 Quality Management in Design

3.5.3.1 Objectives 3.5.3.2 Design File

fib Bulletin 65: Model Code 2010, Final draft Volume 1

xiii

3.5.3.3 3.5.3.4 3.5.3.5 3.5.3.6 3.5.3.7 3.5.3.8

Briefing Phase Scouting Phase Basis of Design Phase Project Specification Phase Final design phase Detailed design phase

3.5.4 Quality Management in Construction

3.5.4.1 Objectives 3.5.4.2 As-Built Documentation: Birth Certificate Document

3.5.5 Quality Management in Conservation

3.5.5.1 Objectives 3.5.5.2 Service-Life File

3.5.6 Quality Management in Dismantlement

3.5.6.1 Objectives 3.5.6.2 Dismantlement Document

56 57 58 61 64 65 66 66 67 67 67 68 69 69 69 70 70 71 72 72 72 74 74 75 76 76 76 77 78 81 92 92 93 102 104 104 106 106 107 107 108 109 109 110 112

4 4.1 4.2 4.3

Principles of structural design Design situations Design strategies Design methods 4.3.1 Limit state design principles 4.3.2 Safety formats 4.4 Probabilistic safety format 4.4.1 General 4.4.2 Basic rules for probabilistic approach 4.5 Partial factor format 4.5.1 General
4.5.1.1 4.5.1.2 4.5.1.3 4.5.1.4 4.5.2.1 4.5.2.2 4.5.2.3 4.5.2.4 4.5.2.5 Basic variables Design condition Design values of basic variables Representative values of basic variables General Ultimate limit states Fatigue verification Verification of structures subjected to impact and explosion Serviceability limit states

4.5.2 Basic rules for partial factor approach

4.6 Global resistance format 4.6.1 General 4.6.2 Basic rules for global resistance approach
4.6.2.1 Representative variables 4.6.2.2 Design condition

4.7 Deemed-to-satisfy approach 4.7.1 General 4.7.2 Durability related exposure categories 4.8 Design by avoidance

xiv

fib Bulletin 65: Model Code 2010, Final draft Volume 1

5 Materials 5.1 Concrete 5.1.1 General and range of applicability 5.1.2 Classification by strength 5.1.3 Classification by density 5.1.4 Compressive strength 5.1.5 Tensile strength and fracture properties
5.1.5.1 Tensile strength 5.1.5.2 Fracture energy

5.1.6 Strength under multiaxial states of stress 5.1.7 Modulus of elasticity and Poissons ratio
5.1.7.1 Range of application 5.1.7.2 Modulus of elasticity 5.1.7.3 Poissons ratio

5.1.8 Stress-strain relations for short-term loading

5.1.8.1 5.1.8.2 5.1.8.3 5.1.8.4 5.1.9.1 5.1.9.2 5.1.9.3 5.1.9.4 Compression Tension Multiaxial states of stress Shear friction behaviour in cracks Development of strength with time Strength under sustained loads Development of modulus of elasticity with time Creep and shrinkage Range of application Maturity Thermal expansion Compressive strength Tensile strength and fracture properties Modulus of elasticity Creep and shrinkage Effect of high temperatures Low temperature (cryogenic temperature)

5.1.9 Time effects

5.1.10 Temperature effects

5.1.10.1 5.1.10.2 5.1.10.3 5.1.10.4 5.1.10.5 5.1.10.6 5.1.10.7 5.1.10.8 5.1.10.9

5.1.11 Properties related to non-static loading

5.1.11.1 Fatigue 5.1.11.2 Stress and strain rate effects impact

5.1.12 Transport of liquids and gases in hardened concrete

5.1.12.1 Permeation 5.1.12.2 Diffusion 5.1.12.3 Capillary suction

5.1.13 Properties related to durability

5.1.13.1 5.1.13.2 5.1.13.3 5.1.13.4 5.1.13.5 5.1.13.6 5.1.13.7 General Carbonation progress Ingress of chlorides Freeze-thaw and freeze-thaw de-icing agent degradation Alkali-aggregate reaction Degradation by acids Leaching progress

113 113 113 114 115 116 118 118 120 121 124 124 124 127 127 127 129 130 134 135 135 137 138 139 148 148 149 149 150 150 152 152 155 156 156 156 160 162 163 165 170 171 171 171 172 173 174 175 176

fib Bulletin 65: Model Code 2010, Final draft Volume 1

xv

5.2 Reinforcing steel 5.2.1 General 5.2.2 Quality control 5.2.3 Designation 5.2.4 Geometrical properties
5.2.4.1 Size 5.2.4.2 Surface characteristics

5.2.5 Mechanical properties

5.2.5.1 5.2.5.2 5.2.5.3 5.2.5.4 5.2.5.5 5.2.5.6 5.2.5.7 5.2.5.8 5.2.6.1 5.2.6.2 5.2.6.3 5.2.6.4 Tensile properties Steel grades Stress-strain diagram Ductility Shear of welded joints in welded fabric Fatigue behaviour Behaviour under extreme thermal conditions Effect of strain rate Bendability Weldability Coefficient of thermal expansion Provisions for quality control

5.2.6 Technological properties

5.2.7 Special types of steels 5.2.8 Assumptions used for design 5.3 Prestressing steel 5.3.1 General 5.3.2 Quality control 5.3.3 Designation 5.3.4 Geometrical properties 5.3.5 Mechanical properties
5.3.5.1 5.3.5.2 5.3.5.3 5.3.5.4 5.3.5.5 5.3.5.6 Tensile properties Stress-strain diagram Fatigue behaviour Behaviour under extreme thermal conditions Effect of strain rate Bond characteristics

5.3.6 Technological properties

5.3.6.1 Isothermal stress relaxation 5.3.6.2 Deflected tensile behaviour (only for strands with nominal diameter " 12.5 mm) 5.3.6.3 Stress corrosion resistance 5.3.6.4 Coefficient of thermal expansion 5.3.6.5 Residual stresses

177 177 178 178 178 178 179 180 180 181 181 182 183 184 184 184 184 184 185 185 185 185 186 188 188 189 189 190 191 191 191 192 193 195 195 195 195 197 197 197 197 198 198 198 198 200

5.3.7 Special types of prestressing steel

5.3.7.1 Metallic coating 5.3.7.2 Organic coating 5.3.7.3 Exterior sheathing with a filling product

5.3.8 Assumptions used for design

xvi

fib Bulletin 65: Model Code 2010, Final draft Volume 1

5.4 Prestressing systems 5.4.1 General 5.4.2 Post-tensioning system components and materials
5.4.2.1 5.4.2.2 5.4.2.3 5.4.2.4 5.4.3.1 5.4.3.2 5.4.3.3 5.4.3.4 5.4.3.5 Anchorages and coupling devices Ducts Filling materials Quality control Temporary corrosion protection Permanent corrosion protection Permanent corrosion protection of prestressing steel Permanent protection of FRP materials Fire protection

5.4.3 Protection of tendons

5.4.4 Stresses at tensioning, time of tensioning

5.4.4.1 Time of tensioning 5.4.4.2 Tendons made from prestressing steel 5.4.4.3 Tendons made from FRP materials

5.4.5 Initial prestress

5.4.5.1 General 5.4.5.2 Losses occurring in pretensioning beds 5.4.5.3 Immediate losses occurring during stressing

5.4.6 Value of prestressing force during design life (time t > 0)

5.4.6.1 Calculation of time-dependent losses made of prestressing steel 5.4.6.2 Calculation of time-dependent losses made of FRP

5.4.7 Design values of forces in prestressing

5.4.7.1 General 5.4.7.2 Design values for SLS and fatigue verifications 5.4.7.3 Design values for ULS verifications

5.4.8 Design values of tendon elongations 5.4.9 Detailing rules for prestressing tendons
5.4.9.1 Pretensioning tendons 5.4.9.2 Post-tensioning tendons

5.5 Non-metallic reinforcement 5.5.1 General 5.5.2 Quality control 5.5.3 Designation 5.5.4 Geometrical properties
5.5.4.1 Configuration 5.5.4.2 Size 5.5.4.3 Surface characteristics

5.5.5 Mechanical properties

5.5.5.1 5.5.5.2 5.5.5.3 5.5.5.4 5.5.5.5 5.5.5.6 5.5.5.7 Tensile strength and ultimate strain Type Stress-strain diagram and modulus of elasticity Compressive and shear strength Fatigue behaviour Creep behaviour Relaxation

201 201 202 202 204 206 207 207 207 207 208 208 209 209 209 209 210 210 210 210 210 216 216 222 222 222 222 223 223 223 223 224 225 225 227 227 227 227 227 228 228 228 228 228 229 229 230 230

fib Bulletin 65: Model Code 2010, Final draft Volume 1

xvii

5.5.5.8 Behaviour under elevated temperature and under extreme thermal conditions

5.5.6 Technological properties

5.5.6.1 5.5.6.2 5.5.6.3 5.5.6.4 Bond characteristics Bendability Coefficient of thermal expansion Durability

5.6 Fibres/Fibre Reinforced Concrete 5.6.1 Introduction 5.6.2 Material properties

5.6.2.1 Behaviour in compression 5.6.2.2 Behaviour in tension

5.6.3 Classification 5.6.4 Constitutive laws 5.6.5 Stress-strain relationship 5.6.6 Partial safety factors 5.6.7 Orientation factor 6 Interface characteristics 6.1 Bond of embedded steel reinforcement 6.1.1 Local bond-slip relationship
6.1.1.1 Local bond stress-slip model, ribbed bars 6.1.1.2 Influence of transverse cracking 6.1.1.3 Influence of yielding, transverse stress and longitudinal cracking and cyclic loading 6.1.1.4 Influence of creep and fatigue loading 6.1.1.5 Unloading branch 6.1.1.6 Plain (non-ribbed) surface bars

231 231 231 231 231 232 234 234 235 235 236 238 239 243 246 246 247 247 247 247 251 251 255 256 256 257 257 258 259 261 263 264 265 266 267 268 268 269 269 269 270 271 271 271 271 271

6.1.2 Influence on serviceability 6.1.3 Anchorage and lapped joints of reinforcement

6.1.3.1 Minimum detailing requirements 6.1.3.2 Basic bond strength 6.1.3.3 Design bond strength 6.1.3.4 Design anchorage length 6.1.3.5 Contribution of hooks and bends 6.1.3.6 Headed reinforcement 6.1.3.7 Laps of bars in tension 6.1.3.8 Laps of bars in compression 6.1.3.9 Anchorage of bundled bars 6.1.3.10 Lapped joints of bundled bars

6.1.4 Anchorage and lapped joints of welded fabric

6.1.4.1 Design anchorage length of welded fabric 6.1.4.2 Design lap length of welded fabric in tension 6.1.4.3 Design lap length of welded fabric in compression

6.1.5 Special circumstances

6.1.5.1 6.1.5.2 6.1.5.3 6.1.5.4 Slipform construction Bentonite walling Post-installed reinforcement ECE (electrochemical extraction of chlorides)

xviii

fib Bulletin 65: Model Code 2010, Final draft Volume 1

6.1.6 Conditions of service

6.1.6.1 Cryogenic conditions 6.1.6.2 Elevated temperatures

6.1.7 Degradation
6.1.7.1 6.1.7.2 6.1.7.3 6.1.7.4 6.1.8.1 6.1.8.2 6.1.8.3 6.1.8.4 6.1.8.5 6.1.8.6 Corrosion ASR Frost Fire General Design bond strength Basic anchorage length Transmission length Design anchorage length Development length

6.1.8 Anchorage of pretensioned prestressing tendons

6.2 Bond of non-metallic reinforcement 6.2.1 Local bond stress-slip model

6.2.1.1 Local bond stress-slip model for FRP rebars 6.2.1.2 Local bond stress-slip model for externally bonded FRP

6.2.2 Bond and anchorage of internal FRP reinforcement 6.2.3 Bond and anchorage of externally bonded FRP reinforcement
6.2.3.1 6.2.3.2 6.2.3.3 6.2.3.4 6.2.3.5 6.2.3.6 Bond-critical failure modes Maximum bonded length Ultimate strength for end debonding anchorage capacity Ultimate strength for end debonding concrete rip-off Ultimate strength for intermediate debonding Interfacial stresses for the serviceability limit state

6.2.4 Mechanical anchorages for externally bonded FRP reinforcement 6.3 Concrete to concrete 6.3.1 Definitions and scope 6.3.2 Interface roughness characteristics 6.3.3 Mechanisms of shear transfer 6.3.4 Modelling and design 6.3.5 Detailing 6.4 Concrete to steel 6.4.1 Classification of interaction mechanisms 6.4.2 Bond of metal sheeting and profiles
6.4.2.1 6.4.2.2 6.4.2.3 6.4.2.4 6.4.2.5 6.4.2.6 6.4.3.1 6.4.3.2 6.4.3.3 6.4.3.4 6.4.3.5 Metal sheeting Steel profiles Interface strength Shear stress-slip relationships Influence of the type of loading Determination of properties by testing Classification of devices Strength evaluation Force-shear slip constitutive relationships Influence of the type of loading Determination of properties by testing

6.4.3 Mechanical interlock

272 272 272 272 272 274 274 275 275 275 276 276 277 278 278 279 279 280 280 281 282 283 283 284 285 286 286 286 287 287 287 289 293 297 299 299 299 300 300 301 302 302 303 303 304 304 308 310 310

fib Bulletin 65: Model Code 2010, Final draft Volume 1

xix