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    Analysis of Tension Members

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    CivilEngClub
    This lecture discusses the analysis of tension members in civil engineering structures. It covers the different types of tension members, the limit states of yielding and fracture for design, how to calculate net areas accounting for holes and shear lag, and the concept of block shear where both tension and shear stresses must be considered. The key points are: 1) Tension members must be designed for both yielding of the gross section and fracture of the net section; 2) Staggered holes and shear lag effects reduce the effective net area; and 3) Block shear strength considers both tension and shear capacities on intersecting planes.

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    Analysis of Tension Members

    Uploaded by

    CivilEngClub
    2K views19 pages
    This lecture discusses the analysis of tension members in civil engineering structures. It covers the different types of tension members, the limit states of yielding and fracture for design, how to calculate net areas accounting for holes and shear lag, and the concept of block shear where both tension and shear stresses must be considered. The key points are: 1) Tension members must be designed for both yielding of the gross section and fracture of the net section; 2) Staggered holes and shear lag effects reduce the effective net area; and 3) Block shear strength considers both tension and shear capacities on intersecting planes.

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    تحليل قوى الشد فى القطاعات Analysis of Tension Members

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    This lecture discusses the analysis of tension members in civil engineering structures. It covers the different types of tension members, the limit states of yielding and fracture for design, how to calculate net areas accounting for holes and shear lag, and the concept of block shear where both tension and shear stresses must be considered. The key points are: 1) Tension members must be designed for both yielding of the gross section and fracture of the net section; 2) Staggered holes and shear lag effects reduce the effective net area; and 3) Block shear strength considers both tension and shear capacities on intersecting planes.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2K views19 pages

    Analysis of Tension Members

    Uploaded by

    CivilEngClub
    This lecture discusses the analysis of tension members in civil engineering structures. It covers the different types of tension members, the limit states of yielding and fracture for design, how to calculate net areas accounting for holes and shear lag, and the concept of block shear where both tension and shear stresses must be considered. The key points are: 1) Tension members must be designed for both yielding of the gross section and fracture of the net section; 2) Staggered holes and shear lag effects reduce the effective net area; and 3) Block shear strength considers both tension and shear capacities on intersecting planes.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    The key takeaways are about analyzing tension members in structural engineering, including types of tension members, limit states, net areas, staggered holes, effective net area, shear lag, and block shear.

    Some common types of tension members discussed include truss diagonals, columns in uplift, bracing members, and suspension cables.

    The two key limit states considered for tension members are yielding in the gross section and fracture in the net section where holes exist.

    Engineering 138

    Design of Civil Engineering Structures


    LECTURE 5– Analysis of Tension
    Members

    EN138
    Fall 2002
    Lecture 5 Outline
    • Types of tension members
    • Limit states for design
    • Net areas
    • Staggered holes
    • Effective net area and shear lag
    • Block Shear

    EN138
    Fall 2002
    Types of Tension Members
    • Typical tension members in buildings
    • Truss diagonals
    • Columns in uplift
    • Bracing members
    • Suspension cables

    • Typical shapes used for tension members

    EN138
    Fall 2002
    Limit States for Design
    • Two key limit states
    – Yielding in the gross section
    – Fracture in the net section where holes exist

    Tension

    “gross section” “net section”


    Reduced area
    at bolt holes EN138
    Fall 2002
    Limit States for Design
    • Yielding of the “gross” section
    – Can support load after yield due to strain hardening, but
    excessive elongation would result
    – Nominal strength = Pn = FyAg
    – Ultimate strength = Pu = φtPn
    – Pu=φtFyAg with φt=0.9

    Pu

    Yield in this entire area causes excessive elongation


    EN138
    Fall 2002
    Limit States for Design
    • Fracture in the “net” section
    – May control if bolt holes are large
    – Pn=FuAe
    – Pu=φ tFuAe with φt=0.75
    – NOTE: Yielding of net section not considered since
    this area is usually short in length compared to the
    overall length
    Pu

    Fracture in reduced section


    EN138
    Fall 2002
    Net Areas
    • Gross cross section area minus any holes, notches, or other
    indentations
    • Standard Bolt holes punched 1/16” larger than actual bolt
    to allow for insertion, also assume 1/16” additional size for
    damage around hole from punching (so add 1/8” to bolt
    diameter)
    3/4” bolt (typ)
    3/8” Plate
    8” (typ)

    Net area = An = (3/8”)*(8”) – 2*(3/4” + 1/8”)*(3/8”) = 2.34 in2


    EN138
    Fall 2002
    Effect of Staggered Holes
    • Holes are often staggered to increase net area
    B E D

    C
    g
    B
    A
    A s

    Failure planes: Failure planes:


    AB ABE An = Ag – 1 hole
    ABCD An = ???

    EN138
    Fall 2002
    Effect of Staggered Holes
    • Actual area stressed is combination of tension and
    shear between holes
    • Use empirical formula to estimate net area in
    tension for staggered holes (per LRFD Section
    B2)
    E D An = Ag – (Ahole + s2/4g)

    C Add (s2/4g) for each diagonal


    g
    B line in the failure section

    A
    s
    EN138
    Fall 2002
    Effect of Staggered Holes
    • Example Determine the net area:
    ¾” bolts Ahole = (¾” + 1/8”) = 7/8”
    A

    B 2.5” ABCD = 11”-2*(7/8”) = 9.25”


    3”
    ABCEF = 11”-3*(7/8”) +
    C
    3” (32/(4*3)) = 9.125”
    E
    D F 2.5”
    ABEF = 11” –2*(7/8”) +
    3” (32/(4*6)) = 9.625”
    ½” plate
    So An = (9.125”)*(1/2”) = 4.56 in2

    EN138
    Fall 2002
    Effective Net Area
    • Entire net area may not be engaged if tensile stress
    cannot be uniformly transferred between members

    Pu
    Pu

    “shear lag” transition region,


    area is not 100% effective in
    transfer of tensile stresses EN138
    Fall 2002
    Effective Net Area
    • Use a reduction factor U to account for
    nonuniform stress distribution in shear lag region
    Ae=AU (LRFD Equation B3-1)
    A = net area or gross area
    U = reduction factor (for bolted or welded conn)
    L’
    P

    U factor effectively
    reduces the length L
    L
    of a connection to L’
    EN138
    Fall 2002
    Effective Net Area
    • For bolted members:
    U = 1- x/L < 0.9
    L’
    Pu
    x

    Centroid of beam
    Centroid of “Tee”
    Centroid of lower “Tee”
    x
    x
    EN138
    Fall 2002
    Effective Net Area
    • U factors for design
    • Permissible U Values for bolted connections
    – U=0.90 W,M,S shapes with flange widths not less than
    2/3 of the depths, T’s cut from these shapes, provided
    no fewer than three fasteners per line
    – U = 0.85 W,M,S shapes not meeting conditions above,
    but with at least three fasteners per line
    – U=0.75 All members having only two fasteners per
    line in the direction of stress

    EN138
    Fall 2002
    Block Shear
    • Tension on one plane and shear on perpendicular
    plane can cause a “block” of steel to tear out
    Shear plane

    Shaded area
    can tear out Tension plane
    in “block shear”
    Shear plane Tension plane

    EN138
    Fall 2002
    Block Shear
    • AISC Specification J5.2 for Block Shear:
    • Total Block Shear Resistance = shear resistance
    on shear-failure path + tensile resistance on
    perpendicular path
    – Use the ultimate strength in shear (or tension) on the
    net section
    – Use the yield strength in tension (or shear) on the gross
    section of the perpendicular section
    Shear plane

    Tension plane EN138


    Fall 2002
    Block Shear

    0.75 ( 0.6 Fy Agv + Fu Ant )


     Use larger
    φ Rn = 
    0.75 ( 0.6 Fu Anv + Fy Agt )
    value

    where:
    Agv = gross area in shear
    Agt = gross area in tension
    Anv = net area in shear
    Ant = net area in tension
    EN138
    Fall 2002
    Block Shear Example

    7/8” bolts ½” plates

    7”

    3” Standard holes
    1 ½” 1 ½”

    Determine the ultimate block shear strength


    of the connected plates (assume A36 steel) EN138
    Fall 2002
    Block Shear Example
    1
    2 Shear path 1-2:
    Agv = 4 12 × 12 = 2.25 in 2
    7” Anv =  4 12 − 1 12 ( 87 + 81 )  × 12 = 1.50 in 2
    1
    2 Tension path 2-2:
    Agt = 7 × 12 = 3.50 in 2

    1 ½”
    3” Ant =  7 − 2 × ( 87 + 81 )  × 12 = 3.00 in 2

    0.75 ( 0.6 × 36 × 2 × 2.25 + 58 × 3.00 ) = 203 kips


    φ Rn = 
    0.75 ( 0.6 × 58 × 2 × 1.5 + 36 × 3.50 ) = 173 kips
    Choosing the larger value, we have:
    φ Rn = 203 kips for block shear
    EN138
    Fall 2002

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