EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

UNIT-IV
UNIT V

WAVEGUIDES

Application of Maxwells equations to the rectangular waveguide, TM waves in Rectangular guide.

TE waves in Rectangular waveguide Cylindrical waveguides. The TEM wave in coaxial lines,
Excitation of wave guides. Guide termination and resonant cavities.

5.1 APPLICATION OF MAXWELLS EQUATIONS TO THE RECTANGULAR

WAVEGUIDE
A Waveguides is a uniform guiding structure which is used to transmit an electromagnetic wave
through it at microwave frequencies. A waveguide consists of a hollow metallic tube of any arbitrary but
uniform cross-section. But the most commonly used waveguides are of either rectangular or circular
cross- section. These simple structure are of either are less expensive to manufacture then other structure
and have same electrical properties compared with others. The typical waveguide structures used
commonly are as shown in the fig. This waveguides is considered of two types one is rectangular wave
guides and second one is circular waveguides.
Analysis of the waveguides means to find the configuration of the electromagnetic fields within
the guide. Such configuration of the electromagnetic fields can be determined by solving the Maxwells
equations with appropriate boundary conditions and then obtaining the expressions for these fields for
different modes of the wave propagation within the guide.

A rectangular waveguide is a hollow metal pipe with rectangular cross-section of width a and
height b as shown in the fig. according to the standard convention, the longest side of the waveguide is
considered along x-axis, with condition

a>b

Assume that four conducting boundaries of the waveguide encloses a dielectric with extends in
z-direction axially. Let be the permittivity and be the permeability of the dielectric enclosed by the

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

waveguide boundaries. Also assume that both, the conductor and the dielectric are loss-free in the ideal
guide.
Maxwells equations will be solved to determine the electromagnetic field configurations in the
rectangular region.
Maxwells equations for a non-conducting rectangular region and given as

H = j E
E = j H
H = j a x Ex + a y E y + a z Ez
E = j a x H x + a y H y + a z H z

ax

H =
x
Hx
= ax

ay

y
Hy

az

z
Hz

H y H x
H x H z
H z H y

+ ay

+ ax

x
z
z
x
x
y

Equating x, y and z components on both sides,

H z H y

= j Ex
y
z
H x H z

= j E y (1)
z
x
H y H x

= j Ez
x
y
Similarly
ax

E =
x
Ex

ay

y
Ey

az

z
Ez

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

= ax

E y Ex
Ex Ez
Ez E y

+ ay

+ ax

y
z
z
x
x
y

Equating x, y and z components on both sides

Ez E y

= j H x
y
z
Ex Ez

= j H y (2)
z
x
E y Ex

= j H z
x
y
The wave equation is given by

2 E = 2 E
2 H = 2 H
Where 2 =( +j ) (j )
For a non-conducting medium, it becomes

2 E = 2 E
2 H = 2 H

2 E 2 E 2 E
+ 2 + 2 = 2 E
2
x
y
z
2 H 2 H 2 H
+ 2 + 2 = 2 H
2
x
y
z

.....(3)

It is assumed that the propagation is in the z direction an the variation of field components in this z
direction may be expressed in the form e Z
Where is propagation constant
=+j
If =0, wave propagates without attenuation.
If is real i.e. =0, there is no wave motion but only an exponential decrease in amplitude.

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

H y = H y0 e yz

Let

H y
z

= H y0 e yz = H y

H x
= H x
z
E y = E y0 e yz

Similarly,
Let

E y

= E y
z
E x
= Ex
z

Similarly

H z
+ H y = j Ex (a)
y
H z
H x
= j E y (b)
x
H y H x

= j Ez (c)
x
y

.....(4)

Magatic field
Ez
+ E y = j H x (a )
y
E
Ex z = j H y (b)
x
E y Ex

= j H z (c)
x
y

.....(5)

2 E 2 E
+
+ 2 E = 2 E (a)
x 2 y 2
2 H 2 H
+ 2 + 2 H = 2 H (b)
x 2
y
Where

.....(6)

2 E
2 H
2

=
E
= 2H
and
2
2
x
x

Solving the equation (4) and (5), the fields H x , H y , Ex and E y can be found out.
To solve H x
Consider equation (4b) Consider equation (5a)

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

H x

H z
= j E y
x

H z
= j E y
x
j
1 H z
Hx =
Ey
(i )

H x

Consider equation (5a)

Ez
+ E y = j H x
y
j
1 Ez
(ii )
Ey =
Hx

y
Substitute equation ii to equation i

Hx =

Hx

1 Ez
1 H z

y
x

Hx =

j Ez 1 H z

Hx + 2

y x

j Ez 1 H z
2
Hx + 2 Hx = 2

y x
Hx

j Ez 1 H z
2 + 2
= 2

y x

H x ( 2 + 2 ) = j

h 2 = 2 + 2

where
Hx =

Ez
H z

y
x

H z
h

j Ez
h 2 y

To solve E y
Substitute equation i to equation ii

Ey =

Ey

1 H z
1 Ez

x
y

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

2
j H z 1 Ez
Ey = 2 Ey + 2

x y

Ey +
Ey

2
j H z 1 Ez
Ey = 2

2
x y

2 + 2
j H z 1 Ez
= 2

x y

E y ( 2 + 2 ) = j

h 2 = 2 + 2

where

Ey =

H z
E
z
x
y

Ez
2

h y

j H z
h 2 x

To solve Ex
Consider equation (4a)

H z
+ H y = j Ex
y
1 H z

Ex =
Hy +
(iii )
j
j y
Consider equation (5b)

Ez
= j H y
x
E
Ex z = j H y
x
1 Ez

Hy =
Ex +
(iv)
j
j x
Ex

Substitute equation iv to equation iii

Ex =

1 Ez
1 H z

Ex +
+
j
j x
j y

1 H z
2
Ez
Ex = 2 Ex 2
+

x j y

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

2
Ez
1 H z
Ex + 2 Ex = 2
+

x j y
1 H z
2 + 2
Ez
Ex
= 2
+
2

x j y

Ex ( 2 + 2 ) =

Ez
H z
j
x
y

h 2 = 2 + 2

where

Ex =

Ez

h x

j H z
h 2 y

To solve H y
Substitute equation iii to equation iv

1 H z
1 Ez

Hy +
+
j j
j y
j x

Hy =

2
H z
1 Ez
Hy = 2 Hy 2
+

y
j x
Hy +

2
H z
1 Ez
Hy = 2
+
2

y
j x

Hy +

2
H z
1 Ez
Hy = 2
+
2

y
j x

Hy

2 + 2
H z
1 Ez
= 2
+
2

y
j x

H y ( 2 + 2 ) =

h 2 = 2 + 2

where
Hy =

H z
E
j z
y
x

H z
h

j Ez
h 2 x

j Ez
H z j Ez
Hy = 2
2
2
h x
h y
h y
h x
j H z
j H z
E
E
and E y = 2 z + 2
Ex = 2 z 2
h x
h y
h y
h x
Hx =

H z

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

The components of electric and magnetic field strength ( H x , H y , Ex and E y ) are expressed in
terms of Ez and Hz. It is observed that there must be z components of either E or H; otherwise all the
components would be zero. Although in general case Ez and Hz may be present at the same time, it is
convenient to divide the solutions into two sets. In the first case, there is a component of E in the direction
of propagation (Ez), but no component of H in this direction. Such waves are called E or Transverse
magnetic (TM) waves. In the second case, there is a component of H in the direction of propagation
(Hz), but no component of E in this direction. Such waves are called H waves or transverse Electric
(TE) waves.

5.2 TM WAVES IN RECTANGULAR GUIDE

There is a component of E in the direction of propagation (Ez), but no component of H in this direction.
Such waves are called E or Transverse magnetic (TM) waves.

For transverse magnetic (TM) wave the magnetic field component exists only in the direction transverse
to the direction of propagation wave i.e. Z-direction. There is no component of the magnetic field that
exists along the Z-direction. H Z = 0 But EZ 0
The differential equation for the TM wave

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

2 EZ 2 E Z
+
+ 2 EZ = 2 EZ
2
2
x
y
2 EZ 2 E Z
+
+ 2 EZ + 2 EZ = 0
2
2
x
y
2 EZ 2 E Z
+
+ ( 2 + 2 ) EZ = 0
2
2
x
y
where

h 2 = 2 + 2

2 EZ 2 E Z
+
+ h 2 EZ = 0 (1)
2
2
x
y
The wave equations are partial differential equations that can be solved by the usual technique of
assuming a product, solution. This procedure leads to two ordinary differentials the solutions of which are
known. Nothing that

E Z (x, y, z) = E 0z (x, y) e- z
E 0z =XY
Where X is a function of x alone and Y is a function of y alone. In equation 1 we can write

2 X
2Y
+
X
+ h 2 XY = 0 (2)
2
2
x
y

Divide by XY in equation (2) we get

1 2 X 1 2Y
+
+ h 2 = 0 (3)
2
2
X x
Y y
As X and Y are independent variable, it is possible to equate first and second terms in equation (3) to
other constants such that their addition is equal to h 2

i.e.

Let

h 2 = A2 + B 2
1 2 X
= A2 ( a )
2
X x
1 2Y
= B 2 --------------------(b)
Y y 2

Hence equation (4a) and (4b) can be written as

----------(4)

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

2 X
+ A2 X = 0 ( a )
2
x
2Y
+ B 2 Y=0--------------------(b)
2
y

----------(5)

Equation (5a) and (5b) are ordinary second order differential equations. Their solutions can be written
directly as

X = C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx
Y = C3 cos Ay + C4 sin Ay
Where C1 , C2 , C3 and C 4 are arbitrary constants. To evaluate these arbitrary constants the boundary
condition are used

E 0z =XY
E z = ( C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx )( C3 cos Ay + C4 sin Ay ) (6)
Boundary conditions
For the rectangular waveguide, the geometry using rectangular co-ordinate system is as shown in the
above fig. We have studied that along the walls of the waveguide, none of the component of the electric
field can exit. Hence we can write boundary conditions as

Ez = 0 at x =0, for all values of y from 0 to b

Ez = 0 at x =a, for all values of y from 0 to b
Ez = 0 at y =0, for all values of x from 0 to a and
Ez = 0 at y =b, for all values of x from 0 to a
As there are four boundary conditions, the four arbitrary constants can be easily evaluated as follows
With third boundary condition substituted in equation (6) we can write

0= ( C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx ) C3
Note

that

the

term

C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx

cannot

be

zero.

Ez = 0, C3 must be zero

C3 = 0
Substituting the value of arbitrary constant C3 = 0 in equation (6) we get

Hence

to

have

component

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

E z = ( C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx )( C4 sin Ay ) (7)

Now using first boundary condition in equation (7) we get

0 = ( C1 + 0 )( C4 sin Ay )
Hence only the condition that will make Ez = 0 for all y frome 0 to b is given by

C1 = 0
Substituting the value of arbitrary constant C1 = 0 in equation (7) we get

E z =C2C4 sin Bx sin Ay

Substitute C=C2C4

E z =C sin Bx sin Ay (8)

Now using second boundary condition in equation (8) we get

0 =C sin Ba sin Ay
Now note that sin Ay can not be zero, if C gives zero that no solutions exists, hence C is not zero, thus
to Ez = 0 , the condition can be written as

sin Ba = 0
This indicates Ba must be multiple of

Ba = m
B=

where m=0,1,2,...........

m
a

Substituting the value of arbitrary constant B in equation (8) we get

E z =C sin

m
x sin Ay (9)
a

Now using fourth boundary condition in equation (9) we get

0=C sin

m
x sin Ab
a

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Since C can not zero (for the existing solution) and sin

m
x 0 for all x , the condition is given by
a

sin Ab = 0
This indicates Ab must be multiple of

Ab = n
A=

where n=0,1,2,...........

n
b

Substituting the value of arbitrary constant A in equation (9) we get

E 0Z =C sin

m
n
x sin
y (10)
a
b

The field equation of rectangular waveguides

Ex =

Ez

j H z
h 2 y

H z =0
h x
E
Ex0 = 2 z (i )
h x
2

Now different equation (10) with respect to x we get

Ez m
m
n
=
C cos
x sin
y (ii )
x
a
a
b
Substituting equation (ii) to equation (i) we get

Ex0 =

m
m
n
C cos
x sin
y (11)
a
a
b

The field equation of rectangular waveguides

Ey =

Ez

j H z
h 2 x

H z =0
y
E
E y0 = 2 z (iv)
h y
h

Now different equation (11) with respect to y we get

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Ez n
m
n
=
C sin
x cos
y (v )
y
b
a
b
Substituting equation (iv) to equation (iii) we get

E y0 =

n
m
n
C sin
x cos
y (12)
b
a
b

The field equation of rectangular waveguides

H z

Hx =

j Ez
h 2 y

H z =0
x
j Ez
H x0 = 2
(vi )
h y
Substituting equation (v) to equation (vi) we get
H x0 =

j n
m
n
C sin
x cos
y (13)
2
h
b
a
b

The field equation of rectangular waveguides

Hy =

H z
2

j Ez
h 2 x

h y
j Ez
H y0 = 2
(vii )
h x

H z =0

Substituting equation (ii) to equation (vii) we get

H y0 =

j m
m
n
C cos
x sin
y (14)
2
h
a
a
b

The TM waves in Rectangular waveguide the field equation is

E 0Z =C sin
Ex0 =
H x0 =

m
n
x sin
y
a
b
m
m
n
C cos
x sin
y
a
a
b

j n
m
n
C sin
x cos
y
2
h
b
a
b

E y0 =
and

H y0 =

n
m
n
C sin
x cos
y
b
a
b
j m
m
n
C cos
x sin
y
2
h
a
a
b

The wave equation is

E y = E y0 e z

Ex = Ex0 e z

H y = H y0 e z

H x = H x0 e z And Ez = Ez0 e z

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

E z =C sin
Ex =

m
n
x sin
y e z
a
b
m
m
n
C cos
x sin
y e z
a
a
b

j n
m
n
C sin
x cos
y e z and
2
h
b
a
b

Hx =

Ey =

Hy =

n
m
n
C sin
x cos
y e z
b
a
b
j m
m
n
C cos
x sin
y e z
2
a
a
b
h

= + j Here no wave motion means = 0

= j
These expressions show how each of the components of electric and magnetic field strengths varies with
x and y. The variation with time and along the axis of the guide, that is electric field the z direction, is
shown by putting back intro each of these expressions the factor e j z

E z =C sin
Ex =
Hx =

m
n
x sin
y e j z
a
b

j m
m
n
C cos
x sin
y e j z
2
h
a
a
b

j n
m
n
C sin
x cos
y e j z and
2
h
b
a
b

Characteristic of TM mn wave
Propagation constant

= +
=

Ey =

j n
m
n
C sin
x cos
y e j z
2
h
b
a
b

Hy =

j m
m
n
C cos
x sin
y e j z
2
a
a
b
h

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

=
=

+
+

=+

At lower freq. is <

becomes real with value of, and =0. There is only

attenuation, without any propagation.

At higher frequencies value of becomes greater than
2

For f<fc

m
a

For f>fc

m
a

For f=fc

m
a

n
+
b

n
+
b

n
+
b

> 2 = =0
< 2 = j =0
= 2 = 0

Cut off frequency:-

f=fc

making .imaginary.

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Phase constant:-

=
=

Cut-off wave length

v=

fc =

1
2

m
a

n
+
b

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

=
+

) +(

Guide wavelength:The guide wave length is defined as the distance traveled for the phase shift through 2 radius.

g =
g =

g =

2
2

v=
f f

2
c

v
f 2 f c2

Take f out side we get

g =

f
f 1 c
f

g =

fc
f

g =

v
f

f=

, fc =

1
c

Velocity of propagation:The phase velocity is defined as the rate at which wave changes its phase as the wave propagates
inside the region between parallel planes. It is denoted by ! and its given by

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Take f out side we get

!

= 2 f

v=
!

f=
!

, fc =

Group velocity
The group velocity is defined as the velocity with which the energy propagates along a guide is called
group velocity

vg =

d
d

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

=
=
=

=+
="
=

Differentiating the above expression with respect we get

Take out side we get

v=

f=
=

, fc =

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Multiply phase velocity and group velocity we get

v p vg =

f
1 c
f

f
v 1 c
f

v p vg = v 2
Wave impedance or Characteristic impedance equation of TM wave
In transmission-line theory power is propagated along one axis only, and only one impedance constant is
involved. However, in the three dimensional wave propagation power may be transmitted along three
axes of the coordinate system and consequently three impedance constants must be defined.
Characteristic impedances are defined by the following ratios of electric to magnetic field
strengths for the positive directions of the coordinates.

Z o (TM ) =

Ex =

Ex
Hy

Ez
2

h x
E
Ex = 2 z
h x
Hy =

H z
2

h y
j Ez
Hy = 2
h x

Z o (TM ) =

Z o (TM ) =

j H z
h 2 y

H z =0

j Ez
h 2 x

H z =0

Ez

h 2 x
j Ez
2
x
h

In Rectangular waveguides =j

=0

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Z 0TM =
Z 0TM =

Z 0TM =

j
j

f 2 f c2

Take f out side we get

Z 0TM =

Z 0TM =

Z 0TM =

f
1 c
f

f
1 c
f

Z 0TM

1 c
=

Z 0TM

f
= 1 c
f

= 1
c

f=

Or

Z 0TM

f
2 f 1 c
f

, fc =

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

5.3 TE WAVES IN RECTANGULAR GUIDE

There is a component of H in the direction of propagation (Hz), but no component of E in this
direction. Such waves are called H waves or transverse Electric (TE) waves.

For transverse electric (TE) wave the electric field component exists only in the direction
transverse to the direction of propagation wave i.e. Z-direction. There is no component of the electric
field that exists along the Z-direction. H Z 0 But EZ = 0
The differential equation for the TE wave

2 H Z 2 H Z
+
+ 2 H Z = 2 H Z
2
2
x
y
2 H Z 2 H Z
+
+ 2 H Z + 2 H Z = 0
2
2
x
y
2 H Z 2 H Z
+
+ ( 2 + 2 ) H Z = 0
2
2
x
y

where

h 2 = 2 + 2

2 H Z 2 H Z
+
+ h 2 H Z = 0 (1)
2
2
x
y
The wave equations are partial differential equations that can be solved by the usual technique of
assuming a product, solution. This procedure leads to two ordinary differentials the solutions of which are
known. Nothing that

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

H Z (x, y, z) = H 0z (x, y) e- z
H z0 =XY
Where X is a function of x alone and Y is a function of y alone. In equation 1 we can write

2 X
2Y
X
+
+ h 2 XY = 0 (2)
2
2
x
y

Divide by XY in equation (2) we get

1 2 X 1 2Y
+
+ h 2 = 0 (3)
2
2
X x
Y y
As X and Y are independent variable, it is possible to equate first and second terms in equation (3) to
other constants such that their addition is equal to h 2

i.e.

Let

h 2 = A2 + B 2
1 2 X
= A2 ( a )
2
X x
1 2Y
= B 2 --------------------(b)
Y y 2

----------(4)

Hence equation (4a) and (4b) can be written as

2 X
+ A2 X = 0 ( a )
2
x
2Y
+ B 2 Y=0--------------------(b)
2
y

----------(5)

Equation (5a) and (5b) are ordinary second order differential equations. Their solutions can be written
directly as

X = C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx
Y = C3 cos Ay + C4 sin Ay
Where C1 , C2 , C3 and C 4 are arbitrary constants. To evaluate these arbitrary constants the boundary
condition are used

H z0 =XY
H z0 = ( C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx )( C3 cos Ay + C4 sin Ay ) (6)

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Boundary conditions
For the rectangular waveguide, the geometry using rectangular co-ordinate system is as shown in the
above fig. We have studied that along the walls of the waveguide, none of the component of the magnetic
field can exit. In case of the TE wave the boundary conditions are slightly different than those for TM
wave. Because in TE wave, the component in the direction of propagation i.e. z-direction can not exit
(i.e. EZ = 0 ). So in case of the TE wave the boundary conditions are specified for the electric field
components Ex and E y in x and y direction respectively. Thus the boundary conditions for the TE
wave are given as

E y = 0 at x =0, for all values of y from 0 to b

E y = 0 at x =a, for all values of y from 0 to b
Ex = 0 at y =0, for all values of x from 0 to a and
Ex = 0 at y =b, for all values of x from 0 to a

As there are four boundary conditions, the four arbitrary constants can be easily evaluated as follows. As
the field component EZ can not exist, we must apply the boundary conditions with the field components

Ex and E y only. Consider the field equation of rectangular waveguides is

Ex =

Ex =

Ez
2

h x

Ez

j H z
and
h 2 y

j H z
h 2 y

Ey =

Ez
2

h y

j H z
h 2 x

Ez =0
h x
j H z
Ex = 2
(i )
h y
2

Differentiating equation (6) with respect to y we get

H z
= ( C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx )( AC3 sin Ay + AC4 cos Ay )
y
Substituting this value in equation (i) we get

Ex =

j
( C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx )( AC3 sin Ay + AC4 cos Ay ) (7)
h2

With third boundary condition substituted in equation (7) we can write

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

0=

j
( C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx )( AC4 )
h2

Note

that

the

term

C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx

cannot

be

zero.

Hence

to

Ex = 0, C3 must be zero
C4 = 0
Substituting the value of arbitrary constant C4 = 0 in equation (6) we get

H z = ( C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx )( C3 cos Ay ) (8)

Consider the field equation of rectangular waveguides is

Ey =

Ez
2

j H z
h 2 x

h y
j H z
Ey = 2
-------(ii)
h x

Ez =0

Differentiating equation (8) with respect to x we get

H z
= ( BC1 sin Bx + BC2 cos Bx )( C3 cos Ay )
x
Substituting this value in equation (ii) we get

Ey =

j
( BC1 sin Bx + BC2 cos Bx )( C3 cos Ay ) (9)
h2

With first boundary condition substituted in equation (9) we can write

0=

j
( BC2 )( C3 cos Ay )
h2

Hence only the condition that will make E y = 0 for all y frome 0 to b is given by

C2 = 0
Substituting the value of arbitrary constant C2 = 0 in equation (8) we get

H z =C1C3 cos Bx cos Ay

Substitute C=C1C3

have

component

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

H z =C cos Bx cos Ay (10)

Differentiating equation (10) with respect to x we get

H z
= BC sin Bx cos Ay
x
Substituting this value in equation (ii) we get

Ey =

j
BC sin Bx cos Ay (11)
h2

With second boundary condition substituted in equation (11) we can write

0=

j
BC sin Ba cos Ay
h2

Now note that cos Ay can not be zero, if C gives zero that no solutions exists, hence C is not zero, thus
to E y = 0 , the condition can be written as

sin Ba = 0
This indicates Ba must be multiple of

Ba = m
B=

where m=0,1,2,...........

m
a

Substituting the value of arbitrary constant B in equation (10) we get

H z =C cos

m
x cos Ay (11)
a

Differentiating equation (11) with respect to y we get

H z
m
= AC cos
x sin Ay
y
a
Substituting this value in equation (i) we get

Ex =

j
m
AC cos
x sin Ay (12)
2
h
a

Now using fourth boundary condition in equation (12) we get

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

0=

j
m
AC cos
x sin Ab
2
h
a

Since C can not zero (for the existing solution) and cos

m
x 0 for all x , the condition is given by
a

sin Ab = 0
This indicates Ab must be multiple of

Ab = n
A=

where n=0,1,2,...........

n
b

Substituting the value of arbitrary constant A in equation (12) we get

H 0Z =C cos

m
n
x cos
y
a
b

The field equation of rectangular waveguides

Ex =

Ez

j H z
h 2 y

Ez =0
h x
j H z
Ex0 = 2
(iv)
h y
2

Differentiating equation (13) with respect to y we get

H z
n
m
n
C cos
x sin
y (15)
=
b
a
b
y
Substituting the equation (15) in equation (iv) we get

Ex0 =

Hy =

j
h2

n
m
n
C cos
x sin
y (16)
b
a
b

H z

j Ez
h 2 x

Ez =0
y
H z
H y0 = 2
(v )
h y

Substituting the equation (15) in equation (v) we get

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

H y0 =

Ey =

n
m
n
C cos
x sin
y (17)
b
a
b

Ez
2

j H z
h 2 x

h y
j H z
E y0 = 2
(vi )
h x

Ez =0

Differentiating equation (13) with respect to x we get

H z
m
m
n
=
C sin
x cos
y (18)
x
a
a
b
Substituting the equation (18) in equation (vi) we get

E y0 =

Hx =

j m
m
n
C sin
x cos
y
2
h
a
a
b

H z

j Ez
h 2 y

Ez =0
x
H z
H x0 = 2
(vii )
h x

Substituting the equation (18) in equation (vii) we get

H x0 =

m
m
n
C sin
x cos
y (19)
a
a
b

The TE waves in Rectangular waveguide the field equation is

H 0Z =C cos
Ex0 =
H x0 =

j
h2

m
n
x cos
y
a
b
n
m
n
C cos
x sin
y
b
a
b
m
m
n
C sin
x cos
y
a
a
b

E y0 =

and

H y0 =

j m
m
n
C sin
x cos
y
2
h
a
a
b

n
m
n
C cos
x sin
y
b
a
b

The wave equation is

E y = E y0 e z

Ex = Ex0 e z

H y = H y0 e z

H x = H x0 e z And H z = H z0e z

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

H z =C cos
Ex =
Hx =

j
h2

m
n
x cos
y e z
a
b
n
m
n
C cos
x sin
y e z
b
a
b
m
m
n
C sin
x cos
y e z and
a
a
b

Ey =
Hy =

j m
m
n
C sin
x cos
y e z
2
h
a
a
b

n
m
n
C cos
x sin
y e z
b
a
b

= + j Here no wave motion means = 0

= j
These expressions show how each of the components of electric and magnetic field strengths varies with
x and y. The variation with time and along the axis of the guide, that is electric field the z direction, is
shown by putting back intro each of these expressions the factor e j z

H z =C cos
Ex =

j
h2

Hx =

j
h2

m
n
x cos
y e j z
a
b
n
m
n
C cos
x sin
y e j z
b
a
b
m
m
n
C sin
x cos
y e j z and
a
a
b

Characteristic of TE mn wave
Propagation constant

= +
=

=
=

+
+

=+

Ey =
Hy =

j m
m
n
C sin
x cos
y e j z
2
h
a
a
b
j
h2

n
m
n
C cos
x sin
y e j z
b
a
b

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

At lower freq. is <

becomes real with value of, and =0. There is only

attenuation, without any propagation.

At higher frequencies value of becomes greater than
2

For f<fc

m
a

For f>fc

m
a

For f=fc

m
a

n
+
b

n
+
b

n
+
b

> 2 = =0
< 2 = j =0
= 2 = 0

Cut off frequency:-

f=fc

Phase constant:-

making .imaginary.

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

=
=

Cut-off wave length

v=

fc =

1
2

m
a

=
+

) +(

Guide wavelength:The guide wave length is defined as the distance traveled for the phase shift through 2 radius.

g =
g =

v=

2
2

f f

2
c

n
+
b

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

g =

v
f 2 f c2

Take f out side we get

g =

fc
f

f 1

g =

f=

fc
f

v
f

, fc =

g =

1
c

Velocity of propagation:The phase velocity is defined as the rate at which wave changes its phase as the wave propagates
inside the region between parallel planes. It is denoted by ! and its given by

Take f out side we get

!

= 2 f

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

v=

f=
!

, fc =

Group velocity
The group velocity is defined as the velocity with which the energy propagates along a guide is called
group velocity

vg =

=
=

d
d

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

=+
="
=

Differentiating the above expression with respect we get

Take out side we get

v=

f=
=

Multiply phase velocity and group velocity we get

v p vg =

v
f
1 c
f

v p vg = v 2

f
v 1 c
f

, fc =

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Wave impedance or Characteristic impedance equation of TE wave

In transmission-line theory power is propagated along one axis only, and only one impedance constant is
involved. However, in the three dimensional wave propagation power may be transmitted along three
axes of the coordinate system and consequently three impedance constants must be defined.
Characteristic impedances are defined by the following ratios of electric to magnetic field
strengths for the positive directions of the coordinates.

Z o (TE ) =

Ex =

Ex
Hy

Ez
2

h x
j H z
Ex = 2
h y
Hy =

H z
2

y
H z
Hy = 2
h y
h

Z o (TE ) =

Z o (TE ) =

j H z
h 2 y

E z =0

j Ez
h 2 x

E z =0

j H z
h 2 y

H z
h2

In Rectangular waveguides =j

Z 0TE =
Z 0TE

=0

j
j

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Z 0TE =

f 2 f c2

Take f out side we get

Z 0TE =

f
2 f 1 c
f

Z 0TE =

f
1 c
f

Z 0TE =

f
1 c
f

Z 0TE =

f
1 c
f

Z 0TE =

f
1 c
f

Or

Z 0TE =

1
c

f=

, fc =

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

5.4 CYLINDRICAL WAVEGUIDES

The method of solution of the electromagnetic equations for guided of-circular cross section is similar to
that followed for rectangular guides however, in order to simplify the applications of the boundary
conditions it is expedient to express the field equations & the wave equations in the cylindrical coordinate system.
Consider a hollow cylindrical of perfectly conducting material with finite radius a shown in fig.

The Maxwells equation of non-conducting medium is

H = j E
E = j H
After solving Maxwells equation the radial and tangential components of electric and magnetic fields can
be obtain. The radial component are H and E , the tangential components are H and E
In cylindrical co-ordinates in a non-conducting region Maxwells equations are.

H = j a E + a E + a z Ez (1)
E = j a H + a H + a z H z (2)

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

H =

az

z
Hz

H 1
H H z
H H 1
H z

+ a

+ az

(2)

z
z

H = a

Equating , and z components on both sides,

Equating Equation(2) and Equation(1)
1 H z H

= j E
z

H H z

= j E
(3)
z

H 1 H

= j Ez

1

E =

E = a

az

z
Ez

E 1
E Ez
E E 1
Ez

+ a

+ az
(4)

z
z

Equating , and z components on both sides,

Equating Equation(4) and Equation(2)

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

1 Ez E

= j H

z
E Ez

= j H
(5)
z

E 1 E

= j H z

The wave equation is given by

2 E = 2 E
2 H = 2 H

Where 2 =( +j ) (j )
For a non-conducting medium, it becomes

2 E = 2 E
2 H = 2 H

2 E 1 E
1 2 E 2 E
+
++ 2
+ 2 = 2 E
2
2

.....(6)

2 H 1 H 1 2 H 2 H
+
+ 2
+ 2 = 2 H
2
2

z
The wave equation is

H = H 0 e z

H = H 0 e z

E = E0 e z

z
H
z

= H 0 e z
= H

z
H
z

= H 0 e z
= H

z
E
z

and

= E0 e z and
= E

and

E = E0 e z
E
z
E
z

= E0 e z
= E

Substituting the above expression in equation (3), equation (5) and equation (6)
Electric Field component

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

1 H z
+ H = j E (a)

H z
H
= j E (b) (7)

H 1 H

= j Ez (c)

Magnetic Field component

1 Ez
+ E = j H (a)

E
E z = j H (b) (8)

E 1 E

= j H z (c)

2 E 1 E 1 2 E
+
+ 2
+ 2 E = 2 E
2
2

2 H 1 H 1 2 H
+
+ 2
+ 2 H = 2 H
2
2
r

Where

-------(8)

2 E
2 H
2

=
and
= 2H
E
2
2

Solving the equation (4) and (5), the fields H , H , E and E can be found out.
To solve E
Consider equation (7b)

H z
= j E

1 H z
E =
H
(i )
j
j

Consider equation (8a)

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

1 Ez
+ E = j H

1 Ez

H =
E (ii )
j j
Substitute equation ii to equation i

E =

1 Ez
1 H z

E
j
j
j
j

E =

Ez
2
1 H z

E
2
2

j

E +

1 H z
2
Ez
E = 2

2

j

1 H z
2 + 2
Ez
E
= 2

2

j
H z
Ez
E ( 2 + 2 ) =
+ j

where
E =

h 2 = 2 + 2

Ez j H z
+ 2
h 2
h

To solve H
Substitute equation i to equation ii

H =

Ez

1 H z

H
j j
j
j

H =

Ez
2
H z
2 H 2

j

H +
H

1
1

2
1 Ez
H z
H =
2
2

j

2 + 2
1 Ez
H z
=
2
2

j

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

H ( 2 + 2 ) =

H z
j Ez

where

h 2 = 2 + 2

H =

j Ez H z

h 2 h 2

To solve H
Consider equation (8b)

Ez
= j H

1 Ez

H =
E +
(iii )
j
j

Consider equation (7a)

1 H z
+ H = j E

1 H z

E =
+
H (iv)
j
j
Substitute equation iv to equation iii

1 H z

1 Ez
+
H +
j j
j
j

H =

H =
H +
H

H z
2
1 Ez

H +
2
2

j

1 Ez
2
H z
H = 2
+
2


j

1 Ez
2 + 2
H z
= 2
+
2


j

H ( 2 + 2 ) =
where
H =

E
H z
j z

h 2 = 2 + 2

H z j Ez
2
h 2
h

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

To solve E
Substitute equation iii to equation iv

E =

H z

+
j
j

1 Ez
E +
j
j

E =

H z
2
Ez
2 E 2

j

E +

1 H z
2
Ez
E =
2
2
j

1
1

1 H z
2 + 2
Ez
=
2
2
j

j H z
E
E ( 2 + 2 ) =
z

h 2 = 2 + 2

where
E =

j H z Ez
2
h 2
h

j H z
2
h 2
h
Ez j
E = 2
+ 2
h
h

E =

Ez

H z

j Ez

h 2 h 2
H z
H = 2

H =
and

H z

j Ez
h 2

The components of electric and magnetic field strength ( H , H , E and E ) are expressed in
terms of Ez and Hz. It is observed that there must be z components of either E or H; otherwise all the
components would be zero. Although in general case Ez and Hz may be present at the same time, it is
convenient to divide the solutions into two sets. In the first case, there is a component of E in the direction
of propagation (Ez), but no component of H in this direction. Such waves are called E or Transverse
magnetic (TM) waves. In the second case, there is a component of H in the direction of propagation
(Hz), but no component of E in this direction. Such waves are called H waves or transverse Electric
(TE) waves.
All the field component depend on Ez and Hz, Ez=0 and Hz=0 means all value should zero. No
TEM wave exists from circular waveguide.

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

5.5 TM WAVES IN CYLINDRICAL WAVEGUIDE

Transverse magnetic (TM) waves are in which the magnetic field strength H is entirely traverse.
It has an electric field strength Ez in the direction of propagation and no component of magnetic field Hz
in the same direction (Hz=0). But the electric field exists in all direction the wave equation is

2 E + 2 EZ = 0
2 Ez 1 Ez 1 2 Ez
+
+ 2
+ 2 Ez = 2 Ez
2
2

2 Ez 1 Ez 1 2 Ez
+
+
+ ( 2 + 2 ) Ez = 0 (1)
2 2 2
2 Ez 1 Ez 1 2 Ez
+
+ 2
+ h 2 Ez = 0 (2)
2
2

Where X ( ) is a function of alone and Y () is a function of alone. Sub the expression for

EZ = XY in the wave equation gives.

Substituting EZ = XY
Y

2 X Y X X 2Y
+
+ 2 2 + h 2 XY = 0 (3)
2

Multiplying

2
XY

2 2 X X 1 2Y
+
+
+ h 2 2 = 0 (4)
2
2
X
X Y
In equation (4) the first, second and forth terms are functions of only while the third term is only the
function of only. It is obvious to get such terms because X and Y are independent Variables, we can
equate above independent terms to another constants. Hence we can write,

1 2Y
= n2
Y 2

Where n 2 is constant

2Y
+ n 2Y = 0
2
For above ordinary second order differential equation, the solution is given by

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Y = A cos n + B sin n

Where A and B is constant

2 2 X X
+
+ h 2 2 n 2 = 0 (5)
2
X
X
Multiplying the above equation by X on both the Sides, we get

2 X
X

+
+ ( h 2 2 n 2 ) X = 0 (6)
2

Since h is constant, we can modify equation (6) to get the standard form of the differential equation, we
get = h

( h)

2 X

( h)

+ ( h)

X
+ ( h 2 2 n 2 ) X = 0 (7)
( h)

Above equation is standard Bessels differential equation. The solution of this equation is given by

X = Cn J n ( h)

Where Cn constant
and J n ( h) is a solution or first type of order n

Hence the complete solution for Ez can be obtained by substituting values of X and Y from equation (7)
we get

EZ = XY
EZ = Cn J n ( h) ( A cos n + B sin n )
EZ = J n ( h) ( An cos n + Bn sin n ) -------(8)

Where A n = Cn A

Form Trigonometric Properties

An cos n + Bn sin n = An2 + Bn2 cos n tan 1

Bn
An

An cos n + Bn sin n = An' cos n '

Where An' =

An2 + Bn2

n ' = n tan 1
Hence equation (8) can be modified as

Ez0 = An ' J n ( h) cos n ' (9)

Bn
An

B n = Cn B

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

We can write all the field components of the electric and magnetic field as follows

j H z Ez
2
h 2
h
E
E0 = 2 z (i )
h
E =

Hz = 0

Differentiating equation (9) with respect to we get

Ez
J ( h)
= An ' h n
cos n '

Ez
= An ' hJ 'n ( h) cos n ' -------(10)

J n ( h)
= J 'n ( h)

Substituting the equation (10) in equation (i) we get

E0 =
E0 =

An ' h J 'n ( h) cos n '

An ' J 'n ( h) cos n ' (11)

H z j Ez
2
h 2
h
j Ez
H 0 = 2
(ii )
h
H =

Hz = 0

Substituting the equation (10) in equation (ii) we get

j ' '
An h J n ( h) cos n '
2
h
j ' '
H 0 =
An J n ( h) cos n ' (12)
h

H 0 =

j
h2
j
H 0 =
h2
H =

Ez H z

Hz = 0
h 2
Ez
(iii )

Differentiating equation (9) with respect to we get

Ez
= ( nAn ' ) J n ( h) sin n ' (13)

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Substituting the equation (13) in equation (iii) we get

j
h2

H 0 =

( nA ) J
'

( h) sin n ' (14)

Ez j H z
+ 2
Hz = 0
h 2
h
Ez
E0 = 2
(iv)
h
E =

Substituting the equation (13) in equation (iv) we get

E0 =

( nA ) J
'

h2

( h) sin n ' (15)

The TM waves in cylindrical waveguide the field equation is

Ez0 = An ' J n ( h) cos n '

E0 =
E0 =

An ' J 'n ( h) cos n '

( nA ) J
'

( h) sin n '

H 0 =

j
h2

H 0 =

and

( nA ) J
'

( h) sin n '

j ' '
An J n ( h) cos n '
h

The wave equation is

H = H 0 e z

H = H 0 e z

E = E0 e z

E = E0 e z and

and

The TM waves in cylindrical waveguide the field equation is

Ez = An ' J n ( h) cos n 'e z

E =
E =

An ' J 'n ( h) cos n 'e z

( nA ) J
'

( h) sin n 'e z

H =
and

j
h2

H =

= + j Here no wave motion means = 0

= j

( nA ) J
'

( h) sin n 'e z

j ' '
An J n ( h) cos n 'e z
h

E z = Ez0 e z

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

These expressions show how each of the components of electric and magnetic field strengths varies with
x and y. The variation with time and along the axis of the guide, that is electric field the z direction, is
shown by putting back intro each of these expressions the factor e j z

Ez = An ' J n ( h) cos n 'e j z

E =
E =

j ' '
An J n ( h) cos n 'e j z
h

j
h2

( nA ) J
'

( h) sin n 'e j z

H =
and

j
h2

H =

( nA ) J
'

( h) sin n 'e j z

j ' '
An J n ( h) cos n 'e j z
h

Boundary Conditions:

Ez = 0 all along the circumference of the cylindrical

Ez = 0 at =a, for all values of varying from 0 to 2
Ez = An ' J n ( h) cos n 'e z
If applying first boundary condition means all value should be zero
So apply second boundary condition

0 = An ' J n (ah) cos n 'e z

J n (ah)=0
For different orders of the Bessel function (i.e. for different n) this equation can be satisfied for different
values of a such values are called Eigen value

ahnm = Pnm
hnm =

Pnm
a

Order of the Bessel

function n

Pn1

Pn 2

Pn 3

2.405

5.52

8.65

3.83

7.06

10.17

5.13

8.41

11.62

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Characteristic of TM nm wave
Propagation constant

= +
=

hnm =

Pnm
a
#

At lower freq. is <

becomes real with value of, and =0. There is only attenuation,

without any propagation.

At higher frequencies value of becomes greater than

For f<fc

Pnm
a

For f>fc

Pnm
a

For f=fc

Pnm
a

> 2 = =0
2

< 2 = j =0
2

= 2 = 0

Cut off frequency:-

f=fc

making .imaginary.

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Cut-off Wave Length

v=

Phase constant:-

fc =

1
2

Pnm
a

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Guide wavelength:The guide wave length is defined as the distance traveled for the phase shift through 2 radius.

g =
g =

g =

2
2

v=
f f

2
c

v
f 2 f c2

Take f out side we get

g =

f
f 1 c
f

g =

fc
f

g =

1
c

v
f

f=

, fc =

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Velocity of propagation:The phase velocity is defined as the rate at which wave changes its phase as the wave propagates
inside the region between parallel planes. It is denoted by ! and its given by

Take f out side we get

!

= 2 f

v=
!

f=
!

, fc =

Group velocity
The group velocity is defined as the velocity with which the energy propagates along a guide is called
group velocity

vg =

d
d

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

=
=
=

=+
="
=

Differentiating the above expression with respect we get

Take out side we get

v=

f=
=

, fc =

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Multiply phase velocity and group velocity we get

v p vg =

f
1 c
f

f
v 1 c
f

v p vg = v 2
Wave impedance or Characteristic impedance equation of TM wave
In transmission-line theory power is propagated along one axis only, and only one impedance constant is
involved. However, in the three dimensional wave propagation power may be transmitted along three
axes of the coordinate system and consequently three impedance constants must be defined.
Characteristic impedances are defined by the following ratios of electric to magnetic field
strengths for the positive directions of the coordinates.

Z o (TM ) =

E
H

j H z Ez
2
h 2
h
E
E = 2 z
h
E =

H z j Ez
2
h 2
h
j Ez
H = 2
h
H =

Z o (TM ) =

Z o (TM ) =

H z =0

H z =0

Ez

j Ez
h 2

In Cylindrical waveguides =j

=0

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Z 0TM =
Z 0TM =

Z 0TM =

j
j

f 2 f c2

Take f out side we get

Z 0TM =

Z 0TM =

Z 0TM =

f
2 f 1 c
f

f
1 c
f

f
1 c
f

Z 0TM

=
1 c
f

Z 0TM

f
= 1 c
f

f=

, fc =

Or

Z 0TM

= 1
c

5.6 TE WAVES IN CYLINDRICAL WAVEGUIDE

Transverse electric (TM) there is a component of H in the direction of propagation (Hz), but no
component of E in this direction. Such waves are called H waves or transverse Electric (TE) waves.
For transverse electric waves Ez = 0 is identically zero & H z 0 is given by equation

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

2 H + 2 H z = 0
2 H z 1 H z 1 2 H z
+
+ 2
+ 2 H z = 2 H z
2
2

2 H z 1 H z 1 2 H z
+
+ 2
+ ( 2 + 2 ) H z = 0 (1)
2
2

2 H z 1 H z 1 2 H z
+
+
+ h 2 H z = 0 (2)
2 2 2
Where X ( ) is a function of alone and Y () is a function of alone. Sub the expression for

H z = XY in the wave equation gives.

Substituting H z = XY
2 X Y X X 2Y
Y
+
+ 2 2 + h 2 XY = 0 (3)
2

Multiplying

2
XY

2 2 X X 1 2Y
+
+
+ h 2 2 = 0 (4)
2
2
X
X Y
In equation (4) the first, second and forth terms are functions of only while the third term is only the
function of only. It is obvious to get such terms because X and Y are independent Variables, we can
equate above independent terms to another constants. Hence we can write,

1 2Y
= n2
2
Y

Where n 2 is constant

2Y
+ n 2Y = 0
2

For above ordinary second order differential equation, the solution is given by

Y = A cos n + B sin n

Where A and B is constant

2 2 X X
+
+ h 2 2 n 2 = 0 (5)
2
X
X

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Multiplying the above equation by X on both the Sides, we get

2 X
X
+
+ ( h 2 2 n 2 ) X = 0 (6)
2

Since h is constant, we can modify equation (6) to get the standard form of the differential equation, we
get = h

( h)

2 X
( h)

+ ( h)

X
+ ( h 2 2 n 2 ) X = 0 (7)
( h)

Above equation is standard Bessels differential equation. The solution of this equation is given by

X = Cn J n ( h)

Where Cn constant
and J n ( h) is a solution or first type of order n

Hence the complete solution for H z can be obtained by substituting values of X and Y from equation (7)
we get

H z = XY
H z = Cn J n ( h) ( A cos n + B sin n )
H z = J n ( h) ( An cos n + Bn sin n ) -------(8)

Where A n = Cn A

Form Trigonometric Properties

An cos n + Bn sin n = An2 + Bn2 cos n tan 1

Bn
An

An cos n + Bn sin n = An' cos n '

Where An' =

An2 + Bn2

n ' = n tan 1

Bn
An

Hence equation (8) can be modified as

H z0 = An ' J n ( h) cos n ' (9)

j
h2
j
E0 = 2
h
E =

H z Ez
2

h
H z
(i )

Ez = 0

B n = Cn B

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Differentiating equation (9) with respect to we get

H z
= nAn ' J n ( h) sin n ' (10)

Substituting the equation (10) in equation (i) we get

E0 =

j
nAn ' J n ( h) sin n ' (11)
2
h

H z j Ez
2
h 2
h
H z
H 0 = 2
(ii )
h
H =

Ez = 0

Substituting the equation (10) in equation (ii) we get

H 0 =

h2

nAn ' J n ( h) sin n ' (12)

Ez j H z
+ 2
h 2
h
j H z
E0 = 2
(iii )
h
E =

Ez = 0

Differentiating equation (9) with respect to we get

H z
J ( h)
J n ( h)
= An ' h n
cos n '
= J 'n ( h)

H z
= An ' hJ 'n ( h) cos n ' (13)

Substituting the equation (13) in equation (iii) we get

j ' '
An h J n ( h) cos n '
2
h
' '
j
E0 =
An J n ( h) cos n ' (14)
h
E0 =

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

j Ez H z

Ez = 0
h 2 h 2
H z
H 0 = 2
(iv)
h
H =

Substituting the equation (13) in equation (iii) we get

H =
H 0 =

An ' h J 'n ( h) cos n '

An ' J 'n ( h) cos n ' (15)

The TE waves in cylindrical waveguide the field equation is

H z0 = An ' J n ( h) cos n '

j
nAn ' J n ( h) sin n '
2
h
j ' '
E0 =
An J n ( h) cos n '
h
E0 =

H 0 =
and

H 0 =

An ' J 'n ( h) cos n '

nAn ' J n ( h) sin n '

The wave equation is

H = H 0 e z

H = H 0 e z

E = E0 e z

and

E = E0 e z and

H z = Ez0 e z

The TE waves in cylindrical waveguide the field equation is

H z = An ' J n ( h) cos n 'e z

j
nAn ' J n ( h) sin n 'e z
h2
j ' '
E =
An J n ( h) cos n 'e z
h
E =

H =
and

H =

An ' J 'n ( h) cos n 'e z

nAn ' J n ( h) sin n 'e z

= + j Here no wave motion means = 0

= j
These expressions show how each of the components of electric and magnetic field strengths varies with
x and y. The variation with time and along the axis of the guide, that is electric field the z direction, is
shown by putting back intro each of these expressions the factor e j z

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

H z = An ' J n ( h) cos n 'e j z

j
nAn ' J n ( h) sin n 'e j z
h2
j ' '
E =
An J n ( h) cos n 'e j z
h
E =

H =
and

H =

j ' '
An J n ( h) cos n 'e j z
h

j
nAn ' J n ( h) sin n 'e j z
2
h

Boundary Conditions:
We have discussed boundary conditions in case of the TM waves in which the electric field exits
along the direction of the propagation. But in case of the TE waves, the electric field components along
the z-axis are zero are specified for the tangential components of the electric field i.e. E . The boundary
condition can be specified as.

E = 0 all along the circumference of the cylindrical

E = 0 at =a, for all values of varying from 0 to 2
Using above boundary condition in equation E

0=

j ' '
An J n (ah) cos n 'e z
h

For all values of , cos n ' 0

J 'n (ah)=0
For different orders of the Bessel function (i.e. for different n) this equation can be satisfied for different
values of a such values are called Eigen value

ahnm = P ' nm
hnm =

P ' nm
a

Order of the Bessel

function n

P 'n1

P 'n 2

P 'n 3

3.83

7.01

10.17

1.841

5.33

8.53

3.05

6.73

9.97

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Characteristic of TM nm wave
Propagation constant

= +
=

=
hnm =

P 'nm
a

#$

At lower freq. is <

becomes real with value of, and =0. There is only attenuation,

without any propagation.

At higher frequencies value of becomes greater than
2

For f<fc

P 'nm
a

For f>fc

P 'nm
a

For f=fc

P 'nm
a

> 2 = =0
< 2 = j =0

Cut off frequency:-

f=fc

= 2 = 0

#$

making .imaginary.

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

#$

#$

#$

#$

#$

#$

Cut-off Wave Length

v=

#$

#$

fc =

1
2

P ' nm
a

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Phase constant:-

#$

#$

=
=

Guide wavelength:The guide wave length is defined as the distance traveled for the phase shift through 2 radius.

g =
g =

g =

2
2

v=
2

f f

2
c

v
f 2 f c2

Take f out side we get

g =

v
f
f 1 c
f

v
f

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

g =

f=

f
1 c
f

, fc =

g =

1
c

Velocity of propagation:The phase velocity is defined as the rate at which wave changes its phase as the wave propagates
inside the region between parallel planes. It is denoted by ! and its given by

Take f out side we get

!

= 2 f

v=

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

f=
!

, fc =

Group velocity
The group velocity is defined as the velocity with which the energy propagates along a guide is called
group velocity

vg =

#$

#$

d
d

=
=
=

=+
="
=

Differentiating the above expression with respect we get

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Take out side we get

v=

f=
=

, fc =

Multiply phase velocity and group velocity we get

v p vg =

v
f
1 c
f

f
v 1 c
f

v p vg = v 2
Wave impedance or Characteristic impedance equation of TM wave
In transmission-line theory power is propagated along one axis only, and only one impedance constant is
involved. However, in the three dimensional wave propagation power may be transmitted along three
axes of the coordinate system and consequently three impedance constants must be defined.
Characteristic impedances are defined by the following ratios of electric to magnetic field
strengths for the positive directions of the coordinates.

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Z o (TE ) =

E
H

j
h2
j
E = 2
h

H z Ez
2

h
H z

E =

Ez = 0

H z j Ez
2
h 2
h
H z
H = 2
h
H =

j H z
h 2

Z o (TM ) =

Z o (TE ) =

H z
h 2

In Cylindrical waveguides =j

Z 0TE =
Z 0TE

f 2 f c2

Take f out side we get

Z 0TE =

=0

Z 0TE =

Ez = 0

f
2 f 1 c
f

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Z 0TE =

f
1 c
f

Z 0TE =

f
1 c
f

Z 0TE =

f
1 c
f

Z 0TE =

f
1 c
f

Or

Z 0TE =

1
c

f=

, fc =

5.7 THE TEM WAVE IN COAXIAL LINES

The TEM mode (some times called the principal made) is approximate form of propagation encountered
on parallel-wire and co-axial lines at low frequencies. Actually, it exists only in theory on the dissipation
less form of those lines; but since the losses are small, the true condition closely approximates the TEM
field.

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

The analyze the TEM wave in co-axial line it is desirable to start with all the fields varying in time and
propagating in z-direction. Co-axial cable structure is circular formant so consider circular wave equation
Electric Field component

1 H z
+ H = j E (a)

H z
H
= j E (b) (1)

H 1 H

= j Ez (c)

Magnetic Field component

1 Ez
+ E = j H (a)

E
E z = j H (b) (2)

E 1 E

= j H z (c)

The TEM mode is special case of the TM mode with TEM mode H z = Ez = 0 it may also be established
that H = E = 0 under these conditions equation (1) and (2) reduce to

H = j E (3)
1 H
= 0 (4)

E = j H (5)
1 E
= 0 (6)

Consider Equation (3) and (5)

H =

E (i )

H =
E (ii )
j

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Multiply equation (i) and (ii) we get

H 2 =

H 2 =

E2
j

E2
j

E = H

E = H (7)
E2 = H 2

If the circumference of the inner conductor of radius a is chosen as bath, then if I 0 is value of
instantaneous current in the inner conductor

2 aH = I 0
and thus the magnetic field intensity is expressible in terms of the inner conductor current is

I0
2 a
I
H = 0 (8)
2

H =

=a

Substituting the equation (8) in equation (7) we get

E =

I0
(9)
2

Showing the electric field also to inversely proportional to the as expected from the cylindrical
symmetry of the situation
The voltage drop from the center conductor to the outer conductor of the co-axial line may be written in
terms of the maximum value as
b

V = E d
a

V =
V =

I0
2

I0 b
ln (10)
2 a

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

The characteristics impedance of such an infinite length line is the ratio

I0

ln

V
I

b
a

Z0 =

2
I0

Z0 =

1
b
ln (11)
2 a

Inserting the z-propagation and time functions given the instantaneous voltage as

V =

I 0 b j z
ln e
2 a

Taking the z-derivative of the voltage

I
V
b
= j 0 ln e j z
z=0
z
2 a
I
V

b
= j 0 ln
TEM wave = =
z
2 a

V
I0 b
= j
ln
z
2 a
V
j
b
=
I 0 ln (12)
z
2
a
In terms of the effective current and voltage

I o = I 0e j z
Taking the z-derivative of the voltage

I o
= j I 0e j z
z=0
z
I o
= j I 0 (13)
z
Consider Equation (10) we get

V =

I0 b
ln
2 a

I=I0

V
I0

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

I0 =

V 2
(14)
b
ln
a

Multiply equation (14) and (13)

I o
V 2

= j
TEM wave = =
b
z

ln
a
I o
V 2
= j
z
ln b
a
I o j 2
=
V (15)
b
z
ln
a
The line at radio frequency inductor and capacitor value

L=

b
2
ln
C=
b
2 a
ln

V
= j LI
z
I
= jCV
z

I=I0

A common method of excitation of TM modes in a circular waveguide by co-axial line is shown. At the
end of the co-axial line a large magnetic field exists in the direction of propagation the magnetic field
from the co-axial line will excide the TM modes in the guide however, when the guide is connected to the
source by a co-axial a discontinuity problem. At the function will increase the eventually decrease the
power transmission; it is after necessary to place a turning device around the function in order suppress
the reflection.

5.8 EXCITATION METHODS

In order to launch a particular mode, a type of probe is chosen which will produce lines of E and
H that are roughly parallel to the lines of E and H for that mode possible methods for feeding rectangular
waveguides are shown.
Generally a guide is closed at one end by conducting wall. An exciting antenna rod is
inserted through the end or side of the guide. The end of the guide which is closed by a conducting wall
acts as reflector. By properly adjusting the distance between the rod and the end, we can achieve the

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

transmitted wave and reflected wave in phase such that both the waves propagate as a single wave along
the guide.
Depending on the type of rod or probe used the lines of the electric and magnetic
fields are produced which are roughly parallel to the lines of the electric and magnetic fields for the
particular mode in the guide.
In figure the probe is parallel to that y axis and so produces lines of E in the y direction and
lines of H which the in the X z-plane. This is the perfect field configuration for the TE10 mode.
In Figure the parallel produces fed with opposite phase tend to set up the TE20 mode in figure the
probes which are parallel to the z-axis produces electric field liens in the XY plane for TE11 mode.

In figure the probe parallel to the z-axis produce magnetic field lines in the x y plane. This is the
perfect field configuration for the TM11 mode.
It is possible for several modes to exist simultaneously in waveguides, if the frequency is above
cut-off for these particular modes. However the waveguide dimensions are often chosen so that only the
dominant mode can exist.

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

These exiting sources are used not only excite waves desired but for exciting higher ordered modes also.
By suitably selecting dimensions of the guide, we can get only one desired wave cut-off frequency. At the
same time other waves attenuate and cant travel through the guide.
Let us assume that a TEM wave exist inside a rectangular waveguide which is a single conductor system.
Existence of TEM wave means the magnetic field must the entirely in the transverse plane. For a
magnetic field, div H = 0 that is the magnetic field lines must form closed loops in the x-y transverse
plane inside the waveguide. If use apply amperes circuit law tot his magnetic field, the lines of this
magnetic field aloud these closed path us must be equal to the current enclosed in the axial direction
current or a displacement orient in the z-direction existence of such displacement current will require an
axial component of electric field E2 B~A if E2 is present then this wave cannot a TEM wave. Further, if
instead of displacement current conduction current exists, then there should be a centre conductor to
provide return path, which is not the case in a rectangular waveguide. This argument holds good for any
ingle conductor waveguide. There no TEM wave can exist inside a single conductor waveguide.

5.9 GUIDE TERMINATION

We have already studied that to avoid reflection at the receiving end, the transmission lines are properly
terminated at the receiving end. Now wave guide is a form of transmission line. Hence to avoid reflection
losses, the wave guide must be properly terminated. Now this proper termination can be achieved by
using a termination which provides the wave impedance equal to the impedance of the transmitted mode
in the guide. Many of the times it is very difficult to get suitable value of the load, we have to use
different forms of coupling to the guide. The main application of these different forms of coupling is to
transform impedance to the desired value.
The most common from of the load that is coupled to the guide is free space. Generally it is that the
energy conveyed by the guide must be radiated or transmitted as a space wave. The horn antenna can be
used couple guide impedance to wave impedance. The impedance of the horn antenna at mouth is equal to
the intrinsic impedance of free space i.e. 377 . Now this horn antenna is coupled to guide in such a way
that the connecting end of the antenna matches the impedance of the guide to the wave impedance of
377 . To achieve this generally the area of the guide is expanded in appropriate direction. To achieve
good impedance transformation without reflection, the horn antenna which is several wavelengths long is
selected.
Some times in case co-axial lines strip lines, dissipative loads are used. For matching the impedance a
tapered lossy dielectric is placed at the end of shorted line. Such loads are again designed on the principal
of the tapered or exponential lines. By using dielectrics with considerable conductive, incident power is
absorbed without considerable reflection and radiation.
The simplest form of the dissipative load i.e. non-reflecting terminations is a wave guide entering a tank
of water at small angles. The guide then gets partially filled with wedge water. This wedge of water is of
the form approximately same as exponential taper. The water furnishes dielectric losses.
Similar to this, materials such as bearing porcelains or graphite bearing plastics, metallic bearing plastics
can be used in the wedge shapes to replace water.

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

5.10 RESONATORS
Basically resonators are used for storing energy. At very high frequencies, say 100MHz and above, the
RLC circuit elements are inefficient when used as resonators because the circuit dimensions are
comparable with the operating wavelength. Due to this, unwanted radiation takes place. Hence at high
frequencies, the RLC resonant circuits are replaced by electromagnetic resonant cavities.
Resonators are divided in to there types
1. Rectangular cavity Resonator
2. Circular Cavity Resonator
3. Semicircular cavity Resonator

5.10.1 RECTANGULAR CAVITY RESONATOR

In general the rectangular waveguides are constructed from closed section of the waveguide, as
waveguide is the type of the transmission line. Usually the rectangular waveguide resonators are short
circuited at both the ends to avoid the radiation losses from open end of the waveguide. Due to short
circuited ends of the waveguide a cavity or closed box is formed. Within this cavity, both the energies,
electric and magnetic are stored. The power dissipation is observed at the metallic conducting walls of the
waveguides as well as in the electric inside the cavity. Through a small aperture or a small probe or a loop
such resonators are coupled.
The geometry of the rectangular cavity resonator is shown fig

The wave equations in the rectangular resonator should satisfy the boundary conditions of the zero
tangential of the electric field strength (E) at the four walls

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Transverse Electric TEmnp mode

The magnetic field expression in the z-direction is given by

m
n
p
x cos
y sin
z
a
b
d
half wave periodicity in the x direction
H z = H 0 cos

Where m = 0,1, 2,3........... represents the number of the

Where m=0,1,2,3,..... represents the number of the half wave periodicity in the x direction
n=0,1,2,3,..... represents the number of the half wave periodicity in the y direction
p=1,2,3,........represents the number of the half wave periodicity in the z direction
The electric field in the z-direction is

Ez = 0
The magnetic field in the x direction is

1 2 H z
Hx = 2
h xz
Where h 2 =

m
a

n
b

p
d

Hx =

H0 2
m
n
p
cos
x cos
y sin
z
2
h xz
a
b
d

Hx =

H0
h2

Hx =

H0
h2

p
m
n
p
cos
x cos
y cos
z
d x
a
b
d
p
d

m
a

sin

m
n
p
x cos
y cos
z
a
b
d

The magnetic field in the y direction is

Hy =

1 2 H z
h 2 yz
Where h 2 =

Hy =

m
a

n
b

p
d

H0 2
m
n
p
cos
x cos
y sin
z
2
h yz
a
b
d

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Hy =

H0
h2

Hy =

H0
h2

p
m
n
p
cos
x cos
y cos
z
d y
a
b
d
p
d

n
b

cos

m
n
p
x sin
y cos
z
a
b
d

The electric field in the x direction is

Ex =

j H z
h 2 y

Ex =

m
n
p
H0
cos
x cos
y sin
z
2
h
y
a
b
d

Ex =

j
n
H0
2
h
b

cos

m
n
p
x sin
y sin
z
a
b
d

The electric field in the y direction is

j H z
h 2 x
j

m
n
p
Ey = 2 H0
cos
x cos
y sin
z
h
y
a
b
d
Ey =

Ey =

j
m
H0
2
h
a

sin

m
n
p
x cos
y sin
z
a
b
d

Transverse magnetic TM mnp mode

The magnetic field expression in the z-direction is given by

m
n
p
x sin
y cos
z
a
b
d
half wave periodicity in the x direction
Ez = E0 sin

Where m = 0,1, 2,3........... represents the number of the

Where m=0,1,2,3,..... represents the number of the half wave periodicity in the x direction
n=0,1,2,3,..... represents the number of the half wave periodicity in the y direction
p=1,2,3,........represents the number of the half wave periodicity in the z direction
The electric field in the z-direction is

Hz = 0
The electric field in the x direction is

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

1 2 Ez
Ex = 2
h xz
Where h 2 =

Ex =

m
a

n
b

p
d

E0 2
m
n
p
sin
x sin
y cos
z
2
h xz
a
b
d

Ex =

E0
h2

p 2
m
n
p
sin
x sin
y sin
z
d x
a
b
d

Ex =

E0
h2

p
d

m
a

cos

m
n
p
x sin
y sin
z
a
b
d

The electric field in the y direction is

Ey =

1 2 Ez
h 2 yz
m
Where h =
a
2

Ey =

n
+
b

p
+
d

E0 2
m
n
p
sin
x sin
y cos
z
2
h yz
a
b
d

Ey =

E0
h2

p
m
n
p
sin
x sin
y sin
z
d x
a
b
d

Ey =

E0
h2

p
d

n
y
b

sin

m
n
p
x cos
y sin
z
a
b
d

The magnetic field in the x direction is

Hx =

j Ez
h 2 y

Hx =

m
n
p
E0
sin
x sin
y cos
z
2
h
y
a
b
d

Hx =

j
n
E0
2
h
b

sin

m
n
p
x cos
y cos
z
a
b
d

The magnetic field in the y direction is

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

j Ez
h 2 x
j

m
n
p
H y = 2 E0
sin
x sin
y cos
z
y
h
a
b
d
Hy =

Hy =

j
m
E0
2
h
a

m
n
p
x sin
y cos
z
a
b
d

cos

Characteristics of rectangular resonator

Propagation constant

= +
=

=+

At lower freq. is <

becomes real with value of, and =0. There is

only attenuation, without any propagation.

At higher frequencies value of becomes greater than
.imaginary.
2

For f<f 0

m
a

For f>f 0

m
a
m
a

For f=f 0

n
+
b

n
+
b

n
b

p
+
d

> 2 = =0

p
+
d

p
d

< 2 = j =0
= 2 = 0

making

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Resonance frequency:-

f = f0

" =

" =

" =

= "

5.10.2 CIRCULAR CAVITY RESONATOR AND SEMICIRCULAR CAVITY

RESONATOR
Consider a circular cavity resonator constructed form the circular waveguide with uniform circular crosssection with radius a. The geometry of the circular cavity resonator is shown in the fig

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Note that both the ends of the section of circular cavity resonator of length d are shorted with the help
of circular shorting plates.
Characteristic of TM nmp circular Resonators
Propagation constant

= +
=

Pnm
a

h 2 nm =

p
d

At lower freq. is <

becomes real with value of, and =0. There is only

attenuation, without any propagation.

Pnm
At higher frequencies value of becomes greater than
a
For f<f 0

Pnm
a

For f>f 0

Pnm
a

For f = f 0

Pnm
a

p
+
d

p
d

+
2

Cut off frequency:-

f = f0

p
+
d

> 2 = =0
< 2 = j =0
2

= 2 = 0

p
+
d

making .imaginary.

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

= "

" =

" =

"

" =

Characteristic of TE nmp circular Resonators

Propagation constant

= +
=

nm

P ' nm
=
a

#$

p
d

At lower freq. is <

#$

attenuation, without any propagation.

becomes real with value of, and =0. There is only

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

P ' nm
At higher frequencies value of becomes greater than
a
For f<f 0

P ' nm
a

For f>f 0

P ' nm
a

For f = f 0

> 2 = =0
2

p
d

P ' nm
a

p
+
d

< 2 = j =0

p
d

= 2 = 0

Cut off frequency:-

f = f0

#$

#$

" =

" =

"

#$

" =

#$

#$

= "

#$

p
d

making .imaginary.

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

PART-A
1. What is the wave equation for E z and H z ?

2E z 2E z
+
+ 2Ez = 2 E z
2
2
x
y
2H z 2H z
+
+ 2H z = 2 H z
2
2
x
y
2. In waves between parallel plates what are the classification by field configurations?
1. Transverse Magnetic Waves (TM)
2. Transverse Electric waves (TE)
3. For Rectangular guide shown in figure what is the boundary condition?

TE Wave

E y = 0 at x =0, for all values of y from 0 to b

E y = 0 at x =a, for all values of y from 0 to b
Ex = 0 at y =0, for all values of x from 0 to a and
Ex = 0 at y =b, for all values of x from 0 to a
TM Wave

Ez = 0 at x =0, for all values of y from 0 to b

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Ez = 0 at x =a, for all values of y from 0 to b

Ez = 0 at y =0, for all values of x from 0 to a and
Ez = 0 at y =b, for all values of x from 0 to a
4. Write down the propagation constant for a rectangular guide for TM waves.

= h 2 2
A 2 + B 2 2

m
a

n
+
b

5 What is the propagation constant for an ordinary transmission line?

= + j
Attenuation constant
Phase constant.
6. What is cut-off frequency or critical frequency in rectangular wave guided?

fc =

m
a

n
+
b

7. What is cut-off wave length rectangular wave guided?

c =
m
a

n
b

8. What is dominant wave?

The wave which has the lowest cut-off frequency is called the dominant wave.
9. For TE10 wave, what is cut-off frequency?
Cut-off frequency is that frequency for which the corresponding half wavelength is equal to the
width of the guide, the cut-off frequency is independent of the dimension b.

fc10 =

m
2a

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

10. What is a waveguide?

A hallow conducting metallic tube of uniform section (rectangular or circular) is used for
propagating electromagnetic waves. Waves that are guided along the surface (walls) of the tube is called
waveguide.
11. What do you mean by propagation of waveguide?
Propagation of waveguide can be considered as a phenomenon in which waves are reflected from
wall to wall and hence pass down the waveguide in a zigzag fashion.
12. Write down the Maxwells equation for non-conducting medium.

H = j E
E = j H
H = j a x Ex + a y E y + a z Ez
E = j a x H x + a y H y + a z H z
13. What is Dominant mode?
The lowest mode for TE wave is TE10 (m = 1, n = 0) whereas the lowest mode for TM wave is
TM11 (m = 1, n=1). This wave has the lowest cut-off frequency. Hence the TE10 mode is the dominant
mode of a rectangular waveguide.
14. What is wave impedance?
The wave impedances defined as the ratio of electric field intensity to magnetic field intensity are
+
Z xy
=

E
Ex
E
+
; Zyx
= y ; Zzx+ = z
Hy
Hx
Hx

15. What is the wave impedance for different modes?

fc
For TM, z = 1
f
For TE, z =

fc
1
f

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

16. Write the field expression for rectangular TM waves.

E 0Z =C sin
Ex0 =
H x0 =

m
n
x sin
y
a
b
m
m
n
C cos
x sin
y
a
a
b

j n
m
n
C sin
x cos
y
2
h
b
a
b

E y0 =
and

n
m
n
C sin
x cos
y
b
a
b

H y0 =

j m
m
n
C cos
x sin
y
2
h
a
a
b

E y0 =

j m
m
n
C sin
x cos
y
2
a
a
b
h

17. Write the field expression of TE wave guide.

H 0Z =C cos
Ex0 =
H x0 =

j
h2

m
n
x cos
y
a
b
n
m
n
C cos
x sin
y
b
a
b
m
m
n
C sin
x cos
y
a
a
b

and

H y0 =

n
m
n
C cos
x sin
y
b
a
b

18. What are the types of waveguides?

1. Rectangular waveguide
2. Circular waveguide
3. Elliptical waveguide
19. Mention the application of waveguides.
The waveguides are employed for transmission of energy at every high frequencies where the
attenuation caused by waveguide is smaller.
Waveguide are used in microwave transmission circular waveguides used as attenuation and
phase shifters.
20. Why are rectangular waveguides preferred over circular waveguides?
Rectangular waveguides are preferred over circular waveguides because of the following reasons.
1. Rectangular waveguide is smaller in size than a circular waveguide of the same operating
frequency.
2. It does not maintain its polarization through the circular waveguide.
21. Why is rectangular or circular form used as waveguides?
Waveguides usually take the form of rectangular or circular cylinders because of its simpler form
in use and less expensive to manufacture.

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

22. For an air filled copper x-band waveguide with dimension a = 2.286 cm and b = 1.016 cm
determine the cut off frequencies for TE11 and TM11 modes?
a = 2.28 6 cm = 2.286 x 10-2 m
b = 1.016 cm = 1.016 x 10-2 m
For TE11 mode, m = 1, n = 1
Cut-off frequency, fc =

c
=
2

m
a

3 108
=
2

n
+
b

m
a

n
+
b

102
2.286

102
+
1.016

FC = 16.156 GHz.
The cut of frequency for TE11 mode is same as that of TM11.
23. What is an evanescent mode?
When the operating frequency is lower than the cut-off frequency the propagation constant
becomes real i.e., = The wave cannot be propagated. This non-propagating mode is known as
evanescent mode.
24. What is the cut-off wavelength and cut-off frequency of the TM11 mode in a rectangular
waveguide?

Cut-off wavelength, c =

1
a

Cut-off frequency, fc =

1
a

1
a

1
b
2

1
+
b

1
+
b

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

25. Write down the expression for phase velocity in a waveguide?

The phase velocity is defined as the rate at which wave changes its phase as the wave
propagates inside the region between parallel planes. It is denoted by ! and its given by

26. What are the types of power loss in waveguides?

There are two types of power loss occurs in waveguides
1. Loss due to attenuation of signals below cut-off frequency.
2. Loss due to dissipation with in the waveguide walls and the dielectric with in the waveguide.
27. The larger dimension of the cross section of a rectangular waveguide is 2cm. Find the cut off
frequency and wavelength for the domain and TE mode.
The given data are a = 2 cm.
We know the dominant TE mode is TE10 mode, thus m = 1 and n = 0.
The cut-off frequency of rectangular waveguides is

v
fc =
2
=

m
a

n
+
a

vm
Since n = 0
2a

3 108
1
1.5 108
=
= 7.5 109 = 7.5GHz
2
0.02
0.02

Cutoff wavelength c =

m
a

n
b

2a
since n = 0
m

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

c =

2 ( 0.02 )
1

= 0.04m

28. Explain why TEM waves are not possible in rectangular waveguide.

(Apr. 2004.)

Since TEM wave does not have actual component of an E or H. It cannot be propagated with in a
single conductor wave guide.
There fore for a displacement current the guide requires an axial component of E, which is not
present in TEM waves.
29. Which mode is the dominant mode in a rectangular wave?
The dominant modes are, TE10 and TM11
But the lowest mode is TE10
30. Show the excitation method of TE11 and TM11 modes is a rectangular wave guide.

Fig. (a) TE11

(b) TM11

31. What is a guided wavelength?

g =

1
c

Where =

c
and c = cut off wave length.
f

32. Mention the applications of circular waveguides.

Circular waveguides are used as attenuators and phase shifters.

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

33. Mention the dominant modes in rectangular and circular waveguides.

For a rectangular waveguide, the dominant mode TE10, For a circular waveguide the dominant
mode TE11.
34. Why is TM01 mode prepared to the TE01 mode in a circular waveguide?
TM01 mode is preferred to the TE01 mode, since it requires a smaller diameter for the same cut-off
wavelength
34. What is cut-off frequency or critical frequency in circular waveguide?

35. What is the expression for TM waves in circular guides?

Ez0 = An ' J n ( h) cos n '

E0 =
E0 =

An ' J 'n ( h) cos n '

( nA ) J
'

( h) sin n '

H 0 =
and

j
h2

H 0 =

( nA ) J
'

( h) sin n '

j ' '
An J n ( h) cos n '
h

36. What are the boundary conditions for TM waves in circular guides?

E = 0 all along the circumference of the cylindrical

E = 0 at =a, for all values of varying from 0 to 2

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

Example-1-The TE10 at 10GHz propagates in x-band copper rectangular waveguide whose inner
dimensions are a=2.3cm and b=1cm whish is filled with r = 2.1

and r = 1 find cut-off frequency

phase constant, cut-off wave length phase velocity, group velocity, guided wave length and
characteristic impedance.
Given

TE10 m=1 n=0

f = 10GHz = 10 109

r = 2.1 and r = 1
= 0 r = 0 2.1 and = 0 = 0

r = 1

a = 2.3cm = 0.023m b = 1cm = 0.01m

1. Cut-Off Frequency

=
=

"

" ' "

'"(% "%
"'" *

= +'+&,( "& -.
= +'+&,(/-.
2. Cut-Off wave length

"

= '"(% "%

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

"'" *

= "'"+(

+'(

3. Phase Velocity

+'+&,( /
"/

= "'%&* ,

+'+&,( /
"/

= "'%&* ,

'"(% "%
"'%&* ,

= '* , "%

4. Group Velocity

= '"(% "% "'%&* ,

= '%+0 "%

5. Phase Constant

=
=

" ' " "'%&* (

= " "& +'%**% " & "'%&* (

= 0 ' &%"

6. Guided Wave Length

g =
g =

2
271.2980

+'+&,( /
"/

= "'%&* ,

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

g =0.0232m 2.315cm
7. Characteristic impedance

Z 0TE =

f
1 c
f
Z 0TE

=
= 259.968
2.1 0

f
1 c
f

259.968
=
0.89325

4.4956 G
= 1
10 G

= 0.89325

Z 0TE = 291.0367
Example-2-The TE10 rectangular waveguide has following dimensions are a=2.54cm and b=1.27cm
whish is filled with air find cut-off frequency phase constant and cut-off wave
Given

TE10 m=1 n=0

filled with air

r = 0
and r = 0
and = 0 = 0
= 0 r 0
a = 2.54cm = 0.0254m b = 1.27cm = 0.0127 m
1. Cut-Off Frequency

=
=

"

" "

* "%
"'" ,+

= ,'&",, "& -.
= +'+&,(/-.

= * "%

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

2. Cut-Off wave length

"

"'" ,+

= "'","%

,'"%

Example-3An air filled rectangular waveguide with dimensions are a=8.5cm and b=4.3cm is operated
at TE11 for 4GHz single find cut-off frequency phase constant, cut-off wave length phase velocity and
group velocity.
Given

TE11 m=1 n=1

f = 4GHz = 4 109
filled with air

r = 0
and r = 0
and = 0 = 0
= 0 r 0
a = 8.5cm = 0.085m b = 4.3cm = 0.043m
1. Cut-Off Frequency

" "

= * "%

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

* "%
"'"%,

"'"+*

= *'&"**/-.
2. Cut-Off wave length

" "

= * "%

* "%
*'&"** "&

= "'"0(

= 0'(

3. Phase Velocity

* "%
"'"0,
+ "&

* "%
"' "&*0*

= +'* "%

= 0',

"'"0,
"'"0(0

= "' "&*0*

"'"0,
"'"0(0

= "' "&*0*

4. Group Velocity

= * "% "' "&*0*

= "'(*( "%

5. Guided Wave Length

g =

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

g =

1
c

= 1

0.075
0.0767

= 0.209373

0.075
0.209373
g =0.3582m g =35.82cm

g =

Example-4- When the dominant mode is propagated through a waveguide at a frequency 9GHz, the
guide wavelength is 4cm, find dimension of the guide
Given
For a rectangular waveguide, the dominant mode TE10

TE10 m=1 n=0

filled with air
r = 0
and r = 0

= 0 r 0
and = 0 = 0
g = 4cm = 0.04m
0

g =

1 0
c
2

1 0
c

0
g

squaring on both sides

2

1 0
c

= 0
g

dividing 02 both side

1
2
0

o =

1
2
c

v
f

g2
v=

1
= 3 108 m / sec c
0 0

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

3 108
9 109
o = 0.033m o = 3.3cm

o =

1
2
0

1
2
c

1
2
c

1
2
c

=
=

1
2
0

g2
1

g2

( 0.033)

( 0.04 )

c = 0.058m c = 0.5.8cm
Cut-off wavelength

12

"

"

=
=
=

"'",%

= "'" &

= '&

Example-5-The Cut-off wave lengths of a rectangular waveguide are measured to be 8cm and 4.8cm
for TE11 and TE10 modes respectively, determine waveguide dimensions.
Given

For TE10

mode

For TE11

mode

C10 =8cm=0.08m
C11 =4.8cm=0.048m

filled with air

r = 0
and r = 0
and = 0 = 0
= 0 r 0
C10 =8cm=0.08m
Cut-off wavelength

EC2305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

12

"

=
=
=

"'"%

= "'"+

=+

12
+

=
+

"'"+%

3"'"+4
"'"+ +

"'"+%
3"'"+4

"'"+ +

"'( "'"+ +

)=

"'*( "'"+ +

,'0( " + + "'*(

,'0( " + =

"'*(

,'0( " + =

( "'*( )

,'0( " + =

"'(+

,'0( " +
"'(+

= "'"*

=*

"