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    Chem Introduction Part 1

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    swaggles
    The document discusses organic chemistry, including that it involves carbon-containing compounds and plays a central role in medicine. It introduces vitalism and how Wöhler disproved this theory. It outlines key differences between organic and inorganic compounds and covers structural theory including isomers, molecular shape, bonding including the octet rule and Lewis structures.

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    Chem Introduction Part 1

    Uploaded by

    swaggles
    26 views21 pages
    The document discusses organic chemistry, including that it involves carbon-containing compounds and plays a central role in medicine. It introduces vitalism and how Wöhler disproved this theory. It outlines key differences between organic and inorganic compounds and covers structural theory including isomers, molecular shape, bonding including the octet rule and Lewis structures.

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    chem 31 introduction

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    The document discusses organic chemistry, including that it involves carbon-containing compounds and plays a central role in medicine. It introduces vitalism and how Wöhler disproved this theory. It outlines key differences between organic and inorganic compounds and covers structural theory including isomers, molecular shape, bonding including the octet rule and Lewis structures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views21 pages

    Chem Introduction Part 1

    Uploaded by

    swaggles
    The document discusses organic chemistry, including that it involves carbon-containing compounds and plays a central role in medicine. It introduces vitalism and how Wöhler disproved this theory. It outlines key differences between organic and inorganic compounds and covers structural theory including isomers, molecular shape, bonding including the octet rule and Lewis structures.

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    Introduction

    Organic Chemistry
    The chemistry of the compounds of carbon
    The human body is largely composed of organic
    compounds
    Organic chemistry plays a central role in medicine,
    bioengineering etc.

    Vitalism
    Organic compounds could be made only by living things by
    intervention of a vital force
    Fredrich Whler disproved vitalism in 1828

    CRITERIA

    INORGANIC

    ORGANIC

    1. Elements involved

    All of the elements

    Relatively few elements


    (mainly C, H, N, O, S, P, X)

    2. Type of bonding
    - within a unit
    - between units

    Mostly ionic
    Mostly electrostatic

    Covalent
    Dispersion forces, dipoledipole, H-bonding

    Ions

    Molecules

    Generally fast
    Very fast

    Generally slow
    Moderately fast to explosive

    sometimes

    Often

    6. Side reactions

    None, many are quantitative

    Yes, nearly always

    7. combustibility

    Non-combustible

    Usually combustible

    Mostly soluble
    Insoluble
    Yes
    Relatively high
    High
    Nonvolatile

    Mostly insoluble
    Mostly soluble
    No
    Relatively low
    Low
    Usually volatile

    3. Units of structure

    4. Rates of reaction
    - at room temperature
    - at higher
    temperature
    5. Catalyst requirement

    8. Physical properties
    - solubility
    -- in water
    -- in organic
    solvents
    - electrical conduction
    - melting point
    - boiling point
    - volatility

    Structural Theory
    Central Premises
    Valency: atoms in organic compounds form a fixed
    number of bonds (covalency number)

    Carbon can form one or more bonds to other carbons

    Isomers
    Isomers are different molecules with the same molecular
    formula
    Many types of isomers exist
    Example
    Consider two compounds with molecular formula C2H6O
    These compounds cannot be distinguished based on molecular
    formula; however they have different structures
    The two compounds differ in the connectivity of their atoms

    Three Dimensional Shape of Molecules


    Virtually all molecules possess a 3-dimensional shape
    which is often not accurately represented by drawings

    Chemical Bonds:
    Octet Rule
    Electronegativity
    Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons
    It increases from left to right and from bottom to top in the periodic table
    (noble gases excluded)

    Fluorine is the most electronegative atom and can stabilize excess electron density the best

    Writing Lewis Structures


    Atoms bond by using their valence electrons
    The number of valence electrons is equal to the group
    number of the atom

    Carbon is in group 4A and has 4 valence electrons


    Hydrogen is in group 1A and has 1 valence electron
    Oxygen is in group 6A and has 6 valence electrons
    Nitrogen is in group 5A and has 5 valence electrons

    To construct molecules the atoms are assembled with


    the correct number of valence electrons
    If the molecule is an ion, electrons are added or
    subtracted to give it the proper charge
    The structure is written to satisfy the octet rule for each
    atom and to give the correct charge
    If necessary, multiple bonds can be used to satisfy the
    octet rule for each atom

    Chapter 1

    Propane (C3H8)

    Acetylene (C2H2)

    Ethanol (C2H5OH)

    Acetone (C3H6O)

    Try these

    Acetonitrile (CH3CN)

    Acetic acid (C2H4O2)

    Formal charge
    A formal charge is a positive or negative charge on
    an individual atom
    The sum of formal charges on individual atoms is
    the total charge of the molecule or ion
    The formal charge is calculated by subtracting the
    assigned electrons on the atom in the molecule
    from the electrons in the neutral atom
    Electrons in bonds are evenly split between the
    two atoms; one to each atom
    Lone pair electrons belong to the atom itself

    Ethene (C2H4)

    Aminomethane (CH3NH2)

    Methaniminium

    Ethyl acetate

    Try these

    Nitromethane

    A Summary of Formal Charges

    Representing Organic Compounds

    1) Molecular Formula

    C2H6O

    Ethanol/ethyl alcohol

    2) Lewis Dot Structures

    3) Condensed structures

    CH3OH

    CH3CH2OH

    Representing Organic Compounds


    4) Dash Structural Formula

    - using lines to show covalent bonds

    Representing Organic Compounds

    5) Bond Line Structural Formula

    line structures:
    each intersection is a carbon
    H on carbon is invisible assume carbons are saturated

    line structure:

    Br

    Cl

    Representing Organic Compounds

    6) 3D Structural Formula

    21

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