P

' R
E
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APOLLO 11
i_ LUNAR LANDING MISSION

_ 0
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
 NATIONALAERONAUTICS
ANDS_CE ADMINIST_TION TE_. WO2-4155
WASHINGTON,
D.C. 205_ WO3-6_5

FOR RELEASE:
SUNDAY
July 6, 1969

RELEASE NO: 69-83E

PROJECT: APOLLO
11
(To be launched no
earlier than July 16)

contents
GENERAL RELEASE ............................................. 1-17
APOLLO II COUNTDOWN ......................................... 18-20
LAUNCH EVENTS ............................................... 21
APOLLO Ii MISSION EVENTS .................................... 22-25
MISSION TRAJECTORY AND MANEUVER DESCRIPTION ................ -26
Launch ................................................... 26-30
Earth Parking Orbit (EPO) ................................ 30
Translunar Injection (TLI) ............................... 30
Transposition, Docking and Ejection (TD&E) ............... 30-32
Translunar Coast ......................................... 33
Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) .............................. 33
Lunar Module Descent, Lunar Landing ...................... 33-.41
Lunar Surface Extravehicular Activity (EVA) .............. 42-47
Lunar Sample Collection .................................. 48
LM Ascent, Lunar Orbit Rendezvous ........................ 49-53
Transearth Injection (TEl) ............................... 53-56
Transearth Coast ......................................... 57

Entry Landlng
RECOVERY OPERATIONS, QUARANTINE i/fill
........... ....lillllllll
Lunar Receiving Laboratory ............................... 65-67
SCHEDULE FOR TRANSPORT OF SAMPLES, SPACECRAFT & CREW ........ 68
LUNAR RECEIVING LABORATORY PROCEDURES TIMELINE
(TENTATIVE) .............................................. 69-70
APOLLO Ii GO/NO-GO DECISION POINTS .......................... 71
APOLLO ii ALTERNATE MISSIONS ................................ 72-73
ABORT MODES ................................................. 74
Deep Space Aborts ........................................ 74-76
ONBOARD TELEVISION .......................................... 77
Tentative Apollo II TV Times ............................. 78
PHOTOGRAPHIC TASKS .......................................... 79-80
LUNAR DESCRIPTION ........................................... 81
Physical Facts ........................................... 81
Apollo Lunar Landing Sites ............................... 82-85

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6/26/69
Contents
Continued 2

COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE STRUCTURE, SYSTEMS ......... - ..... 86-88

CSM Systems ............................................. -88-95
LUNAR MODULE STRUCTURES, WEIGHT ............................ -96
Ascent Stage ............................................ -96-101
Descent Stage ........................................... -101-103
Lunar Module Systems ..... ............................... -103-107
SATURN V LAUNCH VEHICLE DESCRIPTION & OPERATION ............ -108
Launch Vehicle Range Safety Provisions .................. -108-109
Space Vehicle Weight Summary ....... " .................... -ii0-iii
First Stage ............................................. -112
Second Stage ............................................ -112-113
Third Stage ............................................. -113
Instrument Unit ......................................... -111-114
Propulsion ................................ i_ ............. 114-115
Launch Vehicle Instrumentation and Communication ......... 115
S-IVB Restart ............................ i.............. -116
Differences in Launch Vehicles for A-10 and A-II ......... 16
APOLLO ii CREW ............................................. -117
Life Support Equipment - Space Suits .................... -117-122
Apollo ii Crew Menu ..................................... -123-132
Personal Hygiene ........................................ -133
Medical Kit .............................................. 33
Survival Gear ........................................... -133-135
Biomedical Inflight Monitoring ........................... 35
Training ............................................... --136-137
Crew Biographies ........................................ -138-144
EARLY APOLLO SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS PACKAGE ................ -145-153
APOLLO LUNAR RADIOISOTOPIC HEATER (ALRH) .................... 54-157
APOLLO LAUNCH OPERATIONS .................................... 58
Prelaunch Preparations .................................. -I 8-160
LAUNCH COMPLEX 39 .......................................... -161
Vehicle Assembly Building ................................ 162-163
Launch Control Center .................................... 16 -164
Mobile Launcher ......................................... -164-165
Transporter .............................................. 165-166
Crawlerway .............................................. -166
Mobile Service Structure ................................ -166-167
Water Deluge System ..................................... -167
Flame Trench and Deflector .............................. -167-168
Pad Areas ................................................ 168
Mission Control Center ................................... 169-170
MANNED'SPACE FLIGHT NETWORK ................................ -171-174
NASA Communications Network ............................. -174-176
Network Computers ....................................... -176-177
The Apollo Ships ........................................ -178
Apollo Range Instrumentation Aircraft (ARIA) ............ -179
Ship Positions for Apollo Ii ............................. 180
V

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Contents
Continuea 3

CONTAMINATION CONTROL PROGRAM .............................. -181

Lunar Module Operations ................................. -181-187
Command Module Operations ................................ 187
Lunar Mission Recovery Operations ....................... -187-188
Biological Isolation Garment ............................ -188
Mobile Quarantine Facility ............................... 188
Lunar Receiving Laboratory .............................. -189-190
Sterilization and Release of Spacecraft ................. -190-191
APOLLO PROGRAM MANAGEMENT ................................... 192
Apollo/Saturn Officials ................................. -193-217
Major Apollo/Saturn V Contractors ....................... -218-219
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS AND INVESTIGATIONS OF
LUNAR SURFACE SAMPLES ................................... -220-241
APOLLO GLOSSARY ............................................ -242-246
APOLLO ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .......................... -247-248
CONVERSION FACTORS ......................................... -249-250

- 0 -
 WO 2-4155
N E W S NAT,ONAL AERONAUTICS ANDDSPACE
WASHINGTON, ADMINISTRATION
.C. 20546 TELS. WO 3-6925

FOR RELEASE:SUNDAY
July 6, 1969

RELEASE NO: 69-83K

APOLLO II

The United States will launch a three-man spacecraft

toward the Moon on July 16 with the goal of landing two astronaut-

explorers on the lunar surface four days later.

If the mission--called Apollo ll--is successful, man will

accomplish his long-time dream of walking on another celestial

body.

The first astronaut on the Moon's surface will be 38-year-old

Neil A. Armstrong of Wapakoneta, Ohio, and his initial act will be

to unveil a plaque whose message symbolizes the nature of the

journey.

._ Affixed to the leg of the lunar landing vehicle, the plaque

is signed by President Nixon, Armstrong and his Apollo ll compan-

ions, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.

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 --2--

It bears a map of the Earth and this inscription:

HERE MEN FROM THE PLANET EARTH

FIRST SET FOOT UPON THE MOON

JULY 1969 A.D.

WE CAME IN PEACE FOR ALL MANKIND

The plaque is fastened to the descent stage of the lunar

module and thus becomes a permanent artifact on the lunar sur-

face.

Later Armstrong and Aldrin will emplant an American flag

on the surface of the Moon.

The Apollo ii crew will also carry to the Moon and return

two large American flags, flags of the 50 states, District of

Columbia and U.S. Territories, flags of other nations and that

of the United Nations Organization.

During their 22-hour stay on the lunar sarface, Armstrong

and Aldrin will spend up to 2 hours and 40 minutes outside the

lunar module, also gathering samples of lunar surface material

and deploying scientific experiments which will transmit back

to Earth valuable data on the lunar environment.

J

Apollo ii is scheduled for launch at 9:32 a.m. EDT July 16

-
from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Kennedy

Space Center Launch Complex 39-A. The mission will be the fifth _

manned Apollo flight and the third to the Moon.

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4
 -3-

The prime mission objective of Apollo ii is stated simply:

"Perform a manned lunar landing and return". Successful fulfill-

ment of this objective will meet a national goal of this decade,

as set by President Kennedy May 25, 1961.

Apollo ii Commander Armstrong and Command Module Pilot

Collins 38, and Lunar Module Pilot Aldrin, 39, will each be

making his second space flight. Armstrong was Gemini 8 commander,

and backup Apollo 8 commander; Collins was Gemini i0 pilot and

was command module pilot on the Apollo 8 crew until spinal

surgery forced him to leave the crew for recuperation; and Aldrin

was Gemini 12 pilot and Apollo 8 backup lunar module pilot.

Armstrong is a civilian, Collins a USAF lieutenant colonel and

Aldrin a USAF colonel.

Apollo Ii backup crewmen are Commander James A. Lovell,

Command Module Pilot William A. Anders, both of whom were on the

Apollo 8 first lunar orbit mission crew, and Lunar Module Pilot

Fred W. Haise.

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 -4-

The backup crew functions in three significant categories.

They help the prime crew with mission preparation and hardware

checkout activities. They receive nearly complete mission

training which becomes a valuable foundation for later assignment

as a prime crew and finally, should the prime crew become unavail-

able, they are prepared to fly as prime crew on schedule up until

the last few weeks at which time full duplicate training becomes

too costly and time consuming to be practical.

Apollo ii, after launch from Launch Complex 39-A, will

begin the three-day voyage to the Moon about two and a half hours

after the spacecraft is inserted into a 100-nautical mile circular

Earth parking orbit. The Saturn V launch vehicle third stage will

restart to inject Apollo ii into a translunar trajlectory as the ve-

hicle passes over the Pacific midway through the second Earth park-

ing orbit.

The "go" for translunar injection will follow a complete check-

out of the space vebicl_s readiness to be committed for injection.

About a half hour after translunar injection (TLI), the command/

service module will separate from the Saturn third stage, turn around

and dock with the lunar module nested in the spacecraft LM adapter.

Spring-loaded lunar module holddowns will be released to eject the

docked spacecraftfrom the adapter. .

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 APOLLO 11 Launch And Translunar Injection

it i

i '/ _

o AstronautInsertion CheckOf Systems _n

I

Saturn Staging Translunar Injection

 -6-

Later, leftover liquid propellant in the Saturn third stage

will be vented through the engine bell to place the stage into

a "slingshot" trajectory to miss the Moon and go into solar orbit.

During the translunar coast, Apollo ii will be in the passive

thermal control mode in which the spacecraft rotates slowly about

one of its axes to stabilize thermal response to solar heating. Four

midcourse correction maneuvers are possible during translunar coast

and will be planned in real time to adjust the trajectory.

Apollo II will first be inserted into a 60-by-170-nautical

mile elliptical lunar orbit_ which two revolutions later will be

adjusted to a near-circular 54 x 66 nm. Both lunar orbit insertion

burns (L01), using the spacecraft's 20,50G-pound-thrust service

propulsion system, will be made when Apollo ii is behind the Moon and

out of "sight" of Manned Space Flight Network stations.

Some 21 hours after entering lunar orbit, Armstrong and

Aldrin will man and check out the lunar module for the descent to

the surface. The LM descent propulsion system will place the LM in

an elliptical orbit with a pericynthion, or low point above the Moon,

of 50,000 feet, from which the actual descent and touchdown will be

made.

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 APOLLO 11 _ Translunar Flight

I
Transposition Maneuver Extraction Of Lunar Module
J

|
I
I
/
l

Navigation Check Lunar Orbit Insertion

 -8-

After touchdown, me landing crew will first ready the lunar

module for immediate ascent and then take a brief rest before

depressurizing the cabin for two-man EVA about i0 hours after

touchdown. Armstrong will step onto the lunar surface first,

followed by Aldrin some 40 minutes later.

During their two hours and 40 minutes on the surface,

Armstrong and Aldrin will gather geologic samples for return to

Earth in sealed sample return containers and set up two scientific

experiments for returning Moon data to Earth long after the mission

is complete.

One experiment measures moonquakes and meteoroid impacts on the

lunar surface, while the other experiment is a sophisticated reflect-

or that will mirror laser beams back to points on Earth to aid in

expanding scientific knowledge both of this planet and of the Moon.

The lunar module's descent stage will serve as a launching

pad for the crew cabin as the 3,500-pound-thrust ascent engine

propels the LM ascent stage back into lunar orbit for rendezvous

with Collins in the command/service module--orbiting 60 miles above

the Moon.

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 APOLLO 11 -- Descent To Lunar Surface

Separation Of LM From CSM

o Transfer To LM
(b
I

__, ___

Landing On Moon First Step On Moon

 APOLLO 11 Lunar Surface Activities

Commander On Moon Contingency Sample

0 I

, ?

Documented Sample Collection Sample Collecting

 APOLLO 11 Lunar Surface Activities

t _ -- _ -_" -"_ J
Experiment Placements
i
J
o F-J
I

TV Camera Alignment Of Passive

Seismometer Bulk Sample Collection
 -12-

Four basic maneuvers, all performed by the LM crew using

the spacecraft's small maneuvering and attitude thrusters, will

bring the LM and the command module together for docking about

three and a half hours after liftoff from the Moon.

The boost out of lunar orbit for the return journey is planned

for about 135 hours after Earth liftoff and after the LM ascent

stage has been jettisoned and lunar samples a_d film stowed aboard

the command module. An optional plan provides for a 12-hour delay

in the transearth injection burn to allow the crew more rest after

a long hard day's work on the lunar surface and flying the rendezvous.

The total mission time to splashdown would remain about the same,

since the transearth injection burn would impart a higher velocity

to bring the spacecraft back to the mid-Pacific recovery line at

about the same time.

The rendezvous sequence to be flown on Apollo Ii has twice

been flown with the Apollo spacecraft---once in Earth orbit on

Apollo 9 and once in lunar orbit with Apollo i0. The Apollo i0

mission duplicated, except for the actual landing, all aspects of

the Apollo ii timeline.

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 APOLLO 11 Lunar Ascent And Rendezvous

o Return To Spacecraft Ascent Stage Launch 1

I I

/
,,/
/

Rendezvous And Docking LM Jettison

APOLLO 11 Transearth Injection And Recovery ,_-

__ - CM/SM Separation

Transearth Injection __ i

_J__ _.._._-_---_ Reentry

- --

"" _ "___ Recovery

SpLashdown
 -15-

During the transearth coast period, Apollo ii will again

control solar heat loads by using the passive thermal control

"barbeque" technique. Three transearth midcourse corrections are

possible and will be planned in real time to adjust the Earth

entry corridor.

Apollo Ii will enter the Earth's atmosphere (400,000 feet)

at 195 hours and five minutes after launch at 36,194 feet per

second. Command module touchdown will be 1285 nautical miles

downrange from entry at 10.6 degrees north latitude by 172.4

west longitude at 195 hQurs, 19 minutes after Earth launch 12:46 p.m.

EDT July 24. The touchdown point is about 1040 nautical miles

southwest of Honolulu, Hawaii.

(END OF GENERAL RELEASE; BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOLLOWS)

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 O

FLIGHT PROFILE

_'... (17)
INJECTION BURN_
(16) CSM/LM SEPARATION --

(12)CSI 45 N.MI.

15)I 60 N.MI.
(18) CM/SM SEPARATION (II)LM LAUNCH

i _)INSERTION 9x45 N .MI (13)CD_ i

100N.MI. : CSM60 N.MI.

(3) S-IVBRESTART
DURING 2ND EARTH EARTH PARKINGORBIT
(1)LAUNCH CSM60 N.MI._ _.
OR 3RD ORBIT_ (I0) LANDING--_-_:-J r (9)LM DESCENT
50,000 FT._
(I9) _ :

& RECOVERY
CM SPLASHDOWN - %,_ I. (7)LUNAR ORBIT

(4) TRANSLUNAR
S-IVB 2NO BURN CUTOFF / (6) S-IVB RESIDUAL 53x65 ORBIT
N.M. _ _..___.,,,_..-(8)CIRCULARIZATION
.-_-_'_ _ INSERTION
INJECTION PROPELLANT
(SLINGSHOT) DUMP LUNAR
(5) S/C SEPARATION,
TRANSPOSITION,
DOCKING & EJECTION
 -18-

APOLLO Ii COUNTDOWN A
W
The clock for the Apollo Ii countdown will start at T-28
hours, with a slx_hour built-ln-hold planned at T-9 hours, prior
to launch vehicle propellant loading.

The countdown ks preceded by a pre-count operation that

begins some 5 days before launch. During thisperlod the tasks
include mechanical buildup of both the comand/servlce module
and I_, fuel cell activation and servicing and loading of the
super critical helium aboard the LM descent stage.

Following are some of the highlights of the final count :

T-28 hrs. Official countdown starts

T-27 hrs. 30 mins. Install launch vehicle flight batteries

(to 23 hrs. 30 mlnS.)
IR stowage and cabin closeout (to 15 hrs. )

T-21 hrs. Top off IR super critical helium (to

19 hrs. )

T-16 hrs. Launch vehicle range safety checks (to

15 hrs. )

T-If hrs. 30 mins. Install launch vehicle destruct devices

(to I0 hrs. 45 mins.)
Command/service module pre-lngress
operations

T-IO hrs. Start mobile service structure move to

park site

T-9 hrs. Start six hour built-in-hold

T-9 hrs. counting Clear blast area for propellant loading

T-8 hrs. 30 rains. Astronaut backup crew to spacecraft for

prelaunch checks

T-8 hrs. 15 rains. Launch Vehicle propellant loading, three

stages (liquid oxygen in first stage}
liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen in
second, third stages.
Continues thru T-3 hrs. 38 ,tins.

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 -19-

T-5 hrs. 17 mins. Flight crew alerted

T-5 hrs. 02 mlns. Medical examination

T-_ hrs. 32 mins. Breakfast

T-3 hrs. 57 mlns. Don space suits

T-3 hrs. 07 rains. Depart Manned Spacecraft Operations Build-

ing for LC-39 via crew transfer van

T-2 hrs. 55 rains. Arrive at LC-39

T-2 hrs. _O mins. Start flight crew ingress

T-I hr. 55 mins. Mission Control Center-Houston/spacecraft

command checks

T-1 hr. 50 mins. Abort advisory system checks

T-I hr. 46 mins. Space vehicle Emergency Detection System

(EDS) test

T-43 mins, Retrack Apollo access arm to standby

position (12 degrees)

T-42 mins. Arm launch escape system

T-_0 mins. Final launch vehicle range safety checks

(to 35 mlns.)
T-30 rains. Launch vehicle power transfer test

LM switch over to internal power

T-20 mins. to Shutdown LM operational instrumentation

T-IO mlns.

T-15 mins. Spacecraft to internal power

T-6 mins. Space vehicle final status checks

T-5 mins. 30 sec. Arm destruct system

T-5 rains. Apollo access arm fully retracted

T-3 mlns. i0 sec. Initiate firing command (automatic sequencer)

T-50 sec. Launch vehicle transfer to internal power

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 -20-

T-8.9 sec. Y_nltion sequence start

T-2 sec. All engines running

T-O Liftoff

*Note : 8_ae changes in the above countdown are possible as a

result of experience gained in the Countdown Demonstration
Test (CDDT) which occurs about i0 days before launch.

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 -21-

LAUNCH EVENTS

Time Event Altitmde Velocity Range

HrsMinSec Feet __

00 00 00 FirstMotion 182.7 1,340.67 0.0

00 01 21.0 Maximum Dynamic Pressure 43,365 2,_36.7 2.7

00 02 15 S-IC Center Engine Cutoff 145,600 6,504.5 24.9

00 02 40.8 S-IC Outboard Engines Cutoff 217,655 9,030.6 49.6

00 02 41.6 S-IC/S-II Separation 219,984 9,064.5 50.2

00 02 43.2 S-II Ignition 221,881 9,059.1 51.3

00 03 ll.5 S-II Aft Interstage Jettison 301,266 9,469.0 87.0

00 03 17.2 LET Jettison 315,001 9,777.6 94.3

00 07 39.8 S-II Center Engine Cutoff 588,152 18,761.7 600.0

00 09 ll.4 S-II Outboard Engines Cutoff 609.759 22,746.8 885.0

00 09 12.3 S-II/S-IVB Separation 609 982 22,756,7 887.99

00 09 15.4 S-IVB Ignition 610 014 22,756.7 888.42

00 ll 40.1 S-IVB First Cutoff 617 957 25,562.4 1425.2

00 iI 50.1 Parking Orbit Insertion 617 735 25,567.9 1463.9

02 44 14.8 S-IVB Reignition 650 558 25,554.0 3481.9

02 50 03.1 S-IVB Second Cutoff 1058 809 35,562.9 2633.6

02 50 13.1 Translunar Injection 1103,215 35,538.5 2605.0

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 APOLLO ii MISSION EVENTS

Event GET Date/EDT Vel. Change Purpose and resultant orbit

h_s:min:sec feet/sec

Lunar orbit insertion 75:54:28 19th 1:26 p -2924 Inserts Apollo ii into 60 x 170 nm
No. i elliptical lunarorbit

Lunar orbit insertion 80:09:30 19th 5:42 p -157.8 Changes lunar parking orbit to
No.2 54 x 66 nm

CSM-LM undocking,
separation 100:09:50 20th 1:42 p -- Establishes equiperiod orbit for 2.2
i (SM RCS) 100:39:50 20th 2:12 p 2.5 nm separation for DOI maneuver _i

o Descent orbit insertion 101:38:48 20th 3:12 p -74.2 Lowers LM pericynthion to 8 nm

(DPS) (8x 60)
f

LM powered descent ini- 102:35:13 20th 4:08 p -6761 Three-phase maneuver to brake LM
tiation (DPS) out of transfer orbit, vertical
descent and touchdown on lunar
surface

LM touchdown on lunar 102:47:11 20th 4:19 p Lunar exploration

surface

Depressurization for 112:30 21st 2:02 a

lunar surface EVA

Repressurize LM after ll5:10 21st 4:42 a

EVA
 APOLLO ii MISSION EVENTS

Event GET Date/EDT' Vel.Chanse Purpose and resultant orbit

hrs:min:sec feet/sec

Earth orbit insertion 00:11:50 16th 9:44 a 25,567 Insertion into i00 nm circular
earth parking orbit

Translunar injection 02:44:15 16th 12:16 p 9,965 Injection into free-return trans-
(S-IVB engine ignition) lunar trajectory with 60 nm
pericynthion

CSM separation, docking 03:20:00 16th 12:52 p -- Hard-mating of CSM and LM ]

Ejection from SLA 04:10:00 16th 1:42 p i Separates CSM-LM from S-IVB-SLA

t SPS Evasive maneuver 04:39:37 16th 2:12 p 19.7 Provides separation prior to S-IVB
propellant dump and "slingshot"
maneuver

Midcourse correction #i TLI+9 hrs 16th 9:16 p *0 *These midcourse corrections have
a nominal velocity \change of 0 fps,
Midcourse Correction #2 TLI+24 hrs 17th 12:16 p 0 but will be calculated in real time
to correct TLI dispersions.
Midcourse correction #3 L01-22 hrs 18th 3:26 p 0

Midcourse correction #4 L01-5 hrs 19th 8:26 a 0

 APOLLO ii MISSION EVENTS

Event GET DATE/EDT Vel. Chan_e Purpose and resultant orbit

hrs:min:sec feet/sec

LM ascent and orbit 124:23:21 21st 1:55 p 6055 Boosts ascent stage into 9 x
insertion 45 lunar orbit for rendezvous
with CSM

LM RCS concentric se- 125:21:20 21st 2:53 p 49.4 Raises LM perilune to 44.7 nm,
quence initiate adjusts orbital shape for
(CSI)burn rendezvoussequence(45.5x
44.2)

LM RCS constant delta 126:19:40 21st 3:52 p 4.5 Radially downward burn adjusts
height (CDH)burn LM orbit to constant15 nm
below CSM

LM RCS terminal phase 126:58:26 21st 4:30 p 24.6 LM thrusts along line of sight
initiate (TPI) burn toward CSM, midcourse and _L
brakingmaneuvers as necessary
O

_ Rendezvous (TPF) 127:43:54 21st 5:15 p -4.7 Completes rendezvous sequence

' (59.5
x 59.0)

Docking 128:00:00 21st 5:32 p -- Commander and LM pilot transfer

back to CSM

LM jettison, separa- 131:53:05 21st 9:25 p -i Prevents recontact of CSM with

tion (SM RCS) LM ascent stage during remainder
of lunar orbit

Transearth injection 135:24:34 22nd 00:57 a 3293 Inject CSM into 59.6-hour trans-
(TEl)SPS earthtrajectory
 APOLLO ii MISSION EVENTS

Event GET DATE/EDT Vel. Change Purpose and resultant orbit

hrs:min:sec feet/sec

Midcourse correction TEII5 hrs 22nd 3:57 P 0 Transearth mideourse correc-

No. 5 tionswillbe computed in
real time for entry corridor
Midcourse correction E1 -15 hrs 23rd 9:37 P 0 control and recovery area
No. 6 weatheravoidance.

Midcourse correction E1 -3 hrs 24th 9:37 a 0

No. 7

f CM/SM separation 194:50:04 24th 12:22 p Command module oriented for t

o entry
@ I

a Entry interface 195:05:04 24th 12:37 p -- Command module enters earth's

(400,000feet sensibleatmosphereat 36,194
fps

Touchdown 195:19:05 24th 12:51 p -- Landing 1285 nm downrange from

entry, 10.6 north latitude by
172.4 west longitude.
 -26-

MISSION TRAJECTORY AND MANEUVER DESCRIPTION

Information presented herein is based upon a July 16 launch

and is subject to change prior to the mission or in real time
during the mission to meet changing conditions.

Launch

Apollo ii will be launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch

Complex 39A on a launch azimuth that can vary from 72 degrees to
106 degrees, depending upon the time of day of launch. The azimuth
changes with time of day to permit a fuel-optimum injection from
Earth parking orbit into a free-return circumlunar trajectory.
Other factors influencing the launch windows are a daylight launch
and proper Sun angles on the lunar landing sites.

The planned Apollo ii launch date of July 16 will call for

liftoff at 9:32 a.m. EDT on a launch azimuth of 72 degrees. The
7.6-million-pound thrust Saturn V first stage boosts the space
vehicle to an altitude of 36.3 nm at 50.6 nm downrange and increases
the vehicle's velocity to 9030.6 fps in 2 minutes 4o.8 seconds
of powered flight. First stage thrust builds to 9,088,419 pounds
before center engine shutdown. Following out-board engine shutdown,
the first stage separates and falls into the Atlantic Ocean about
340 nm downrange (30.3 degrees North latitude and 73.5 degrees West
longitude) some 9 minutes after liftoff.

The 1-million-pound thrust second stage (S-II) carries the

space vehicle to an altitude of 101.4 nm and a distance of 885 nm
downrange. Before engine burnout, the vehicle will be moving at a
speed of 22,746.8 fps. The outer J-2 engines will burn 6 minutes
29 seconds during this powered phase, but the center engine will be
cut off at 4 minutes 56 seconds after S-II ignition.

At outboard engine cutoff, the S-If separates and, following

a ballistic trajectory, plunges into the Atlantic Ocean about
2,300 nm downrange from the Kennedy Space Center (31 degrees North
latitude and 33.6 degrees West longitude) some 20 minutes after
liftoff.

The first burn of the Saturn V third stage (S-IVB) occurs

immediately after S-II stage separation. It will last long enough
(145 seconds) to insert the space vehicle into a circular Earth park-
ing orbit beginning at about 4,818 nm downrange. Velocity at Earth
orbital insertion will be 25,567 fps at ii minutes 5Q seconds ground
elapsed time (GET). Inclination will be 32.6 degrees.

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 LAUNCH WINDOW SUMMARY

LAUNCH
DATE 16 18 21

LAUNCHWINDOW,E.D.T. 9:32-13:54 9:38-14:02 10:09-14:39

JULY SITE/PROFILE 2/FR 3/FR 5/HYB
16-21 SUN ELEVATIONANGLE 9.9-12.6 8.3-11.0 6.3-9.0
_ISSIONTIME,DAYS:HOURS 8:3 8:5 8:8
SPSRESERVES, FPS 1700 1550 1750

LAUNCH
DATE 14 16 20

LAUNCH
WINDOW,
E.D.T. 7:51-12:15 8:04-12:31 10:05-14:47 I
AUGUST SITE/PROFILE 2/HYB 3/HYB 5/HYB
14-20 SUN ELEVATIONANGLE 6.2-8.9 6.2-8.9 9.0-12.0 -'_
MISSION TIME, DAYS:HOURS 8:5 8:7 8:8
SPS RESERVES, FPS 1600 1750 1300

LAUNCH
DATE 13 15 18

LAUNCH_INDOW,E.D.T. 6:17-10:45 7:04-.11:39 11:31-16:14

SEP Sl TE/PROFILE 2/HY8 3/HYB 5/HYB
SUNELEVATION ANGLE 6.8-9.6 6.3-9.2 6.8-9.7
13-18 MISSION TIME, DAYS:HOURS 8:7 8:8' 8:6
SPS RESERVES,FPS 1600 1500 1050
 MISSION DURATIONS

8d8 h

8d6
h
LAUNCH
ON TIME_
ISTTLI
/"I
OPPORTUNITY

r_
I
TOTAL co
o MISSIONTIME,
i DAY:HR.

8d2
h

8dOh ATCLOSE OF
WINDOW, 2ND TLI OPPORTUNITY

7d22h , I I
16 18 21

JULY 1969 LAUNCH DATE

 ,(e

HYBRID LUNAR PROFILE

NoN_O0 N._7
-

TRANSFER
LT-
FREE-RETURN
Z_V_-10 TO 40 FPS
 -30-

The crew will have a backup to launch vehicle guidance during

powered flight. If the Saturn instrument unit inertial platform
fails; the crew can switch guidance to the command module systems
for first-stage powered flight automatic control. Second and third
stage backup guidance is through manual takeover in which crew hand
contr011er inputs are fed through the command module computer to the
Saturn instrument unit.
@

Earth Parking Orbit (EPO)

Apollo ii will remain in Earth parking orbit for one-and-one-

half revolutions after insertion and will hold a local horizontal
attitude during the entire period. The crew will perform spacecraft
systems checks in preparation for the translunar injection (TLI)
burn. The final "go" for the TLI burn will be given to the crew
through the Carnarvon, Australia, Manned Space Flight Network
station.

Translunar Injection (TLI)

Midway through the second revolution in Earth parking orbit,

the S-IVB third-stage engine will restart at 2:44:15 GET over the
mid-Pacific just south of the equator to inject Apollo ii toward
the Moon. The velocity will increase from 25,567 fps to 35,535 fps
at TLI cutoff--a velocity increase of 9971 fps. The TLI burn is
targeted for about 6 fps overspeed to compensate for the later SPS
evasive maneuver after LM extraction. TLI will place Apollo ii on
a free-return circumlunar trajectory from which midcourse corrections
if necessary could be made with the SM RCS thrusters. Entry from a
free-return trajectory would be at 10:37 a.m. EDT July 22 at 14.9
degrees south latitude by 174.9 east longitude after a flight time
of 145 hrs 04 min.

Transposition_ Docking and Ejection (TD&E)

At about three hours after liftoff and 25 minutes after the

TLI burn, the Apollo ii crew will separate the command/service
module from the spacecraft lunar module adapter (SLA), thrust out
away from the S-IVB, turn around and move back in for docking with
the lunar module. Docking should take place at about three hours
and 21 minutes GET, and after the crew confirms all docking latches
solidly engaged, they will connect the CSM-to-LM umbilicals and
pressurize the LM with the command module surge tank. At about 4:09
GET, the spacecraft will be ejected from the spacecraft LM adapter
by spring devices at the four LM landing gear "knee" attach points.
The ejection springs will impart about one fps velocity to the
spacecraft. A 19.7 fps service propulsion system (SPS) evasive
maneuver in plane at 4:39 GET will separate the spacecraft to a safe
distance for the S-IVB "slingshot" maneuver in which residual launch
vehicle liquid propellants will be dumped through the J-2 engine bell
to propell the stage in%o a trajectory passing behind the Moon's
trailing edge and on into solar orbit.

-more-
VEHICLE EARTH PARKING ORBIT CONFIGURATION
(SATURNV THIRDSTAGEAND INSTRUMENTUNIT,APOLLO SPACECRAFT)
 POST TLI TIMELINE

TLI+20 SEC 1
LOCAL
HORIZONTAL

ORBITRATE

TLI + 15 MIN
i MANEUVER TO "
SEPARATION
ATTITUDE

TLI + 25 MIN SC
INITIAL SEPARATION
(1 FPS)

TLI + 27 MIN _ I/I + 110 MIN

NULL SEPARATION
RATE AND PITCH
TO DOCKING
ATTITUDE
TLI + 90 MIN SPS EVASIVE
LM WITHDRAWAL MANEUVER
~20 FPS
 -33-

Translunar Coast

Up to four midcourse correction burns are planned during the

translunar coast phase, depending upon the accuracy of the trajectory
res_iting from the TLI maneuver. If required, the midcourse
correction burns are planned at TLI +9 hours, TLI +24 hours, lunar
orbit insertion (LOI) -22 hours and LOI -5 hours.

During coast periods between midcourse corrections, the

spacecraft will be in the passive thermal control (PTC) or "barbecue"
mode in which the spacecraft will rotate slowly about one axis to
stabilize spacecraft thermal response to tae continuous solar
exposure.

Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI)

The first of two lunar orbit insertion burns will be made at

75:54:28 GET at an altitude of about 80 nm above the Moon. LOI-I
will have a nominal retrograde velocity change of 2,924 fps and will
insert Apollo ii into a 60xl70-nm elliptical lunar orbit. LOI-2
two orbits later at 80:09:30 GET will adjust the orbit to a 54x65-nm
orbit, which because of perturbations of the lunar gravitational
potential, will become circular at 60 nm at the time of rendezvous
with the LM. The burn will be 157.8 fps retrograde. Both LOI man-
euvers will be with the SPS engine near pericynthion when the space-
craft is behind the Moon and out of contact with MSFN stations.
After LOI-2 (circularization), the lunar module pilot will enter
the lunar module for a brief checkout and return to the command
module.

Lunar ModuleDescent,.Lunar Landing.

The lunar module will be manned and checked out for undock-
ing and subsequent landing on the lunar surface at Apollo site 2.
Undocking will take place at 100:09:50 GET prior to the MSFN
acquisition of signal. A readially downward service module RCS
burn of 2.5 fps will place the CSM on an equiperiod orbit with
a maximum separation of 2.2 nm one half revolution after the
separation maneuver. At this point, on lunar farside, the descent
orbit insertion burn (DOI) will be made with the lunar module
descent engine firing retrograde 74.2 fps at 101:38:48 GET. The
burn will start at i0 per cent throttle for 15 seconds and the
remainder at 40 per cent throttle.

The DOI maneuver lowers LM pericynthion to 50,000 feet at

point about 14 degrees uprange of landing site 2.

-more-
 -34-

A three-phase powered descent initiation (PDI) maneuver

begins at pericynthion at 102:53:13 GET using the LM descent engine
to brake the vehicle out of the descent transfer orbit. The guid-
ance-controlled PDI maneuver starts about 260 nm prior to touchdown,
and is in retrograde attitude to reduce velocity to essentially zero
at the time vertical descent begins. Spacecraft attitudes range from
windows down at the start of PDI, to windows up as the spacecraft
reaches 45,000 feet above the lunar surface and LM landing radar
data can be integrated by the LM guidance computer. The braking
phase ends at about 7,000 feet above the surface and the spacecraft
is rotated to an upright windows-forward attitude. The start of the
approach phase is called high gate, and the start of the landing
phase at 500 feet is called low gate.

Both the approach phase and landing phase allow pilot take-
over from guidance control as well as visual evaluation of the land-
ing site. The final vertical descent to touchdown begins at about
150 feet when all forward velocity is hulled out. Vertical descent
rate will be three fps. Touchdown Will take place at 102:47:11 GET.

-more-
 LUNAR ORBIT INSERTION

LOI-1 ClRCULARIZATION

,, /iv_ ',
0

7 \ I _ I

' \ \ /
i I

EARTH EARTH
 GI LM (DOI) DESCENT
ORBIT INSERTIONMANEUVER

60N.MI. MSFN
MSFN AOS
LOS _CSM/LM \
SURFACE
DARKNESS UNDOCKI
I==:=l
SCDARKNESS I

LANDING
SITE _ I
.5N. MI.
ABOVE T .,,_-_'_'-A B0E_'_-_
V _ \
J _:-- AND BEH{ND _ )CSM SEPARATION
I_IRECTION >_;
....
I_S_'; A RA T. O N "_ I DO_) MI. MANEUVER
(SM
RCS)
OFMOTION _ /

1
\ /
..... .I EARTH
MOTION OF LM RELATIVE TO CSM

MOON

CSM/LM SEPARATION MANEUVER

 LUNAR MODULE DESCENT

Q LMDESCENTORBIT INSERTION
(DOI)MANUEVER,
RETROGRADE, I ,
DPS
TO401o SUN

/ LOS MSFN
/ AOS

--1

DOI-_ HIGH
LM ABOVE_j GATE7
I1-, i /'1 i
LMB_PDI I'/ I. QLANDING
L_ j I K I "ix,,,, QPOWERED DESCENT
INITIATION
12060 0 60 180 240_ 50,000FT.ALTITUDE
LMAHEAD LM BEHIND x_TOUCHDOW
N
LM-CSM RELATIVE MOTI ON
 (60 N. MI.)
PDI

50,O0OFT

('b I
I t.o
Co
I

TOUCHDOWN

DESIGN CRITERIA
BRAKING PHASE (PDI TO HI-GATE)- EFFICIENT REDUCTION OF ORBITAL VELOCITY
FINALAPPROACHPHASE(HI-GATETO LO-GATE)-CREWVISIBILITY (SAFETYOF
FLIGHT AND SITE ASSESSMENT)
LANDING PHASE (LO-GATE TO TOUCHDOWN)- MANUAL CONTROLTAKEOVER

PERATIONAL PHASES OF POWERED DESCENT

t
 ,LL
IGil GATE
, ALT- 7600
FT.
o RANGE-26000Fi'.
ALTITUDE F_NAL APPROACH i
AND NG
BRAKI _o
!

kO_,JV GAI-E L_NDING PHASES PHASE

RANGE-
2000
FT. _ =

RANGE

TARGET SEQUENCE FOR AUTOMATIC GUIDANCE

 END OF
BRAKING PHASE ; ,
VISIBILITY PHASE
. 49 \

LL;_
"-_'_-3 -'----
' sTo
/" LANDING PHASE
HORIZONTA'L I VERTICAL
THRUST THRUST VELOCITY

i
LANDING RADAR
POSITIONNO. 1 LA G RADAR
POSITION NO. 2 THRUST
10,.000 FT 9;680 FT 2,800 LB 200 TO 75 PT
TO TOUCHDOWN
3,000 FT
I
I _"
500
FT O
o VERTICAL I
I VELOCITY
27 TO 3 FPS

VERT CAL
"':!:":':!:i'?:/';__ _r _ VELOCITY
_'.'.L
_,'::;_;;_
"._!/f:::,
. :..,:_'., ""_,-:_'._.:_:";=I:-' ';I .":.!::.';_'"::.'_?':'_'.
"'. ::.': ":' _. :!:_ ..-......_. q g ,-p_
:::_:'_';hi':.,
:: ".LUNAI_, sURFAcE !:;: :_:-_'_._::.'_:_;'_-:::_s .' ..:_,.:-:.:'-_:"::i;-;::.": :' ::: ". '; I __
_.:_!':'".."'.':!..!"
.:_.,:'.;"_. ".'. : . .:_:',;,".:'_: ,.. "-_":- .:".m-, .i., _.,:_:,, ..;.: ! ,.,:.'.:. -. ' ':",'>. :"_-- I "" " " ''.'" I; ".,. ::". ::_:'
_._:"!i(;'b;_.'.-!?!,:'":-.
;_L-._:.,'!,T:
:: ', ?-:i :..:_',,.; ._,_:, -:, :_._:":',.. " _::::,;"', ,L. . '-..!, 2000 FT':;'I '.":: : : :-
'_,_..;':_:':;":'5:'.:.'_:_':";
.i::=_..''..,--_:.y_L.:':"..-'_I" . ..,: " 5.2 NAUTICAL MILES . . .. '.: ...:;..:,..

NOMINAL DESCENT TRAJECTORY

FROM HIGH GATE TO TOUCHDOWN
 PROBECONTACTS
LUNARSURFACE
'LUNAR CONTACT' INDICATOR ON
CONTROL PANEL LI GHTS
DESCENT ENGINE IS SHUT DOWN
I
BY CREWAFFER i SECOND
o LMSETTLES
TOLUNAR
SURFACE
I
I

,_ PROBES

LUNAR CONTACT SEQUENCE

 -42-

Lunar Surface Extravehicular Activity (EVA)

Armstrong and Aldrin will spend about 22 hours on the

lunar surface after lunar module touchdown at 102:47:11
GET. Following extensive checkout of LM systems and prepara-
tions for contimgency ascent staging, the LM crew will eat
and rest before depressurizing the LM for lunar surface
EVA. Both crewmen will don portable life support system
(PLSS) backpacks with oxygen purge system units (0PS) attach-
ed.

LM depressurization is scheduled for 112:30 GET with the

commander being the first to egress the LM and step onto the
lunar surface. His movements will be recorded on still and
motion picture film by the lunar module pilot and by TV de-
ployed by the commander prior to descending the ladder. The
LM pilot will leave the LM about 25 minutes after the com-
mander and both crewmen will collect samples of lunar material
and deploy the Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package
(EASEP) and the solar wind composition (SWC) experiment.

The commander, shortly after setting foot on the lunar

surface, will collect a contingency sample of surface mater-
ial and place it in his suit pocket. Later both crewmen will
collect as much as 130 pounds of loose materials and core
samples which will be stowed in air-tight sampl e return con-
tainers for return to Earth.

Prior to sealing the SRC, the SWC experiment, which

measures the elemental and isotopic constituents of the noble
(inert) gases in the solar wind, is rolled up and placed in
the container for return to Earth for analysis. Principal ex-
perimenter is Dr. Johannes Geiss, University of Bern, Switzerland.

The crew will photograph the landing site terrain

and inspect the LM during the EVA. They can range out to
about I00 feet from the LM.

After both crewman have ingressed the LM and have con-

nected to the cabin suit circuit, they will doff the PLSS
backpacks and jettison them along with other gear no longer
needed, through the LM front hatch onto the lunar surface.

The LM cabin will be repressurized about 2 hrs. 40 min.

after EVA initiation to permit transfer by the crew to the
LM life support systems. The LM will then be depressurized
to jettison unnecessary equipment to the lunar surface and
be repressurized. The crew will have a meal and rest period
before preparing for ascent into lunar orbit and rendezvousing
with the CSM.

-more-
 TOUCHDO_ LIFTOFF

POST- IST REST EVA EVA POST" 2ND REST ASC. PREP
LAND EAT PERIOD EAT PREP EVA EAT PERIOD ANDEAT
= C/O 2:40
0:25-CDR ClO
2:04 0:35 4:00 I:00 2:00 2:IS-BOTH 1:30 0:4( 4:40 2:28
I

b 21:27 TOTAL TIME =

I '
uJ
I

LUNAR SURFACE ACTIVITY SCHEDULE

 PLSS INITIAL
I
=NVI_ _ONTG'PREL =HOTO TV BULK SAMPLE

CDR CIIECKOUT EVA FAMIL _MPL CKS _MP )EPLOYMENT COLLECTION

MONITOR
PLSS SAFETY & OPERATE INTL ENVlR SWC EVA&ENVIR
LMPILOT CHECKOUT MONITOR SEQUENCECAMERAI EVA FAMIL DEP EVALUATION

I0 20 30 40 50 i*00 I*10
I I
TIME HRS+MIN a:=

LM EASEP PHOTO LMP TERMINATE

CDR INSPECTION _p1nvM_N'r DOCUMENTED SAMPLE COLLECTION PREPARE AND EVA
TRANSFER SRC' S

LM TERMINATE I
,INSPECTION DEPLOYMENT DOCUMENTED SAMPLE COLLECTION
PILOT LM EASEP * i * i EVA , SRC
RECEIVE
S
1*10 1*20 I+50 I+40 I+50 2+00 2*10 2-'20 2*30 2*40

TIME HRSMIN

NOMINAL EVA TIMELINE

 VIEWTHRUOPTICAL
CENTER
OFIV LENSIN DIRECTI
ONOF"Z"-PLANE

t
VIEW OBSTRUCTED BY
l EDGEOF STRUCTURE
o

/ '
C_TICALCENTER /

VIEW OBSTRUCTED
BY EDGEOF MESA

INTERSECTION OF "Z" /
/
PLANE AND LUNAR SURFACE.--i
 LUNAR SURFACE PHASE

PSEP /// DEPLOY

REMOVE _ _

I ! RAVERSE
__ T PSEP

,
o

: f

LRRR DEPLOY
LRRR
 KEY:
SWC - SOLAR WIND COMPOSITION

LR3 - LASER RANGING RETRO REFLECTOR

TV CAMERA

(30T
RIPODFT.
POSITtONFROM
LM) ?_ PSE - PASSIVE SEISMIC EXPERIMENT

/___FOV
"2"" .
SWC POSITION
I "_ (FEW FEET FROM LM)
I N

(NEAR MESA IN QUADIV)

BULK SAMPLE I
l
l CONTINGENCY
SAMPLE
(NEAR
LADDER) _,
I

\ DDCUMENTEDSAMPLE

\\ (WITHIN
lO0 FT.FROMLM) [] (70FT. FROMLM)
LR 3 POSITION
\
\

"" I _--_ I PSEPOSITION

U-U (80 FTo FROMLM)
 -48-

Lunar Sample Collection

Equipment for collecting and stowing lunar surface samples

is housed in the modularized equipment stowage assembly (MESA)
on the LM descent stage. The commander will unstow the equip-
ment after adjusting to the lunar surface environment.

Items stowed in the MESA are as follows:

* Black and white TV camera.

* Large scoop for collecting bulk and documented samples

of loose lunar surface material.

* Extension handle that fits the large scoop, core tubes

and hammer.

* Tongs for collecting samples of rock and for picking up

dropped tools.

* Gnomon for vertical reference, color and dimension scale

for lunar surface photography.

* Hammer for driving core tubes, chipping rock and for

trenching (with extension handle attached).

* 35mm stereo camera.

* Two sample return containers (SRC) for returning up to

130 pounds of bulk and documented lunar samples. Items such as
large and small sample bags, core tubes, gas analysis and lunar
environment sample containers are stowed in the SRGs. Both
containers are sealed after samples have been collected, docu-
mented and stowed, and the crew Will hoist them into the ascent
stage by means of an equipment conveyor for transfer into the
command module and subsequent return to Earth for analysis in
the Lunar Receiving Laboratory.

Additionally, a contingency lunar sample return container

is stowed in the LM cabin for use by the commander during the
early phases of his EVA. The device is a bag attached to an
extending handle in which the commander will scoop up about one
liter of lunar material. He then will jettison the handle and
stow the contingency sample in his pressure suit pocket.
 -49-

LM Ascent_ Lunar Orbit Rendezvous

Following the 22-hour lunar stay time during which the

commander and lunar module pilot will deploy the Early Apollo
Scientific ExPeriments Package (EASEP), the Solar Wind Composition
(SWC) experiment, and gather lunar soil samples, the LM ascent
stage will lift off the lunar surface to begin the rendezvous sequence
with the orbiting CSM. Ignition of the LM ascent engine will be at
124:23:21 for a 7 min 14 sec burn with a total velocity of 6,055 fps.
Powered ascent is in two phases: vertical ascent for terrain clear-
ance and the orbital insertion phase. Pitchover along the desired
launch azimuth begins as the vertical ascent rate reached 50 fps
about i0 seconds after liftoff at about 250 feet in altitude.
Insertion into a 9 x 45-nm lunar orbit will take place about 166
nm west of the landing site.

Following LM insertion into lunar orbit, the LM crew will

compute onboard the four major maneuvers for rendezvous with the
CSM which is about 255 nm ahead of the LM at this point. All
maneuvers in the sequence will be made with the LM RCS thrusters.
The premission rendezvous sequence maneuvers, times and velocities
which likely will differ slightly in real time, are as follows:

-more-
 LM ASCENT

CSM
(60 BY60 N. MI .)
s_ _ _ '''_ _.

/ <\45 N. MI
/ \ N
/ \
I
! \
0 :t, .'r. , , '07

I :_._-:'"--:" 'l I '

"L'.
!
\ ,-:_, /
\ N MI
I0 N. MI ._ .._,._. /
\

UN

POWEREDASCENT INSERTION
(9145N. MI. ORBIT)
EARTH

f
 720 t_ _- 75
640- _ 16

560

480 TO 14

4OO
, ALTITUDE, ALTITUDE
12TIMEFROM
LUNAR
_
o FT 60RATE,
FPS LIFT-OFF0,
320
, SEC I

240 50 I0
GU IDANCE
SWI TCH TO
160 "--ORBIT - 40
I NSERTI ON
PHASE
8[ 30 6

_. I 20
10 4
02
O 80 160
DOWN-RANGEPOSITION,FT

VERTICAL RISE PHASE

 ____ORBIT INSERTION
,,-ASCENTBURN OUT
PHASE /
/COASTTO44.07N. MI. APOLUNE
ENDVERTICAL "'"
RISE --_ 59,927.5 FT
e--.___.__

' TOTAL
ASCENT:
CD
BURNTIME= 7:14.65MIN:SEC ,
, AVREQUIRED =6,055.
39FPS "_r_
PROPELLANT
REQUIRED= 4,989.86 LB

INSERTIONORBITPARAMETERS ONBOARDDISPLAYSAT INSERTION

hp : 55,905.4FT V = 5,535.9 FPS

......
: h= 32.2FPS
ha = 44.07 N. MI. h = 60,129.5FT
=17.59
_' .=. 324

ORBIT INSERTION PHASE

 -53-

Concentric sequence initiate (CSI): At first LM apolune after

insertion 125:21:20 GET, 49 fps posigrade, following some 20 minutes
of LM rendezvous radar tracking and CSM sextant/VHF ranging navi-
gation. CSI will be targeted to place the LM in an orbit 15 nm
below the CSM at the time of the later constant delta height (CDH)
maneuver. The CSI burn may also initiate corrections for any out-of -
plane dispersions resulting from insertion azimuth errors. Resulting
LM orbit after CSI will be 45.5 x 44.2 nm and will have a catchup
rate to the CSM of _072 degrees per minute.

Another plane correction is possible about 29 minutes after CSI

at the nodal crossing of the CSM and LM orbits to place both vehicles
at a common node at the time of the CDH maneuver at 126:19:40 GET.

Terminal phase initiate (TPI): This maneuver occurs at 126:58:26

and adds 24.6_ fps along the line of sght toward the CSM when the
elevation angle to the CSM reaches 26.6 degrees. The LM orbit becomes
61.2 x 43.2 nm and the catchup rate to the CSM decreases to .032
degrees per second, or a closing rate of 131 fps.

Two midcourse correction maneuvers will be made if needed,

followed by four braking maneuvers at: 127:39:43 GET, 11.5 fps;
127:40:56, 9.8 fps; 127:42:35 GET, 4.8 fps; and at 127:43:54 GET,
4.7 fps. Docking nominally will take place at 128 hrs GET to end
three and one-half hours of the rendezvous sequence.

Transearth Injection (TEl)

The LM ascent stage will be jettisoned about four hours after

hard docking and the CSM will make a i fps retrograde separation
maneuver.

The nominal transearth injection burn will be at 135:24 GET

following 59.5 hours in lunar orbit. TEl will take place on the
lunar farside and will be a 3,293 fps posigrade SPS burn of 2 min
29 sec duration and will produce an entry velocity of 36,194 fps
after a 59.6 hr transearth flight time.

An optional TEl plan for five revolutions later would allow

a crew rest period before making the maneuver. TEl ignition under
the optional plan would take place at 145:23:45 GET with a 3,698 fps
posigrade SPS burn producing an entry velocity of 36,296 fps and a
transearth flight time of 51.8 hrs.

-more-
 LUNAR MODULE
CONCENTRIC SEQUENCE INITIATION MANEUVER

OCSI MANEUVER
__

I.

MSFN
LOS MSFN
AOS

(_ TPI
MANEUVER" k_q
.t:-
I

LANDING
SITE

40 TP, /-cDH
_!_/_C. ......<,._-
CSI ,cD,
MANEUVER
"'--..., INSERTION--x
20 ". --......_._.._
0 I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I ,
0 20 40 60 80 I00 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
LM-CSM RELATIVE MOTION
 LUNAR MODULE CONSTANT
DIFFERENTIAL HEIGHT AND TERMINAL PHASE MANEUVERS

f RENDEZVOUS
AND
MSFN ,,, .,i STATIONKEEP
LOS " MCC-I MANEUVER MSFN
/
TPIMANEUVER
(MIDPOINT
OFDARKNESS) / AOS
LM
RCS /
0 I

' DOCKING
'

VERTICAL (LS)
DISPLACEMENT
(N MI)
30 -

2o- I
CDH
MANEUVER
A----'_--ZT"--_'-
_MCC2__-Ti I CDH-X_
lO ;_. ---" _ _ --__"TEN
FROMDAYLIGHT
MINUTETIME TICKS
0 I I I l I I I ] DARKNESS
0 20 40 60 80
TRAILING DISPLACEMENT(N MI)
LM-CSM RELATIVE MOTION
TRANSEARTH INJECTION

H M
G.E.T.IGN 135 23
AV 3294FP S

BURN
TIME 2M29S ,
I

EARTH
 -57-

Transearth coast

Three corridor-control transearth midcourse correction

burns will be made if needed: MCC-5 at TEl +15 hrs, MCC-6 at
entry interface El=400,000 feet) -15 hrs and MCC-7 at E1 -3 hrs.

Entry_ Landin_

Apollo ii will encounter the Earth's atmosphere (400,000 feet)

at 195:05:04 GET at a velocity of 36,194 fps and will land some
1,285 nm downrange from the entry-interface point using the space-
craft's lifting characteristics to reach the landing point. Touch-
down will be at 195:19:05 at 10.6 degrees north latitude by 172.4
west longitude.

-more-
 EARTH ENTRY

ENTRY RANGE CAPABILITY - 1200 TO 2500 N. MI.

NOMINAL ENTRY RANGE -1285N. MI.

SHORT RANGE SELECTED FOR NOMINAL MISSION BECAUSE:

O
RANGE FROM ENTRY TO LANDING CAN BE SAME FOR I

I PRIMARY AND BACKUP CONTROL MODES

PRIMARY MODE EASIER TO MONITOR WITH SHORT RANGE

WEATHER AVOIDANCE, WITHIN ONE DAY PRIOR TO ENTRY, IS

ACHIEVED USING ENTRY RANGING CAPABILITY TO 2500 N. MI.

UP TO ONE DAY PRIOR TO ENTRY USE PROPULSION SYSTEM

TO CHANGE LANDING POINT

 40

8' -'_'=1
-o 20

o
_ _o

;jround_rack

40 , I
120 140 160 East 180 West 160 140 120 i00 80
LongiLude,des

MANEUVER FOOTPRINT AND NOMINAL GROUNDTRACK

 GEODETIC ALTITUDE VERSUS RANGE TO GO

400 NOTE: TIME TICKED EVERY _ MIN

FROM ENTRY INTERFACE

32(: _fENTER S-BAND BLACKOUT

_IST PEAK g (6.35g_7

ALTITUDE _
o
_, (lOOO
FT)

160 EXIT S-BAND BLACKOUT \

8C DROGUE PARACHUTE DEPLOYMENT'-_

MAIN PARACHUTE DEPLOYME

TOUCHDOWN "_
I I I I I
400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

RANGE TO SPLASHDOWN, (Nautical Miles)

,
 20 N

10 N
t

_ TARGET C_,

, BLACKOUT ---- -- POI _

HORNET

_ITRY--
0o

170 E 180 170 W

PRIMARY LANDING AREA

 \ -62-
\
\\
\
--- _ LIFT

_' 2-0 DRAG <_ N MI (K) 3

ALT (FT)
(K)

DROGUE PILOT CHUTES

CHUTES

DRAG
CHUTE
MAIN
CHUTES MAIN
(REEFED) CHUTES

EARTH RE-ENTRY AND LANDING

-moz_e -
 LAUNCH LANDING
DATE DATE
JULY 1969 JULY 1969
16 24 A

o_ 18- 26 A
co
' i12HOUR BEFORESUNRISE o_
LD
I

21 - 294 5I 6! i
7 8! 9i l A
i0 ii
LOCALLANDINGTIME, HR

LOCAL LANDING TIMES

 -64-

RECOVERY OPERATIONS_ QUARANTINE

The prime recovery line for Apollo ii is the mid-Pacific along

the 175th west meridian of longitude above 15 degrees north latitude,
and Jogging to 165 degrees west longitude below the equator. The
aircraft carrier USS Hornet, Apollo iI prime recovery ship, will be
stationed near the end-of-mission aiming point prior to entry.

Splashdown for a full-duratlon lunar landing mission launched

on time July 16 will be at 10.6 degrees north by 172.5 degrees west
at a ground elapsed time of 195 hrs 15 min.

The latitude of splashdown depends upon the time of the trans-

earth injection burn and the declination of the Moon at the time of
the burn. A spacecraft returning from a lunar mission will enter the
Earth's atmosphere and splash down at a point on the Earth's farside
directly opposite the Moon. This point, called the antipode, is a
projection of a line from the center of the Moon through the center
of the Earth to the surface opposite the Moon. The mid-Pacific
recovery line rotates through the antipode once each 24 hours, and
the transearth injection burn will be targeted for splashdown along
the primary recovery line.

Other p{anned recovery lines for lunar missions are the East
Pacific line extending roughly parallel to the coastlines of North
and South America; the Atlantic Ocean line running along the 30th
west meridian in the northern hemisphere and along the 25th west
meridian in the southern hemisphere, and the Indian Ocean along the
65th east meridian.

Secondary landing areas for a possible Earth orbital alternate

mission are in three zones---one in the Pacific and two in the
Atlantic.

Launch abort landing areas extend downrange 3,200 nautical

miles from Kennedy Space Center, fanwise 50 nm above _d below
the limits of the variable launch azimuth (72-106 degrees). Ships
on station in the launch abort area will be the destroyer CSS New,
the insertion tracking ship USNS Vanguard and the minesweeper-
countermeasures ship USS Ozark.

In addition to the primary recovery ship located on the mid-

Pacific recovery line and surface vessels on the Atlantic Ocean
recovery line and in the launch abort area, 13 HC-130 aircraft
will be on standby at seven staging bases around the Earth: Guam;
Hawaii; Bermuda; LaJes, Azores; Ascension Island; Mauritius and
the Panama Canal Zone.

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 -65-

Apollo ii recovery operations will be directed from the

Recovery Operations Control Room in the Mission Control Center and
will be supported by the Atlantic Recovery Control Center, Norfolk,
Va., and the Pacific Recovery Control Center, Kunia, Hawaii.

After splashdown, the Apollo ll crew will don biological isola-

tion garments passed to them through the spacecraft hatch by a
recovery swimmer. The crew will be carried by helicopter to the
Hornet where they will enter a Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF)
about 90 minutes after landing. The MQF, with crew aboard, will be
offloaded at Ford Island, Hawaii and loaded on a C-141 aircraft
for the flight to Ellington AFB, Texas, and thence trucked to the
Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL).

The crew will arrive at the LRL on July 27 following a nominal

lunar landing mission and will go into the LRL Crew Reception area
for a total of 21 days quarantine starting from the time they lifted
off the lunar surface. The command module will arrive at the LRL
two or three days later to undergo a similar quarantine. Lunar
material samples will undergo a concurrent analysis in the LPL
Sample Operations area during the quarantine period.

Lunar Receiving Laboratory

The Manned Spacecraft Center Lunar Receiving Laboratoryhas

as its main function the quarantine and testing of lunar samples,
spacecraft and flight crews for possible harmful organisms brought
back from the lunar surface.

Detailed analysis of returned lunar samples will be done in two

phases---time-critical investigations within the quarantine period
and post-quarantine scientific studies of lunar samples repackaged and
distributed to participating scientists

There are 36 scientists and scientific groups selected

in open world-wide competition on the scientific merits of
their proposed experiments. They represent some 20 institu-
tions in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland, Federal Republic
of Germany, Japan, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Major
fields of investigation will be mineralogy and petrology,
chemical and isotope analysis, physical properties, and bio-
chemical and organic analysis.

The crew reception area serves as quarters for the flight

crew and attendant technicians for the quarantine period in
which the pilots will be debriefed and examined. The other
crew reception area occupants are physicians, medical tech-
nicians, housekeepers and cooks. The CRA is also a contingency
quarantine area for sample operations area people exposed to
spills or vacuum system br6_ks.

Both the crew reception area and the sample operations

area are contained within biological barrier systems that pro-
tect lunar materials from Earth contamination as well as pro-
tect the outside world from possible contamination by lunar
materials.
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 -66-

BIOLOGICAL ISOLATION GARMENT

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 -672

Analysis of lunar sampzes will be done in the sample operations

area, and will include vacuum, magnetics, gas analysis, biological
test, radiation counting and physical-chemical test laboratories.

Lunar sample return containers:, or "rock boxes", will first be

brought to the vacuum laboratoryand opened in the ultra-clean
vacuum system. After preliminary examination, the samples will be
repackaged for transfer, still under vacuum, to the gas analysis,
biological preparation, physical-chemical test and radiation count-
ing laboratories.

The gas analysis lab will measure amounts and types of gases
produced by lunar samples, and geochemists in the physical-chemical
test lab will test the samples for their reactions to atmospheric
gases and water vapor. Additionally, the physical-chemical test
lab will make detailed studies of the mineralogic, petrologic,
geochemical and physical properties of the samples..

Other portions of lunar samples will travel through the LRL

vacuum system to the biological test lab where they will undergo
tests to determine if there is life in the material that may
replicate. These tests will involve introduction of lunar samples
into small germ-free animals and plants. The biological test
laboratory is made up of several smaller labs---bioprep, bit-
analysis, germ-free, histology, normal animals (amphibia and
invertebrates), incubation, anaerobic and tissue culture, crew
microbiology and plants.

Some 50 feet below the LRL ground floor, the radiation counting
lab will conduct low-background radioactive assay of lunar samples
using gamma ray spectrometry techniques.

(See Contamination Control Program section for more details

on LRL, BIGB, and the Mobile Quarantine Facility.)

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 -68-

SCHEDULE FOR TRANSPORT OF SAMPLES, SPACECRAFT _ CREW

Samples

Two helicopters will carry lunar samples from the

recovery ship to Johnston Island where they will be put aboard
a C-141 and flown directly to Houston and the Lunar Receiving
Laboratory (LBL). The samples should arrive at Ellington Air
Force Base at about 27 hours after recovery and received in
the LRL at about 9 or I0 a.m. CDT, July 25.

Spacecraft

The spacecraft is scheduled to be brought aboard the

recovery ship about two hours after recovery. About 55 hours
after recovery the ship is expected to arrive in Hawaii. The
spacecraft will be deactivated in Hawaii (Ford Island) between
55 and 127 hours after recovery. At 130 hours it is scheduled
to be loaded on a C-133 for return to Ellington AFB. Estimated
time of arrival at the LRL is on July 29, 140 hours after
recovery.

Crew

The flight crew is expected to enter the Mobile Quarantine

Facility (MQF) on the recovery ship about 90 minutes after splash-
down. The ship is expected to arrive in Hawaii at recovery plus
55 hours and the Mobile Quarantine Facility will be transferred
to a C-141 aircraft at recovery plus 57 hours. The aircraft
will land at Ellington AFB at recovery plus 65 hours and the
MQF will arrive at the LRL about two hours later (July 27).

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 -69-

LUNAR RECEIVING LABORATORY PROCEDURES TIMELINE (TENTATIVE)

Sample Operations Ares (SOAO)

ArrivalLRL Event Location

Arrival Sample containers arrive crew Crew reception area

reception area, outer covering
checked, tapes and films removed

Arrival Container #1 introduced into Vacuum chamber lab

system

Containers
weighed " " "

Transfer contingency sample to " " "

F-25a chamber for examination after
containers #1 and #2

Containers sterilized, dried in " " "

atmospheric decontamination and
passed into glove chamber F201

Residual gas analyzed (from con- " " "

talners)

" plus 5 hours Open containers " " "

Weigh, preliminary exam of samples " " "

and first visual inspection by
preliminary evaluation team

" plus 8 hours Remove samples to Radiation Count- Vacuum chamber lab RCL-
ing, Gas Analysis Lab &Minerology Basement Min-Pet 1st
& PetrologyLab floor

" plus 13 hours Preliminary information Radiation Vacuum chamber lab

counting. Transfer container #1
out of chamber

Initial detailed exam by Pre- " " "

limlnary Evaluation Team Members

Sterile sample to Bio prep (100 Bio Test area - 1st

gms) (24 to 48 hr preparation for floor
analysis)
Monopole experiment Vacuum chamber lab

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 -70-

ArrivalLRL Event Location

" plus 13 hours Transfer samples to Phys-Chem Lab Phys-Chem - ist floor

Detailed photography of samples and Vacuum chamber lab

microscopic work

" plus 24 hours All samples canned and remain in " " "
chamber

" plus 1-2 days Preparations of samples in bioprep Bio test labs - ist
lab for distribution to bio test floor
labs. (Bacteriology, Virology,
Germ-free mice) through TEl plus
21 days

" plus 4-5 days Early release of phys-chem analy- Phys-Chem labs - ist
sis floor

" plus about 7 - Detailed bio analysis & further Bio test & min-pet
15 days phys-ehem analysis Ist floor

" plus 15 days Conventional samples transferred ist floor

to hie test area (24-48 hours
preparation for analysis)

" plus 17 days Bio test begins on additional ist floor

bacteriological, virological,
microbiological invertebrates,
(fish, shrimp,oysters), birds,
mice, lower invertebrates (house-
fly, moth, german cockroach, etc),
plants (about 20) (through
approximately arrival plus 30 days)

"plus 30 days Bio test info released on pre- Ist floor

liminary findings

Samples go to thin section lab Ist floor

(first time outside barrier) for
preparation and shipment to
principal investigators

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 -71-

APOLLO ii GO/NO-GO DECISION POINTS

Like Apollo 8 and i0, Apollo Ii will be flown on a

step-by-step commit point or go/no-go basis in which the
decisions will be made prior to each maneuver whether to
continue the mission or to switch to one of the possible
alternate missions. The go/no-go decisions will be made
by the flight control teams in Mission Control Center jointly
with the flight crew.

Go/no-go decisions will be made prior to the following events:

* Launch phase go/no-go at l0 min GET for orbit

insertion

* Translunar injection

* Transposition, docking and LM extraction

* Each translunar midcourse correction burn

* Lunar orbit insertion burns Nos. 1 and 2

* CSM-LM undocking and separation

* LM descent orbit insertion

* LM powered descent initiation

* LM landing

* Periodic go/no-gos during lunar stay

* Lunar surface extravehicular activity

* LM ascent and rendezvous (A no-go would delay ascent

one revolution)

* Transearth injection burn (no-go would delay TEI one

or more revolutions to allow maneuver preparations to
be completed)

* Each transearth midcourse correction burn.

 -72-

APOLLO ii ALTERNATE MISSIONS

Six Apollo ii alternate missions, each aimed toward

meeting the maximum number of mission objectives and gaining
maximum Apollo systems experience, have been evolved for real-
time choice by the mission director. The alternate missions
are summarized as follows:

Alternate 1 - S-IVB fils prior to Earth orbit insertion:

CSM only contingency orbit insertion (COI) with service propul-
sion system. The mission in Earth orbit would follow the lunar
mission timeline as closely as possible and would include SPS
burns similar in duration to LOI and TEI_ while at the same time
retaining an RCS deorbit capability. Landing would be targeted
as closely as possible to the original aiming point.

Alternate 2 - S-IVB fails to restart for TLI: CSM would

dock with and extract the LM as soon as possible and perform
an Earth orbit mission, including docked DPS burns and possibly
CSM-active rendezvous along the lunar mission timeline, with
landing at the original aiming point. Failure to extract the
LM would result in an Alternate 1 type mission.

Alternate 3 - No-go for nominal TLI because of orbital

conditions or insufficient S-IYB propellants: TLI retargeted for
lunar mission if possible; if not possible, Alternate 2 would be
followed. The S-IVB would be restarted for a high-ellipse injec-
tion provided an apogee greater than 35,000 nm could be achieved.
If propellants available in the S-IVB _Tere too low to reach the
35,000 nm apogee, the TLI burn would be targeted out of plane and
an Earth orbit mission along the lunar mission timeline would be
flown.

Depending upon the quantity of S-IVB propellant available

for a TLI-type burn that would produce an apogee greater than
35,000 nm_ Alternate 3 is broken down into four subalternates:

Alternate 3A - Propellant insufficient to reach 35_000 nm

Alternate 3B - Propellant sufficient to reach apogee between

35,000 and 65,000 nm

Alternate 3C - Propellant sufficient to reach apogee between

65,000 and 200,000 nm

Alternate 3D - Propellant sufficient to reach apogee of

200,000 nm or greater; this alternate would
be a near-nominal TLI burn and midcourse
correction burn No. 1 would be targeted to
adjust to a free-return trajectory.

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 -73-

Alternate 4 - Non-nominal or early shutdown TLI burn:

Real-time decision would be made on whether to attempt a
lunar mission or an Earth orbit mission, depending upon
when TLI cutoff occurs. A lunar mission would be possible
if cutoff took place during the last 40 to 45 seconds of
the TLI burn. Any alternate mission chosen would include
adjusting the trajectory to fit one of the above listed
alternates and touchdown at the nominal mid-Pacific target
point.

Alternate 5 - Failure of LM to eject after transposition

and docking: CSM would continue alone for a circumlunar or
lunar orbit mission, depending upon spacecraft systems status.

Alternate 6 LM systems failure in lunar orbit: Mission

would be modified in real time to gain the maximum of LM systems
experience within limits of crew safety and time. If the LM
descent propulsion system operated normally, the LM would be
retained for DPS backuo transearth injection; if the DPS were
no-go, the entire LM would be jettisoned prior to TEl.

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 -74-

ABORT MODES

The Apollo ii mission can be aborted at any time

during the launch phase or terminated during later phases
after a successful insertion into Earth orbit.

Abort modes can be summarized as follows:

Launch phase --

_ode I - Launch escape system (LES) tower propels

command module away from launch vehicle. This mode is in
effect from about T-45 minutes when LES is armed until LES
tower jettison at 3:07 GET and command module landing point
can range from the Launch Complex 39A area to 400 nm downrange.

Mode II - Begins when LES tower is jettisoned and runs

until the SPS can be used to insert the CSM into a safe Earth
orbit (9:22 GET) or until landing points approach the African
coast. Mode II requires manual separation, entry orientation and
full-lift entry with landing between 350 and 3,200 nm downrange.

Mode III - Begins when full-lift landinm point reached

3,200 nm (3,560 sm, 5,931 km) and extends through Earth orbital
insertion. The CSM would separate from the launch vehicle, and
if necessary, an SPS retrograde burn would be made, and the com-
mand module would be flown half-lift to entry and landing at
approximately 3,350 nm (3,852 sm, 6,197 km) downrange.

Mode IV and Apogee Kick - Begins after the point the SPS
could be used to insert the CSM into an Earth parking orbit --
from about 9:22 GET. The SPS burn into orbit would be made
two minutes after separation from the S-IVB and the mission
would continue as an Earth orbit alternate. Mode IV is pre-
ferred over Mode III. A variation of Mode IV is the apogee
kick in which the SPS would be ignited at first apogee to raise
perigee for a safe orbit.

Deep Space Aborts

Translunar Injection Phase --

Aborts during the translunar injection phase are only

a remote possibly, but if an abort became necessary during the
TLI maneuver, an SPS retrograde burn could be made to produce
spacecraft entry. This mode of abort would be used only in the
event of an extreme emergency that affected crew safety. The
spacecraft landing point would vary with launch azimuth and length
of the TLI burn. Another TLI abort situation would be used if a
malfunction cropped up after injection. A retrograde SPS burn
at about 90 minutes after TLI shutoff would allow targeting to land
on the Atlantic Ocean recovery line.

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 -75-

Translunar Coast phase --

Aborts arising during the three-day translunar coast

phase would be similar in nature to the 90-minute TLI abort.
Aborts from deep space bring into the play the Moon's anti-
pode (line projected from Moon's center through Earth's Center
to the surface opposite the Moon) and the effect of the Earth's
rotation upon the geographical location of the antipode. Abort
times would be selected for landing when the 165 degree west
longitude line crosses the antipode. The mid-Pacific recovery
line crosses the antipode once each 24 ho,_rs, and if a time-
critical situation forces an abort earlier than the selected
fixed abort times, landings would be targeted for the Atlantic
Ocean, West Pacific or Indian Ocean recovery lines in that order
of preference. When the spacecraft enters the Moon's sphere
of influence, a circumlunar abort becomes faster than an attempt
to return directly to Earth.

Lunar Orbit Insertion phase --

Early SPS shutdowns during the lunar orbit insertion

burn (LOI) are covered by three modes in the Apollo ii mission.
All three modes would result in the CM landing at the Earth
latitude of the Moon antipode at the time the abort was per-
formed.

Mode I would be a LM DPS posigrade burn into an Earth-

return trajectory about two hours (at next pericynthion)
after an LOI shutdown during the first two minutes of the LOI
burn.

Mode II, for SPS shutdown between two and three minutes
after ignition, would use the LM DPS engine to adjust the orbit
to a safe, non-lunar impact trajectory followed by a second
DPS posigrade burn at next pericynthion targeted for the mid-
Pacific recovery line.

Mode III, from three minutes after LOI ignition until

normal cutoff, would allow the spacecraft to coast through one
or two lunar orbits before doing a DPS posigrade burn at peri-
cynthion targeted for the mid-Pacific recovery line.

Lunar Orbit Phase --

If during lunar parking orbit it became necessary to

abort, the transearth injection (TEl) burn would be made early
and would target spacecraft landing to the mid-Pacific
recovery line.

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 -76-

Transearth Injection phase --

Early shutdown of the TEl burn between ignition and

tw@ minutes would cause a Mode III abort and a SPS posigrade
TEl burn would be made at a later pericynthion. Cutoffs
after two minutes TEl burn time would call for a Mode I
abort--restart of SPS as soon as possible for Earth-return
trajectory. Both modes produce mid-Pacific recovery line
landings near the latitude of the antipode at the time of
the TEl burn.

Transearth Coast phase --

Adjustments of the landing point are possible during

the transearth coast through burns with the SPS o_ the service
module RCS thrusters, but in general, these are covered in the
discussion of transearth midcourse corrections. No abort burns
will be made later than 24 hours prior to entry to avoid effects
upon CM entry velocity and flight path angle.

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 -77-

APOLLO ii 0NBOARD TELEVISION

Two television cameras will be carried aboard Apollo ii.

A color camera of the type used on Apollo i0 will be stowed
for use aboard the command module, and the black-and-white
Apollo lunar television camera will be stowed in the LM des-
cent stage for televising back to Earth a real-time record
of man's first step onto the Moon.

The lunar television camera weighs 7.25 pounds and draws

6.5 watts of 24-32 volts DC power. Scan rate is i0 frames-per-
second at 320 lines-per-frame. The camera body is 10.6 inches
long, 6.5 inches wide and 3.4 inches deep. The bayonet lens
mount permits lens changes by a crewman in a pressurized suit.
Two lenses, a wideangle lens for close-ups and large areas,
and a lunar day lens for viewing lunar surface features and
activities in the near field of view with sunlight illumination,
will be provided for the lunar TV camera.

The black-and-white lunar television camera is stowed in

the MESA (Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly) in the LM descent
stage and will be powered up before Armstrong starts down the
LM ladder. When he pulls the lanyard to deploy the MESA, the
TV camera will also swing down on the MESA to the left of the
ladder (as viewed from LM front) and relay a TV picture of his
initial steps on the Moon. Armstrong later will mount the TV
camera on a tripod some distance away from the LM after Aldrin
has descended to the surface. The camera will be left untended
to cover the crew's activities during the remainder of the EVA.

The Apollo lunar television camera is built by Westinghouse

Electric Corp., Aerospace Division, Baltimore, Md.

The color TV camera is a 12-pound Westinghouse camera

with a zoom lens for wideangle or close-up use, and has a three-
inch monitor which can be mounted on the camera or in the
command module. The color camera outputs a standard 525-iine,
30 frame-per-second signal in color by use of a rotating color
wheel. The black-and-white signal from the spacecraft will
be converted to color at the Mission Control Center.

The following is a preliminary plan for TV passes based

upon a 9:32 a.m. EDT, July 16 launch.

-more-
 TENTATIVE APOLLO ii TV TIMES

Times of Planned
Date TV (EDT) GET PrimeSite Event

July 17 7:32 - 7:47 p.m. 34:00-34:15 Goldstone Translunar Coast

July 18 7:32 - 7:47 p.m. 58:00-58:15 Goldstone Translunar Coast

July 19 4:02 - 4:17 p.m. 78:30-78:45 Goldstone Lunar Orbit (general sur-
face shots)

July 20 1:52 - 2:22 p.m. 100:20-100:50 Madrid CM/LM Formation Flying

July 21 1:57 - 2:07 a.m. 112:25-112:35 Goldstone Landing Site Tracking

July 21 2:12 - 4:52 a.m. 112:40-115:20 *Parkes Black and White Lunar
Surface l

July 22 9:02 - 9:17 p.m. 155:30-155:45 Goldstone Transearth Coast _i

@
t July 23 7:02 - 7:17 p.m. 177:30-177:45 Goldstone Transearth Coast

* Honeysuckle will tape the Parkes pass and ship tape to MSC.
 -79-

APOLLO ii PHOTOGRAPHIC TASKS

Still and motion pictures will be made of most spacecraft

maneuvers as well as of the lunar surface and of crew activities
in the Apollo Ii cabin. During lunar surface activities after
lunar module touchdown and the two hour 40 minute EVA, emphasis
will be on photographic doeumentation of crew mobility, lunar
surface features and lunar material sample collection.

Camera equipment carried on Apollo ii consists of one 70mm

Hasselblad electric camera stowed aboard the command module,
two Hasselblad 70mm lunar surface superwide angle cameras stowed
aboard the LM and a 35mm stereo close-up camera in the LM MESA.

The 2. 3 pound Hasselblad superwide angle camera in the LM

is fitted with a 38mm f/4.5 Zeiss Biogon lens with a focusing
range from 12 inches to infinity. Shutter speeds range from
time exposure and one second to 1/500 second. The angular field
of view with the 38mm lens is 71 degrees vertical and horizontal
on the square-format film frame.

The command module Hasselblad electric camera is normally

fitted with an 80mm f/2.8 Zeiss Planar lens, but bayonet-mount

60mm
80mm and
lens 250mm
has a lens may berange
focusing substituted for feet
from three special tasks.
to infinity The
and
has a field of view of 38 degrees vertical and horizontal.

Stewed with the Hasselblads are such associated items as

a spotmeter, ringsight, polarizing filter, and film magazines.
Both versions of the Hasselblad accept the same type film
magazine.

For motion pictures, two Haurer 16mm data acquisition

cameras (one in the CSM, one in the LM) with variable frame
speed (i, 6, 12 and 24 frames per second) will be used. The
cameras each weigh 2.8 pounds with a l]0-foot film magazine
attached. The command module 16mm camera will have lenses of
5, 18 and 75mm focal length available, while the LM camera will
be fitted with the 18mm wideangle lens. Motion picture camera
accessories include a right-angle mirror, a power cable and a
command module boresight window bracket.

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 -80-

During the lunar surface extravehicular activity, the

commander will be filmed by the LM pilot with the LM 16mm
camera at normal or near-normal frame rates (24 and 12 fps),
but when he leaves the LM to join the commander, he will switch
to a one frame-per-second rate. The camera will be mounted
inside the LM looking through the right-hand window. The 18mm
lens has a horizontal field of view of 32 degrees and a vertical
field of view of 23 degrees. At one fps, a 130-foot 16mm maga-
zine will run out in 87 minutes in real time; projected at the
standard 24 fps, the film would compress the 8T minutes to 3.6
minutes.

Armstrong and Aldrin will use the Hasselblad lunar surface

camera extensively during their surface EVA to document each of
their major tasks. Additionally, they will make a 360-degree
overlapping panorama sequence of still photos of the lunar hori-
zon, photograph surface features in the immediate area, make
close-ups of geological samples and the area from which they
were collected and record on film the appearance and condition
of the lunar module after landing.

Stowed in the MESA is a 35mm stereo close-up camera which

shoots 24mm square color stereo pairs with an image scale of one-
half actual size. The camera is fixed focus and is equipped
with a stand-off hood to position the camera at the proper focus
distance. A long handle permits an EVA crewman to position the
camera without stooping for surface object photography. Detail
as small as 40 microns can be recorded.

A battery-powered electronic flash provides illumination.

Film capacity is a minimum of i00 stereo pairs.

The stereo close-up camera will permit the Apollo ii landing

crew to photograph significant surface structure phenomena which
would remain intact only in the lunar environment, such as fine
powdery deposits, cracks or holes and adhesion of particles.

Near the end of EVA, the film casette will be removed and
stowed in the commander's contingency sample container pocket
and the camera body will be left on the lunar surface.

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 -81-

LUNAR DESCRIPTION

Terrain - Mountainous and crater-pitted, the former

rising thousands of feet and the latter ranging from a few
inches to 180 miles in diameter. The craters are thought
to be formed by the impact of meteorites. The surface is
covered with a layer of flne-gralned material resembling
silt or sand, as well as small rocks and boulders.

Environment - No air, no wind, and no moisture. The

temperature ranges from 243 degrees in the two--week lunar
day to 279 degrees below zero in the two-week lunar night.
Gravity is one-slxth that of Earth. Micrometeorolds pelt the
Moon (there is no atmosphere to burn them up). Radiation
might present a problem during periods of unusual solar activity.

Dark Side - The dark or hidden side of the Moon no longer

is a complete mystery. It was first photographed by a Russian
craft and since then has been photographed many times, particu-
larly by NASA's Lunar Orbiter spacecraft and Apollo 8.

- There is still no agreement 8monE scientists

on the origin of the Moon. The three theories: (1) the Moon
once was part of Earth and split off into its own orbit, (2)
it evolved as a separate body at the same time as Earth, and
(3) it formed elsewhere in space and wandered until it was
captured by Earth's gravitational field.

Physical Facts

Diameter 2,160 mdles (about _ that of Earth)

Circumference 6,790 miles (about _ that of Earth)

Distance from Earth 238,857 mlles (mean; 221,_3 minimum

to 252,710 maximum)

Surface temperature +243 F (Sun at zenith) -279 F (night)

Surface gravity 1/6 that of Earth

Mass i/lOOth that of Earth

Volume 1/50th that of Earth

Lunar day and night 14 Earth days each

Mean velocity in orbit 2,287 miles per hour

Escape velocity 1.48 miles per second

Month (period of rotation

around Earth) 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes

-more-
 -82-

ApOllO Lunar Landln6 Sites

Possible landlng sites for the Apollo lunar module have

been under study by NASA's Apollo Site Selection Board for more
than two years. Thirty sites originally were considered. These
have been narrowed down to three for the first lunar landing.
(Site 1 currently not considered for first landing.)

Selection of the final sites was based on high resolution

photographs by Lunar Orbiter spacecraft, plus close-up photos
and surface data provided by the Surveyor spacecraft which soft-
landed on the Moon.

The orlglnal sites are located on the visible side of the

Moon within 45 degrees east and west of the Moon's center and
5 degrees north and south of its equator.

The final site choices were based on these factors:

*Smoothness (relatively few craters and boulders)

*Approach (no large hills, high cliffs, or deep craters

that could cause incorrect altitude signals to the lunar
module landlng radar)

*Propellant requirements (selected sites require the least

expenditure of spacecraft propellants)

*Recycle (selected sites allow effective launch preparation

recycling if the Apollo Saturn V countdown is delayed)

*Free return (sites are within reach of the spacecraft

launched on a free return translunar trajectory)

*Slope (there is little slope -- less than 2 degrees in

the approach path and landing area)
 APOLLO LUNAR LANDING SITES

!
O

I co
I
X

I CO

0
 -85-

The Apollo ii Landin$ Sites Are:

Si_e 2 latitude 0 42' 50" North

longitude 23 42' 28" East

Site 2 is located on the east

central part of the Moon in south-
western Mar Tranquillitatis. The
site is approximately 62 miles
(i00 kilometers) east of the rim
of Crater Sabine and approximately
118 miles (190 kilometers) south-
west of the Crater Maskelyne.

Site 3 latitude 0 2Z' I0" North

longitude i 17' 57" West

Site 3 is located near the center

of the visible face of the Moon
in the southwestern part of Sinus
Medii. The site is approximately
25 miles (40 kilometers) west of
the center of the faceand 21 miles
(50 kilometers) southwest of the
Crater Bruce.

Site 5 latitude i 40' 41" North

longitude 41 53' 57" West

Site 5 is located on the west

central part of the visible face
in southeastern Oceanus Procel-
larum. The site is approximately
130 miles (210 kilometers) south-
west of the rim of Crater Kepler
and 118 miles (190 kilometers)
north northeast of the rim of
Crater Flamsteed.

-more-
 -86-

COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE STRUCTURE_ SYSTEMS

The Apollo spacecraft for the Apollo ii mission is comprised

of Command Module 107, Service Module 107, Lunar Module 5, a
spacecraft-lunar module adapter (SLA) and a launch escape system.
The SLA serves as a mating structure between the instrument unit
atop the S-IVB stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle and as a
housing for the lunar module.

Launch Escape System (LES) -- Propels command module to

safety in an aborted launch. It is made up of an open-frame tower
structure, mounted to the command module by four frangible bolts, and
three solid-propellant rocket motors: a 147,000 pound-thrust launch
excape system motor, a 2,400-pound-thrust Ditch control motor, and
a 31,500-pound-thrust tower jettison motor. Two canard vanes near
the top deploy to turn the command module aerodynamically to an
attitude with the heat-fhield forward. Attached to the base of
the launch escape tower is a boost protective cover composed of
resin impregnated fiberglass covered with cork, that protects the
command module from aerodynamic heating during boost and rocket
exhaust gases from the main and the Jettison motors. The system
is 33 feet tall, four feet in diameter at the base, and weighs
8,910 pounds.

Command Module (CM) Structure -- The basic structure of the

command'module is a pressure vessel encased in heat shields, cone-
shaped II feet 5 inches high, base diameter of 12 feet i0 inches, and
launch weight 12,250 pounds.

The command module consists of the forward compartment which

contains two reaction control engines and components of the Earth
landing system; the crew compartment or inner pressure vessel
containing crew accomodations, controls and displays, and many
of the spacecraft systems; and the aft compartment housing ten
reaction control engines, propellant tankage, helium tanks, water
tanks, and the CSM umbilical cable. The crew compartment contains
210 cubic feet of habitable volume.

Heat-shields around the three compartments are made of

brazed stainless steel honeycomb with an outer layer of phenolic
epoxy resin as an ablative material. Shield thickness, varying
according to heat loads, ranges from 0.7 inch at the apex to 2.7
inches at the aft end.

The spacecraft inner structure is of sheet-aluminum honey-

comb bonded sandwhich ranging in thickness from 0.25 inch thick
at forward access tunnel to 1.5 inches thick at base.

-more-
 [11
Ii

_ _J-_
I/til INS3 - ./n \

.I.-IV_13:IDVdS O'l'lOdV
 -88-

CSM 107 and LM-5 are equipped with the probe-and-drogue

docking hardware. The probe assembly is a powered folding
coupling and impact attentuatlng device mounted on the CM tunnel
that mates with a conical drogue mounted in the LM docking tunnel.
After the 12 automatic docking latches are checked following a
docking maneuver, both the probe and drogue assemblies are removed
from the vehicle tunnels and stowed to allow free crew transfer
between the CSM and LM.

Service Module (SM) Strucutre -- The service module is a

cylinder 12 feet l0 inches in diameter by 24 feet 7 inches high.
For the Apollo ii mission, it will weigh, 31,243 pounds at launch...
Aluminum honeycomb panels one inch thick form the outer skin, an_
milled aluminum radial beams separate the interior into six sections
aroun_ a central cylinder containing two helium spheres, four sections
containing service propulsion system fuel-oxidizer tankage, another
containing fuel cells, cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen, and one
sector essentially empty.

Spaeecraft-LM Adapter (SLA) Structure -- The spacecraft LM

adapter is a truncated cone 28 feet long tapering from 260 inches
diameter at the base to 154 inches at the forward end at the
service module mating line. Aluminum honeycomb 1.75 inches thick
is the stressed-sKin structure for the spacecraft adapter. The
SLA weighs 4,000 pounds.

CSM Systems

Guidance_ Navigation and Control System (GNCS) -- Measures

and controls spacecraft position, attitude, and velocity, calculates
trajectory, controls spacecraft propulsion system thrust vector,
and displays abort data. The guidance system consists of three
subsystems: inertial, made up of an inertial measurement unit and
associated power and data components; computer which processes
information to Gr from other components; and optics, including
scanning te_ecope and sextant for celestial and/or landmark
spacecraft navigation. CSM 107 and subsequent modules are equipped
with a VHF ranging device as a backup to the LM rendezvous radar.

Stabilization and Control Systems (SCS) -- Controls space-

craft rotation, translation, and thrust vector and provides displays
for crew-inltlated maneuvers; backs up the guidance system. It
has three subsystems; attitude reference, attitude control, and
thrust vector control.

Service Propulsion System (SPS) -- Provides thrust for large

spacecraft velocity changes through a gimbal-mounted 20,500-pound-
thrust hypergolic engine using a nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer and a
50-50 mixture of unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine and hydrazine fuel.
This system is in the service module. The system responds to auto-
matic firing commands from the guidance and navigation system or to
manual commands from the crew. The engine provides a constant
thrust level. The stabilisation and control system gimbals the
engine to direct the thrust vector through the spacecraft center of
gravity.

-more-
 12 F': 10 IN. EARTH LANOIHG $UBSYSTEM

SEXTANT & / CM/SM STABILIZATION

SCAIIIIIIG UMBILICAL
TELESCOPE COHIHOL OHIO. NAV EARTH LARDING

c_.L" ..TERS ,OLOARLE

ORE*
COUCH

BATTERIE$

STOWAGE STOWAGE
0VE_ _ _ ENVIRON E_AL SOLID STATE&
CONTROL $EOUERCE CGNTHOU.ER

LW
GIN
I2 PLACES)

LES _TOWER LOCKERS LOCKERS

ACCESS HATCH i LEG WELL

i2 PLACES) IENI)EZVOU$ ABLATIVE

W21119OW
PLACES) REACTION CONTROL MATERIAL
E

H/S PANELS

+ ,
!
COMMAND MODULE _c,
RED DOCKING GREEN OOCKING LIGHT
RADIATORS _ LIGHT FLY AWAY UM6JLICAL

+Rcs- r--I

SERVICE MODULE

SECTORII _ SERVI_EPRQPUt$1011$YST|M
SECTORIflJ OXIOIZE_tTANKS

::I:: ;i} :2_'TC_RPK:OPUt SIOJI $Y$I EM

CENTEIISZCTION. $ER1( pROp"t$1ON
S_STE_,t H_LtLIM'tllKS
 -90-

Telecommunications System -- Provides voice, television, tele-

metry, and command data and tracking and ranging between the space-
craft and Earth, between the command module and the lunar module
and between the spacecraft and the extravehicular astronaut. It
also provides intercommunications between astronauts. The tele-
communications system consists of pulse code modulated telemetry
for relaying to Manned Space Flight Network stations data on space-
craft systems and crew condition, VHF/AM voice, and unified S-Band
tracking transponder, air-to-ground voice communications, onboard
television, and a VHF recovery beacon. Network stations can transmit
to the spacecraft such items as updates to the Apollo guidance
computer and central timing equipment, and real-tlme commands for
certain onboard functions.

The high-gain steerable S-Band antenna consists of four,

31-inch-diameter parabolic dishes mounted on a folding boom at
the aft end of the service module. Nested alongside the service
propulsion system engine nozzle until deployment, the antenna
swings out at right angles to the spacecraft longitudinal axis,
with the boom pointing 52 degrees below the heads-up horizontal.
Signals from the ground stations can be tracked either automatically
or manually with the antenna's gimballing system. Normal S-Band
voice and uplink/downlink communications will be handled by the
omni and high-gain antennas.

Sequential System -- Inberfaces with other spacecraft systems

and subsystems to initiate time critical functions during launch,
docking maneuvers, sub-orbital aborts, and entry portions of a
mission. The system also controls routine spacecraft sequencing
such as service module separation and deployment of the Earth land-
ing system.

Emergency Detection System (EDS) -- Detects and displays to

the crew launch vehicle emergency conditions, such as excessive
pitch or roll rates or two engines out, and automatically or
manually shuts down the booster and activates the launch escape
system; functions until the spacecraft is in orbit.

Earth Landing System (ELS) -- Includes the drogue and main

parachute system as well as post-landing recovery aids. In a
normal entry descent, the command module forward heat shield
is Jettisoned at 24,000 feet, permitting mortar deployment of
two reefed 16.5-foot diameter drogue parachutes for orienting
and decelerating the spacecraft. After disreef and drogue release,
three mortar deployed pilot chutes pull out the three main 83.3-
foot diameter parachutes with two-stage reefing to provide gradual
inflation in three steps. Two main parachutes out of three can
provide a safe landing.

-more-
 S-band inflight antenna LM docking light
Crewmen optical alignment sight
VHF infl[ght antenna (2)
LM mounted CSM-active docking alignment target
VHF EVA antenna
Two VHF blade Tecovery antennas.under forward heat shield Drogue_
LM COAS line of sight post pitchover Tracking light
Four S-band omnl u_

-Y ax_s CS_A-Z _xis

+roll axis LM+Y axis

_\
+-Xy "h axis
S-ha nd +y
CSM
Yaxis steerable antenna I
Rendezvous radar_antenna
! I
CSM mounted kM-acfive
decking alignment target
RRT antenna

Two sclmffar VHF omnl antennas on SM

(180 deg. apart}

SPACECRAFT AXIS AND ANTENNA LOCATIONS

 VHF inflight antenna (2) --
S-band 2-GHz
S-band steerable

LM+Y axis CSM antenna

_+Z axis

CSM+Yaxis/.
ir CSM
LM+Z axis -Z axi _.
Two scimitar VHF omn[ antennas

on SM (180 deg. apart) 2 VHF Recovery

antennas under
forward heat shield Rendezvous radar-
(Not Shown)

SPACECRAFT AXIS AND ANTENNA LOCATIONS

 -93-

Reaction Control System (RCS) -- The command module and the

service module each has its own independent system. The SM RCS
has four identical RCS "quads" mounted around the SM 90 degrees
apart. Each quad has four i00 pound-thrust engines, two fuel and
two oxidizer tanks and a helium pressurization sphere. The SM
RCS provides redundant spacecraft attitude control through cross-
coupling logic inputs from the stabilization and guidance systems.
Small velocity change maneuvers can also be made with the SM RCS.

The CM RCS consists of two independent six-engine subsystems

of six 93 pound-thrust engines each. Both subsystems are activated
Just prior to CM separation from the SM: one is used for spacecraft
attitude control during entry. The other serves in standby as a
backup. Propellants for both CM and SM RCS are monomethyl hydrazine
fuel and nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer with helium pressurization.
These propellants are hypergolic, i.e., they burn spontaneously
when combined without an igniter.

Electrical Power System (EPS) -- Provides electrical energy

sources, power generation and control, power conversion and condition-
ing, and power distribution to the spacecraft throughout the mission.
The EPS also furnishes drinking water to the astronauts as a by-
product of the fuel cells. The primary source of electrical power
is the fuel cells mounted in the SM. Each cell consists of a hydrogen
compartment, an oxygen compartment, and two electrodes. The cryogenic
gas storage system, also located in the SM, supplies the hydrogen
and oxygen used in the fuel cell power plants, as well as the oxygen
used in the ECS.

Three silver-zinc oxide storage batteries supply power to the

CM during entry and after landing, provide power for sequence con-
trollers, and supplement the fuel cells during periods of peak
power demand. These batteries are located in the CM lower equip-
ment bay. A battery charger is located in the same bay to assure
a full charge prior to entry.

Two other silver-zinc oxide batteries, independent of and

completely isolated from the rest of the dc power system, are used
to supply power for explosive devices for CM/SM separation,
parachute deployment and separation, third-stage separation, launch
excape system tower separation, and other pyrotechnic uses.

Environmental Control System (ECS) -- Controls spacecraft

atmosphere, pressure, and temperature and manages water. In
addition to regulating cabin and suit gas pressure, temperature
and humi_ity, the system removes carbon dioxide, odors and
particles, and ventilates the cabin after landing. It collects and
stores fuel cell potable water for crew use, supplies water to the
glycol evaporators for cooling, and dumps surplus water overboard
through the urine dump valve. Proper operating temperature of
electronics and electrical equipment is maintained by this system
through the use of the cabin heat exchangers, the space radiators,
and the glycol evaporators.

-more-
 -94-

Recovery aids include the uprighting system, swimmer inter-

phone connections, sea dye marker, flashing beacon, VHF recovery
beacon, and VHF transceiver. The uprighting system consists of
three compressor-inflated bags to upright the spacecraft if it
should land in the water apex down (stable II position).

Caution and Warnin_ System -- Monitors spacecraft systems for

out-of-tolerance conditions and alerts crew by visual and audible
alarms so that crewmen may trouble-shoot the problem.

Controls and Displays -- Provide readouts and control functions

of all other spacecraft systems in the command and service modules.
All controls are designed to be operated by crewmen in pressurized
suits. Displays are grouped by system and located according to the
frequency the crew refers to them.

-more-
 LUNARMODULE COMMAND
MODULE

DROGUE ASSEMBLY PROBEASSEMBLY DOCKING RING

_, CMTUNNEL

SUPPORT BEAM (3)

ARM (31

CAPTURE LATCHES (3)

AUTOMATIC DOCKING LATCHES (12)

APOLLO DOCKING MECHANISMS

 -96-

LUNAR MODULE STRUCTURES t WEIGHT

The lunar module is a two-stage vehicle designed for

space operations near and on the Moon. The LM is incapable
of reentering the atmosphere. The lunar module stands 22
feet ll inches high and is 31 feet wide (diagonally across
landing gear).

Joined by four explosive bolts and umbilicals, the as-

cent and descent stages of the LR operate as a unit until
staging, when the ascent stage functions as a single space-
craft for rendezvous and docking with the CSM.

Ascent Stase

Three main sections make up the ascent stage: the crew

compartment, midsection, and aft equipment bay. 0nly the
crew compartment and midsection are pressurized (4.8 pslg;
337.4 gm/sq cm) as part of the I24 cabin; all other sections
of the LM are unpressurlzed. The cabin volume is 235 cubic
feet (6.7 cubic meters). The ascent stage measures 12 feet
4 inches high by 14 feet 1 inch In diameter.

Structurally, the ascent stage has six substructural

areas: crew compartment, midsection, aft equipment bay, thrust
chamber assembly cluster supports, antenna supports and thermal
and micrometeoroid shield.

The cylindrical crew compartment is a semimonocoque

structure of machined longerons and fusion-welded aluminum sheet
and is 92 inches (2.35 m) in diameter and 42 inches tl.07 m)
deep. Two flight stations are equipped with control and dis-
play panels, armrests, body restraints, landing aids, two front
windows, an overhead docking window, and an alignment optical
telescope in the center betweenthe two flight stations. The
habitable volume is 160 uubic feet.

Two triangular front windows and the 32-inch (0.81 m)

square inward-opening forward hatch are in the crew compartment
front face.

External structural beams support the crew compartment

and serve to supportthe lower interstage mounts at their
lower ends. Ring-stiffened semlmonocoque construction is em-
ployed in the midsection, with chem-milled aluminum skin over
fusion-welded longerons and stiffeners. Fore-and-aft beams
across the top of the midsection Join with those running across
the top of the cabin to take all ascent stage stress loads and,
in effect, isolate the cabin from stresses.

-no re -
 -9?-

DOCKING
DROGUE
DOCKING WINDOW ASSEMBLY VHF ANTENNA TARGET

S-BAND EVAANTENNA
STEERABLE

AFT
RENDEZVOUS EQUIPMENT
RADAR ANTENNA BAY
S-BAND IN-FLIGHT
ANTENNA
_) _ RCSTHRUST

\ CHAMBER
ASSEMBLY
CLUSTER (4)

Wl NDOWS

TRACKING
LIG LIGHT
(4)

FORWARD LANDING
HATCH GEAR

FORWARD LAND I N G
PAD
+z

LADDER EGRESS DESCENT LANDING RADAR

PLATFORM ENGINE ANTENNA
SKIRT

LUNAR SURFACE SENSING PROBE (3)

APOLLO LUNAR MODULE

-more-
 VHF ANTENNA(2)
S-BAND STEERABLEANTENNA TRANSFER TUNNEL AND OVERHEAD HATCH
A N TEN NA
ALIGNMENT OPTICAL TELESCOPE
DOCKING TARGET RECESS

GASEOUS OXYGEN TANK (2)

RADAR
ANTENNA _ LJIPMENT
BAY

TANK (REACTION CONTROL)

I_I ASCENT
ENGINECOVER f_ LIQUIDOXYGENTANK

S-BAND INFLIGHT ANTENNA (2),_ TANK (2)

I _o
co

TRACKING LIGHT ,_ -HELIUMTANK '

(REACTION CONTROL)

REACTION
CONTROL _J

ASSEMBLY(4
PLACES) ," OXIDIZER
TANK
OXIDIZER
TANK _ (REACTION
CONTROL)

INGRESS/EGRESS HATCH
CREW
COMPARTMENt "

WATERTANK(2) FUELTANK

APOLLO LUNAR MODULE - ASCENT STAGE

O
 ENVIRONMENTALCONTROL SUBSYSTEM ECSLIOH CARTRIDGE

ALIGNMENT
OPTICAL
TELESCOPE

o PLSS I
_m RECHEHOSE
ARG
I I

ECS CREW UMBILICALS

LM CABIN INTERIOR, LEFT HALF

 PLSS RECHARGE AND
STOWAGE POSITION

PLSS0 2 RECHARGE HOSE

CD

URINE MGT SYSTEM

LM CABIN INTERIOR, RIGHT HALF

 -lOl-

The ascent stage engine compartment is formed by two

beams running across the lower midsection deck and mated
to the fore and aft bulkheads. Systems located in the
midsection include the LM guidance computer, the power and
servo assembly, ascent engine propellant tanks, RCS pro-
pellant tanks, the environmental control system, and the
waste management section.

A tunnel ring atop the ascent stage meshes with the

command module docking latch assemblies. During docking,
the CM docking ring and latches are aligned by the LM
drogue and the CSM probe.

The dockingtunnel extends downward into the midsection

16 inches (40 cm). The tunnel is B2 inches (0.81 cm) in dia-
meter and Is used for crew transfer between the CSM and LM.
The upper hatch on the inboard end of the docking tunnel
hinges downward and cannot be opened with the LM pressurized
and u_docked.

A thermal and mlcrometeoroid shield of multiple layers

of mylar and a single thickness of thin aluminum skin encases
the entire ascent stage structure.

Descent Stase

The descent stage consists of a cruciform load-carrylng

structure of two pairs of parallel beams, upper and lower decks,
and enclosure bulkheads -- all of conventional skln-and-strlnger
aluminum alloy construction. The center compartment houses
the descent engine, and descent propellant tanks are housed
in the four square bays around the engine. The descent stage
measures i0 feet 7 inches high by 14 feet 1 inch in diameter.

Four-legged truss outriggers mounted on the ends of each

pair of beams serve as SLA attach points and as "knees" for the
landing gear main struts.

Triangular bays between the main beams are enclosed into

quadrants housing such components as the ECS water tank, helium
tanks, descent engine control assembly of the guidance, navi-
gation and control subsystem, ECS gaseous oxygen tank, and
batteries for the electrical power system. Like the ascent
stage, the descent stage is encased in the mylar and aluminum
alloy thermal and micrometeorold shield.

The LM external platform, or "porch", is mounted on the

forward outrigger Just below the forward hatch. A ladder ex-
tends down the forward landing gear strut from the porch for
crew lunar surface operations.

-more-
 THERMAL SHIELD OXIDIZER TANK
FUEL
TANK DESCENT
ENGINE

OXIDIZER TANK WATER TANK

EQUIPMENT BAY

EGRESS

PLATFORM t t LM-ADA PTER

/
POINT (4)

o I ,
I
BACKPACK
BATTERIES
S-BAND
ANTENNA
STORAGE GEAR (4)

LADDER
HELIUM
TANK GIMBALRING

DESCENT ENGINE SKIRT OXYGEN TANK

PAD (4)
LANDING /
LUNAR SURFACE SENSING PROBE(3)
J

-lo3-

In a retracted position until after the crew mans the

LM, the landing gear struts are explosively extended and
provide lunar surface landing impact attenuation. The main
Struts are filled wlth crushable aluminum honeycomb for
absorbing compression loads. Footpads 37 inches (0.95 m) In
diameter at the end of each landing gear provide vehicle
"floatatlon" on the lunar surface.

Each pad (except forward pad) is fitted with a lunar-

surface sensing probe which signals the crew to shut down
the descent engine upon contact wlth the lunar surface.

LM-5 flown on the Apollo ii mission will have a launch

weight of 33,205 pounds. The weight breakdown is as follows:

Ascent stage, dry 4,804 ibs. Includes water

and oxygen; no
Descent stage, dry 4,483 ibs. crew

RCS propellants (loaded) 604 ibs.

DPS propellants (loaded) 18,100 ibs.

APS propellants (loaded) 5,214 ibs.

33,205 ibs.

Lunar Module Systems

Electrical Power System -- The LM DC electrical system

ccnslsts of slx silver zinc primary batteries -- four in the
descent stage and two In the ascent stage, each wlth Its own
electrical control assembly (ECA). Power feeders from all
primary batteries pass through circuit breakers to energize
the LM DC buses, from which 28-volt DC power id distributed
through circuit breakers to all I_ systems. AC power
(ll7v 40OHz) Is supplied by two inverters, either of which can
supply spacecraft AC load needs to the AC buses.

Environmental Control System -- Consists of the atmosphere

revitalization section, oxygen supply and cabin pressure control
section, water management, heat transport section, and outlets
for oxygen and water servicing of the Portable Life Support
System (PLSS).

-too re -
 -104-

Components of the atmosphere revitalization section are

the suit circuit assembly which cools and ventilates the
pressure garments, reduces carbon dioxide levels, removes
odors, noxious gases and excessive moisture; the cabin re-
circulation assembly which ventilates and controls cabin
atmosphere temperatures; and the steam flex duct which vents
to space steam from the suit circuit water evaporator.

The oxygen supply and cabin pressure section supplies

gaseous oxygen to the atmosphere revitalization section for
maintaining suit and cabin pressure. The descent stage
oxygen supply provides descent flight phase and lunar stay
oxygen needs, and the ascent stage oxygen supply provides
oxygen needs for the ascent and rendezvous flight phase.

Water for drinking, cooling, fire fighting, food pre-

paration, and refilling the PLSS cooling water servicing
tank is supplied by the water management section. The water
is contained in three nitrogen-pressurlzed bladder-type tanks,
one of 36T-pound capacity in the descent stage and two of
47.5-pound capacity in the ascent stage.

The heat transport section has primary and secondary

water-glycol solution coolant loops. The primary coolant
loop circulates water-glycol for temperature control of cabin
and sult circuit oxygen and for thermal control of batteries
and electronic components mounted on cold plates and rails.
If the primary loop becomes inoperative, the secondary loop
circulates coolant through the rails and cold plates only.
Suit circuit cooling during secondary coolant loop operation
is provided by the suit loop water boiler. Waste heat from
both loops is vented overboard by water evaporation or sub-
limators.

Communication System -- Two S-band transmitter-receivers,

two VHF transmltter-recelvers, a signal processing assembly,
and associated spacecraft antenna make up the LM co,,u,.unications
system. The system transmits and receives voice, tracking
and ranging data, and transmits telemetry data on about 270
measurements and TV signals to the ground. Voice communica-
tions between the LM and ground stations is by S-band, and
between the LM and CSM voice is on VHF.

-more-
 -105-

Although no real-time commands can be sent to LM-5 and

subsequent spacecraft, the digital upllnk is _etained to pro-
cess guidance officer commands transmitted from Mission Control
Center to the LM guidance computer, such as state vector updates.

The data storage electronics assembly (DSEA) is a four-

channel voice recorder with timing signals with a 10-hour
recording capacity which will be brough back into the CSM
for return to Earth. DSEA recordings cannot be "dumped" to
groundstations.

LM antennas are one 26-inch diameter parabolic S-band

steerable antenna, two S-band inflight antennas, two VHF
Inflight antennas, and an erectable S-band antenna (optional)
for lunar surface.

Guidance, Navigation and Control System -- Comprised of

six sections: primary guidagce and navigation section (PGNS),
abort guidance section (AGS), radar section, control electronics
section (CES), and orbital rate drive electronics for Apollo
and LM (ORDEAL).
* The PGNS is an aided inertial guidance system updated
by the alignment optical telescope, an inertial measurement
unit, and the rendezvous and landing radars. The system pro-
vides inertial reference data for computations, produces
inertial alignment reference by feeding optical sighting data
into the LM guidance computer, displays position and velocity
data, computes LM-CSM rendezvous data from radar inputs, con-
trols attitude and thl_ast to maintain desired LM trajectory,
and controls descent engine throttling and gimbaling.

The LM- 5 guidance computer has the L_,m_nary IA software

program for processing landing radar altitude and velocity
information for lunar landing. LM-4, flown on Apollo i0, did
not have the landing phase in its guidance computer Luminary I
program.

* The AGS is an independent backup system for the FGNS,

having its own inertial sensors and computer.

* The radar section is made up of the rendezvous radar

which provides CSM range and range rate, and line-of-slght
angles for maneuver computation to the LM guidance computer;
the landing radar which provide altitude and velocity data to the
LM guidance computer during lunar landing. The rendezvous radar
has an operating range from 80 feet to 400 nautical miles.
The range transfer tone assembly, utilizing V_" electronics,
is a passive responder to the CSM VHF ranging device and is a
backup to the rendezvous radar.

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 -206- i

* The CES controls LM attitude and translation about all

axes. It also controls by PGNS command the automatic operation
of the ascent and descent engines, and the reaction control
thrusters. Manual attitude controller and thrust-translation
controller commands are also handled by the CES.

* ORDEAL, displays on the flight director attitude in-

dicator, is the computed local vertical in the pitch axis
during circular Earth or lunar orbits.

Reaction Control System -- The LM has four RCS engine

clusters of four lO0-pound (45._ kg) thrust engines each which
use hellum-pressurlzed hypergollc propellants. The oxidizer
is nitrogen tetroxide, fuel is Aerozlne 50 (50/50 blend of
hydrazlne and unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine). Propellant
plumbing, valves and pressurizing components are in two
parallel, independent systems, each feeding half the engines
in each cluster. Either system is capable of maintaining
attitude alone, but if one supply system fails, a propellant
crossfeed allows one system to supply all 16 engines.
Additionally, interconnect valves permit the RCS system to
draw from ascent engine propellant tanks.

The engine clusters are mounted on outriggers 90 degrees

apart on the ascent stage.

The RCS provides small stabilizing impulses during ascent

and descent burns, controls LM attitude during maneuvers, and
produces thrust for separation, and ascent/descent engine tank
ullage. The system may be operated in either the pulse or
steady-state modes.

Descent Propulsion System -- Maximum rated thrust of the

descent engine is 9,870 pounds (4,380.9 kg) and is throttleable
between 1,050 pounds (476.7 kg} and 6,300 pounds (2,860.2 kg).
The engine can be gimbaled six degrees in any direction in
response to attitude commands and for offset center of gravity
trimming. Propellants are helium-pressurized Aerozlne 50 and
nitrogen tetroxlde.

Ascent Propulsion System -- The 3,500-pound (1,589 kg)

thrust ascent engine is not gimbaled and performs at full
thrust. The engine remains dormant until after the ascent
stage separates from the descent stage. Propellants are the
same as are burned by the RCS engines and the descent engine.

Caution and Warning 2 Controls and Displays -- These two

systems have the same function aboard the lunar module as they
do aboard the command module. (See CSM systems section.)

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 -107-

Trackin_ and Docking Lights -- A flashing tracking light

(once per second, 20 milliseconds duration) on the front face
of the lunar module is an aid for contingency CSM-active
rendezvous LM rescue. Visibility ranges from 400 nautical
miles through the CSH sextant to 130 miles with the naked eye.
Five docking lights analagous to aircraft running lights are
mounted on the LM for CSM-actlve rendezvous: two forward
yellow lights, aft white light, port red light and starboard
green light. All docking lights have about a l,OOO-foot
visibility.

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 -108-

SATURN V LAUNCH VEHICLE DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

The Apollo ii spacecraft will be boosted into Earth orbit

and then onto a lunar trajectory by the sixth Saturn V launch
vehicle. The 281-foot high Saturn V generates enough thrust to
place a 125-ton payload into a 105 nm Earth orbit or boost about
50 tons to lunar orbit.

The Saturn V, developed by the NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center,

underwent research and development testing in the "all-up" mode.
From the first launch all stages have been live. This has resulted
in "man rating" of the Saturn V in two launches. The third Saturn V
(AS-503) carried Apollo 8 and its crew on a lunar orbit mission.

Saturn V rockets were launched November 9, 1967, April 4, 1968,

December 21, 1968, March 3, 1969, and May 18, 1969. The first two
space vehicle were unmanned; the last three carried the Apollo 8, 9
and l0 crews, respectively.

Launch Vehicle Range Safet_ Provisions

In the event of an imminent emergency during the launch

vehicle powered flight phase it could become necessary to abort the
mission and remove the command module and crew from immediate danger.
After providing for crew safety, the Range Safety Officer may take
further action if the remaining intact vehicle constitutes a hazard
to overflown geographic areas. Each launch vehicle propulsive stage
is equipped with a propellant dispersion system to terminate the
vehicle flight in a safe location and disperse propellants with a
minimized ignition probability. A transmitted ground command shuts
down all engines and a second command detonates explosives which
open the fuel and oxidizer tanks enabling the propellants to disperse.
On each stage the tank cuts are made in non-adjacent areas to
minimize propellant mixing. The stage propellant dispersion systems
are safed by ground command.

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L
 -109-

SATURN V LAUNCH VEHICLE

I
_':
i.i_ FIRST
STAGE(S-IC)

Go CM DIAMETER 33FEET
u_ HEIGHT 138 FEET
'_ WEIGHT 5,022,674LBS FUELED
288,750LBS.DRY
C_) ENGINES FIVE F-I
_:: PROPELLANTS LIQUID OXYGEN (3,3071855 LBS.,
Q" I NSTR UMENT 346,372 GALS .) RP-I (KEROSENE)
UNIT - (1,426,069 LBS., 212,846 GALS.)
THRUST 7,653t854 LBS. AT LIFTOFF

THIRD STAGE SECOND STAGE (S-II) I

(S-IVB) DIAMETER 33 FEET

HEIGHT 81.5 FEET
WEIGHT 1,059,171 LBS. FUELED
79,918 LBS. DRY

,_ ENGINES FIVEJ-2
PROPELLANTS LIQUID OXYGEN (821.,022 LBS.,
851973 GALS.)LIQUIDHYDROGEN
. SECONDSTAGE (158,221LBS., 282,555GALS.)
(S-If) THRUST 1,120,216 TO 1,157,707 LBS.
_ INTERSTAGE 1,353 (SMALL)
-r- 8,750(LARGE)

THIRD STAGE (S-lYE)

"-r-
-_
Z DIAMETER 21.7 FEET
-_ HEIGHT 58.3FEET
_:_ WEIGHT 260,523 LBS. FUELED
25,000 LBS. DRY
Z ENGINES ONE J-2
""
:D PROPELLANTS LIQUID OXYGEN (192,023 LBS.,
_- FIRST STAGE 20,107 GALS.) LIQUID HYDROGEN

._C _ (S-IC) THRUST (43,500

178,161 LBS.,77,680
TO 203,779 GALS.)
LBS.
ilHillFll]II llllli ll INTERSTAGE__8, 081 LBS.
.... II . III ill

INSTRUMENT UNIT

DIAMETER 21.7 FEET

HEIGHT 3 FEET
WEIGHT 4,306 LBS.

NOTE: WEIGHTS AND MEASURES GIVEN ABOVE ARE FOR THE NOMINAL VEHICLE CONFIGURATION
FOR APOLLO 11. THE FIGURES MAY VARY SLIGHTLY DUE TO CHANGES BEFORE LAUNCH TO MEET
CHANGING CONDITIONS. WEIGHTS NOT INCLUDED IN ABOVE ARE FROST AND MISCELLANEOUS
SMALLER ITEMS.
_ore --
 -II0-

SPACE VEHICLE WEIGHT SUMMARY (pounds)

Event Wt. Chg. Veh.Wt.

At ignition 6,484,280
Thrust buildup propellant used 85,745
At firstmotion 6,398,535
S-ICfrost 650
S-IC nitrogenpurge 37
S-IIfrost 450
S-II insulation purge gas 120
S-IVBfrost 200
Center engine decay propellant used 2,029
Center engine expended propellant 406
S-IC mainstage propellant used 4,567,690
Outboard engine decay propellant used 8,084
S-IC stage drop weight 363_425
S-IC/S-II small interstage 1,353
S-II ullage propellant used 73
At S-IC separation 1,454,014
S-II thrust buildup propellant used 1,303
S-IIstarttank 25
S-II ullage propellant used 1,288
S-II mainstage propellant and venting 963,913
Launch escape tower 8,930
S-II aft interstage 8,750
S-If thrust decay propellant used 480
S-II stage drop weight 94,140
S-II/S-IVB interstage 8,081
S-IVB aft frame dropped 48
S-IVB detonatorpackage 3
At S-II/S-IVB separation 367,053
S-IVB ullage rocket propellant 96
At S-IVBignition 366,957
S-IVB ullage propellant 22
S-IVB hydrogen in start tank 4
Thrust buildup propellant 436
S-IVB mainstage propellant used 66,796
S-IVB ullage rocket cases 135
S-IVB APS propellant 2
At first S-IVB cutoff signal 299,586
Thrust decay propellant used 89
APS propellant(ullage) 5
Engine propellantlost 30
At parking orbit insertion 299,562
Fuel tank vent 2,879
APS propellant 235
Hydrogenin starttank 2
02/H2 burner 16
LOX tankvent 46
S-IVBfuel lead loss 5

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 -iii-

Event Wt. Chg. Veh.Wt.

At secondS-IVB ignition 296,379

S-IVB hydrogen in start tank 4
Thrust buildup propellant 569
S-IVB mainstage propellant used 164,431
APS propellant used 8
At second S-IVB cutoff signal 139,533
Thrust decay propellant used 124
Engine propellant lost 40
At translunarinjection 139,369

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 -112-

First Sta_e

The 7.6 million pound thrust first stage (S-IC) was developed
Jointly by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's
Marshall Space Flight Center and the Boeing Co.

The Marshall Center assembled four S-IC stages: a structural

test model, a static test version, and the first two flight stages.
Subsequent flight stages are assembled by Boeing at the Michoud
Assembly Facility, New Orleans.

The S-IC for the Apollo ii mission was the third flight
booster tested at the NASA-Mississlppi Test Facility. The first
S-IC test at MTF was on May ii, 1967, the second on August 9, 1967,
and the third--the booster for Apollo ll--was on August 6, 1968.
Earlier flight stages were static fired at the Marshall Center.

The booster stage stands 138 feet high and is 33 feet in

diameter. Major structural components include thrust structure,
fuel tank, intertank structure, oxidizer tank, and forward skirt.
Its five engines burn kerosene (RP-I) fuel and liquid oxygen. The
stage weighs 288,750 empty and 5_022_674 pounds fueled.

Normal propellant flow rate to the five F-I engines is

29_364.5 pounds (2_230 gallons) per second. Four of the engines
are mounted on a ring, at 90 degree intervals. These four are
gimballed to control the rocket's direction of flight. The fifth
engine is mounted rigidly in the center.

Second Stage

The Space Division of North American Rockwell Corp. builds

the 1 million pound thrust S-II stage at Seal Beach, California.
The 81 foot 7 inch long, 33 foot diameter stage is made up of the
forward skirt to which the third stage attaches, the liquid hydro-
gen tank, liquid oxygen tank (separated from the hydrogen tank by
an insulted common bulkhead), the thrust structure on which the
engines are mounted, and an interstage section to which the first
stage attaches.

Five J-2 engines power the S-If. The outer four engines
are equally spaced on a 17.5 foot diameter circle. These four
engines may be gimballed through a plus or minus seven-degree
square pattern for thrust vector control. As on the first stage,
the center engine (number 5) is mounted on the stage centerline
and is fixed in position.

The second stage (S-II), like the third stage, uses high
performance J-2 engines that burn liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.
The stage's purpose is to provide stage boost almost to Earth orbit.

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 -113-

The S-II for Apollo Ii was static tested by North American

Rockwell at the NASA-Mississippi Test Facility on September 3, 1968.
This stage was shipped to test site via the Panama Canal for the
test firing.

Third Stage

The third stage (S-IVB) was developed by the McDonnell Douglas

Astronautics Co. at Huntington Beach, Calif. At Sacramento, Calif.,
the stage passed a static firing test on July 17, 1968, as part of
Apollo ll mission preparation. The stage was flown directly to the
NASA-Kennedy Space Center by the special aircraft, Super Guppy.

Measuring 58 feet 4 inches long and 21 feet 8 inches in dia-

meter, the S-IVB weighs 25_000 pounds dry. At first ignition, it
weighs 262_000 pounds. The interstage section weighs an additional
8,081 pounds.

The fuel tanks contain 43_500 pounds of liquid hydrogen and

192_023 pounds of liquid oxygen at first ignition, totalling
235,523 pounds of propellants. Insulation between the two tanks
is necessary because the liquid oxygen, at about 293 degrees below
zero Fahrenheit, is warm enough, relatively, to rapidly heat the
liquid hydrogen, at 423 degrees below zero, and cause it to turn
to gas. The single J-2 engine produces a maximum 230,000 pounds of
thrust. The stage provides propulsion twice during the Apollo ll
mission.

Instrument Unit

The instrument unit (IU) is a cylinder three feet high and 21

feet 8 inches in diameter. It weighs 4_306 pounds and contains the
guidance, navigation and control equipment to steer the vehicl e
through its Earth orbits and into the final translunar injection
maneuver.

The IU also contains telemetry, communications, tracking, and

crew safety systems, along with its own supporting electrical power
and environmental control systems.

Components making up the "brain" of the Saturn V are mounted

on cooling panels fastened to the inside surface of the instrument
unit skin. The "cold plates" are part of a system that removes
heat by circulating cooled fluid through a heat exchanger that
evaporates water from a separate supply into the vacuum of space.

The six major systems of the instrument unit are structural,

thermal control, guidance and control, measuring and telemetry,
radio frequency, and electrical.

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 -114-

The instrument unit provides navigation, guidance, and

control of the vehicle" measurement of the vehicle performance
and environment; data transmission with ground stations; radio
tracking of the vehicle; checkout and monitoring of vehicle
functions; initiation of stage functional sequencing; detection
of emergency situations; generation and network distribution of
electric power system operation; and preflight checkout and launch
and flight operations.

A path-adaptive guidance scheme is used in the Saturn V

instrument unit. A programmed trajectory is used during first
stage boost with guidance beginning only after the vehicle has
left the atmosphere. This is to prevent movements that might
cause the vehicle to break apart while attempting to compensate for
winds, jet streams, and gusts encountered in the atmosphere.

If after second stage ignition the vehicle deviates from the

optimum trajectory in climb, the vehicle derives and corrects to a
new trajectory. Calculations are made about once each second
throughout the flight. The launch vehicle digital computer and
data adapter perform the navigation and guidance computations and
the flight control computer converts generated attitude errors into
control commands.

The ST-124M inertial platform--the heart of the navigation,

guidance and control system--provides space-fixed reference coordin-
ates and measures acceleration along the three mutually perpendic-
ular axes of the coordinate system. If the inertial platform fails
during boost, spacecraft systems continue guidance and control
functions for the rocket. After second stage ignition the crew
can manually steer the space vehicle.

International Business Machines Corp., is prime contractor

for the instrument unit and is the supplier of the guidance signal
processor and guidance computer. Major suppliers of instrument
unit components are: Electronic Communications, Inc., control
computer; Bendix Corp., ST-124M inertial platform; and IBM Federal
Systems Division, launch vehicle digital computer and launch vehicle
data adapter.

Propulsion

The 41 rocket engines of the Saturn V have thrust ratings

ranging from 72 pounds to more than 1.5 million pounds. Some
engines burn liquid propellants, others use solids.

The five F-I engines in the first stage burn RP-I

(kerosene) and liquid oxygen. Engines in the first stage develop
approximately i_530_771 pounds of thrust each at liftoff, building
up to about 1,817,684 pounds before cutoff. The cluster of five
engines gives the first stage a thrust range of from 7_653_854
pounds at liftoff to 9,088,419 pounds just before center engine
cutoff.

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 -i15-

The F-I engine weighs almost I0 tons, is more than 18 feet

high and has a nozzle-exit diameter of nearly 14 feet. The F-I
undergoes static testing for an average 650 seconds in qualifying
for the 160-second run during the Saturn V first stage booster phase.
The engine consumes almost three tons of propellants per second.

The first stage of the Saturn V for this mission has eight
other rocket motors. These are the solid-fuel retrorockets which
will slow and separate the stage from the second stage. Each
rocket produces a thrust of 87,900 pounds for 0.6 second.

The main propulsion for the second stage is a cluster of

five J-2 engines burning liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.
Each engine develops a mean thrust of more than 227_000 pounds
at 5:1 mixture ratio (variable from 224,000 to 231,000 in phases
of this flight), giving the stage a total mean thrust of more
than 1.135 million pounds.

Designed to operate in the hard vacuum of space, the 3,500-

pound J-2 is more efficient than the F-I because it burns the
high-energy fuel hydrogen. F-I and J-2 engines are produced
by the Rocketdyne Division of North American Rockwell Corp.

The second stage has four 21,000-pound-thrust solid fuel

rocket engines. These are the ullage rockets mounted on the
S-IC/S-II interstage section. These rockets fire to settle liquid
propellant in the bottom of the main tanks and help attain a
"clean" separation from the first stage; they remain with the
interstage when it drops away at second plane separation. Four
retrorockets are located in the S-IVB aft interstage (which never
separates from the S-II) to separate the S-II from the S-IVB prior
to S-IVB ignition.

E!eyen rocket engines perform various functions on the third

stage. A single J-2 provides the main propulsive force; there are
two jettisonable main ullage rockets and eight smaller engines in
the two auxiliary propulsion system modules.

Launch Vehicle Instrumentation and Communication

A total of 1,348 measurements will be taken in flight on the

Saturn V launch vehicle: 330 on the first stage, 514 on the second
stage, 283 on the third stage, and 221 on the instrument unit.

Telemetry on the Saturn V includes FM and PCM systems on the

S-IC, two FM and a PCM on the S-II, a PCM on the S-IVB, and an
FM, a PCM and a CCS on the IU. Each propulsive stage has a
range safety system, and the IU has C-Band and command systems.

Note:
FM (Frequency Modulated) PCM (Pulse Code Modulated) CCS (Command
Communications System)

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 -116-

S-IVB Restart

The third stage of the Saturn V rocket for the Apollo mission
will burn twice in space. The second burn places the spacecraft
on the translunar trajectory. The first opportunity for this burn
is at 2 hours 44 minutes and 15 seconds after launch.

The primary pressurization system of the propellant tanks

for the S-IVB restart uses a helium heater. In this system, nine
helium storage spheres in the liquid hydrogen tank contain gaseous
helium charged to about 3,000 psi. This helium is passed through
the heater which heats End expands the gas before it enters the
propellant tanks. The heater operates on hydrogen and oxygen gas
from the main propellant tanks.

The backup system consists of five ambient helium spheres

mounted on the stage thrust structure. This system , controlled by
the fuel re-pressurization control module, can repressurize the
tanks in case the primary system fails. The restart will use the
primary system. If that system fails, the backup system will be used.

Differences in Launch Vehicles for Apollo i0 and Apollo ii

The greatest difference between the Saturn V launch vehicle

for Apollo I0 and the one for Apollo ii is in the number of
instrumentation measurements planned for the flight. Apollo ii
will be flying the operational configuration of instrumentation.
Most research and development instrumentation has been removed,
reducing the total number of measurements from 2,342 on Apollo i0
to 1,348 on Apollo II. Measurements on Apollo i0, with Apollo ii
measurements in parentheses, were: S-IC, 672 (330); S-If,
980 (514); S-IVB, 386 (283); and IU, 298 (221).

The center engine of the S-II will be cut off early, as

was done during the Apollo I0 flight, to eliminate the longitudinal
oscillations reported by astronauts on the Apollo 9 mission.
Cutting off the engine early on Apollo i0 was the simplest and
quickest method of solving the problem.

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 -117-

APOLLO ii CREW

Life support Equipment- Space Suits

Apollo ll crewmen will wear two versions Of the Apollo

space suit: an intravehicular pressure garment assembly
worn by the command module pilot and the extravehicular pres-
sure garment assemblyworn by the commander and the lunar
module pilot. Both versions are basically identical except
that the extravehicular version has an integral thermal/
meteoroid garment over the basic suit.

From the skin out, the basic pressure garment consists

of a nomex comfort layer, a neoprene-coated nylon pressure
bladder and a nylon restraint layer. The outer layers of the
intravehlcular suit are, from the inside out, nomex and two
layers of Teflon-coated Beta cloth. The extravehicular inte-
gral thermal/meteorold cover consists of a liner of two layers
of neoprene-coated nylon, seven layers of Beta/Kapton spacer
laminate, and an outer layer of Teflon-coated Beta fabric.

The extravehicular suit, together with a liquid cooling

garment, portable llfe Support system (PLSS), oxygen purge
system, lunar extravehicular visor assembly and other components
make up the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU). The EMU pro-
vides an extravehicular crewman with llfe support for a four-
hour mission outside the lunar module without replenishing
expendables. EMU total weight is 18S pounds. The intra-
vehicular suit weighs 35.6 pounds.

Liquid cooling garment--A knitted nylon-spandex garment

with a network of plastic tubing through which cooling water
from the PLSS is circulated. It is worn next to the skin and
replaces the constant wear-garment during EVA only.

Portable life support system--A backpack supplying oxygen

at 3.9 psi and cooling water to the liquid cooling garment.
Return oxygen is cleansed of solid and gas contaminants by a
lithium hydroxide canister. The PLSS includes communications
and telemetry equipment, displays and controls, and a main
power supply. The PLSS is covered by a thermal insulation
Jacket. (Two stowed in LM).

Oxygen pur_e system--Mounted atop the PLSS, the oxygen

purge system provides a contingency 30-minute supply of
gaseous oxygen in two two-pound bottles pressurized to 5,880
psla. The system may also be worn separately on the front of
the pressure garment assembly torso. It serves as a mount for
the VHF antenna for the PLSS. (Two stowed in 124).

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 -118-

Lunar extravehicular visor assembl_ -- A polycarbonate shell

and two visors with thermal control and optical coatings on them.
The EVA visor is attached over the pressure helmet to provide
impact, micrometeoroid, thermal and ultraviolet infrared light
protection to the EVA crewman.

Extravehicular _loves--Built of an outer shell of

Chromel-R fabric and thermal insulation to provide protec-
tion when handling extremely hot and cold objects. The finger
tips are made of silicone rubber to provide the crewman more
sensitivity.

A one-plece constant-wear garment, similar to "long

Johns", is worn as an undergarment for the space suit in Intra-
vehicular operations and for the infllght Coveralls. The
garment is porous-knlt cotton with a walst-to-neck zipper for
donning. Biomedical harness attach points are provided.

During periods out of the space suits, crewmen will wear

two-plece Teflon fabric inflight coveralls for warmth and for
pocket stowage of personal items.

Communications carriers ("Snoopy hats") with redundant

microphones and earphones are worn with the pressure helmet;
a lightweight headset is worn with the inflight coveralls.

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 -119-

CONNECTOR

Z I PPER

TYGON
TUB I NG

DOSIMETER
r/

LIQUID COOLING GARMENT

,-m.o're -
 120-

HOLD DOWN STRAP

ACCESS FLAP

SHOULDER
ACCESS LOOPTAPE _ _/ ....._'_
CONNECTOR COVER
CHEST COVER
SUNGLASSES
POCKET
--"q_--S HELL
SNAP --"_-INSULATION
PENLIGHT POCKET
_"_-" LINE R

TYPICAL CROSS SECTION

REST
ACESS FLAP

ENTRANCE'
BELTASSEMBLY
SLIDEFASTENER UTILITYPOCKET _---DATA LISTPOCKET
FLAP LAMP

URINETRANSFER ISTsTRAP
CONNECTOR AND

FLAP

SLIDE FAS
LOOP TAPE

' LOOP TAPE SLIDE ENTRA LMN

CE """"_._"
FASTENER _'_ _ !_ '_EST

ACT'VE
DOSIM _.,
ETER"_,_ FLAP _\ /',_. ;
POCKET _ -LANYARD POCKET _--'_/_ "'_ ASSISTS

SCISSORS POCKET--"_ CHECKLIST POCKET _'__

INTEGRATED THERMAL MICROMETEROID GARMENT

-moz_e -
 -121-

EXTRAVEHICULAR MOBILITY UNIT

BACKPACK SUPPORT STRAPS
LUNAR EXTRAVEHICULAR VISOR
OXYGEN PURGESYSTEM

f_-- BACKPACKCONTROLBOX
SUNGLASSES
PO,
PURGE
SYSTEM ACTUATOR

'. _, LIGHTPOCKET
BACKPACK
! COVER
CATION,
VENTILATION,AND
LIQUID COOLING
OXYGEN __ UMB ILICALS
PURGE
SYSTEM _.
UMBILICAL

EXTRAVEHICULAR
LMRESTRAINT
RING GLOVE
Z

INTEGRATED
THERMAL 'UTILITYPOCKET
METEOROI
DGARMENT
!',u :'._,. %t

URINETRANSFER CONNECTOR, .=---

BIOMEDICALINJECTION,
DOSIMETERACCESSFLAPAND
DONNING LANYARD POCKET -.

LUNAR OVERSHOE
-mo re -
 -122-

< _ _ o _

_ z z
o

I I I II I

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 -123-

APOLLO II CREW MENU

The Apollo ii crew had a wide range of food items from which
to select their daily mission space menu. More than 70 items
comprise the food selection list of freeze-dried rehydratable, wet-
pack and spoon-bowl foods.

Balanced meals for five days have been packed in man/day over-
wraps_ and items similar to those in the dailymenus have been
packed in a sort of snack pantry. The snack pantry permits the
crew to locate easily a food item in a smorgasbord mode without
having to "rob" a regular meal somewhere down deep in a storage
box.

Water for drinking and rehydrating food is obtained from

three sources in the command module--a dispenser for drinking water
and two water spigots at the food preparation station, one supplying
water at about 155 degrees F, the other at about 55 degrees F.
The potable water dispenser squirts water continuously as long as
the trigger is held down, and the food preparation spigots dispense
water in one-ounce increments. Command module potable water is
supplied from service module fuel cell byproduct water.

A continuous-feed hand water dispenser similar to the one in

the command module is used aboard the lunar module for cold-water
rehydration of food packets stowed aboard the LM.

After water has been injected into a food bag, it is kneaded

for about three minutes. The bag neck is then cut off and the food
squeezed into the crewman's mouth. After a meal, germicide pills
attached to the outside of the food bags are placed in the bags to
prevent fermentation and gas formation. The bags are then rolled
and stowed in waste disposal compartments.

The day-by-day, meal-by-meal Apollo II menu for each crew-

man as well as contents of the snack pantry are listed on the
following pages:

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 APOLLO XI (ARMSTRONG)

MEAL DAYi*,5 DAY2 DAY3 DAY4

A Peaches Fruit Cocktail Peaches Canadian Bacon and Applesauce

Bacon Squares (8) Sausage Patties** Bacon Squares (8) Sugar Coated Corn Flakes
Strawberry Cubes (4) Cinn. Tstd. Bread Cubes (&) Apricot Cereal Cubes (4) Peanut Cubes (4)
GrapeDrink Cocoa GrapeDrink Cocoa
Orange Drink Grapefruit Drink Orange Drink Orange-Grapefrult Drink

B Beef and Potatoes*** Frankfurters*** Cream of Chicken Soup Shrimp Cocktail

ButterscotchPudding Applesauce Turkey and Gravy*** Ham and Potatoes*** ]
Brownies (4) Chocolate Pudding Cheese Cracker Cubes (6) Fruit Cocktail
I GrapePunch Orange-_rapefruit Drink ChocolateCubes (6) Date Fruitcake(4) _r
0 Pineapple-Grapefruit Drink Grapefruit Drink i

C Salmon Salad Spaghetti with Meat Sauce** Tuna Salad Beef Stew**
Chicken end Rice** Pork and Scalloped Potatoes** Chicken Stew** Coconut Cubes (4)
Sugar Cookie Cubes (6) Pineapple Frui%cnke (4) Butterscotch Pudding Banana Pudding
Cocoa Grape Punch Cocoa Grape Punch
Pineapple-Grapefruit Drink Grapefruit Drink

*Bay I consists of Meal B --a C only

*_S_on-Bowl Package
***Wet-Pack Food
 APOLLO Xl (COLLINS )

MEAL DAY 1% 5 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4

a Peaches FruitCocktail Peaches CanadianBaconand Applesauce

Bacon Squares (8) Sausage Patties** Bacon Squares (8) Sugar Coated Corn Flakes
Strawberry Cubes (4) Cinn. Tstd. Bread Cubes (4) Apricot Cereal Cubes (4) Peanut Cubes (4)
GrapeDrink Cocoa GrapeDrink CocOa
Orange Drink GrapefruitDrink Orange Drink Orange-GrapefruitDrink

B Beef and Potatoes*** Frankfurters*** Cream of Chicken Soup Shrimp Cocktail

Butterscotch Pudding ApplesauCe Turkey and GraVy*** B_m and Potatoes***
Brownies (4) ChocolatePudding Cheese CrackerCubes (6) Fruit Cocktail
l
Grape Punch Orange-GrapefruitDrink ChocolateCubes (_) Date Fruitcake (4)
i Pineapple-Grapefruit Drink Grapefruit Drink un
o l

C Salmon Salad Potato Soup Tuna Salad Beef Stew**

Chicken and Rice** Pork and Scalloped Potatoes**ChickenStew** Coconut Cubes (4)
Sugar Cookie Cubes (6) Pineapple Fruitcake (4) Butterscotch Pudding Banana Pudding
Cocoa GrapePunch Cocoa Grape Punch
Pineapple-Grapefruit Drink GrapefruitDrink

*Day i consists of Meal B and C only

**Spoon-Bowl Package
***Wet-Pack Food
 APOLLO XI (_DRIN)

MEAL DAY 1*, 5 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4

Peaches Fruit Cocktail Peaches Canadian Bacon and Applesauce

Bacon Squares (8) Sausage Patties** Bacon Squares (8) S,igar Costed Corn Flakes
Strawberry Cubes (A) Cinn. Tstd. Bread Cubes (4) Apricot Cereal Cubes (4) Peanu_ Cubes (4)
GrapeDrink Cocos GrapeDrink Cocoa
Orange Drink Grapefruit Drink Orange Dcink Orange-Grapefruit Drink

B Beef end Potatoes_*_ Frankfurters*** Cream of C}_cken Soup Sbximp Cocktail i

Butterscotch Pudding Applesauce Turkey and Gravy*** Ham and Pot_:toes***
Brownies(L) ChocolatePudding CheeseCrackerCubes (5) Fruit _ocktail o_
I I
urape :uncn Orange-Grapefruit Drink Chocolate Cubes (6) Date Fruitcake (&)
o Pineapple-Grapefruit Drink Grapefruit Dri_
I

O Sa].mon Salad Chicken Salad Tuna Salad Pork and Scalloped Potatoes**
Chicken and Rice_* Chicken and Gravy Chicken Stew** Coconut Cubes (A)
Sugar Cookie Cubes (L) Beef Sandwiches (6) Butterscotch Pudding Banana Pudding
Cocoa Pineapple Fruitcake(i) Cocoa GrapePunch
Pineapple-Grapefruit Drink Grape Punch Grapefruit Drink

*Day 1 consists of Meal B and C only

**Spoon-Bowl Package
***Wet-Pack Food
 - 127-

ACCESSORIES Unit

Chewing
gum 15

Wet skin cleaning towels 30

Oral HygieneKit i

3 toothbrushes

I edible toothpaste

i dental floss

Contingency Feeding System i

3 food restrainer pouches

3 beverage packages

i valve adapter (pontube)

Spoons 3

-more-
 -128-

Snack Pantry

Breakfast Units

Peaches 6
i

FruitCocktail 6

Canadian Bacon and Applesauce 3

BaconSquares(8) 12

SausagePatties* 3

Sugar Coated Corn Flakes 6

StrawberryCubes (4i 3

Cinn. Tstd. Bread CUbes (4 6

Apricot Cereal Cubes (4) 3

PeanutCubes(4) _33

51
Salads/Meats

SalmonSalad 3

TunaSalad 3

Cream of Chicken Soup 6

ShrimpCocktail 6

Spaghetti and Meat Sauce* 6

BeefPot Roast 3

Beef and Vegetables 3

Chickenand Rice* 6

Chicken
Stew* 3

Beef
Stew* 3

Pork and Scalloped Potatoes* 6

Ham and Potatoes(Wet) 3

Turkey and Gravy (Wet) 6

57
*Spoon-Bowl Package
-more-
 7 _ 7

Snack _an_r_

Rehydratab le Desserts Units

BananaFudding 6

Butterscotch Pudding 6

Applesauce 6

ChocolatePudding 6
24

Beverases

OrangeDrink 6

Orange-Grapefruit Drink 3

Pineapple-Grapefruit Drink- 3

GrapefruitDrink 3

GrapeDrink 6_

GrapePunch 3

Cocoa 6

CoffeeB) 15

Coffee
(S) 15

Coffee(C and S 15

75

-more-
 -130-

Snack Pantry

Dried Fruits Units Stow

Apricots 6 i

Peaches 6 i

Pears 6 I

Sandwich Spread

Ham Salad(5 o_.) i i

TunaSalad(5 oz.) i i

ChickenSalad 5 oz.) i i

CheddarCheese (2 oz.) 3 i

Bread

Rye 6 6

White 6 6

-more-

e
 -131-

Snack Pantry

Bites Units

Cheese CracKer Cubes .(6) 6

BBQ Beef Bits (4) 6

ChocolateCubes (4) 6

Brownies
(4) 6

Date Fruitcake(4) 6

Pineapple Fruitcake (4) 6

Jellied Fruit Candy (4) 6

CaramelCandy (4) 6
 -132-

LM-5 Food

Meal A. Bacon Squares(8)

Peaches

Sugar Cookie Cubes (6)

Coffee

Pineapple-Grapefruit drink

Meal B. Beef stew

Cream of Chicken Soup

Date Fruit Cake (4)

Grape Punch

Orange Drink

Units
Extra Beverage 8

DriedFruit 4

CandyBar 4

Bread 2

Ham Salad Spread (tube food) I

Turkey and Gravy 2

Spoons 2

-more-
 -133-

Personal Hygiene

Crew personal hygleneequlpment aboard Apollo II In-

eludes body cleanliness items, the waste management system
and one medical kit.

Packaged with the food are a toothbrush and a two-ounce

tube of toothpaste for each crewman. Each man-meal package
contains a 3.5_by-four-lnch wet-wlpe cleansing towel.
Additionally, three packages of 12-by-12-1nch dry towels are
stowed beneath the command module pilot's couch. Each package
contains seven towels. Also stowed under the command module
pilot's couch are seven tissue dispensers containing 53 three-
ply tissues each.

Solid body wastes are collected in Gemlnl-type plastic

defecation bags which contain a germicide to prevent bacteria
and gas formation. The bags are sealed after use and stowed
in empty food containers for post-flight analysis.

Urine collection devices are provided for use while

wearing either the pressure suit or the inflight coveralls.
The urine is dumped overboard through the spacecraft urine
dump valve in the CM and stored in the LM.
Medical Kit
The 5x5x8-inch medical accessory kit is stowed in a com-
partment on the spacecraft right side wall beside the lunar
module pilot couch. The medical kit contains three motion
sickness injectors, three pain suppression injectors, one two-
ounce bottle first aid ointment, two one-ounce bottle eye
drops, three nasal sprays, two compress bandages, 12 adhesive
bandages, one oral thermometer and four spare crew biomedical
harnesses. Pills in the medical kit are 60 antibiotic, 12
nausea, 12 stimulant, 18 pain killer, 60 decongestant, 24
diarrhea, 72 aspirin and 21 sleeping. Additionally, a small
medical kit containing four stimulant, eight diarrhea, two
sleeping and four pain killer pills, 12 aspirin, one bottle eye
drops and two compress bandages is stowed in the lunar module
flight data file compartment.

Survival Gear

The survival kit is stowed in two rucksacks in the right-

hand forward equipment bay above the lunar module pilot.

Contents of rucksack No. 1 are: two combination survival

lights, one desalter kit, three pair sunglasses, one radio
beacon, one spare radio beacon battery and spacecraft connector
cable, one knife in sheath, three water containers and two con-
tainers of Sun lotion.

-more-
 -134-

RUCKSACK A

I RUCKSACK
B

, 3-MAN LIFE RAFT WITH SUN BONNETS I

w TER_--'--I_-_-W_ _ BEACON
TRANSCEWER,

u__._1.__
- FIrsTAIDKIt _

_. SURVIVALGLASSES_"_ l_-_ TABLETS(16)

--... -.. DESALTINGKITS (2)

"_. (3) _ _"
SURV IVAL LIGHTS
SURVIVAL KNIFE
 -135-

Rucksack No. 2: one three-man life raft with COp

inflater, one sea anchor, two sea dye markers, three _un-
bonnets, one mooring lanyard, three manlines, and two attach
brackets.

The survival kit is designed to provide a 48-hour

postlanding (water or land) survival capability for three
crewmen between 40 degrees North and South latitudes.

Biomedical Infli_ht Monitoring

The Apollo ii crew biomedical telemetry data received

by the Manned Space Flight Network will be relayed for in-
stantaneous display at Mission Control Center where heart
rate and breathing rate data will be displayed on the flight
surgeon's console. Heart rate and respiration rate average,
range and deviation are computed and displayed on digital TV
screens.

In addition, the instantaneous heart rate, real-tlme and

delayed EKG and respiration are recorded on strip charts for
eachman.

Biomedical telemetry will be simultaneous from all crew-

men while in the CSM, but selectable by a manual onboard
switch in the LM.

Biomedical data observed by the flight surgeon and

his team in the Life Support Systems Staff Support Room will
be correlated with spacecraft and space suit environmental
data displays.

Blood pressures are no longer telemetered as they were

in the Mercury and Gemini programs. Oral temperature, how-
ever, can be measured onboard for diagnostic purposes and
voiced down by the crew in case of inflight illness.

-mo_e -
 -136-

Trainin_

The crewmen of Apollo ii have spent more than five hours

of formal crew training for each hour of the lunar-orbit
mission's eight-day duration. More than 1,000 hours of training
were in the Apollo ll crew training syllabus over and above
the normalpreparationsfor the mission--technical briefings
and reviews, pilot meetings and study.

The Apollo ll crewmen also took part in spacecraft manu-

facturing checkouts at the North American Rockwell plant in
Downey, Calif., at Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., Bethpage,
N.Y., and in prelaunch testing at NASA Kennedy Space Center.
Taking part in factory and launch area testing has provided the
crew with thorough operational knowledge of the complex vehicle.

Highlights of specialized Apollo ii crew training topics

are:

* Detailed series of briefings on spacecraft systems,

operation and modifications.

* Saturn launch vehicle briefings on countdown, range

safety, flight dynamics, failure modes and abort conditions.
The launch vehicle briefings were updated periodcally.

* Apollo Guidance and Navigationsystem briefings at the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Instrumentation Laboratory.

* Briefings and continuous training on mission photo-

graphic objectives and use of camera equipment.

* Extensive pilot participation in reviews of all flight

procedures for normal as well as emergency situations.

* Stowage reviews and practice in training sessions in

the spacecraft, mockups and command module simulators allowed
the crewmen to evaluate spacecraft stowage of crew-associated
equipment.

* More than 400 hours of training per man in command module

and lunar module simulators at MSC and KSC, including closed-
loop simulations with flight controllers in the Mission Control
Center. Other Apollo simulators at various locations were
used extensively for specialized crew training.

* Entry corridor deceleration profiles at lunar-return

conditions in the MSC Flight Acceleration Facility manned
centrifuge.

-more-
 -137-

* Lunar surface briefings and l-g walk-throughs of lunar

surface EVA operations covering lunar geology and microbiology
and deployment of experiments in the Early Apollo Surface
Experiment Package (EASEP). Training in lunar surface EVA
included practice sessions with lunar surface sample gathering
tools and return containers, cameras, the erectable S-band
antenna and the modular equipment stowage assembly (MESA)
housed in the LM descent stage.

* Proficiency flights in the lunar landing training

vehicle (LLTV) for the commander.

* Zero-g aircraft flights using command module and lunar

module mockups for EVA and pressure suit dofflng/donning
practice and training.

* Underwater zero-g training in the MSC Water Immersion

Facility using spacecraft mockups to further familiarize crew
with all aspects of CSM-LM docking tunnel intravehlcular
transfer and EVA in pressurized suits.

* Water egress training conducted in indoor tanks as

well as in the Gulf of Mexico, included uprightlng from the
Stable II position (apex down) to the Stable I position (apex
up), egress onto rafts and helicopter pfckup.

* Launch pad egress training from mockups and from the

actual spacecraft on the launch pad for possible emergencies
such as fire, contaminants and power failures.

* The training covered use of Apollo spacecraft fire

suppression equipment in the cockpit.

* Planetarium reviews at Horehead Planetarium, Chapel

Hill, N.C., and at Grlffith Planetarium, Los Angeles, Calif.,
of the celestial sphere with special emphasis on the 37
navigational stars used by the Apollo guidance computer.

-more-
 -138-

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

WASHINGTON, D. C. 20546

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

NAME: Nell A. Armstrong (Mr.)

NASA Astronaut, Commander, Apollo Ii

BIRTHPI_CE AND DATE: Born in Wapakoneta, Ohio, on August 5,

1930; he is the son of Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Armstrong
of Wapakoneta.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Blond hair; blue eyes; height: 5 feet

ll inches; weight: 165 pounds.

EDUCATION: Attended secondary school in Wapakoneta, Ohio;

received a Bachelor of Science degree in _eronautical
Engineering from Purdue University in 1955. Graduate
School - University of Southern California.

MARITAL STATUS: Married to the former Janet Shearon of Evanston,

Illinois, who is the daughter of Mrs. Louise Shearon of
Pasadena, california.

CHILDREN: Eric, June 30, 1957; Mark, April 8, 1963.

OTHER ACTIVITIES : His hobbies include soaring (for which he is a

Federation Aeronautlque Internatlonale gold badge holder).

ORGANIZATIONS : Associate Fellow of the Society of Experimental

Test Pilots; associate fellow of the American Institute
of Aeronautics and Astronautics; and member of the Soaring
Society of America.

SPECIAL HONORS: Recioient of the 1962 Institute of Aerospace

Sciences Octave Chanute Award; the 1966 AIAA Astronautics
Award; the NASA Exceptional Service Medal; and the 1962
John J. Montgomery Award.

EXPERIENCE: Armstrong was a naval aviator from 1949 to 1952 and

flew 78 combat missions during the Korean action.

He Joined NASA's Lewis Research Center in 1955 (then NACA

Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory) and later transferred
to the NASA High Speed Flight Station (now Flight Research
Center) at Edwards Air Force Base, California, as an
aeronautical research pilot for NACA and NASA. In this
capacity, he performed as an X-15 project pilot, flying
that aircraft to over 200,000 feet and approximately 4,000
miles per hour.

-more-
 -139-

Other flight test work included piloting the X-I rocket

airplane, the F-IO0, F-IOI, F-I02, F-I04, FSD, B-47, the
paraglider, and others.

As pilot of the B-29 "drop" aircraft, he participated in

the launches of over i00 rocket airplane flights.

He has logged more than 4,000 hours flying time.

CURRENT ASSIGNMENT: Mr. Armstrong was selected as an astronaut

by NASA in September 1962. He served as backup command
pilot for the Gemini 5 flight.

As command pilot for the Gemini 8 mission, which was launched

on March 16, 1966, he performed the first successful dock-
ing of two vehicles in space. The flight, originally
scheduled to last three days, was terminated early due to
a malfunctioning OAMS thruster; but the crew demonstrated
exceptional piloting skill in overcoming this problem
and bringing the spacecraft to a safe landing.

He subsequently served as backup command pilot for the

Gemini ll mission and is currently assigned as the
commander for the Apollo ll mission, and will probably
be the first human to set foot on the Moon.

As a civil servant, Armstrong, a GS-16 Step 7, earns

$30,05_ per annum

-more- June 1969

 -140-

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20546

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

NAME: Michael Collins (Lieutenant Colonel, USAF)

NASA Astronaut, Command Module Pilot, Apollo ll

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE: Born in Rome, Italy, on October 31, 1930.

His mother, Mrs. James L. Collins, resides in Washington,
D.C.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Brown hair; brown eyes; height: 5 feet

ll inches; weight: 165 pounds.

EDUCATION: Graduated from Saint Albans School in Washington,

D.C.; received a Bachelor of Science degree from the
United States Military Academy at West Point, New York,
in 1952.

MARITAL STATUS : Married to the former Patricia M. Finnegan of

Boston, Massachusetts.

CHILDREN: Kathleen, May 6,. 1959; Ann S., October 31, 1961;
Michael L., February 23, 1963.

OTHER ACTIVITIES: His hobbies include fishing and handball.

ORGANIZATIONS: Member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots.

SPECIAL HONORS: Awarded the NASA Exceptional Service Medal, the

Air Force Command Pilot Astronaut Wings, and the Air Force
Distinguished Flying Cross.

EXPERIENCE: Collins, an Air Force L_ Colonel, chose an Air Force

career following graduation from West Point.

He served as an experimental flight test officer at the Air

Force Flight Test Center, Edwards Air Force Base, California,
and, in that capacity, tested performance and stability and
control characteristics of Air Force aircraft--primarily
jet fighters.

He has logged more than 4,000 hours flying time, including

more than 3,200 hours in Jet aircraft.

-more-
 -141-

CURRENT ASSIGNMENT: Lt. Colonel Collins was one of the third

group of astronauts named by NASA in October 1963. He
k, has since served as backup pilot for the Gemini 7
mission.

As pilot on the 3-day 44-revolutlon Gemini i0 mission,

launched July 18, 1966, Collins shares with command
. pilot John Young in the accomplishments of that record-
setting flight. These accomplishments include a success-
ful rendezvous and docking with a separately launched
Agena target vehicle and, using the power of the Agena,
maneuvering the Gemini spacecraft into another orbit for
a rendezvous with a second, passive Agena. Collins' skill-
ful performance in completing two periods of extravehicular
activity, including his recovery of a micrometeorite
detection experiment from the passive Agena, added greatly
to our knowledge of manned space flight.

Gemini lO attained an apogee of approximately 475 statute

miles and traveled a distance of 1,275,091 statute miles--
after which splashdown occurred in the West Atlantic
529 statute miles east of Cape Kennedy. The spacecraft
landed 2.6 miles from the USS GUADALCANAL and became the
second in the Gemini program to land within eye and camera
range of a prime recovery vessel.

He is currently assigned as command module pilot on the

Apollo ll mission. The annual pay and allowances of an
Air Force lieutenant colonel with Collins' time in service
totals $17,147.36.

-more- June 1969

 -142-

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20546

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

NAME: Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. (Colonel, USAF)

NASA Astronaut, Lunar Module Pilot, Apollo II

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE: Born in Montclair, New Jersey, on January

20, 1930, and is the son of the late Marion Moon Aldrin
and Colonel (USAF Retired) Edwin E. Aldrin, who resides
in Brielle, New Jersey.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Blond hair; blue eyes; height: 5 feet

lO inches; weight: 165 pounds.

EDUCATION: Graduated from Montclair High School, Montclair, New

Jersey; received a Bachelor of Science degree from the
United States Military Academy at West Point, New York,
in 1951 and a Doctor of Science degree in Astronautics
from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1963;
recipient of an Honorary Doctorate of Science degree from
Gu_tavu_ Adolphus College in 196_ Honorary degree from
Clark University, Worchester, Mass.

MARITAL STATUS: Married to the former Joan A. Archer of Ho-Ho-Kus,

New Jersey, whose parents, Mr. and Mrs. Michael Archer, are
residents of that city.

CHILDREN: J. Michael, September 2, 1955; Janice R., August 16,

1957; Andrew J., June 17, 1958.

OTHER ACTIVITIES: He is a Scout Merit Badge Counsellor andan

Elder and Trustee of the Webster Presbyterian Church.
His hobbies include running, scuba diving, and high bar
exercises.

ORGANIZATIONS: Associate Fellow of the American Institute of

Aeronautics and Astronautics; member of the Society of
Experimental Test Pilots, Sigma Gamma Tau (aeronautical
engineering society), Tau Beta Pi (national engineering
society), and Sigma Xi (national science research society);
and a 32nd Degree Mason advanced through the Commandery
and Shrine.

-more-
 -143-

SPECIAL HONORS: Awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross with one

Oak Leaf Cluster, the Air Medal with two Oak Leaf Clusters,
the Air Force Commendation Medal, the NASA Exceptional
Service Medal and Air Force Command Pilot Astronaut Wings,
the NASA Group Achievement Award for Rendezvous Operations
Planning Team, an Honorary Life Membership in the Inter-
national Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers,
and an Honorary Membership in the Aerospace Medical
Association.

EXPERIENCE: Aldrin, an Air Force Colonel, was graduated third

in a class of 475 from the United States Military Academy
at West Point in 1951 and subsequently received his wings
at Bryan, Texas, in 1952.

He flew 66 combat missions in F-86 aircraft while on duty

in Korea with the 51st Fighter Interceptor Wing and was
credited with destroying two MIG-15 aircraft. At Nellis
Air Force Base, Nevada, he served as an aerial gunnery
instructor and then attended the Squadron Officers' School
at the Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama.

Following his assignment as Aide to the Dean of Faculty at

the United States Air Force Academy, Aldrin Flew F-lO0
aircraft as a flight commander with the 36th Tactical
Fighter Wing at Bitburg, Germany. He attended MIT,
receiving a doctorate after completing his thesis concern-
ing guidance for manned orbital rendezvous, and was then
assigned to the Gemini Target Office of the Air Force Space
Systems Division, Los Angeles, Calfornia. He was later
transferred to the USAF Field Office at the Manned Space-
craft Center which was responsible for integrating DOD
experiments into the NASA Gemini flights.

He has logged approximately 3,500 hours flying time,

including 2,853 hours in jet aircraft and 139 hours in
helicopters. He has made several flights in the lunar
landing research vehicle.

CURRENT ASSIGNMENT: Colonel Aldrin was one of the third group

of astronauts named by NASA in October 1963. He has since
served as backup pilot for the Gemini 9 mission and prime
pilot for the Gemini 12 mission.

-more-
 -144-

On November Ii, 1966, he and command pilot James Lovell

were launched into space in the Gemini 12 spacecraft on
a 4-day 59-revolution flight which broughtthe Gemini _
Program to a successful close. Aldrin established a new
record for extravehicular activity (EVA) by accruing
slightly more than 5 hours outside the spacecraft. During
the umbilical EVA, he attached a tether to the Agena;
retrieved a micro-meteorite experiment package from the
spacecraft; and evaluated the use of body restraints
specially designed for completing work tasks outside the
spacecraft. He completed numerous photographic experiments
and obtained the first pictures taken from space of an
eclipse of the sun.

Other major accomplishments of the 94-hour 35-minute flight

included a thlrd-revolution rendezvous with the previously
launched Agena, using for the first time backup onboard
computations due to a radar failure, and a fully automatic
controlled reentry of a spacecraft. Gemini 12 splashed
down in the Atlantic within 2 miles of the prime recovery
ship USS WASP.

Aldrin is currently asslgned as lunar module pilot for the

Apollo iI flight. The annual pay and allowances of an Air
Force colonel with Aldrin's time in service total $18,622.56.

-more-
June 1969
 -145-

EARLY APOLLO SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS PACKAGE (EASEP)

The Apollo ii scientific experiments for deployment

on the lunar surface near the touchdown point of the lunar
module are stowed in the LM's scientific equipment bay at
the left rear quadrant of the descent stage looking for-
ward.

The Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package (EASEP)

will be carried only on Apollo II; subsequent Apollo lunar
landing missions will carry the more comprehensive Apollo
Lunar Surface Experiment Package (ALSEP).

EASEP consists of two basic experiments: the passive

seismic experiments package (PSEP) and the laser ranging
retro-reflector (LRRR). Both experiments are independent,
self-contained packages that weigh a total of about 170
pounds and occupy 12 cubic feet of space.

PSEP uses three long-period seismometers and one short-

period vertical seismometer for measuring meteoroid impacts
and moonquakes. Such data will be useful in determining the
interior structure of the Moon; for example, does the Moon
have a core and mantle like Earth.

The seismic experiment package has four basic subsystems:

structure/thermal subsystem for shock, vibration and thermal
protection; electrical power subsystem generates 34 to 46
watts by solar panel array; data subsystem receives and decodes
MSFN uplink commands and downlinks experiment data_ handles
Power switching tasks; passive seismic experiment subsystem
measures lunar seismic activity with long-period and short-
period seismometers which detect inertial mass displacement.

The laser ranging retro-reflector experiment is a retro-

reflector array with a folding support structure for aiming
and aligning the array toward Earth. The array is built of
cubes of fused silica. Laser ranging beams from Earth will
be reflected back to their point of origin for precise mea-
surement of Earth-Moon distances, motion of the Moon's center
of mass, lunar radius and Earth geophysical information.

Earth stations which will beam lasers to the LRRR in-

clude the McDonald Observatory at Ft. Davis, Tex.; Lick Obser-
vatory, Mt. Hamilton, Calif.; and the Catalina Station of the
University of Arizona. Scientists in other countries also
plan to bounce laser beams off the LRRR.

Principal investigators for these experiments are

Dr. C. O. Alley, University of Maryland (Laser Ranging Retro
Feflector) and Dr. Garry Latham, Lamont Geological Observatory
(Passive Seismic Experiments Package).

-more-
 EASEP/LM INTERFACE
LM
CENTERL I NE
FWD

L sJ
-_-FWD

MOI)ULE
(LM) LM SCIENTIFIC
, EQUI PMENTBAY
_o (SEQ)
LUNA_ AFT I

EASEP PACKAGES
 EASEP DEPLOYMENT ZONES
N

RECOMMENDED
ZONE ZONEI DEPLOYMENT OF EASEPRESTRICTED BY
THERMAL RADIATION FROM THE LM
1Tr ZONETT SIGNIFICANTAERODYNAMIC HEATINGFROM
LM ASCENT ENGINE PLUME
ZONE Z[[ POSSIBLE CONTAMINATION BY KAPTON AND
INCONEL DEBRIS
ZONE _ DESIRABLE DEPLOYMENT ZONES
(AVOID LM SHADOW)
 PSEP STOWED CONFIGURATION

SOLARPANEL
ARRAY

co
I I

ISOTOPE
HEATER

PASSIVESEISMIC
EXPERIMENT
PACKAGE
 PSEP DEPLOYED CONFIGURATION

GNOMON
PASSIVE SEISMIC

EXPERIMENT _ ASTRONAUT
SOLAR
DEPLOYMENT
HANDLE
PANEL
LINKAGE

HEATER _ WEST
I
0

_._- ANTENNAPOSITIONING
MECHANISM

J CARRYHANDLE
EAST

ANTENNAMAST
 LASER RANGING RETRO-REFLECTOR EXPERIMENT

DEPLOYMENT
PROTECT IVE

COVER ANGLEINDICATING

RETRO-REFLECTOR ASSY
t
ARRAY A'NAC
HMENT
0
ASSY
_-_

PALLET o
ASSY

AIMING
HANDLE
ASSY
SUN COMPASS

RELEASEASSY
,ALIGNMENT HANDLE ASSY
 LRRRDETAILS

/v_ fRETRO-REFLECTOR ARRAY

REAR SUPPORT--_IFI" __k_.,,- "-A'M-ANGLE BRACKET
_lJlr_ _ BOOMATTACHMENT
j_%.\_.
....11____/--SUN COMPASS PLATE
__9_F= :::'_ _._A IM-ANGLEHANDLE
I

_ PALLET--_
__ 'ALIGNMENTHANDLE
I

/---RETAINERRING
MOUNTING / (ALUMINUM)
SEGMENTS ,._._----..,_ /- _ .,_ SIMPLIFIED
LASER
(TEFLON,--_--'l_._____
_ [_x_ X TYPICAL

PANEL_ _, i___/_ RETRO-k_#_ \ j _\ RAY

PATH
STRUCTURE _ '_REFLECTOR"-z _
(ALUMINUM) FRONT VIEW \ _ PARALLEL
 -152-

SOLAR WIND EXPERIMENT

-more-
 COMMAND AND TELEMETRY LINKS

TELEMETRY LI NK
COMMAND LINt
I

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--.- .-;. _=._-_ TIMI NG& -'_;":_..:.._ ..... " '
COMMANDS
PASS IVE
SEISMIC POWER
EXPERIMENTSCl &ENG DATA SUBSYSTE/_

COMMANDS
POWER POWER
SUBSYSTEIV ENGDATA
 -154-

APOLLO LUNAR RADIOISOTOPIC HEATER (ALRH)

An isotopic heater system built into the passive

seismometer experiment package which Apollo ii astronauts
will leave on the Moon will protect the seismic recorder
during frigid lunar nights.

The Apollo Lunar Radioisotopic Heater (ALRH), developed

by the Atomic Energy Commission, will be the first major use
of nuclear energy in a manned space flight mission. Each of
the two heaters is fueled with about 1.2 ounces of plutonium
238. Heat is given off as the well shieldea radioactive
material decays.

During the lunar day, the seismic device will send back
to Earth data on any lunar seismic activity or "Moonquakes."
During the 340-hour lunar night, when temperatures drop as low
as 279 degrees below zero F., the 15-watt heaters will keep
the seismometer at a minimum of -65 degrees below zero F.
Exposure to lowr temperatures would damage the device.

Power for the seismic experiment, which operates only

during the day, is from two solar panels.

The heaters are three inches in diameter, three inches

long, and weigh two pounds and two ounces each including mul-
tiple layers of shielding and protective materials. The com-
plete seismometer package weighs i00 pounds.

They are mounted into the seismic package before launch. The
entire unit will be carried in the lunar module scientific equipment
bay and after landing on the Moon will be deployed by an astronaut a
short distance from the lunar vehicle. There is no handling risk
to the astronaut.

They are mounted into the seismic package before launch.

The entire unit will be carried in the lunar module scientific
by an astronaut a short distance from the lunar vehicle.
There is no handling risk to the astronaut_

The plutonium fuel is encased in various materials chosen

for radiation shielding and for heat and shock resistance. The
materials include a tantalum-tungsten alloy, a platinum-rhodium
alloy, titanium, fibrous carbon, and graphite. The outside layer
is stainless steel.

Extensive safety analyses and tests were performed by

Sandia Laboratories at Albuquerque, New Mexico, to determine
effects of an abort or any conceivable accident in connection
with the Moon flight. The safety report by the Interagency
Safety Evaluation Panel, which is made up of representatives of
NASA, the AEC, and the Department of Defense, concluded that
the heater presents no undue safety problem to the general pop-
ulation under any accident condition deemed possible for the
Apollo mission.

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EXPLODED VIEW, APOLLO LUNAR RADIOISOTOPIC HEATER
 Outer container assembly _ Outer liner assembly

/
I Base plate _ / -- Inner liner assembly I
_ , _-_
C_
CD I
O _ _._
I 238pu0
2mlcro
spheres
universal head

Rivet, solid

THE APOLLO LUNAR RADIOISOTOPIC HEATER

 -157-

Sandia Laboratories is operate d for the AEC by Western

Electric Company_ The heater was fabricated by AEC's Mound
Laboratory at Miamisburg, Ohio, which is operated by Monsanto
Research Corporation.

The first major use of nuclear energy in space came in

1961 with the launching of a navigation satellite with an isotopic
generator. Plutonium 238 fuels the device which is still operating.
Two similar units were launched in 1961 and two more in 1963.

Last April, NASA launched Nimbus III, a weather satellite

with a 2-unit nuclear isotopic system for generating electri-
cal power. The Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP-19)
generator, developed by AEC, provides supplementary power.

Apollo 12 is scheduled to carry a SNAP-27 radioisotope

thermoelectric generator, also developed by AEC, to provide power
to operate the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP).
The SNAP-27 also contains plutonium 238 as the heat source.
Thermoelectric elements convert this heat directly into elec-
trical energy.

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 -158-

APOLLO LAUNCH OPERATIONS

Prelaunch Preparations

NASA's John F. Kennedy Space Center performs preflight

checkout, test and launch of the Apollo Ii space vehicle.
A government-industry team of about 500 will conduct the
final countdown from Firing Room i of the Launch Control
Center (LCC).

The firing room team is backed up by more than 5,000

persons who are directly involved in launch operations at KSC
from the time the vehicle and spacecraft stages arrive at the
Center until the launch is completed.

Initial checkout of the Apollo spacecraft is conducted

in work stands and in the altitude chambers in the Manned
Spacecraft Operations Building (MSOB) at Kennedy Space Center.
After completion of checkout there, the assembled spacecraft
is taken to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) and mated with
the launch vehicle. There the first integrated spacecraft and
launch vehicle tests are conducted. The assembled space vehicle
is then rolled out to the launch pad for final preparations and
countdown to launch.

In early January, 1969, flight hardware for Apollo II began

arriving at Kennedy Space Center, just as Apollo 9 and Apollo i0
were undergoing checkout at KSC.

The lunar module was the first piece of Apollo ii flight

hardware to arrive at KSC. The two stages of the LM were moved
into the altitude chamber in the Manned Spacecraft Operations
Building after an initial receiving inspection in January.
In the chamber the LM underwent systems tests and both unmanned
and manned chamber runs. During these runs the chamber air was
pumped out to simulate the vacuum of space at altitudes in
excess Of 200,000 feet. There the spacecraft systems and the
astronauts' life support systems were tested.

While the LM was undergoing preparation for its manned

altitude chamber runs, the Apollo ii command/service module
arrived at KSC and after receiving inspection, it, too, was
placed in an altitude chamber in the MSOB for systems tests
and unmanned and manned chamber runs. The prime and backup
crews participated in the chamber runs on both the LM and the
CSM.

In early April, the LM and CSM were removed from the

chambers. After installing the landing gear on the LM and the
SPS engine nozzle on the CSM, the LM was encapsulated in the
spacecraft LM adapter (SLA) and the CSM was mated to the SLA.
On April 14, the assembled spacecraft was moved to the VAB
where it was mated to the launch vehicle.

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 -159 -

The launch vehicle flight hardware began arriving at

KSC in mid-January and by March 5 the three stages and the
instrument unit were erected on Mobile Launcher i in high
bay i. Tests were conducted on individual systems on each
of the stages and on the overall launch vehicle before the
spacecraft was erected atop the vehicle.

After spacecraft erection, the spacecraft and launch

vehicle were electrically mated and the first overall test
(plugs-in) of the space vehicle was conducted. In accordance
with the philosophy of accomplishing as much of the checkout
as possible in the VAB, the overall test was conducted before
the space vehicle was moved to the launch pad.

The plugs-in test verified the compatibility of the space

vehicle systems, ground support equipment and off-site support
facilities by demonstrating the ability of the systems to
proceed through a simulated countdown, launch and flight.
During the simulated flight portion of the test, the systems
were required to respond to both emergency and normal flight
conditions.

The move to Pad A from the VAB on May 21 occurred while

Apollo I0 was enroute to the Moon for a dress rehearsal of a
lunar landing mission and the first test of a complete spacecraft
in the near-lunar environment.

Apollo ii will mark the fifth launch at Pad A on Complex

39. The first two unmanned Saturn V launches and the manned
Apollo 8 and 9 launches took place at Pad A. Apollo i0 was
the only launch to date from Pad B.

The space vehicle Flight Readiness Test was conducted

June 4-6. Both the prime and backup crews participate in
portions of the FRT, which is a final overall test of the space
vehicle systems and ground support equipment when all systems
are as near as possible to a launch configuration.

After hypergolic fuels were loaded aboard the space

vehicle and the launch vehicle first stage fuel (RP-I) was
brought aboard, the final major test of the space vehicle began.
This was the countdown demonstration test (CDDT), a dress re-
hearsal for the final countdown to launch. The CDDT for
Apollo ii was divided into a "wet'! and a "dry" portion. During
the first, or "wet'! portion, the entire countdown, including
propellant loading, was carried out down to T-8.9 seconds, the
time for ignition sequence start. The astronaut crew did not
participate in the wet CDDT.

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 -160-

At the completion of the wet CDDT, the cryogenic pro-

pellants (liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen) were off-loaded,
and the final portion of the countdown was re-run, this time
simulating the fueling and with the prime astronaut crew
participating as they will on launch day.

By the time Apollo ii was entering the final phase of its

checkout procedure at Complex 39A, crews had already started
the checkout of Apollo 12 and Apollo 13. The Apollo 12 space-
craft completed altitude chamber testing in June and was later
mated to the launch vehicle in the VAB. Apollo 13 flight hard-
ware began arriving in June to undergo preliminary checkout.

Because of the complexity involved in the checkout of the

363-foot-tall (110,6 meters) Apollo/Saturn V configuration, the
launch teams make use of extensive automation in their checkout.
Automation is one of the major differences in checkout used in
Apollo compared to the procedures used in the Mercury and
Gemini programs.

Computers, data display equipment and digital data tech-

niques are used throughout the automatic checkout from the time
the launch vehicle is erected in the VAB through liftoff. A
similar, but separate computer operation called ACE (Acceptance
Checkout-Equipment) is used to verify the flight readiness of
the spacecraft. Spacecraft checkout is controlled from separate
rooms in the Manned Spacecraft Operations Building.

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 -161-

.LAUNCH COMPLEX 39

Launch Complex 39 facilities at the Kennedy Space Center

were planned and built specifically for the Apollo Saturn V,
the space vehicle that will be used to carry astronauts to
the Moon.

Complex 39 introduced the mobile concept of launch operations,

a departure from the fixed launch pad techniques used previously
at Cape Kennedy and other launch sites. Since the early 1950's
when the first ballistic missiles were launched, the fixed launch
concept had been used on NASA missions. This method called for
assembly, checkout and launch of a rocket at one site--the launch
pad. In addition to tying up the pad, this method also often left
the flight equipment exposed to the outside influences of the
weather for extended periods.

Using the mobile concept, the space vehicle is thoroughly

checked in an enclosed building before it is moved to the launch
pad for final preparations. This affords greater protection, a
more systematic checkout process using computer techniques and
a high launch rate for the future, since the pad time is minimal.

Saturn V stages are shipped to the Kennedy Space Center by

ocean-going vessels and specially designed aircraft, such as the
Guppy. Apollo spacecraft modules are transported by air. The
spacecraft components are first taken to the Manned Spacecraft
Operations Building for preliminary checkout. The Saturn V
stages are brought immediately to the Vehicle Assembly Building
after arrival at the nearby turning basin.

The major components of Complex 39 include: (I) the

Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) where the Apollo II was
assembled and prepared, (2) the Launch Control Center, where
the launch team conducts the preliminary checkout and final
countdown; (3) the mobile launcher, upon which the Apollo ll
was erected for checkout and from where it will be launched;
(4) the mobile service structure, which provides external access
to the space vehicle at the pad; (5) the transporter, which
carries the space vehicle and mobile launcher, as well as the
mobile service structure to the pad; (6) the crawlerway over
which the space vehicle travels from the VAB to the launch pad;
and (7) the launch pad itself.

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 -162-

Vehicle Assembly Building

The Vehicle Assembly Building is the heart of Launch Complex

39. Covering eight acres, it is where the 363-foot-tall space
vehicle is assembled and tested.

The VAB contains 129,482,000 cubic feet of space, It is

716 feet long, and 518 feet wide and it covers 343,500 square
feet of floor space.

The foundation of the VAB rests on 4,225 steel pilings,

each 16 inches in diameter, driven from 150 to 170 feet to bed-
rock. If placed end to end, these pilings would extend a distance
of 123 miles. The skeletal structure of the building contains
approximately 60,000 tons of structural steel. The exterior is
covered by more than a million square feet of insulated aluminum
siding.

The building is divided into a high bay area 525 feet high
and a low bay area 210 feet high, with both areas serviced by_a
transfer aisle for movement of vehicle s_age s.
The low bay work area, approximately 442 feet wide and 274
feet long, contains eight stage-preparatlon and checkout cells.
These cells are equipped with systems to simulate stage interface
and operation with other stages and the instrument unit of the
Saturn V launch vehicle.

After the Apollo ll launch vehicle upper stages arrived at

Kennedy Space Center, they were moved to the low bay of the
VAB. Here, the second and third stages underwent acceptance and
checkout testing prior to mating with the S-IC first stage atop
the Mobile Launcher in the high bay area.

The high bay provides facilities for assembly and checkout

of both the launch vehicle and spacecraft. It contains four
separate bays for vertical assembly and checkout. At present,
three bays are equipped, and the fourth will be reserved for
possible changes in vehicle configuration.

Work platforms -- some as high as three-story buildings -- in

the high bays provide access by surrounding the vehicle at varying
levels. Each high bay has five platforms. Each platform consists
of two bi-parting sections that move in from opposite sides and
mate, providing a 360-degree access to the section of the space
vehicle being checked.

A 10,O00-ton-capacity air conditioning system, sufficient

to cool about 3,000 homes, helps to control the environment within
the entire office, laboratory, and workshop complex located inside
the low bay area of the VAB. Air conditioning is also fed to
individual platform levels located around the vehicle.

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 -163-

There are 141 lifting devices in the VAB, ranging from one-
ton hoists to two 250-ton hlgh-llft bridge cranes.

The mobile launchers, carried by transporter vehicles, move

in and out of the VAB through four doors in the high bay area, one
in each of the bays. Each door is shaped llke an inverted T. They
are 152 feet wide and ll4 feet high at the base, narrowing to 76
feet in width. Total door height is 456 feet.

The lower section of each door is of the aircraft hangar type

that slides horizontally on tracks. Above this are seven telescop-
ing vertical lift panels stacked one above the other, each 50 feet
high and driven by an individual motor. Each panel slides over
the next to create an opening large enough to permit passage of
the mobile launcher.

Launch Control Center

Adjacent to the VAB is the Launch Control Center (LCC). This

four-story structure is a radical departure from the dome-shaped
blockhouses at other launch sites.

The electronic "brain" of Launch Complex 39, the LCC was used
for checkout and test operations while Apollo II was being assembled
inside the VAB. The LCC contains display, monitoring, and control
equipment used for both checkout and launch operations.

The building has telemeter checkout stations on its second

floor, and four firing rooms, one for each high bay of the VAB,
on its third floor. Three firing rooms contain identical sets of
control and monitoring equipment, so that launch of a vehicle and
checkout of others take place simultaneously. A ground computer
facility is associated wlth each firing room.

The high speed computer data link is provided between the LCC
and the mobile launcher for checkout of the launch vehicle. This
llnk can be connected to the mobile launcher at either the VAB
or at the pad.

The three equipped firing rooms have some 450 consoles _hich
contain controls and displays required for the checkout process.
The digital data links connecting wlth the high bay areas of the
VAB and the launch pads carry vast e mounts of data required during
checkout and launch.

. There are 15 display systems in each LCC firing room, with

each system capable of providing digital information instantane-
ously.

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 164-

Sixty television cameras are positioned around the Apollo/

Saturn V transmitting pictures on l0 modulated channels. The LCC
firing room also contains ll2 operational intercommunication
channels used by the crews in the checkout and launch countdown.

Mobile Launcher

The mobile launcher is a transportable launch base and

umbilical tower for the space vehicle. Three mobile launchers are
used at Complex 39.

The launcher base is a two-story steel structure, 25 feet high,

160 feet long, and 135 feet wide. It is positioned on six steel
pedestals 22 feet high when in the VAB or at the launch pad. At
the launch pad, in addition to the six steel pedestals, four exten-
dable columns also are used to stiffen the mobile launcher against
rebound loads, if the Saturn engines cut off.

The umbilical tower, extending 398 feet above the launch plat-
form, is mounted on one end of the launcher base. A hammerhead
crane at the top has a hook height of 376 feet above the deck with
a traverse radius of 85 feet from the center of the tower.

The 12-million-pound mobile launcher stands 445 feet high

when resting on its pedestals The base, covering about half an
acre, is a compartmented structure built of 25-foot steel girders.

The launch vehicle sits over a 45-foot-square opening which

allows an outlet for engine exhausts into the launch pad trench
containing a flame deflector. This opening is lined with a re-
placeable steel blast shield, independent of the structure, and
is cooled by a water curtain initiated two seconds after liftoff.

There are nine hydraulically-operated service arms on the

umbilical tower. These service arms support lines for the vehicle
umbilical systems and provide access for personnel to the stages
as well as the astronaut crew to the spacecraft.

On Apollo ll, one of the service arms is retracted early in

the count. The Apollo spacecraft access arm is partially re-
tracted at T-43 minutes. A third service arm is released at T-30
seconds, and a fourth at about T-16.5 seconds. The remaining
five arms are set to swing back at vehicle first motion after T-0.

The service arms are equlpped with a backup retraction system

in casethe primary modefails. 6

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 -165-

The Apollo access arm (service arm 9), located at the 320-
foot level above the launcher base, provides access to the space-
craft cabin for the closeout team and astronaut crews. The flight
crew will board the spacecraft starting about T-2 hours, 40 minutes
in the count. The access arm will be moved to a parked position,
12 degrees from the spacecraft, at about T-43 minutes. This is a
distance of about three feet, which permits a rapid reconnectlon
of the arm to the spacecraft in the event of an emergency condition.
The arm is fully retracted at the T-5 minute mark in the count.

The Apollo II vehicle is secured to the mobile launcher by

: four combination support and hold-down arms mounted on the launcher
deck. The hold-down arms are cast in one piece, about 6 X 9 feet
at the base and I0 feet tall, weighing more than 20 tons. Damper
struts secure the vehicle near its top.

After the engines ignite, the arms hold Apollo Ii for about
six seconds until the engines build up to 95 percent thrust and
other monitored systems indicate they are functioning properly.
The arms release on receipt of a launch comllt signal at the zero
mark in the count. But the vehicle is prevented from accelerating
too rapidly by controlled release mechanisms.

The mobile launcher provides emergency egress for the crew and
closeout service personnel. Personnel may descend the tower via
two 600-fleet per minute elevators or by a sllde-wlre and cab to a
bunker 2,200 feet from the launcher. If high speed elevators are
utilized to level A of the launcher, two options are then avail-
able. The personnel may slide down the escape tube to the blast
room below the pad or take elevator B to the bottom of the pad
and board armored personnel carriers and depart the area.
Transporter

The slx-milllon-pound transporters move mobile launchers

into the VAB and mobile launchers with assembled Apollo space
vehicles to the launch pad. They also are used to transfer the
mobile service structure to and from the launch pads. Two
transporters are in use at Complex 39.

The transporter is 131 feet long and 114 feet wide. The
vehicle moves on four double-tracked crawlers, each l0 feet high
and _0 feet long. Each shoe on the crawler track is seven feet six
inches in length and weighs about a ton.

Sixteen traction motors powered by four 1,000-kilowatt gen-

erators, which in turn are driven by two 2,750-h_ower diesel
engines, provide the motive power for the transporter. Two 750-
kw generators, driven by two 1,065-horsepower diesel engines,
power the jacking, steering, lighting, ventilating and electronic
systems.

Maximum speed of the transporter is about one-mile-per-hour

loaded and about two-miles-per-hour unloaded. The 3.5 mile trip
to Pad A with Apollo ll on its mobile launcher took about six
hours since maximum speed is not maintained throughout the trip.

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 -166-

The transporter has a leveling system designed to keep the

top of the space vehicle vertical within plus-or-minus lO minutes
of arc -- about the dimensions of a basketball.

This system also provides leveling operations required to

negotiate the five percent ramp which leads to the launch pad and
keeps the load level when it is raised and lowered on pedestals
bothat thepad and withintheVAB.

The overall height of the transporter is 20 feet from ground

level to the top deck on which the mobile launcher is mated for
transportation. The deck is flat and about the size of a base-
ball diamond (90 by 90 feet).

Two operator control cabs, one at each end of the chassis

located diagonally opposite each other, provide totally enclosed
stations from which all operating and control functions are
coordinated.

Crawlerway

The transporter moves on a roadway 131 feet wide, divided

by a median strip. This is almost as broad as an elght-lane
turnpike and is designed to accommodate a combined weight of about
18 million pounds.

The roadway is built in three layers with an average depth

of seven feet. The roadway base layer is two-and-one-half feet
of hydraulic fill compacted to 95 percent density. The next layer
consists of three feet of crushed rock packed to maximum density,
followed by a layer of one foot of selected hydraulic fill. The
bed is topped and sealed with an asphalt prime coat.

On top of the three layers is a cover of river rock, eight

inches deep on the curves and six inches deep on the straightway.
This layer reduces the friction during steering and helps
distribute the load on the transporter bearings.

Mobile Service Structure

A 402-foot-tall, 9.8-million-pound tower is used to service

the Apollo launch vehicle and spacecraft at the pad. The _O-story
steel-trussed tower, called a mobile service structure, provides
360-degree platform access to the Saturn launch vehicle and the
Apollo spacecraft.

The service structure has five platforms -- two self-propelled

and three fixed, but movable. Two elevators carry personnel and
equipment between work platforms. The platforms can open and close
around the 363-foot space vehicle.

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 -167-

After depositing the mobile launcher with its space

vehicle on the pad, the transporter returns to a parking
area about 7,000 feet from pad A. There it picks up the
mobile service structure and moves it to the launch pad.
At the pad, the huge tower is lowered and secured to four
mount mechanisms.

The top three work platforms are located in fixed

positions which serve the Apollo spacecraft. The two lower
movable platforms serve the Saturn V.

The mobile service structure remains in position until

about T-II hours when it is removed from its mounts and re-
turned to the parking area.

Water Deluge System

A water deluge system will provide a million gallons

of industrial water for coolln_ and fire prevention during
launch of Apollo ll. Once the service arms are retracted at
lifto_T, a spray system will come on to cool these arms from
the heat of the five Saturn F-I engines during llftoff.

On the deck of the mobile launcher are 29 water nozzles.

This deck deluge will start immediately after llftoff and will
pour across the face of the launcher for 30 seconds _t the rate
of 50,000 gallons-per-mlnute. After 30 seconds, the flow will
be reduced to 20,000 gallons-per-mlnute.

Positioned on both sides of the flame trench are a

series of nozzles which will begin pouring w_ter mt 8,000
gallons-per-mlnute, I0 seconds before llftoff. This water
will be directed over the flame deflector.

Other flush mounted nozzles, positioned around the pad,

will wash away any fluid spill as a protection a_alnst fire
hazards.

Water spray systems also are available along the

egress route that the astronauts and closeout crews would
follow in case an emergency evacuation was required.

Flame Trench and Deflector

The flame trench is 58 feet wide and approximately six

feet above mean sea level at the base. The height of the
trench and deflector is approxlmately 42 feet.

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 -168-

The flame deflector welghs about 1.3 million pounds and

is stored outside the flame trench on rails. When it is moved
beneath the launcher, it is raised hydraulically into position.
The deflector is covered with a four-and-one-half-lnch thick-
ness of refractory concrete consisting of a volcanic ash
aggregate and a calcium aluminate binder. The heat and blast
of the engines are expected to wear about three-quarters of an
inch from this refractory surface during the Apollo II launch.

Pad Areas

Both Pad A and Pad B of Launch Complex 39 are roughly

octagonal in shape and cover about one fourth of a square
mile of terrain.

The center of the pad Is a hardstand constructed of

heavily reinforced concrete. In addition to supporting the
weight of the mobile launcher and the Apollo Saturn V vehicle,
it also must support the 9.8-million-pound mobile service
structure and 6-milllon-pound transporter, all at the same
time. The top of the pad stands some 48 feet above sea level.

Saturn V propellants -- liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen

and RP-1 -- are stored near the pad perimeter.

Stainless steel, vacuum-Jacketed pipes carry the liquid

oxygen (LOX) and liquid hydrogen from the storage tanks to
the pad, up the mobile launcher, and finally into the launch
vehicle propellant tanks.

LOX is supplied from a 900,O00-gallon storage tank. A

centrifugal pump with a dischal_e pressure of 320 pounds-per-
square-inch pumps LOX to the vehicle at flow rates as high as
lO,000-gallons-per-mlnute.

Liquid hydrogen, used in the second and third stages,

is stored in an 850,O00-gallon tank, and is sent through
1,500 feet of lO-inch, vacuum-Jacketed invar pipe. A vapor-
izing heat exchanger pressurizes the storage tank to 60 psi
for a i0,000 gallons-per-minute flow rate.

The RP-I fuel, a high grade of kerosene is stored in

three tanks--each with a capacity of 86,000 gallons. It is
pumped at a rate of 2,000 gallons-per-minute at 175 psig.

The Complex 38 pneumatic system includes a converter-

compressor facility, a pad high-pressure gas storage battery,
a high-pressure storage battery in the VAB, low and hlgh-pres-
sure, cross-country supply lines, high-pressure hydrogen storage
and conversion equipment, and pad distribution piping to pneu-
matic control panels. The various purging systems require
187,000 pounds of liquid nitrogen and 21,O00 gallons of helium.

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 -169-

Mission Control Center

The Mission Control Center at the Manned Spacecraft

Center, Houston, is the focal point for Apollo flight control
activities. The center receives tracking and telemetry data
from the Manned Space Flight Network, processes this data
through the Mission Control Center Real-Time Computer Complex,
and displays this data to the flight controllers and engineers
in the Mission Operations Control Room and staff support rooms.

The Manned Space Flight Network tracking and data

acquisition stations link the flight controllers at the center
to the spacecraft.

For Apollo i0 all network stations will be remote sites,

that is, without flight control teams. All uplink commands and
voice communications will originate from Houston, and telemetry
data will be sent back to Houston at high speed rates (2,400
bits-per-second), on two separate data lines. They can be
either real time or playback information.

Signal flow for voice circuits between Houston and

the remote sites is via commercial carrier, usually satellite,
wherever possible using leased lines which are part of the NASA
Gommunications Network.

Commands are sent from Houston to NASA's Goddard Space

Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., on lines which link computers
at the two points. The Goddard communication computers pro-
vide automatic switching facilities and speed buffering for the
command data. Data are transferred from Goddard to remote sites
on high speed (2,400 bits-per-second) lines. Command loads also
can be sent by teletype from Houston to the remote sites at I00
wordB-per_minute. Again, Goddard computers provide storage and
switching functions.

Telemetry data at the remote site are received by

the RF receivers, processed by the pulse cede modulation
ground stations, and transferred to the 642B remote-site
telemetry computer for storage. Depending on the format
selected by the telemetry controller at Houston, the 642B
willsend the desired format through a 2010 data trans
mission unit which provldet parallel to serial conversion,
and drives a 2,400 bit-per-second mode.

The data mode converts the digital serial data to

phase-shifted keyed tones which are fed to the high speed
data lines of the communications network.

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 7

Tracking data are sent from the sites in a low

speed (i00 words) teletype format and a 240-bit block hitch
speed (2,400 bits) format. Data rates are one sample-6
seconds for teletype and lO samples (frames) per second for
high speed data.

All high-speed data, whether tracking or telemetry,

which orlgin_te at a remote site are sent to Goddard on high-
speed lines. Goddard reformats the data when necessary and
sends them to Houston in 600-bit blocks at a 40,800 blts-per-
second rate. Of the 600-bit block, 480 bits are reserved for
data, the other 120 bits for address, sync, intercomputer instru-
ctions, and polynominal error encoding.

All wideband 40,800 blts-per-second data originating at

Houston are converted to high speed (2,400 bits-per-second)
data at Goddard before being transferred to the designated
remote site.

-more-
 -171-

[diNNED SPACE FLIGHT NETWORK

Tracking_ command and communication -- Apollo ll's vital links

with the Earth -- will be performed, in two broad phases.

For the first phase, the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN)
will depend largely on its worldwide chain of stations equipped
with 30-foot antennas while Apollo is launched and orbiting near
the Earth. The second phase begins when the spacecraft moves out
more than I0,000 miles above Earth, when the 85-foot diameter
antennas bring their greater power and accuracy into play.

The Network must furnish reliable, instantaneous contact

with the astronauts, their launch vehicle and spacecraft, from
liftoff through Earth orbit, Moon landing and lunar takeoff to
splashdown in the Pacific Ocean.

For Apollo ii, MSFN will use 17 ground stations, four ships
and six to eight jet aircraft -- all directly or indirectly
linked with Mission Control Center in Houston. While the Earth
turns on its axis and the Moon travels in orbit nearly one-
quarter million miles away and Apollo ii moves between them, ground
controllers will be kept in the closest possible contact. Thus,
only for some 45 minutes as the spacecraft flies behind the Moon
in each orbit_ will this link with Earth be out of reach.

All elements of the Network get ready early in the countdown.

As the Apollo Saturn V ascends, voice and data will be transmitted
instantaneously to Houston. The data are sent directly through
computers for visual display to flight controllers.

Depending on the launch azimuth, the 30-foot antennas will

keep tabs on Apollo ii, beginning with the station at Merritt
Island, thence Grand Bahama Island; Bermuda; tracking ship
Vanguard; the Canary Islands; Carnarvon, Australia; Hawaii; another
tracking ship; Guaymas, Mexico; and Corpus Christi, Tex.

To inject Apollo Ii into translunar flight path, Mission

Cqntrol will send a signal through one of the land stations or one
of the tracking ships in the Pacific. As the spacecraft heads for
the Moon, the engine burn will be monitored by the ships and an
Apollo range instrumentation aircraft (ARIA). The ARIA provides
a relay for the astronauts' voices and data communication with
Houston.

-more-
MANNED SPACE FLIGHT TRACKING NETWORK
 -173-

When the spacecraft reaches an altitude of i0,000 miles the

more powerful 85-foot antennas will join in for primary support
of the flight, although the 30-foot "dishes" will continue to
track and record data. The 85-foot antennas are located, about
120 degrees apart, near Madrid, Spain; Goldstone, Califg and
Canberra, Australia.

With the 120-degree spacing around the Earth, at least one of

the large antennas will have the Moon in view at all times. As the
Earth revolves from west to east, one 85-foot station hands over
control to the next 85-foot station as it moves into view of the
spacecraft. In this way, data and communication flow is maintained.

Data are relayed back through the huge antennas and transmitted
via the NASA Communications Network (NASCOM) -- a two-million mile
hookup of landlines, undersea cables, radio circuits and communica-
tion satellites -- to Houston. This informatin is fed into
computers for visual display in Mission Control -- for examPle , a
display of the precise position of the spacecraft on a large map.
Or, returning data my indicate a drop in power or some other
difficulty in a spacecraft system, which would energize a red light
to alert a flight controller to action.

Returning data flowing through the Earth stations give the

necessary information for commanding midcourse maneuvers to keep
Apollo ii in a proper trajectory for orbiting the Moon. After
Apollo Ii is in the vicinity of the Moon, these data indicate the
amount of retro burn nec@ssary for the service module engine to
place the spacecraft in lunar orbit.

Once the lunar module separates from the command module and
goes into a separate lunar orbit, the MSFN will be required to
keep track of both spacecraft at once, and provide two-way communica-
tion and telemetry between them and the Earth. The prime antenna
at each of the three 85-foot tracking stations will handle one
spacecraft while a wing, or backup, antenna at the same site will
handle the other spacecraft during each pass.

Tracking and acquisition of data between Earth and the two

spacecraft will provide support for the rendezvous and docking
maneuvers. The information will also be used to determine the
time and duration of the service module propulsion engine burn
required to place the command module into a precise trajectory for
reentering the Earth's atmosphere at the planned location.

-more-
 -174-

As the spacecraft comes toward Earth at high speed -- up to

more than 25,000 miles per hour -- it must reenter at the proper
angle. To make an accurate reentry, information from the tracking
stations and ships is fed into t_e MCC computers where flight
controllers make decisions that will provide the Apollo ii crew
with the necessary information.

Appropriate MSFN stations, including the ships and aircraft ._

in the Pacific, are on hand to provide support during the reentry.
An ARIA aircraft will relay astronaut voice communications to MCC
and antennas on reentry ships will follow the spacecraft.

Through the journey to the Moon and return, television will

be received from the spacecraft at the three 85-foot antennas around
the world. In addition, 210-foot diameter antennas in California
and Australia will be used to augment the television coverage while
the Apollo ii is near and on the Moon. Scan converters at the
stations permit immediate transmission of commercial quality TV
via NASCOM to Houston, where it will be released to TV networks.

NASA Communications Network

The NASA Communications Network (NASCOM) consists of several

systems of diversely routed communications channels leased on
communications satellites, common carrier systems and high frequency
radio facilities where necessary to provide the access links.

The system consists of both narrow and wide-band channels,

and some TV channels. Included are a variety of telegraph, voice,
and data systems (digital and analog) with several digital data rates.
Wide-band systems do not extend overseas. Alternate routes or
redundancy provide added reliability.

A primary switching center and intermediate switching and

control points provide centralized facility and technical control,
and switching operations under direct NASA control. The primary
switching center is at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,
Md. Intermediate switching centers are located at Canberra,
Madrid, London, Honolulu, Guam, and Kennedy Space Center.

For Apollo ii, the Kennedy Space Center is connected directly

to the Mission Control Center, Houston via the Apollo Launch Data
System and to the Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.,
by a Launch Information Exchange Facility.

After launch, all network tracking and telemetry data hubs

at GSFC for transmission to MCC Houston via two 50,000 bits-per-
second circuits used for redundancy and in case of data overflow.

-more-
 -176-

Two Intelsat communications satellites will be used for

Apollo ii. The Atlantic satellite will service the Ascension
Island unified S-band (USB) station, the Atlantic Ocean ship and
the Canary Islands site.

The second Apollo Intelsat communications satellite over

the mid-Pacific will service the Carnarvon, Australia USB site
and the Pacific Ocean ships. All these stations will be able to
transmit simultaneously through the satellite to Houston via
Brewster Flat, Wash., and the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt.
Md.

Network Computers

At fraction-of-a-second intervals, the network's digital

data processing systems, with NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center as
the focal point, "talk" to each other or to the spacecraft. High-
speed computers at the remote site (tracking ships included) issue
commands or "up-link" data on such matters as control of cabin
pressure, orbital guidance commands, or "go-no-go" indications to
perform certain functions.

When information originates from Houston, the computers refer

to their pre-programmed information for validity before transmitting
the required data to the spacecraft.

Such "up-link"information is communicated by ultra-high-

frequency radio about 1,200 bits-per-second. Communication between
remote ground sites, via high-speed communications links_ occurs
at about the same rate. Houston reads information from these ground
sites at 2,400 bits-per-second, as well as from remote sites at
i00 words-per-minute.

The computer systemsperform many other functions, including:

Assuring the quality of the transmission lines by

continually exercising data paths.

Verifying accuracy of the messages by repetitive operations.

Constantly updating the flight status.

For "_own link" data, sensors built into the spacecraft

continually sample cabin temperature, pressure, physical information
on the astronauts such as heartbeat and respiration, among other
items. These data are transmitted to the ground stations at 51.2
kilobits (12,800 binary digits) per-second.

-more-
 -177-

At HCC the computers:

Detect and select changes or deviations, compare with

their stored programs, and indicate the problem areas
or pertinent data to the flight controllers.

Provide displays to mission personnel.

Assemble output data in proper formats.

Log data on magnetic tape for replay for the flight

controllers.

Keep time.

-more-
 -178-

The Apollo Ships

The mission will be supported by four Apollo instrumentation

ships operating as integral stations of the Manned Space Flight
Network (MSFN) to provide coverage in areas beyond the range of
land stations.

The ships, USNS Vanguard, Redstone, Mercury, and Huntsville will

perform tracking, telemetry, and communication functions for the
launch phase, Earth orbit insertion, translunar injection, and
reentry.

Vanguard will be stationed about 1,000 miles southeast of

Bermuda (25 degrees N., 49 degrees W.) to bridge the Bermuda-
Antigua gap during Earth orbit insertion. Vanguard also functions
as part of the Atlantic recovery fleet in the event of a launch
phase contingency. Redstone (2.25 degrees S., 166.8 degrees E.);
the Mercury (I0 N., 175.2 W.) and the Huntsville (3.0 N., 154.0 E.)
provide a triangle of mobile stations between the MSFN stations at
Carnarvon and Hawaii for coverage of the burn interval for trans-
lunar injection. In the event the launch date slips from July 16_
the ships will all move generally northeastward to cover the
changing translunar injection location.

Redstone and Huntsville will be repositioned along the

reentry corridor for tracking, telemetry, and communications functions
during reentry and landing. They will track Apollo from about
1,000 miles away through communications blackout when the space-
craft will drop below the horizon and will be picked up by the ARIA
aircraft.

The Apollo ships were developed jointly by NASA and the

Department of Defense. The DOD operates the ships in support of
Apollo and other NASA and DOD missions on a non-interference basis
with Apollo requirements.

Management of the Apollo ships is the responsibility of the

Commander, Air Force Western Test Range (AFWTR). The Military Sea
Transport Service provides the maritime crews and the Federal
Electric Corp., International Telephone and Telegraph, under
contract to AFWTR, provides the technical instrumentation crews.

The technical crews operate in accordance with joint NASA/

DOD standards and specifications which are compatible with MSFN
operational procedures.

-more-
 -179-

Apollo Ranse Instrumentation Aircraft (ARIA)

During Apollo ii, the ARIA will be used primarily to fill

coverage gaps between the land and ship stations in the Pacific
between Australia and Hawaii during the translunar injection
interval. Prior to and during the burn, the ARIA record telemetry
data from Apollo and provide realtime voice communication between
the astronauts and the Mission Control Center at Houston.

Eight aircraft will participate in this mission, operating

from Pacific, Australian and Indian Ocean air fields in positions
under the orbital track of the spacecraft and launch vehicle. The
aircraft will be deployed in a northwestward direction in the event
of launch day slips.

For reentry, two ARIA will be deployed to the landing area

to continue communications between Apollo and Mission Control at
Houston and provide position information on the spacecraft after
the blackout phase of reentry has passed.

The total ARIA fleet for Apollo missions consists of eight

EC-135A (Boeing 707) jets equipped specifically to meet mission
needs. Seven-foot parabolic antennas have been installed in the
nose section of the planes giving them a large, bulbous look.

The aircraft, as well as flight and instrumentation crews, are

provided by the Air Force and they are equipped through joint Air
Force-NASA contract action to operate in accordance with MSFN
procedures.

-more-
 -18o-

Ship Positions for Apollo ii

July 16, 1969

Insertion Ship (VAN) 25 degrees N 49 degrees W

Injection Ship (MER) i0 degrees N 175.2 degrees W
Injection Ship (RED) 2.25 degrees S 166.8 degrees E
Injection Ship (HTV) 3.0 degrees N 154.0 degrees E
Reentry Support
Reentry Ship (HTV) 5.5 degrees N 178.2 degrees W
Reentry Ship (RED) 3.0 degrees S 165.5 degrees E

July 18, 1969

Insertion Ship (VAN) 25 degrees N 49 degrees W

Injection Ship (MER) 15 degrees N 166.5 degrees W
Injection Ship (RED) 4.0 degrees N 172.0 degrees E
Injection Ship (HTV) i0.0 degrees N 157.0 degrees E
Reentry Support
Reentry Ship (HTV) 17.0 degrees N 177.3 degrees W
Reentry Ship (RED) 6.5 degrees N 163.0 degrees E

July 21, 1969

Insertion Ship (VAN) 25 degrees N 49 degrees W

Injection Ship (MER) 16.5 degrees N 151 degrees W
Injection Ship (RED) 11.5 degrees N 177.5 degrees W
Injection Ship (HTV) 12.0 degrees N 166.0 degrees E
Reentry Support
Reentry Ship (HTV) 26.0 degrees N 176.8 degrees W
Reentry Ship (RED) 17.3 degrees N 160.0 degrees E

-more-
 -181-

CONTAMINATION CONTROL PROGRAM

In 1966 an Interagency Committee on Back Contamination (ICBC)

was established. The function of this Committee was to assist NASA
in developing a program to prevent the contamination of the Earth
from lunar materials following manned lunar exploration. The
committee charter included specific authority to review and approve
the plans and procedures to prevent back contamination. The
committee membership includes representatives from the Public
Health Service, Department of Agriculture, Department of the Interior,
NASA, and the National Academy of Sciences.

Over the last several years NASA has developed facilities,

equipment and operational procedures to provide an adequate back
contamination program for the Apollo missions. This program of
facilities and procedures, which is well beyond the current state-
of-the-art, and the overall effort have resulted in a laboratory
with capabilities which have never previously existed. The scheme
of isolation of the A_ollo crewmen and lunar samples, and the
exhaustive test programs to be conducted are extensive in scope
and complexity.

The Apollo Back Contamination Program can be divided into

three phases. The first phase covers the procedures which are
followed by the crew while in flight to reduce and, if possible,
eliminate the return of lunar surface contaminants in the command
module.

The second phase includes spacecraft and crew recovery and the
provisions for isolation and transport of the crew, spacecraft,
and lunar samples to the MannedSpacecraft Center. The third phase
encompasses the quarantine operations and preliminary sample analysis
in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory.

A primary step in preventing back contamination is careful

attention to spacecraft cleanliness following lunar surface
operations. This includes use of special cleaning equipment,
stowage provisions for lunar-exposed equipment, and crew procedures
for proper "housekeeping."

Lunar Module Operations The lunar module has been designed with
a bacterial filter system to prevent contamination of the lunar
surface when the cabin atmosphere is released at the start of the
lunar exploration.

-more-
 SPACECRAFT _ "_

PHASE
OPERATIONS

_>, RECOVERY .... ,.. _

_.__._"
_._.._
., -- CREW
RETR
IEVAL MQF

PHASE III CREW ) ' _ RELEASE

LRL SPACECRAFT
SAMPLE
LRL

APOLLO BACK CONTAMINATION PROGRAM

 -183-

Prior to reentering the LM after lunar surface exploration,

the crewmen will brush any lunar surface dust or dirt from the space
suit using the suit gloves. They will scrape their overboots on the
LM footpad and while ascending the LM ladder dislodge any clinging
particles by a kicking action.

After entering the LM and pressurizing the cabin, the crew will
doff their portable life support system, oxygen purge system, lunar
boots, EVA gloves, etc.
r

The equipment shown in Table I as jettisoned equipment will be

assembled and bagged to be subsequently left on the lunar surface.
The lunar boots, likely the most contaminated items, will be placed
in a bag as early as possible to minimize the spread of lunar
particles.

Following LM rendezvous and docking with the CM, the CM tunnel

will be pressurized and checks made to insure that an adequate
pressurized seal has been made. During this period, the LM, space
suits, and lunar surface equipment will be vacuumed. To accomplish
this, one additional lunar orbit has been added to the mission.

The lunar module cabin atmosphere will be circulated through

the environmental control system suit circuit lithium hydroxide
(Li_H) canister to filter particles from the atmosphere. A
minimum of five hours weightless operation and filtering will
reduce the original airborne contamination to about 10-15 per cent.

TO prevent dust particles from being transferred from the LM

atmosphere to the CM, a constant flow of 0.8 Ibs/hr oxygen will be
initiated in the CM at the start of combined LM/CM operation.
Oxygen will flow from the CM into the LM then overboard through the
LM cabin relief valve or through spacecraft leakage. Since the
flow of gas is always from the CM to the LM, diffusion and flow of
dust contamination into the CM will be minimized. After this
positive gas flow has been established from the CM, the tunnel
hatch will be removed.

The CM pilot will transfer the lunar surface equipment stow-

age bags into the LM one at a time. The equipment listed in Table
I as equipment transferred will then be bagged using the "Buddy
System" and transferred back into the CM where the equipment will
be stowed. The only equipment which will not be bagged at this time
are the crewmen's space suits and flight logs.

-more-
 LUNAR SURFACE EQUIPMENT - CLEANING AND TRANSFER

Tab le I

LOCATION EQUIPMENT
AFTER LOCATION AT LM-CM
ITEM JETTISON LUNAR LAUNCH L TRANSFER REIC_RKS

jettisoned Equipment:

Overshoes (In Container) Lunar surface

PortableLife Support System " "
Camera " "
Lunartooltether " "

Spacesuitconnectorcover " "

Equipalent Left in LM:

i EVA tether RH side stowage _H side stowage Equipment

o
_ container container Brushed prior co_=
to stowage for
, EVA visors Helmet bag Helmet bag launch
EVAgloves Helmetbag Helmetbag
Purge valve Interimstowage Interimstowage
assy assy

Oxygen purge system Engine cover Engine cover

Equipment Transferred ,toC_,

Spacesuit On crew On crew Stowed in b_g All equipment to be

cleaned by vacuum
Liquid-cooledgarment On crew On crew On crew
Helmet Oncrew On crew Stowedinbag brush prior totrans=
fer to CM
Watch Oncrew On crew On crew
Lunar grab sample LH stowage LH stowage Stowed in bag
Lunar sample box SRC rack SRC rack Stowed in bag

Film magazine SRC rack SRC rack Stowed in bag i

@
 POSITIVE GAS FLOW
FROM CM TO LM AFTER POSTLANDING DOCKING

PROCEDURES
I

0 PRESSURIZE
TUNNEL co

' CMCABINPRESSURE
RELIEF
VALVESPOSITIONED
TOCLOSED '
LMFORWARD
HATCHDUMP/RELIEF
VALVEVERIFIEDIN AUTOMATIC

CM DIRECT0 2 VALVE OPENEDTOESTABLISH CM CABIN PRESSURE

AT LEAST 0..5 PSI GREATERTHAN LM
OPENPRESSUREEQUALIZATION ON TUNNELHATCH
OBSERVELM CABIN PRESSURERELIEFFUNCTION

ADJUSTCMDIRECT02 TOSTABLE
0.8 #/HR
OPENTUNNELHATCH
 OXYGEN USAGE RATES FOR POSITIVE GAS FLOW
FROM CM TO LM
= I TUNNELLEAKAGE=0.1LBIHR
CM LEAKAGE 0.2LB/HR \ LM LEAKAGE"0.2LBIHR

METABOLIC(iCREWMAN)/ _ _ ,
o
_ 0.08LBIHR "--' " CABINPRESSURERELIEFL
_ VALVEOVERBOARDFLOWo_c
' NOMINAL OXYGEN USAGE RATES '
CMMETABOLIC
RATE 0.08LB/HR
CMLEAKAGE 0.20LBIHR
TUNNEL
LEAKAGE 0.10LBI HR ............
.......

LMMETABOLIC RATE O.16LBIHR ......

LMLEAKAGE O.20 LB/HR
FLOWTHRULM CABIN
PRESSURE RELIEF
VALVE 0.06 LBIHR
 -187-

Following the transfer of the LM crew and equipment, the

spacecraft will be separated and the three crewmen will start
the return to Earth. The separated LM contains the remainder of
the lunar exposed equipment listed in Table i.

Command Module Operation_- through the use of operational and

housekeeping procedures the command module cabin will be purged
of lunar surface and/or other particulate contamination prior to
Earth reeentry. These procedures start while the LM is docked
with the CM and continue through reentry into the Earth's
atmosphere.

The LM crewmen will doff their space suits immediately

upon separation of the LM and CM. The space suits will be
stowed and will not be used again during the trans-Earth phase
unless an emergency occurs.

Specific periods for cleaning the spacecraft using the vacuum

brush have been established. Visible liquids will be removed by
the liquid dump system. Towels will be used by the crew to wipe
surfaces clean of liquids and dirt particles. The three ECS suit
hoses will be located at random positions around the spacecraft to
insure positive ventilation, cabin atmosphere filtration, and avoid
partitioning.

During the transearth phase, the command module atmosphere

will be continually filtered through the environmental control
system lithium hydroxide canister. This will remove essentially
all airborne dust particles. After about 63 hours operation
essentially none (10-90 per cent) of the original contaminates
will remain.

Lunar Mission Recovery Operations

Following landing and the attachment of the flotation collar

to the command module, the swimmer in a biological isolation
garment (BIG) will open the spacecraft hatch, pass three BIGs
into the spacecra#t, and close the hatch.

The crew will don the BIGs and then egress into a life raft
containing a decontaminant solution. The hatch will be closed
immediately after egress. Tests have shown that the crew can don
their BiGs in less than 5 minutes under ideal sea conditions.
The spacecraft hatch will only be open for a matter of a few minutes.
The spacecraft and crew will be decontaminated by the swimmer using
a liquid agent.

-more-
 -188-

Crew retrieval will be accomplished by helicopter to the

carrier and subsequent crew transfer to the Mobile Quarantine
Facility. The spacecraft will be retrieved by the aircraft
carrier.

Biological Isolation Garment - Biological isolation garment (BIGs),

will be donned in the CM just prior to egress and helicopter pick-
up and will be worn until the crew enters the Mobile Quarantine Fac-
ility aboard the primary recovery ship.

The suit is fabricated of a light weight cloth fabric which

completely covers the wearer and serves as a biological barrier.
Built into the hood area is a face mask with a plastic visor, air
inlet flapper valve, and an air outlet biological filter.

Two types of BIGs are used in the recovery operation. One is

worn by the recovery swimmer. In this type garment, the inflow
air (inspired) is filtered by a biological filter to preclude
possible contamination of support personnel. The second type is worn
by the astronauts. The inflow gas is not filtered, but the outflow
gas (respired) is passed through a biological flter to preclude
contamination of the air.

Mobile Quarantine Facility - The Mobile Quarantine Facility, is

equipped to house six people for a period up to I0 days. The
interior is divided into three sections--lounge area, galley, and
sleep/bath area. The facility is powered through several systems
to interface with various ships, aircraft, and transportation
vehicles. The shell is air and water tight. The principal
method of assuring quarantine is to filter effluent air and provide
a negative pressure differential for biological containment in the
event of leaks.

Non-fecal liquids from the trailer are chemically treated and

stored in special containers. Fecal wastes will be contained until
after the quarantine period. Items are passed in or out of the MQF
through a submersible transfer lock. A complete communications
system is provided for intercom and external communications to land
bases from ship or aircraft. Emergency alarms are provided for
oxygen alerts while in transport by aircraft for fire, loss of
power and loss of negative pressure.

Specially packaged and controlled meals will be passed into

the facility where they will be prepared in a micro-wave oven.
Medical equipment to complete immediate postlanding crew examination
and tests are provided.

-more- @
 -183-

Lunar Receiving Laboratory - _e final phase of the back contamination

program is completed in the MSC Lunar Receiving Laboratory. The crew
and spacecraft are quarantined for a minimum of 21 days after lunar
liftoff and are released 0ased u_on the completion of _rescribed
test requirements and results. The lunar shmple will be quarantined
for a period of 50 to 80 days depending upon the result of extensive
biological tests.

The LRL serves four basic purposes:

The quarantine of the lunar mission crew and spacecraft, the

containment of lunar and lunar-exposed materials and quarantine
testing to search for adverse effects of lunar material upon
terrestrial life.

The preservation and protection of the lunar samples.

The performance of time critical investigations.

The preliminary examination of returned samples to assist in

an intelligent distribution of samples to principal investigators.

The LRL has the only vacuum system in the world with space
gloves operated by a man leading directly into a vacuum chamber at
pressures of 10-7 torr. (mm Hg). It has a low level counting
facility, whose background count is an order of magnitude better
than other known counters. Additionally, it is a facility that can
handle a large variety of biological specimens inside Class III
biological cabinets designed to contain extremely hazardous patho-
genic material.

The LRL, covers 83,000 square feet of floor space and includes
several distinct areas. These are the Crew Reception Area (CRA),
Vacuum Laboratory, Sample Laboratories (Physical and Bio-Science)
and an administrative and support area. Special building systems
ar@ employed to maintain air flow into sample handling areas and
the CRA to sterilize liquid waste and to incinerate contaminated air
from the primary containment systems.

The biomedical laboratories provide for the required quarantine

tests to determine the effect of lunar samples on terrestri_l life.
These tests are designed to provide data upon which to base the
decision to release lunar material from quarantine.

Among the tests:

a. Germ-free mice will be exposed to lunar material and

observed continuously for 21 days for any abnormal changes. Period-
ically, groups will be sacrificed for pathologic observation.

-more-
 -190-

b. Lunar material will be applied to 12 different culture

media and maintained under several environmental conditions. The
media will then be observed for bacterial or fungal growth. Detailed
inventories of the microbial flora of the spacecraft and crew have
been maintained so that any living material found in the sample
testing can be compared against this list of potential contaminants
taken to the Moon by the crew or spacecraft.

c. Six types of human and animal tissue culture cell lines

will be maintained in the laboratory and together with embryonated
eggs are exposed to the lunar material. Based on cellular and/or
other changes, the presence of viral material can be established
so that special tests can be conducted to identify and isolate the
type of virus present.

d. Thirty-three species of plants and seedlings will be exposed

to lunar material. Seed germination, growth of plant cells or the
health of seedlings then observed, and histological, microbiological
and biochemical techniques used to determine the cause of any
suspected abnormality.

e. A number of lower animals will be exposed to lunar material.

These specimens include fish, birds, oysters, shrimp, cockroaches,
houseflies, planaria, paramecia and euglena. If abnormalities are
noted, further tests will be conducted to determine if the condition
is transmissible from one group to another.

The crew reception area provides biological containment for the

flight crew and 12 support personnel. The nominal occupancy is
about 14 days but the facility is designed and equipped to operate
for considerably longer if necessary.

Sterilization And Release Of The Spacecraft

Postflight testing and inspection of the spacecraft is presently

limited to investigation of anomalies which happened during the
flight. Generally, this entails some specific testing of the space-
craft and removal of certain components of systems for further
analysis. The timing of postflight testing is important so that
corrective action may be taken for subsequent flights.

The schedule calls for the spacecraft to be returned to port

where a team will deactivate pyrotechnics, flush and drain fluid sys-
tems (except water). This operation will be confined to the exterior
of the spacecraft. The spacecraft will then be flown to the LRL and
placed in a special room for storage, sterilization, and postflight
checkout.

-more-
RECEIPTAND EXTERNAL CONTAINER OPENING, PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION AND SAMPLE STORAGE DECISIONS AND PREPARATION OUTSIDE
DECONTAMINATION OF SAMPLE EXAMINATIONt FOR DISTRIBUTION RESEARCH
SAMPLE CONTAINERS DIVISION QUARANTINE TESTS

OBSERVATION FOR
MICRO-ORGANISMS

............. DATA FOR BY R + 50/80 **

RELEASE

OPERATED LUNAR VERTEBRATES RESIDUE VACUUM PACKAGING

VIROLOGY TESTS -J_ DATA FOR LI I
RECEIPTOF _ IN VACUUM
GLOVE CHAMBER , MAMMALS
INVERTEBRATESAND FROM TESTS | SAMPLE PREPARATION
LUNAR SAMPLE BACTERIOLOGY TESTS J DECISION
OR BOTANY J PACKAGING

BULK SAMPIE 'l GLOVE CHAMBER R4-S-R50/80*,_ I .,.._..

II | IN
. DOCUMENTED OPERATED | N.TROGEN
PACKAGING PETROGRAPHIC INVESTIGATORS
IN THIN
CONTINGENCY NITROGEN SECTIONS
SAMPLE OR PHYSICAL SCIENCES TESTING
' SEPARATED
SAMPLE J CLASS III
IN NITROGEN VISUAL & MICROSCOPIC _ | EARLY MINERALS PRINCIPAL
R+2 _R+ S DAYS CABINET EXAMINATION RESIDUE J

I
OPERATED
FROM TESTS R_-20- R +50 R.h 50/80 "_*
IN NITROGEN MINERALOGIC
PETROGRAPHIC& AND
I CONTINUING _o

R+3_R30 X-RAY DIFFRACTION & ' _ r.ATA FOR

DATA _ 1 I

DISTRIB
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES PLAN

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
FLUORESCENCE _RSAMPLE -_50
INORGANIC GAS ANALYSIS

ORGANIC GAS ANALYSIS _"

RADIOACTIVITY _"
R = DATE OF SPACECRAFT
RECOVERY MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
.t

MAGNETIC MONOPOLES _'

_'* FIRST & SECOND RELEASEOPTIONS
SPECTROSCOPICt
_' PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR EFFORT
R5--R+50

QUARANTINE PERIOD

,,_ ...... LUNAR RECEIVING LABORATORY oP[RATION,_

LUNAR SAMPLE OPERATIONS
 -192-

APOLLO PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

The Apollo Program, the United States effort to land

men on the Moon and return them safely to Earth before 1970,
is the responsibility of the Office of Manned Space Flight
(OMSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Wash-
ington, D.C. Dr. George E. Mueller is Associate Administator
for Manned Space Flight.

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), Houston, is re-

sponsible for development of the Apollo spacecraft, flight
crew training and flight control. Dr. Robert R. Gilruth is
Center Director.

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, Ala.,

is responsible for development of the Saturn launch vehicles.
Dr. Wernher von Braun is Center Director.

NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Fla., is re-

sponsible for Apollo/Saturn launch operations. Dr. Kurt H.
Debus is Center Director.

The NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition (OTDA)

directs the program of tracking and data flow on Apollo ll.
Gerald M. Truszynski is Associate Administrator for Tracking
and Data Acquisition.

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, Md.,

manages the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) and Communica-
tions Network (NASCOM). Dr. John F. Clark is Center Director.

The Department of Defense is supporting NASA in Apollo ll

during launch, tracking and recovery operations. The Air Force
Eastern Test Range is responsible for range activities during
launch and dbwn-range tracking. DOD developed jointly with
NASA the tracking ships and aircraft. Recovery operations in-
clude the use of recovery ships and Navy and Air Force air-
craft.

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 -193-

Apollo/Saturn Officials

NASA Headquarters

DR. THOMAS 0. PAINE was appointed NASA Administrator

March 5, 1969. He was born in Berkeley, Calif., Nov. 9,
1921. Dr. Paine was graduated from Brown University in
1942 with an A.B. degree in engineering. After service
as a submarine officer during World War II, he attended
Stanford University, receiving an M.S. degree in 1947 and
Ph.D. in 1949 in physical metallurgy. Dr. Paine worked as
research associate at Stanford from 1947 to 1949 when he
joined the General Electric Research Laboratory, Schenec-
tady, N.Y. In 1951 he transferred to the Meter and Instru-
ment Department, Lynn, Mass., as Manager of Materials De-
velopment, and later as laboratory manager. From 1958 to
1962 he was research associate and manager of engineering
applications at GE's Research and Development Center in
Schenectady. In 1963a68 he was manager of TEMPO, GE's
Center for Advanced Studies in Santa Barbara, Calif.

On January 31, 1968, President Johnson appointed Dr.

Paine Deputy Administrator of NASA, and he was named Acting
Administrator upon the retirement of Mr. James E. Webb on
Oct. 8, 1968. His nomination as Administrator was announced
by President Nixen on March 5, 1969; this was confirmed by
the Senate on March 20, 1969. He was sworn in by Vice Pres-
ident Agnew on April 3, 1969.

LIEUTENANT GENERAL SAMUEL C. PHILLIPS director of the

United States Apollo Lunar Landing Program, was born in Ari-
zona in 1921 and at an early age he moved to Cheyenne, Wyoming
which he calls his permanent home. He graduated from the Uni-
versity of Wyoming in 1942 with a B.S. degree in electrical
engineering and a presidential appointment as a second lleu-
tenant of infantry in the regular army. He transferred to
the Air Corps and earned his pilot's wings in 1943. Following
wartime service as a combat pilot in Europe, he studied at
the University of Michigan where he received his master of
science degree in electrical engineering in 1950. For the
next six years he specialized in research and development
work at the Air Materiel Command, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio.
In June 1956 he returned to England as Chief of Logistics
for SAC's 7th Air Division where he participated in writing
the international agreement with Great Britain on the use of
the Thor IBM. He was assigned to the Air Research and Devel-
opment Command in 1959 and for four years he was director of
the Minuteman program. General Phillips was promoted to Vice
Commander of the Ballistic Systems Division in August 1963,
and in January 1964 he moved to Washington to become deputy
director of the Apollo program. His appointment as Director
of the Apollo program came in October of that year.

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 -194-

GEORGE H. HAGE was appointed Deputy Director, Apollo

Program, in January 1968, and serves as "general manager"
assisting the Program Director in the management of Apollo
developmental activities. In addition he is the Apollo
Mission Director.
i!

Hage was born in Seattle Washington, Oct. 7, 1925, and

received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering
from the University of Washington in 1947. He Joined Boeing
that year and held responsible positions associated with the
Bomarc and Minuteman systems, culminating in responsibility
for directing engineering functions to activate the Cape
Kennedy Minuteman Assembly and test complex in 1962. He then
took charge of Boeing's unmanned Lunar Reconnaissance efforts
until being named Boeing's engineering manager for NASA's
Lunar Orbiter Program in 1963.

Hage Joined NASA as Deputy Associate Administrator for

Space Science and Applications (Engineering) July 5, 1967,
and was assigned to the Apollo Program in October 1967 as
Deputy Director (Engineering).

CHESTER M. LEE, U.S. NAVY (RET.) was appointed Assistant

Apollo Mission Director in August 1966. He was born in New
Derry, Pa., in 1919. Lee graduated from the U.S. Naval Acad-
emy in 1941 with a BS degree in electrical engineering. In
addition to normal sea assignments he served with the Director-
ate of Research and Engineerin_ Office of Secretary of De-
fense and the Navy Polaris missile program. Lee Joined NASA
in August 1965 and served as Chief of Plans, Missions Oper-
ations Directorate, OMSF, prior to his present position.

COL. THOMAS H. McMULLEN (USAF) has teen Assistant

Mission Director, Apollo Program, since March 1968. He was
born July 4, 1929, in Dayton, Ohio. Colonel McMullen graduated
from the U.S. Military Academy in 1951 with a BS degree. He
also received an MS degree from the Air Force Institute of
Technology in 1964. His Air Force assignments included:
fighter pilot, 1951-1953; acceptance test pilot, 1953-1962;
development engineer, Gemini launch vehicle program office,
1964-1966; and Air Force Liaison Officer, 25th Infantry
Division, 1967. He served in the Korean and Viet Nam
campaigns and was awarded _everal high military decorations.

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 -195-
***

GEORGE P. CHANDLER, JR., Apollo ii Mission Engineer,

Apollo Operations Directorate, OMSF, Hq., was born in
Knoxville, Tenn. Sept. 6, 1935. He attended grammar
and high schools in that city was graduated from the
University of Tennessee with a B.S. degree in electrical
engineering in 1957. He received an army ROTC commission
and served on active duty 30 months in the Ordnance Corps
as a missile maintenance engineer in Germany. From 1960
until 1965 he was associated with Philco Corp. in Germany
and in Houston, Texas. He Joined the NASA Office of Manned
Space Flight in Washington in 1965 and served in the Gemini
and Apollo Applications operations offices before assuming
his present position in 1967. Chandler was the mission
engineer for Apollo 9 and 10.

MAJOR GENERAL JAMES W. HUMPHREYS, JR., USAF Medical

Corps, Joined NASA as Director of Space Medicine, on June
l, 1967. He was born in Fredericksburg, Va., on May 28, 1915.
Humphreys graduated from the Virginia Military Institute
with a BS degree in chemical engineering in 1935 and from
the Medical College of Virginia with an MD in 1939. He served
as a medical battalion and group commander in the European
Theater in World War II and later as military advisor to the
Iranian Army. Humphreys was awarded a master of science in
surgery from the Graduate school of the University of Colo-
rado in 1951. Prior to his association with NASA, General
Humphreys was Asslstant Director, USAID Vietmam for Public
Health on a two year tour of duty under special assignment
by the Department of State.

Manned Spacecraft Center

ROBERT R. GILRUTH, 55, Director, NASA Manned Spacecraft

Center. Born Nashwauk, Minn. Joined NACA Langley Memorial
Aeronautical Laboratory in 1936 working in aircraft stability
and Control. Organized Pilotless Aircraft Research Division
for transonic and supersonic flight research, 1945; appointed
Langley Laboratory assistant director, 1952; named to manage
m_nned space flight program, later named Project Mercury, 1958;
named director of NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, 1961. BS and
MS in aeronautical engineering from University of Minnesota;
holds numerous honorary doctorate degrees. Fellow of the Insti-
tute of Aerospace Sciences, American Rocket Club and the Amer-
ican Astronautical Society. Holder of numerous professional
society, industry and government awards and honorary memberships.

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 -196-

George M. Low, 43, manager, Apollo Spacecraft Program.

Born Vienna, Austria. Married to former Mary R. McNamara.
Children: Mark S. 17, Diane E. 15, G. David 13, John M.
II, and Nancy A. 6. Joined NACA Lewis Research Center
1949 specializing in aerodynamic heating and boundary layer
research; assigned 1958 to NASA Headquarters as assistant
director for manned space flight programs, later becoming
Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight;
named MSC Deputy Director 1964; named manager, Apollo Space-
craft Program in April 1967. BS and MS in aeronautical engi-
neering from Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y.

CHRISTOPHER C. KRAFT, JR., 45, MSC Director of Flight

Operations. Born Phoebus, Va. Married to Former Elizabeth
Anne Turnbull of Hampton, Va. Children: Gordon T. 17, and
Kristi-Anne 14. Joined NACA Langley Aeronautical Laboratory
in 1945 specializing in aircraft stability and control; be-
came member of NASA Space Task Group in 1958 where he devel-
oped basic concepts of ground control and tracking of manned
spacecraft. Named MSC Director of Flight Operations in Nov-
ember 1963. BS in aeronautical engineering from Virginia
Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va. Awarded honorary
doctorates from Indiana Institute of Technology and Parks
College of St. Louis University.

***

KENNETH S. KLEINKNECHT, 50, Apollo Spacecraft Program

manager for command and service modules. Born Washington,
D.C. Married to former Patricia Jean Todd of Cleveland,
Ohio. Children: Linda Mae 19, Patricia Ann 17, and Fred-
erick W. 14. Joined NACA Lewis Research Center 1942 in
aircraft flight test; transferred to NACA Flight Research
Center 1951 in design and development work in advanced
research aircraft; transferred to NASA Space Task Group
1959 as technical assistant to the director; named manager
of Project Mercury 1962 and on completion of Mercury, deputy
manager Gemini Program in 1963; named Apollo Spacecraft Pro-
gram manager for command and service modules early 1967 after
Gemini Program completed. BS in mechanical engineering
Purdue University.

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 -197-

CARROLL H. BOLENDER, 49, Apollo Spacecraft Program

manager for lunar module. Born Clarksville, Ohio. He and
his wife, Virginia, have two children--Carol 22 and Robert
13. A USAF Brigadier general assigned to NASA, Bolender
was named lunar module manager in July 1967 after servlng
as a mission director in the NASA Office of Manned Space
Flight. Prior to joining NASA, he was a member of a studies
group in the office of the USAF chief of staff and earlier
had worked on USAF aircraft and guided missile systems pro-
jects. During World War II, he was a night fighter pilot
in the North African and Mediterranean theaters. He holds
a BS from Wilmington College, Ohio, and an MS from Ohio
State University.

DONALD K. SLAYTON, 45, MSC Director of Flight Crew

Operations. Born Sparta, Wis. Married to the former Mar-
jorie Lunney of Los Angeles. They have a son, Kent 12.
Selected in April 1959 as one of the seven original Mercury
astronauts but was taken off flight status when a heart
condition was discovered. He subsequently became MSC Director
of Flight Crew Operations in November 1963 after resigning
his commission as a USAF major. Slayton entered the Air
Force in 1943 and flew 56 combat missions in Europe as a
B-25 pilot, and later'flew seven missions over Japan. Leaving
the service in 1946, he earned his BS in aeronautical engi-
neering from University of Minnesota. Re was recalled to
active duty in 1951 as a fighter pilot, and later attended
the USAF Test Pilot School at Edwards AFB, Calif. He was a
test pilot at Edwards from 1956 until his selection as a
Mercury astronaut. He has logged more than 4000 hours flying
time---more than half of which are in Jet aircraft.

CLIFFORD E. CHARLESWORTH, 37, Apollo II prime flight

director (green team). Born Redwing, Minn. Married to
former Jewell Davis, of Mount Olive, Miss. Children:
David Alan 8, Leslie Anne 6. Joined NASA Manned Spacecraft
Center April 1962. BS in physics from Mississippi College
1958. Engineer with Naval Mine Defense Lab, Panama City,
Fla. 1958-60; engineer with Naval Ordnance Lab, Corona,
Calif., 1960-61; engineer with Army Ordnance Missile
Command, Cape Canaveral, Fla., 1961-62; flight systems
test engineer, MSC Flight Control Division, 1962-65; head,
Gemini Flight Dynamics Section, FCD, 1965-66; assistant
Flight Dynamics Branch chief, FCD, 1966-68.

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 -198-

EUGENE F. KRANZ, 35, Apollo ii flight director (white

team) and MSC Flight Control Division chief. Born Toledo,
Ohio. Married to former Marta I. Cadena of Eagle Pass, Texas,
Children: Carmen ii, Lucy 9, Joan 7, Mark 6, Brigid 5 and
Jean 3- Joined NASA Space Task Group October 1960. Super-
visor of missile flight test for McDonnell Aircraft 1958-1960.
USAF fighter pilot 1955-1958. McDonnell Aircraft flight test
engineer 1954-55. BS in aeronautical engineering from Parks
College, St. Louis University, 1954. Assigned as flight
director of Gemini 3,4,7/6, 8, 9 and 12; Apollo 5, 8 and 9.

GLYNN S. LUNNEY, 32, Apollo ii flight director (black

team). Born Old Forge, Pa. Married to former Marilyn Jean
Kurtz of Cleveland, Ohio. Children: Jenifer 8, Glynn 6,
Shawn 5 and Bryan 3. Joined NACA Lewis Research Center
August 1955 as college co-op employee. Transferred to NASA
Space Task Group June 1959. Assigned as flight director of
Gemini 9, i0, Ii and 12, Apollo 201,4, 7, 8 and i0. BS in
aeronautical engineering from University of Detroit.

***

MILTON L. WINDLER, 37, Apollo ii flight director (Maroon

team). Born Hampton, Va. Married to former Betty Selby of
Sherman, Texas. Children: Peter 12, Marion 9 and Cary 7.
Joined NACA Langley Research Center June 1954. USAF fighter
pilot 1955-58; rejoined NASA Space Task Group December 1959
and assigned to Recovery Branch of Flight Operations Division
in development of Project Mercury recovery equipment and tech-
niques. Later became chief of Landing and Recovery Division
Operational Test Branch. Named Apollo flight director team
April 1968.

CHARLES M. DUKE, 23, astronaut and Apollo ii spacecraft

communicator (CapCom). Born Charlotte, N. C. Married to
former Dorothy M. Claiborne of Atlanta, Ga. Children: Charles
M. 4, Thomas C. 2. Selected as astronaut in April 1966. Has
rank of major in USAF, and is graduate of the USAF Aerospace
Research Pilot School. Commissioned in 1957 and after comple-
tion of flight training, spent three years as fighter pilot at
Ramstein Air Base, Germany. BS in naval sciences from US
Naval Academy i957; MS in aeronautics and astronautics from
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1964. Has more than
24 hours flying time, most of which is jet time.

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 -199-

RONALD E. EVANS, 35, astronaut and Apollo ii spacecraft

communicator (CapCom). Born St. Francis, Kans. Married to
former Janet M. Pollom of Topeka, Karts. Children: Jaime D
9 and Jon P. 7. Selected an astronaut in April 1966. Has
rank of lieutenant commander in U.S. Navy. Was flying com-
bat missions from USS Ticonderoga off Viet Nam when selected
for the astronaut program. Combat flight instructor 1961-
1962; made two West Pacific aircraft carrier cruises prior
to instructor assignment. Commissioned 1957 through Univer-
sity of Kansas Navy ROTC program. Has more than 3000 hours
flying time, most of which is in jets. BS in electrical
engineering from University of Kansas 1956; MS in aeronautical
engineering from US Naval Postgraduate School 1964.

BRUCE McCANDLESS II, 32, astronaut and Apollo Ii space-

craft communicator (CapCom). Born Boston, Mass. Married to
former Bernice Doyle of Rahway, N.J. Children: Bruce III
7 and Tracy 6. Selected as astronaut April 1966. Holds
rank of lieutenant commander in US Navy. After flight train-
ing and earning naval aviator's wings in 1960, he saw sea
duty aboard the carriers USS Forrestal and USS Enterprise,
and later was assigned as instrument flight instructor at
Oceana, Va. Naval Air Station. He has logged almost 2000
hours flying time, most of which is in Jets. BS in naval
sciences from US Naval Academy (second in class of 899)
1958; MS in electrical engineering from Stanford University
1965; working on PhD in electrical engineering at Stanford.

CHARLES A. BERRY, MD, 45, MSC Director of Medical

Research and Operations. Born Rogers, Ark. Married to form-
er Adella Rance of Thermal, Calif. Children: Mike, Charlene
and Janice. Joined NASA Manned Spacecraft Center July 1962
as chief of Center Medical Operations Office; appointed MSC
Director of Medical Research and Operations May 1966. Pre-
viously was chief of flight medicine in the office of the
USAF Surgeon General 1959-62; assistant chief, then chief
of department of aviation medicine at the School of Aviation
Medicine, Randolph AFH, Texas 1956-59 and served as Project
Mercury aeromedical monitor; Harvard School of Public Health
aviation medicine residency 1955-56; base flight surgeon
and command surgeon in stateside, Canal Zone and Carribean
Assignments, 1951-1955. Prior to entering the USAF in 1951,
Berry interned at University of Callfornia_ service at San
Francisco City and County Hospital and was for three years
in general practice in Indic and Coachella, Calif. BA from
University of California at Berkeley 1945; MD University of
California Medical School, San Francisco, 1947; Master of
public health, Harvard School of Public Health, 1956.

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 -200-

DR. WILMOT N. HESS, 42, MSC Director of Science and

Applications. Born Oberlin, Ohio. Married to former Wini-
fred Lowdermilk, Children: Walter C. 12, Alison L. ii and
Carl E. 9. Joined NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 1961
as chief of Laboratory for Theoretical Studies; transferred
to NASA Manned Spacecraft Center 1967 as Director of Science
and Applications. Previously leader, Plowshare Division of
University of California Lawrence Radiation Laboratory 1959-
61; physics instructor Oberlin College 194_-1949; physics
instructor Mohawk College 1947. BS in electrical engineering
from Columbia University 1946; MA in physics from Oberlin
College 1949; and PhD in physics from University of California
1954.

, DR. P. R. BELL, 56, chief MSC Lunar and Earth Sciences

Division and manager of Lunar Receiving Laboratory. Born
Fort Wayne, Indiana. Married to the former Mozelle Rankln.
One son, Raymond Thomas 27. Joined NASA Manned Spacecraft
Center July 1967. Formerly with Oak Ridge National Labora-
tories in thermonuclear research, instrumentation and plasma
physics, 1946-67; MIT Radiation Laboratories in radar systems
development, 1941-46; National Defense Research Committee
Project Chicago, 1940-41. Holds 14 patents on electronic
measurement devices, thermonuclear reactor components. BS
in chemistry and doctor of science from Howard College,
Birmingham, Ala.

JOHN E. McLEAISH, 39, Apollo ii mission commentator

and chief, MSC Public Information Office. Born Houston,
Texas. Married to former Patsy Jo Thomas of Holllday, Texas.
Children: Joe D. 19, Carol Ann 14, John E. Jr. 14. Joined
NASA Manned Spacecraft Center 1962, named Public Information
Office chief July 1968. Prior to joining NASA McLeaish was
a USAF information officer and rated navigator from 1952
to 1962. BA in journalism from University of Houston. Assign-
ed to mission commentary on Gemini ii and 12 and Apollo 6 and
8.

JOHN E. (JACK) RILEY, 44, Apollo iI mission commentator

and deputy chief MSC Public Information Office. Born Trenton,
Mo. Married to former,Patrlcia C. Pray of Kansas City, Kans.
Children: Kevin M. 17, Sean P. 15, Kerry E. 13, Brian T. 9

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 -201-

and Colin D. 6. Joined NASA Manned Spacecraft Center Pub-

lic Information Office April 1963. Assigned to mission
commentary on Gemini 9, i0 and II and Apollo 7, 9 and i0.
PI0 liaison with Apollo Spacecraft Program Office. Prior
to joining NASA was public relations representative with
General Dynamics/Astronautics 1961-63; executive editor,
Independence, Me. Examiner 1959-61; city editor, Kansas
City Kansan 1957-59; reporter, Cincinnati, Ohio Times-
Star 1957; reporter-copy editor, Kansas City Kansan 1950-
57. Served in US Navy in Pacific-Asiatic Theaters 1942-46.
BA in journalism University of Kansas.

***

DOUGLAS K. WARD, 29, born Idaho Falls, Idaho. Married

to former Susan Diane Sellery of Boulder, Colorado. Children:
Edward 7; Elisabeth, 4; and Cristina, 4. Jofned NASA Public
Affairs Office June 1966. Responsible for news media activities
related to engineering and development and administrative oper-
ations at MSC. Assigned to mission commentary on Apollo 7, 8,
and I0. BA in political science from the University of Colorado.
Before joining NASA worked for two years with the U. S. Infor-
mation Agency, Voice of America, writing and editing news for
broadcast to Latin America and served as assistant space and
science editor for the VOA news division.

(ROBERT) TERRY WHITE, 41, born Denton, Texas. Married

to former Mary Louise Gradel of Waco, Texas. Children: Robert
Jr., 4, and Kathleen, 2. Joined NASA Manned Spacecraft Center
Public Affairs Office April 1963. Was editor of MSC Roundup
(house organ) for four years. Assigned to mission commentary
on 12 previous Gemini and Apollo missions. BA in journalism
from North Texas State University. Prior to joining NASA,
was with Employers Casualty Company, Temco Aircraft Corpora-
tion, (now LTV), Johnston Printing Company and Ayres Compton
Associates, all of Dallas, Texas.

Marshall Space Fli_ht Center

DR. WERNHER V0N BRAUN became the director of MSFC when

it was created in 1960. As a field center of NASA, the Mar-
shall Center provides space launch vehicles and payloads,
conducts related research, and studies advanced space trans-
portation systems. Dr. yon Braun was born in Wirsitz, Ger-
many,on March 23, 1912. He was awarded a bachelor of science
degree at the age of 20 from the Berlin Institute of Technology.

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 -202-

Two years later, he received his doctorate in physics from

the University of Berlin, He was technical director of
Germany's rocket program at Peenemunde. Dr. yon Braun
came to the U.S. in 1945, under a contract to the U.S.
Army, along with 120 of his Peenemunde colleagues. He
directed high altitude firings of V-2 rockets at White
Sands Missile Range, N.M. and later became the project
director of the Army's guided missile development unit in
Fort Bliss. In 1950 he was transferred to Redstone Arsenal,
Ala. The Redstone, the Jupiter and the Pershing missile
systems were developed by the von Braun team. Current pro-
grams include the Saturn IB and the Saturn V launch vehicles
for Project Apollo, the nation's manned lunar landing program
and participation in the Apollo Applications program.

DR. EBERHARD F.M.REES is deputy director, technical,

of NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center. Dr. Rees was born
April 28, 1908, in Trosslngen, Germany. He received his
technical education in Stuttgart and at Dresden Institute
of Technology. He graduated from Dresden in 1934 with a
master of science degree in mechanical engineering. During
World War If. Dr. Rees worked at the German Guided Missile
Center in Peeuemunde. He came to the United States in 1945
and worked in the Ordnance Research and Development, Sub-
Office (rocket), at Fort Bliss. In 1950 the Fort Bliss act-
ivities were moved to Redstone Arsenal, Ala. Rees, who became
an American citizen in 1954, was appointed deputy director
of Research and Development of Marshall Space Flight Center
in 1960. He held this position until his appointment in
1963 to deputy director, technical.

DR. HERMANN K. WEIDNER is the director of Science and

Engineering at the Marshall Space Flight Center. Dr. Weidner
has had long and varied experience in the field of rocketry.
He became a member of the Peenemunde rocket development group
in Germany in 1941. In 1945, he came to the United States as
a member of the von Braun research and development team.
During the years that followed, this group was stationed at
Fort Bliss, as part of the Ordnance Research and Development.
After the Fort Bliss group was transferred to Huntsville, Dr.
Weidner worked with the Army Ballistic Missile Agency at Red-
stone Arsenal. He was formerly deputy director of the Pro-
pulsion and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory. He was also
director of propulsion at MSFC. Dr. Weidner received his
U.S. citizenship in April of 1955.

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 -203-

MAJ. GEN. EDMUND F. O'CONNOR is director of Program

Management at NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center. He is
responsible for the technical and administrative manage-
ment of Saturn launch vehicle programs and that portion
of the Saturn/Apollo Applications Program assigned to
Marshall. O'Connor was born on March 31, 1922 in Fitch-
burg, Mass. He graduated from West Point in 1943, he
has a bachelor of science in both military engineering
and in aeronautical engineering. During World War II,
O'Connor served in Italy with the 495th Bombardment
Group, and held several other military assignments around
the world. In 1962 he went to Norton Air Force Base, as
deputy director of the Ballistic Systems Division, Air
Force Systems Command, He remained in that position until
1964 when he became director of Industrial Operations (now
designated Program Management) at Marshall Space Plight
Center.

LEE B. JAMES is the manager of the Saturn Program Office

in Program Management, Marshall Space Plight Center. A retired
Army Colonel, he has been in the rocket field since its infancy.
He started in 1947 after graduating in one of the early classes
of the Army Air Defense School at Fort Bliss. He is also a
graduate of West Point and he holds a master's degree from the
University of Southern California at Los Angeles. He Joined
the rocket development team headed by Dr. Wernher yon Braun
in 1956. When the team was transferred from the Department of
Defense to the newly created NASA in 1960, James remained as
director of the Army's Research and Development Division at
Redstone Arsenal. In 1961-62, he was transferred to Korea for
a one year tour of duty. After the assignment in Korea, he
was transferred by the Army to NASA-MSFC. In 1963 he became
manager of the Saturn I and IB program. For a year he served
in NASA Headquarters as deputy to the Apollo Program manager.
He returned in 1968 to manage the Saturn V program.

MATTHEW W. URLAUB is manager of the S-IC stage in the

Saturn Program Office at NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center.
Born September 23, 1927 in Brooklyn, he is a graduate of
Duke University where he earned his bachelor of science de-
gree in mechanical engineering. Urlaub entered the army
in 1950 and finished his tour of duty in 1955. During the
period of 1952-1953 he completed a one year course at the
Ordnance Guided Missile School at Redstone Arsenal. Upon
becoming a civilian he became a member of the Army Ballistic
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 -204-

Missile Agency's Industrial Division Staff at Redstone Arsenal.

Specifically, he was the ABMA senior resident engineer for the
Jupiter Program at Chrysler Corporation in Detroit. He trans-
ferred to MSFC in 1961. The field in which he specializes
is project engineering/management.
***

ROY E. GODFREY pergorms dual roles, one as deputy manager

of the Saturn program and he is also the S-If stage manager.
Born in Knoxville on November 23, 1922, he earned a bachelor
of science degree in mechanical engineering at the University of
Tennessee. Godfrey served as second lieutenant in the Air Force
during WWII and began his engineering career with TVA. In
1953 he was a member of the research and development team at
Redstene Arsenal, when he accepted a position with the Ordnance
Missile laboratories. When the Army Ballistic Missile Agency
was created in 1956 he was transferred to the new agency. He
came to Marshall Center in 1962 to become the deputy director
of the Quality and Reliability Assurance Laboratory.

JAMES C. McCULLOCH is the S-IVB stage project manager

in the Saturn Program Office at the NASA-Marshall Space Flight
Center. A native of Alabama, he was born in Huntsville on
February 27, 1920. McCulloch holds a bachelor of science de-
gree in mechanical engineering from Auburn University, and a
master's degree in business administration from Xavier Univer-
sity. Prior to coming to the Marshall Center in 1961, he had
been associated with Consolidated - Vultee Aircraft Corp.,
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics; Fairchild Engine
and Airplane Corp., and General Electric Co.
***

FREDERICH DUERR is the instrument unit manager in the

Saturn Program Office at NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center.
Born in Munich, Germany, on January 26, 1909, he is a grad-
uate of Luitpold Oberealschule and the Institute of Technology,
both in Munich. He h_Ids B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical
engineering. Duerr specializes in the design of electrical
network systems for the rocket launch vehicles. Duerr joined
Dr. Wernher von Braun's research and development team in 1941
at Peenemuende, and came with the group to the U.S. in 1945.
This group, stationed at White Sands, N.M., was transferred
to Huntsville in 1950 to form the Guided Missile Development
Division of the Ordnance Missile Laboratories at Redstone
Arsenal.

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 -2O5-

DR. FRIDTJOF A. SPEER is manager of the Mission Oper-

ations Office in Program Management at the NASA-Marshall
Space Flight Center. A member of the rocket research and
development team in Huntsville since March 1955, Dr. Speer
was assistant professor at the Technical University of Ber-
lin and Physics Editor of the Central Chemical Abstract
Magazine in Berlin prior to coming to this country. He
earned both his master's degree and Ph.D. in physics from
the Technical University. From 1943 until the end of the
war, he was a member of the Guided Missile Development
group at Peenemunde. Dr. Speer was chief of the Flight
Evaluation and Operations Studies Division prior to accep-
ting his present position in August 1965. He became a U.S.
citizen in 1960.

WILLIAM D. BROWN is manager, Engine Program Office in

Program Management at MSFC. A native of Alabama, he was
born in Huntsville on December 17, 1926. He is a graduate
of Joe Bradley High School in Huntsville and attended Athens
College and Alabama Polytechnic Institute to earn his bache-
lor of science degree in chemical engineering. Following
graduation from Auburn University in 1951, he returned to
Huntsville to accept a position with the Army research and
development team at Redstone Arsenal, where he was involved
in catalyst development for the Redstone missile. Shortly
after the Army Ballistic Missile Agency was activated at
Redstone, Brown became a rocket power plant engineer with
ABMA. He transferred enmasse to the Marshall Space Flight
Center when that organization was established in 1960.

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 -2O6-

Kennedy Space Center

DR. KURT H. DEBUS, Director, Kennedy Space Center, has

been responsible for many state of the art advances made in
launch technology and is the conceptual architect of the
Kennedy Space Center with its mobile facilities suitable for
handling extremely large rockets such as the Saturn V. Born
in Frankfurt, Germany, in 1908, he attended Darmstadt University
where he earned his initial and advanced degrees in mechanical
engineering. In 1939, he obtained his engineering doctorate and
was appointed assistant professor at the University. During this
period he became engaged in the rocket research orogram at
Peenemunde. Dr. Debus came to the United States in 1945 and
played an active role in the U.S. Army's ballistic missile
development program. In 1960, he was appointed Director of the
Launch Operations Directorate, George C. Marshall Space Flight
Center, NASA, at Cape Canaveral. He was appointed to his
present post in 1962. He brought into being the government/in-
dustry launch force which has carried out more than 150 successful
launches, including those of Explorer I, the Free World's first
satellite, the first manned launch and the Apollo 8 flight, first
manned orbit of the moon.

MILES ROSS, Deputy Director, Center Operations, Kennedy

Spac e Center, is responsible for operations related to engineer-
ing matters and the conduct of the Center's technical operations.
He has held the position since September 1967. Born in Brunswick,
N.J., in 1919, he is a graduate of Massachusetts Institute of
Technology where he majored in Mechanical Engineering and
Engineering Administration. Prior to his assignment at the
Kennedy Space Center, Ross was a project manager of the Air Force
Thor and Minuteman Missile systems with TRW, Inc. He was later
appointed Director of Flight Operations and Manager of Florida
Operations for TRW.

HOCCO A. PETRONE, Director of Launch Operations, Kennedy

Space Center, is responsible for the management and technical
direction of preflight operations and integration, test, check-
out and launch of all space vehicles, both manned and unmanned.
Born in Amsterdam, N.Y., in 1926, he is a 1946 graduate of the
U.S. Military Academy and received a Masters Degree in
Mechanical Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology
in 1951. His career in rocketry began shortly after graduation
from MIT when he was assigned to the Army's Redstone Arsenal,
Huntsville, Ala. He participated in the development of the
Redstone missile in the early 1950's and was detailed to the
Army's General Staff at the Pentagon from 1956 to 1960. He
came to KSC as Saturn Project Officer in 1960. He later became
Apollo Program Manager and was appointed to his present post
in 1966.

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 -207-

RAYMOND L. CLARK, Director of Technical Support, Kennedy

Space Center, is responsible for the management and technical
direction of the operation and maintenance of KSC's test and
launch complex facilities, ground support equipment and ground
instrumentation required to support the assembly, test, check-
out and launch of all space vehicles - both manned and unmanned.
Born in Sentinel, Oklahoma, in 1924, Clark attended Oklahoma
State University and is a 1945 graduate of the U.S. Military
Academy with a degree in military science and engineering. He
received a master of science degree in aeronautics and guided
missiles from the University of Southern California in 1950 and
was a senior project officer for the Redstone and Jupiter missile
projects at atrick AFB from 1954 to 1957. He Joined KSC in
1960. Clark retired from the Army with the rank of lieutenant
colonel in 1965.

G. MERRITT PRESTON, Director of Design Engineering, Kennedy

Space Center, is responsible for design of ground support equip-
ment, structures and facilities for launch operations and support
elements at the nation's Spaceport. Born in Athens, Ohio, in
1916, he was graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in
New York with a degree in aeronautical engineering in 1939. He
then joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)
at Langley Research Center, Virginia, and was transferred in 1942
to the Lewis Flight Propulsion Center at Cleveland, Ohio, where he
became chief of flight research engineering in 1945. NACA's respon-
sibilities were later absorbed by NASA and Preston played a major
role in Project Mercury and Gemini manned space flights before
being advanced to his present post in 1967.

FREDERIC H. MILLER, Director of Installation Support,

Kennedy Space Center, is responsible for the general operation
and maintenance of the nation's Spaceport. Born in Toledo, Ohio,
in 1911, he claims Indiana as his home state. He was graduated
from Purdue Universlt2 with a bachelor's degree in electrical
engineering in 1932 and a master's degree in business administra-
tion from the University of Pennsylvania in 1949. He is a graduate
of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces and has taken
advanced management studies at the Harvard Business School. He
entered the Army Air Corps in 1932, took his flight training at
Randolph and Kelly Fields, Texas, and held various ranks and
positions in the military service before retlrfng in 1966 as an
Air Force major general. He has held his present post since 1967.
W

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 -208-

REAR ADMIRAL RODERICK O. MIDDLETON, USN, is Apollo Program

Manager, Kennedy Space Center, a post he has held since August,
1967. Born in Pomona, Fla., in 1919, he attended Florida Southern
College in Lakeland and was graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy
in 1937. He served in the South Pacific during World War II and
was awarded a master of science degree from Harvard University in
1946. He Joined the Polaris development program as head of the
Missile Branch in the Navy's Special Project Office in Washington,
D.C., and was awarded the Legion of Merit for his role in the
Polaris project in 1961. He held a number of command posts, in-
cluding that as Commanding Officer of the USS Observation Island,
Polaris missile test ship, before being assigned to NASA in
October 1965.

WALTER J. KAPRYAN, Deputy Director of Launch Operations,

Kennedy Space Center, was born in Flint, Michigan, in 1920. He
attended Wayne University in Detroit prior to entering the Air
Force as a First Lieutenant in 1943. Kapryan joined the Langley
Research Center, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
(NACA) in 1947 and the NASA Space Task Group at Langley in March,
1959. He was appointed project engineer for the Mercury Redstone 1
spacecraft and came to the Cape in 1960 with that spacecraft. In
1963, he established and headed the Manned Spacecraft Center's
Gemini Program Office at KSC, participating in all l0 manned Gemini
flights as well as Apollo Saturn 1B and Saturn V missions before
advancement to his present post.

DR. HANS F. GRUENE, Director, Launch Vehicle Operations,

Kennedy Space Center, is responsible for the preflight testing,
preparations and launch of Saturn vehicles and operation and
maintenance of associated ground support systems. Born in
Braunschwelg, Germany, in 1910, he earned his degrees in
electrical engineering at the Technical University in his home-
town. He received his PhD in 1941 and began his career in guided
missile work as a research engineer at the Peenemunde Guided
Missile Center in 1943. He came to the United States with the
Army's Ordnance Research and Development Facility at Fort Bliss,
Texas, in 1945 and held a number of management posts at the Marshall
Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., before being permanently
assigned to NASA's Florida launch site in June 1965.

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 -209-

JOHN J. WILLIAMS, Director, Spacecraft Operations,

Kennedy Space Center, is responsible to the Director of Launch
Operations for the management and technical integration of KSC
Operations related to preparation, checkout and flight readiness
of manned spacecraft. Born in New Orleans, La., in 1927, Williams
was graduated from Louisiana State University with a bachelor of
science degree in electrical engineering in 1949. Williams per-
formed engineering assignments at Wright Patterson Air Force Base,
Dayton, Ohio, and the Air Force Missile Test Center, Patrick AFB,
Florida, before Joining NASA in 1959. Williams played important
roles in the manned Mercury and Gemini programs before moving to
his current post in 1964.

PAUL C. DONNELLY, Launch Operations Manager, Kennedy Space

Center, is responsible for the checkout of all manned space
vehicles, including both launch vehicle and spacecraft. Born in
Altoona, Pa., in 1923, Donnelly attended Grove City College in
Pennsylvania, the University of Virginia and the U.S. Navy's
electronics and guided missile technical schools. Donnelly per-
formed engineering assignments at naval facilities at Chincoteague,
Va., and Patuxent Naval Air Station, Md. Prior to assuming his
present post, he was Chief Test Conductor for manned spacecraft
at Cape Kennedy for the Manned Spacecraft Center's Florida
Operations, his responsibilities extending to planning, scheduling
and directing all manned spacecraft launch and prelaunch acceptance
tests.
***

ROBERT E. MOSER, Chief, Test Planning Office, Launch

0perations Directorate, Kennedy Space Center, is responsible for
developing and cDordinating KSC launch operations and test plans
for the Apollo/Saturn programs. Born in Johnstown, Pa., in
1928, Moser regards Daytona Beach, Fla., as his hometown. A
1950 graduate of Vanderbilt University with a degree in electrical
engineering, Moser has been associated with the U.S. space pro-
gram since 1953 and served as test conductor for the launches of
Explorer l, the first American satellite; Pioneer, the first lunar
probe; and the first American manned space flight - Freedom 7 -
with Astronaut Alan B. Shepard aboard.

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 -210-

ISOM A. RIGELL, Deputy Director for Engineering, Launch

Vehicle Operations, Kennedy Space Center, is responsible for all
Saturn V launch vehicle engineering personnel in the firing room
during prelaunch preparations aud countdown, providing on-site
resolution for engineering problems. Born in Slocomb, Ala., in
1923, Rigell is a 1950 graduate of the Georgia Institute of
Technology with a degree in electrical engineering. He has
played an active role in the nation's space programs since May,
1951.

ANDREW J. PICKETT, Chief, Test and Operations Management

Office, Directorate of Launch Vehicle Operations, Kennedy Space
Center, is responsible for directing the overall planning of
Saturn launch vehicle preparation and prelaunch testing and
checkout. Born in Shelby County, Ala., Pickett is a 1950 graduate
of the University of Alabama with a degree in mechanical engineer-
ing. A veteran of well over 100 launches, Pickett began his
rocketry career at Huntsville, Ala., in the early 1950s. He
was a member of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency launch group
that was transferred to NASA in 1960.

***

GEORGE F. PAGE, Chief of the Spacecraft Operations Division,

Directorate of Launch Operations, Kennedy Space Center, is respon-
sible for pre-flight checkout operations, countdown and launch of
the Apollo spacecraft. Prior to his present assignment, Page was
Chief Spacecraft Test Conductor and responsible for prelaunoh
operations on Gemini and Apollo, spacecraft at KSC. Born in
Harrisburg, Pa., in 1924, Page is a 1952 graduate of Pennsylvania
State University with a bachelor of science degree in aeronautical
engineering.

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 -211-

GEORGE T. SASSEEN, Chief, Engineering Division, Spacecraft

Operations, Kennedy Space Center, is responsible for test planning
and test procedure definition for all spacecraft prelaunoh opera-
tions. Born at New Rochelle, N.Y., in 1928, he regards Weston,
Conn., as his home town. A 1949 graduate of Yale University with
a degree in electrical engineering, he joined NASA in July 1961.
Prior to his present appointment in 1967, he served as Chief,
Ground Systems Division, Spacecraft Operations Directorate, KSC.
Sasseen's spacecraft experience extends through the manned
Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs.
***

DONALD D. BUCHANAN, Launch Complex 39 Engineering Manager

for the Kennedy Space Center Design EngineeringDirectorate, is
responsible for continuing engineering support at Launch Complex 39.
He played a key role in the design, fabrication and assembly of
such complex mobile structures as the mobile launchers, mobile
service structure and transporters. Born in Macon, Ga., in 1922,
Buchanan regards Lynchburg, Va., as his home town. He is a 1949
graduate of the University of Virginia with a degree in mechanical
engineering. During the Spaceport construction phase, he was
Chief, Crawler-Launch Tower Systems Branch, at KSC.

Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition

GERALD M. TRUSZYNSKI, Associate Administrator for Tracking

and Data Acquisition, has held his present position since
January, 1968, when he was promoted from Deputy in the same
office. Truszynski has been involved in tracking, communication,
and data handling since 1947, at Edwards, Cal., where he helped
develop tracking and instrumentation for the X-l, X-15, and other
high speed research aircraft for the National Advisory Committee
for Aeronautics (NACA), NASA's predecessor. He direot-ed tech-
nical design and development of the 500-mile aerodynamic testing
range at Edwards. Truszynski joined NACA Langley Laboratory in
1944, after graduation from Rutgers University with a degree in
electrical engineering. He was transferred to Headquarters in
1960, and became Deputy Associate Administrator in 1961. He is
a native of Jersey City, N.J.

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 -212-

H R BROCKETT was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator

for Tracking and Data Acquisition March I0, 1968, after serving
five years as director of operations. He began his career with
NACA, predecessor of NASA, in 1947, at the Langley Research Center,
Hampton, Va., in the instrumentation laboratory. In 1958-59 he
was a member of a group which formulated the tracking and ground
instrumentation plans for the United States' first round-the-world
tracking network for Project Mercury. In 1959, he was transferred
to NASA Headquarters as a technical assistant in tracking opera-
tions. Brockett was born Nov. 12, 1924, in Atlanta, Neb. He is
a graduate of Lafayette College, 1947.

NORMAN POZINSKY, Director of Network Support Implementation

Division, Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition, has been
associated with tracking development since 1959, when he was
detailed to NASA as a Marine Corps officer. He assisted in
negotiations for facilities in Nigeria, Canada, and other countries
for NASA's worldwide tracking network. He retired from the marines
in 1963, and remained in his present position. Before Joining NASA
he was involved in ro,cket and guided missile development at White
Sands, N.M., and China Lake, Cal., and served in 1956-59 as assis-
tant chief of staff, USMC for guided missile systems. Born in
New Orleans in 1917, he is a 1937 graduate of Tulane University,
the Senior Command and Staff College, and the U.S. Navy Nuclear
Weapons School.

FREDERICK B. BRYANT, Director of DOD Coordination Division,

Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition, has been involved with
technical problems of tracking since he Joined NASA's Office of
Tracking and Data Acquisition as a staff scientist in 1960. He
headed range requirements planning until he assumed his present
position in September 1964. He has charge of filling technical
requirements for tracking ships and aircraft of the Department
of Defense in support of NASA flights. Before Joining NASA,
Bryant spent 21 years as an electronic scientist at the U.S. Navy's
David Taylor Model Basin, Carderock, Md. He worked on instrumenta-
tion, guidance control, and test programs for ships, submarines,
and underwater devices. Bryant received a B.S. degree in electronic
engineering in 1937 at Virginia Polytechnic Institute.

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 -213-

CHARLES A. TAYLOR became Director of Operations, Com-

munications, and ADP Division, OTDA, when he joined NASA in
November 1968. He is responsible for management and direction
of operations of OTDA facilities and has functional responsi-
bility for all NASA Automatic Data Processing. He was em-
ployed from 1942 to 1955 at NASA Langley Research Center,
Hampton, Va., in research instrumentation for high speed air-
craft and rockets. He worked for the Burroughs Corp., Paoli,
Pa., in 1955-62, and after that for General Electric Co.,
Valley Forge, Pa., where he had charge of reliability and
quality assurance, and managed the NASA Voyager space probe
program. Born in Georgia, April 28, 1919, he received a
B.S. degree at Georgia Institute of Technology in 1942.

PAUL A. PRICE, Chief of Communications and Frequency Man-

agement, OTDA, has held his position since he joined the NASA
Headquarters staff in 1960. He is responsible for long-range
planning and programming stations, freauencies, eGuiDment, and
communications links in NASCOM, the worldwide communications
network by which NASA supports its projects on the ground and
in space flight. Before he came to NASA, Price was engaged in
communications and electronics work for 19 years for the Army,
Navy, and Department of Defense. Born January 27, 1913, in
Pittsburgh, he received his education in the public schools and
was graduated from the Pennsylvania State University in 1935,
and did graduate work at the University of Pittsburgh.
***

JAMES C. BAVELY, Director of the Network Operations

Branch, OTDA, is responsible for operations management of NASA's
networks in tracking, communication, command, and data handling
for earth satellites,manned spacecraft, and unmanned lunar and
deep space probes. Bavely held technical positions in private
industry, the Air Force and Navy before joining NASA in 1961,
with extensive experience in instrumentation, computer systems,
telemetry, and data handling. Born in Falrmont, W. Va. in
1924, he is a 1949 graduate of Fairmont State College, and
has since completed graduate science and engineering courses
at George Washington University, University of West Virginia
and University of Maryland.

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 -214-

E.J. STOCKWELL, Program Manager of MSFN Operations, OTDA,

has held his present position since April 1962, when he joined
the NASA Headquarters staff. Before that he had charge of ground
instrumentation at the Naval Air Test Center, Patuxent River, Md.
Stockwell was born May 30, 1926 in Howell, Mich. He received his
education at Uniontown, Pa., and Fairmont, W.Va. He attended
Waynesburg College and earned a B.S. degree in science from
Fairmont State College. He is a director of the International
Foundation for the Advancement of Telemetry.
***

LORNE M. ROBINSON, MSFN Equipment Program Manager, OTDA, is

responsible for new facilities and equipment supporting NASA's
manned space flight projects. He has been with OTDA since
July 1963. He Joined NASA from the Space Division of North
American Rockwell, Downey, Cal., where he had been a senior
research engineer on manned flight projects for five years.
Previously, he was engaged in research at the University of
Michigan Research Institute and the Phillips Chemical Co., Dumas,
Tex. He was born December 20, 1930, in Detroit. He holds a
degree i n chemical engineering from Carnegie Institute of
Technology (1952) and electrical engineering from the University
of Michigan (1958), and completed graduate courses at UCLA.

Goddard Space Pli_ht Center

OZRO N. COVINGTON is the Assistant Director, Manned Flight

Support at the Goddard Center. Before Joining NASA in June 1961
he was with the U.S. Army Signal Missile Support Agency as Technical
Director for fifteen years. He studied electrical engineering at
North Texas Agricultural College in Arlington, Texas, before
embarking on an extensive career in radar and communications
applications and research and development.

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 -215-

HENRY F. THOMPSON is Deputy Assistant Director for Manned

Flight Support at the Goddard Center. Thompson graduated from
the University of Texas with a B.A. degree in 1949 and a B.S. in
1952. His studies included graduate work at Texas Western College
in EIPaso and at the New Mexico State College, Las Cruces. Before
Joining NASA in 1959 he was Technical Director of the U.S. Army
Electronics Command at White Sands Missile Range, N.M.
***

LAVERNE R. STELTER is chief of the Communications Division

at the Goddard Center. Mr. Stelter received his B.S. in electrical
engineering from the University of Wisconsin in 1951. After work-
ing with the Army Signal Corps, he Joined NASA in 1959 as head of
the Goddard Communications Engineering Section. In 1961 he was
appointed Ground Systems Manager for TIROS weather satellites and
was later assigned the same responsibility for Nimbus. He was
appointed to his present position in 1963.

H. WILLIAM WOOD is head of the Manned Flight Operations

Division at the Goddard Center. Before joining NASA he was a
group leader at the Langley Research Center with responsibility
for implementing the Project Mercury Network. Mr. Wood earned
his BSEE degree at the North Carolina State University.

Department of Defense

MAJOR GENERAL DAVID M. JONES is Commander, Air Force Eastern

Test Range and Department of Defense Manager for Manned Space
Flight Support Operations.

He was born December 18, 1913, at Marshfield, Oregon, and

attended the University of Arizona at Tucson from 1932 to 1936.
He enlisted in the Arizona National Guard and served one year in
the Cavalry prior to entering pilot training in the summer of
1937.

His military decorations include the Legion of Merit,

Distinguished Flying Cross with one Oak Leaf Cluster, Air Medal,
Purple Heart, Yum Hwei from the Chinese government, and the NASA
Exceptional Service Medal with one device.

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 -216-

REAR ADMIRAL FRED E. BAKUTIS is Commander, Task Force 130,

the Pacific Manned Spacecraft Recovery Force, in addition to his
duty assignment as Commander, Fleet Air Hawaii.

He was born November 4, 1912, in Brockton, Massachusetts,

and graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy June 6, 1935.

Admiral Bakutis holds the Navy Cross, the Legion of Merit

with Combat "V," the Distinguished Flying Cross with Gold Star and
the Bronze Star Medal.

REAR ADMIRAL PHILIP S. McMANUS is the Navy Deputy to the

Department of Defense Manager for Manned Space Flight Support
Operations and Commander, Task Force 140, the Atlantic Manned
Spacecraft Recovery Force.

He was born in Holyoke, Massachusetts, on July 18, 1919,

and was commissioned an ensign in the U.S. Navy following his
graduation from the U.S. Naval Academy, in 1942.

Admiral McManus' decorations include the Legion of Merit

with combat "V;" Navy and Marine Corps Medal; Navy Commendation
Medal with combat "V;" and two Bronze Stars. His campaign medals
include the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with
three Bronze Campaign Stars and the Asiatic-Paclfic Campaign
Medal with one Silver and four Bronze Campaign Stars.

BRIGADIER GENERAL ALLISON C. BROOKS is the Commander of

Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service (ARRS). He has the major
responsibilities for both planned and contingency air recovery
operations during Project Apollo.

He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 26, 1917.

General Brooks attended high school in Pasadena, California, and
earned his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of
California, Berkeley, California, in 1938. He enlisted a year
later as a flying cadet in the Air Force and was graduated from
Kelly Field in 1940.

General Brooks was awarded the Legion of Merit with one Oak
Leaf Cluster, the Distinguished Flying Cross with two Oak Leaf
Clusters, the Soldier's Medal, the Bronze Star Medal, the Air
Medal with seven Oak Leaf Clusters and the French Croix de Guerre.

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 -217-

COLONEL ROYCE G. 0LSON is Director, Department of Defense

Manned Space Flight Support Office, located at Patrick AFB,
Florida. He was born March 24, 1917, and is a native of lllinois,
where he attended the University of llllnois.

He is a graduate of the National War Colle_e and holder of

the Legion of Merit and Air Medal, among other decorations.
 -218-

Major Apollo/Saturn V Contractors

Contractor Item

Bellcomm Apollo Systems EnKineerir_

Washington, D.C.

The Boeing Co. Technical Integration a,d

Washington, D.C. Evaluation

_neral Electric-Apollo Apollo Checkout, and Quality and

pport Dept., Reliability
Daytona Beach, Fla.

North American Rockwell Corp. Comm_nd and Service Nodules

Space Div., DoNney, Calif.

Orwm,m_ Aircraft Engineering Lunar Module

Corp., Bethpage, N.T.

Massachusetts Institute of Guidance & Narration

Technology, Cambridge, Mass. (Technical _eDent)

General Motors Corp., AC Guidance & Navigation

Electronics Div., Milwaukee, Wis. (ManufacturinE)

TRW Inc. Trajectory Analysis

Systems Group LM Descent Engine
Redondo Beach, Calif. LH Abort Guidance System

Avco Corp., Space Systems Heat Shield Ablative Naterlal

Div., Lowell, Mass.

North American Rockwell Corp. J-2 E_Ines, F-I Engines

Rocketdyne Div.
Canoga Park, Calif.

The Boeing Co. First Stage (SIC) of Saturn V

New Orleans Launch Vehicles, Saturn V
Systems Engineeri_ and Inte-
gration, Ground Support Equip-
msnt

North American Rockwell Corp. DevelOl_ent and Production of

Space Div. Saturn V Second StaKe (S-II)
Seal Beach, Calif.

McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Development and Production of

co. SaturnV T rd stage (s-IvS)
Huntlr_ton Beach, Calif.

.,_rs.
 -219-

International Business Machines Instrument Unit

Federal Systems Div.
Huntsville, Ala.

Bendix Corp. Guidance Components for Instru-

Navlgation and Control Div. ment Unit (Includin 6 ST-124M
Teterboro, N.J. Stabilized Platform)

Federal Electric Corp. Communications and Instru-

mentation Support, KSC

Bendix Field _uglneerlng Corp. Launch Operatlons/Complex

Support, KSC

Catalytic-Dow Facilities Engineering and

Modifications, KSC

Hamilton Standard Division Portable Life Support System;

United Aircraft Corp. LMECS
Windsor Locks, Conn.

ILC Industries Space Suits

Dover, Del.

Radio Corp. of America IIOA Computer - Saturn Checkout

Van Nuys, Calif.

Sanders Associates Operational Display Systems

Nashua, N.H. Saturn

Brown Engineering Discrete Controls

Huntsville, Ala.

Reynolds, Smith and Hill Engineering Design of Mobile

Jacksonville, Fla. Launchers

Ingalls Iron Works Mobile Launchers (ML)

Birming_ham, Ala. (structural work)

Smith/Ernst (Joint Venture) Electrical Mechanical Portion

Tampa, Fla. of MLs
Washington, D.C.

Power Shovel, Inc. Transporter

Marion, Ohio

Hayes International Mobile Launcher Service A_ms

Birmingham, Ala.

Bendix Aerospace Systems Early Apollo Scientific Experl-

Ann Arbor. Mich meuts Package (EASEP)

AeroJet-Gen. Corp Service Propulsion Syetem Eng_ue

E1 Monte. Calif.

-mole-
 APOLLO ii
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS AND INVESTIGATIONS
OF LUNAR SURFACE SAMPLES

Investigator Institution Investigation

Adams, J.B. Caribbean Research Inst. Visible and Near-lnfrared

Co-lnvestisator: St. Thomas, V.I. Reflection _pectroscopy of
Jones, R.L. NASA Manned Spacecraft Center Returned Lunar Sample at CRI
Houston, Texas & Lunar Receiving Lab. (LRL)

Adler, I. NASA Goddard Space Flight Elemental Analysis by Electron

Co-lnvesti_ators: Center, Greenbelt, Md. Microprobe
Walter, L.S.
Goldstein, J. I.
Philpotts, J.A.
Lowman, P.D. i
French, B.M.
O o

i Agrell, S.O. University Cambridge, Broad Mineralogic Studies

Co-lnvesti@ator: England
Muir, 1.0.

Alvarez, L.W. University of California, Search for Magnetic Monopoles

Co-lnvestigators: Berkeley, California at LRL
Watt, R.D.

Anders, E. University of Chicago, a) Determine 14 Elements By

Co-lnvestisators: Chicago Neutron Activation Analysis
Keays, R.R. b) Measure Cosmic Ray Induced
Ganapathy, R. A126 Content
Jeffery, P.M.
 Investigator Institution Investigation

Anderson, O. Lamont Geol. Obs. Measure Sonic Velocity, Thermal

Co-Investigators: Columbia Univ. Expansivity, Specific Heat,
Soga, N. Palisades, N.Y. Dielectric Constant, and Index
Kumazawa, M. of Refraction

Arnold, J.R. Univ. Calif., San Diego Determine Cosmic Ray and Solar
Co-Investigators: La Jolla, Calif. Particle Activation Effects
Suess, H.E.
Bhandari, N.
Shedlovsky, J.
Honda, M.
Lal, D.

Arrhenius, G.O. Univ. Calif., San Diego Determine Microstructure

l Co-Investigators: La Jolla, Calif. Characteristics and Composition
Reid, A. l
o Fitzgerald, R.

J Barghoorn, E. Harvard Univ. Electron Microscopy of Return-i

Co-Investigator: Cambridge, Mass. ed Lunar Organic Samples
Philpott, D. NASA Ames Res. Center,
Moffett Field, Calif.

Bastin, J. Queen Mary College Measure Electric Properties

Co-Investigator: London, England and Thermal Conductivity
Clegg, P.E.

Bell, P.M. Carnegie Institution Determine Crystal Structure of

Co-lnvesti_ator: of Washington, Washington Separated Mineral Phases
Finger,L. D.C.

Biemann, K. Mass. Inst. Tech. Mass Spectrometric Analyses

Cambridge, Mass. for Organic Matter in Lunar
Crust
 Investigator Institution Investigation

Birkebak, R.C. Univ. Kentucky Measure Thermal Radiative

Co-lnvestigators: Lexington, Ky. Features and Thermal Conduct-
Cremers, C.J. ivity
Dawson, J.P.

Bowie, S.H.U. Inst. of Geol. Determinative Mineralogy for

Co-lnvestisators: Sciences, London England Opaque Materials by Electron
Horne_ J.E.T. Microprobe, Distributionof
Snelling,N.J. Radioactive Material by Auto-
Radiograph, Analysis for Pb,
U and Th Isotopes by Mass
Spectrometry

Brown, G_ M. Univ. Durham Petrologic Analysis by

Co-lnvestigators: Durham, England Standard Methods; Electron
Emeleus,C.H. Probe Analysis Reflected
i Holland, J.G. LightMicroscopy i
o Phillips, R.
i
l Burlingame, A.L. Univ. of Calif,, Organic Mass Spectrometer
Co-lnvesti_ator: Berkeley, Calif. Development for LRL
Biemann, K. Mass. Inst. Tech.
Cambridge, Mass.

Calvin, M. Univ. of Calif., Study of Lunar Samples by Mass

Co-lnvesti_ators: Berkeley, Calif. Spectrometry (Computerized)
Burlingame, A.L. and Other Analytical Instru-
mentation

Cameron, E.N. Univ. Wisconsin Determine Structure, Composit-

Madison, Wis. ion Texture, and Phases of
Opaque Material by Many
Methods
 i,

Investigator Institution Investigation

Carter, N.L. Yale Univ. Determine Effects of Shock on

New Haven, Conn. Lunar Materials Using Optical
X-Ray, and Electron Microscopic
Methods

Chao, E.C.T. U.S. Geol. Survey Shocked Mineral Studies by

Co-Investigators: Washington, D.C. Optical, X-Ray and Microprobe
James,O.B. Techniques
Wilcqx, R.E.
Minkin, J.A.

Clayton, R.N. Univ. Chicago Determine Stable Isotope of

Oxygen

Cloud, P. Univ. Calif., Los Angeles Electron Microscopy of Returned

Co-Investigator: NASA Ames Res. Ctr. Lunar Organic Samples
O Philpott, D.

l Collett, L.S. Geol. Survey, Determine Electrical

Co-lnvestigator: Canada Conductivity
Becket, A. l

Compston, W.C. Australian Nat. Sr and Sr Isotopes By X-Ray

Co-Investigators: University, Canberra Fluorescence and Mass Spectro-
Arriens, P.A. metry
Chappell, B.W.
Vernon, M.J.

Dalrymple, G.B. U.S. Geol. Survey, Measure Natural & Induced

Cotlnvestigator: Menlo Park, Calif. Thermolum inescence to deter-
DOell, R.R. mine History and Environmental
Features of Lunar Materials

Davis, R. Brookhaven Nat. Lab., L.I., Determine Ar 37, Ar 39 Content

Co-lnvestisator: New York
Stoenner, R.W.
 Investifator Institution Investigation

Doell, R.R. U.S. Geol. Survey Measurement of Magnetic Pro-

Coalnvesti_ators: Menlo Park, Calif. perties at LRL and USGS Lab-
Gromme, C.S. oratories,Survey of Remnant
Senftle, F. _lagnetismof Lunar Samples in
Vacuum in the LRL

Douglas, J.A.V. Geol. Survey of Canada Petrologic, Mineralogic and

Co-lnvestigators: Ottawa, Canada Textural Studies
Currie, K.L.
Dence, M.R.
Traill, R.J_

Duke, M.B. U.S. Geol. Survey, Determine Size Frequency Dist-

Co-lnvestigator: Washington, D.C. ribution, Physical Properties
Smith,R.L. and Compositionof Lunar
i Materials of Sub-100 Micron
O ' Grain Size

i Edgington, J.A. Queen Mary College, Measure Luminescent and

Co-lnvestigator: Univ. London Thermo-luminescent Properties m
Blair, I.M. Atomic Energy Res. Under Proton (147 MEV)
Establishment Bombardment

Eglint0n, G. Univ. Bristol To Establish the Precise

Co-Investi$ator: Bristol, England Nature of Organic Compounds
Lovelock,J.E. in LUnar Material

Ehmann, W.D. Univ. Kentucky Analysis for Major [lockForm-

Co-lnvesti$ator: Lexington, Ky. ing Elements using l_ MEV
Morgan,J.W. Neutron Activation

Engel, A.E. Univ. Calif., San Diego Wet Chemical Analysis for
Co-lnvestifator: La Jolla, Calif. Major Elements
Ehgel, A.C.J.

Epstein, S. Cal. Inst. Tech. Determine Content of Stable

Co-lnvestisator: Pasadena, Calif. Isotopes of O, C, H, and Si by
Taylor,H.P. Mass Spectrometry

I II I I I I I I ..........
 Investigator Institution Investigation

Evans, H.T. U.S. Geol. S_rvey, Crystal Structures of Sulfides

Co-lnvestigators: Washington, D.C. and Related Minerals
Barton, P.B., Jr.
Roseboom, E.H.

Fields, P.R. Argonne Nat. Lab. Measure by Mass Spectrometry

Co-lnvestigators: Argonne, III. the Isotopic Abundances of
Hess,D.C. HeavyElements
Stevens, C.

Fireman, E.L Smithsonian Inst. (a) Measure the Ar 37 and Ar 39

Astrophysical Obs. Content by Mass Spectro_etrz,
Cambridge, Mass. (b) Determine Tritium Content
by Low Level Counting Tech-
niques

Fleischer, R.L. General Electric (a) Measure Structural Defects

o Co-lnvestigators: Schnectady, N.Y. in Lunar Materials Through
Hanneman,R.E. Study of Optical,Electrical
J
Kasper,J.S. and MechanicalProperties
Prioe,P.B. (b) Determinethe Effect of
Walker, R.M. Washington Univ. Cosmic Radiation on Lunar
St. Louis, Me. Samples by Study of Fossil
Tracks Resulting from Charged
Particles

Fox, S. Univ. Miami Analysis of Organic Lunar

Ce-lnvestigators: Coral Gables, Fla. Samples for ALPHA Amino Acids
Harada,K. and PolymersThereof
Mueller, G.

Fredriksson, K. Smithsonian Inst. Elemental Analysis by Electron

Co-lnvestisator: Nat. Museum Microprobe
Nelen, J. Washington, D.C.

Friedman, I. U.S. Geol. Survey Isotopic Composition of H, D,

Co-lnvestigator: Denver, Colo. and Oxygen
O'Neil, J.R.
 Investigator Institution Investigation

Frondel, C. Harvard Univ. Broad Studies of the Texture,

Cg-lnvesti_ators: Cambridge, Mass. Composition, and Relationship
Klein,C. of Minerals
Ito, J.

Gast, P.W. Lamont Geol. Obs. Determine Concentration of the

Columbia Univ., Palisades, Alkali, Alkaline Earth and Lan-
N.Y. thanide Elements by Mass
Spectrometry

Gay, P. Univ. Cambridge X-Ray Crystallographic Studies

Co-lnvesti_ators: Cambridge, England
Brown, M.G.
McKie, D.

Geake, J.E. Univ. Manchester Measure Fluorescence Emission

i Co-lnvestigator: Manchester, England and other Excitation Spectra; i
Garlick,G.F.J. Optical Polarization;X-Ray
o Fluorescence; ElectronSpin i
Resonance; NeutronActivation
I Analysis

Geiss, J. Univ. Berne Measure Rare Gas Content and

Co-lnvestigators: Berne, Switzerland Cosmic Ray Produced Tritium by
Eberhardt,P. Mass Spectrometry
Grogler, N.
Oeschger, H.

Gold, T. Cornell Univ. Particle Size Analysis, Photo-

Ithaca, N.Y. metric Studies of Radiation
Effects from Several Types of
Rays; Direct Measure of Radia-
tive Properties; Dielectric
Constant and Loss Tangent
 Investigator Institution Investisation

Goles, G.G. Univ. Oregon Elemental Abundances by Neutron

Eugene, Ore. Activation Analysis

Greenman, N.N. McDonnell-Douglas Corp. Determine the Luminescence

Co-lnvestigator: Santa Monica, Calif. Spectra and Efficiencies of
Cross, H.G. Lunar Material and Compare with
Mineral Composition

Grossman, J.J. McDonnell-Douglas Corp. Microphysical, Microchemical

Co-lnvestigators: Santa Monica, Calif. and Adhesive Characteristics
Ryan, J.A. of the Lunar Materials
Mukherjee, N.R.

Hafner, S. Univ. Chicago Using Mossbauer and NMR Tech-

Co-lnvestigator: Chicago, IIi. niques Measure the Oxidation
Virgo,D. State of Iron,Radiation
i
i DamageandAI, Na, Fe Energy
o State in Crystals

l Halpern, B Stanford Univ. Determine Terrestrial & Extra-

Co-lnvestisator: Palo Alto, Calif. terrestrial Porphyrins in
Hodgson, G.W. Associationwith Amino Acid
Compounds

Hapke, B.W. Univ. Pittsburgh Determine Effects of Solar

Co-lnvesti_ators: Pittsburgh, Pa. Wind on Lunar Material
Cohen, A.J.
Cassidy, W.

Haskin, L.A, Univ. Wisconsin Determine Rare Earth Element

Madison, Wis. Content by Neutron Activation
Analysis
 Investigator Institution Investigation

Helsley, C.E. Grad. Res. Center Remanent Magnetism Studies

Co-Investisators: of the Southwest
Burek, P.J. Dallas, Texas
Oetking, P.

Helz, A.W. U.S. Geol. Survey Special Trace Elements by

Co-Investigator: Washington, D.C. Emission Spectroscopy
Annell, C.S.

Herr, W. Univ. Cologne a) DetermineMn53 Contentby

Co-Investisators: Cologne, Germany High Flux Neutron Bombardment
Kaufhold, J. b) Determine Age of Lunar
Skerra,B. MaterialsUsingFissionTrack
Herpers, U. Method
c) Measure Thermoluminescence
t to Determine Effect of Intrinsic
o Radioactive andCosmic Ray
Particles and Thermal History
I I
Herzenberg, C.L. Ill. Inst. Of Tech. Measure the Energy States of
Chicago the Iron Bearing Minerals and
Possible Effects of Cosmic t
Radiation

Hess, H.H. Princeton Univ. Determine Pyroxene Content by

Co-Investigator: Princeton, N.J. X-Ray and Optical Methods
Otolara, G.

Heymann,D. Rice Univ. DetermineRare Gases and Radio-

Co-Investigators: Houston, Texas active Isotopes by Mass Spectro-
Adams, J.A.A. metry
Fryer, G.E.
 Investigator Institution Investigation

Hintenberger, H. Max Planck Inst. a) Abundance and Isotopic

Co-Investigator: Fur Chemie, Composition of Hydrogen
Begemann, R. Mainz, Germany

Begemann,R. b) MeasureConcentrationand
Schultz,L. IsotopicCompositionof Rare
Vilcsek, E. Gases
Wanke, H.
Wlotzka, A.

Voshage,H. c) IsotopicComposition
of
Wanke, H. Nitrogen
Schultz, L.

Hoering, T. Carnegie Inst., D.C. Analytical Lunar Sample Analyses

Co-Investigator: for C13/C12 and D/H of Organic
i Kaplan,I.R. Univ. Calif.,L.A. Matter
o
Hurley, P.M. Mass. Inst. Tech. Analyze for Rb, Sr, and theirr
Co-Investigator: Cambridge, Mass. Isotopes
l Pinson, W.H.,
Jr.
l

Jedwab, J. Univ. Libre De Bruxelles Determine the Morphological,

Brussels, Belgium Optical and Petrographic Pro-
perties of Magnetite and its
Chemical Composition by
Electron Microprobe

Johnson, R.D. NASA Ames Research Ctr. Analysis of Lunar Sample for
Organic Carbon Behind the
Barrier System of the LRL
 Investi_ator Institution Investisation

Kaplan, I.R. Univ. Calif., Ratios of Carbon Hydrogen,

Co-lnvesti_ators: Los Angeles, Calif. Oxygen, and Sulphur Isotope
Berger,R. Ratiosby Mass Spectrometry
Schopf, J.W.

Kanamori,H. Univ. Toyko Determine Elastic Constants

Co-lnvestisators: Japan by Shear/Compressions/Wave
Mizutani, H. Velocity
Takeuchi, H.

Keil, K. Univ. New Mexico ElementalAnalysis and

Co-Investi$ators: Albuquerque, N.M. Mineral Phase Studies by
Bunch,T.E. ElectronMicroprobe
Prinz, M.
Snetsinger, K.G.
i
King, E.A. NASA Manned Spacecraft Non-Destructive Mineralogy &
o Co-lnvesti_ators: Center Petrology;Analysis of the _i
i Morrison,D.A. Fine SizeFractionof Lunar o
Greenwood,W.R. MaterialsIncludingVitreous i
Phases

Kohman, T.P. Carnegie Inst. of Tech. Determine Isotopic Abundance

Co-lnvesti_ator: Pittsburgh, Pa. of Pb, Sr, Os, TI, Nd, and Ag
Tanner,J.T. by Mass Spectrometry

Kuno, H. Univ. Tokyo PetrographicAnalysis for

Co-lnvestisator: Japan Mineral Identification and
Kushiro,I. ChemicalComposition

Larochelle, A. Geol. Survey, Thermomagnetic, Magnetic

Ce-lnvesti_ator: Ottawa, Canada Susceptibility and Remanent
Schwarz,E.J. MagnetismStudies
 Investigator Institution Investigation

Lipsky, S E. Yale Univ. Identificationof Organic

Co-Investigators: New Haven, Conn. Compounds in Lunar Material by
Horvath,C.G. Means of Gas Chromatography-
McMurray,W.J. M_ss Spectrometry,NMR, High
Speed Liquid Chromatography,
and Variations on these tech-
niques

Lovering, J.F. Australian Nat. Univ. a) Neutron Activation for U,

Co-Investigators: Canberra, Australia Th, K
Butterfield, D. (a) b) Fission Track Analysis for U
Kleeman, J.D. (b) c) Electron Microprobe Analysis
Veize_,J. (b) for ElementalComposition
Ware, N.G. (c)

MacGregor, I.D. Grad. Research Ctr. S.W. Petrographic Analysis by X-Ray

Co-Investigator: Dallas, Texas Diffraction and 0otical Methods
Carter, J.L.
O

i Manatt, S.L. NASA Jet Propulsion Lab., Nuclear Radio Frequency Analysis
Co-Investigators: Pasadena, Calif. Including NMR & ESR Analysis for
Elleman,D.D. Oxygen, Hydrogen,Water Content
Vaughan,R.N. and other Elementsand their
Chan, S.I. Cal. Inst. Tech. Chemical State I

Mason, B. Smithsonian Inst. Mineralogic Investigations

Co-Investisators: Nat.Museum i
Jarosewich, E. Washington, D.C.
Fredriksson, K.
White, J.S.

Maxwell, J.A. Geol. Survey, Canada Wet Chemical, X-Ray Fluorescence

Co-Investigators: Ottawa, Canada and Emission Spectroscopy;
Abbey,S. Flame Photometry for Major/
Champ,W.H. Minor Elements:AtomicAbsorp-
tion Spectroscopy
 Investisator Institution Investigation

McKay, D.S. Manned Spacecraft Center Determine Morphology and

Co-lnvesti_ators: Compositionof Fine Particles
Anderson,D.H. Using ElectronMicroprobeand
Greenwood,W.R. ScanningElectron Microscope.
Morrison,D.A. Analysisto be UndertakenAfter
Quarantine and not within the
LRL

Meinschein, W.G. Indiana Univ. Determine the Alkane CI_ To

Bloomington, Ind. C30 Content By Gas Chromato-
graphic and Mass Spectrometric
Techniques

Moore, C. Arizona State Univ. Determine Total Concentration

Temple, Ariz. of Carbon and Nitrogen i
I

_
o Morrison,G.H. Cornell Univ. Elemental Analysis using _
SparkSource MassSpectrometr_
i
Muir, A.H., Jr. North American Rockwell Corp. Conduct Mossbauer Effect and
Science Center, Thousand Spectroscopic Study of Iron-
Oaks, Calif. Bearing Mineral Separates

Murthy, V.R. Univ. Minnesota Determine Rare-Earth Elemental

Minneapolis, Minn. and Low Abundance Isotopes of
K, Ca, V and Cr Content by
Neutron Activation

Nagata, T. _ Univ. Tokyo Remanent Magnetism Studies

Co-Investigators: Japan
Ozima, M.
Ishlkawa, Y.

Nagy, B. Univ. Calif., San Diego The Presence or Absence of

Co-Investigator: Lipids, Amino Acids, and
Urey, H. La Jolla, Calif. "Polymer-Type"Organic Matter
 Investigator Institution Investigation

Nash, D.B. NASA Jet Propulsion Lab. Measure Luminescence, and

Physical/Chemical Reaction of
Lunar Material to Bombardment
by o.5 to I0 KeV Protons

O'Hara, M.J. Univ. Edinburgh Hi-Pressure/Temperature Phase

Co-lnvesti_ator: Scotland Studies, Determine Temperature
Biggar, _.M. of Crystallizationof Minerals;
Petrologic Studies

0'Kelley, G.D. Oak Ridge Nat. Lab. Develop the Equipment/Methods

Co-lnvesti_ators: Tennessee for LRL; _easure_ the K40, U,
Bell, P.R. MSC Th, and Cosmic Ray Induced
Eldridge, J.S. ORNL Radionuclide Content
Schonfeld, E. MSC
Richardson, K.A. MSC l

t 0ro, J. Univ. Houston A Comprehensive Study of the i

o Co-lnvestisators: Houston, Texas Carbonaceous and Organogenic
Zlatkis,A. Matter Presentin Returned
i Lovelock,J.E. Lunar Samples with Combination
Beeker, R.S. of Gas Chromatographicand Mass
Updegrove,W.S. SpectrometricTechniques
Flory, D.A, Manned Spacecraft Ctr.

0yama, V.I. NASA Ames Res. Ctr. Isolation and Culture of

Co-lnvesti_ators: Moffett Field, Calif. Viable Organisms
Merek, E.
Silverman, M.P.

Peck, L.C U.S. Geol. Survey Standard Wet Chemical Analytical

Denver, Colo. Techniques for Major Elements

Pepin, R.0. Univ. Minnesota Measure the Elemental and

Co-lnvestisator: Minneapolis, Minn. Isotopic Abundances of He, Ne,
Nier, A.O.C. Ar, Kr, and Xe by Mass Spectro-
metry
Investisator Institution Investisation

Perkins, R.W. Battelle Mem. Inst. Non-Destructive Gamma-Ray

Co-lnvestigators: Richland, Wash. Spectrometry for Co_mic Ray
Wogman, N.A Induced and Natural Radio-
Kaye,J.H. Nuclides
Cooper, J.A.
Rancitelli, L.A.

Philpotts, J.A. NASA Goddard Space Flight Determine the Rare Earth Ele-
Co-lnvestisators: Center, Greenbelt, Md. ment Content Using Dilution
Schnetzler, C'. Technique and Mass Spectrometry
Masuda, A.
Thomas, H.H.

Ponnamperuma, C.A. NASA Ames Res. Center Analytical Lunar Sample Ana-
Co-lnvestigators: Moffett Field, Calif. lyses for Amino Acids, Nucleic
Oyama, V.I. Acids, Sugars, Fatty Acids, l
Pollack,G. Hydrocarbons,Porphyrinsand
Gehrke, C.W. Univ. Missouri Their Components E
Zill, L.P. Ames Res. Center

Quaide, W.L. Ames Res. Center a) By Non-Destructive Gamma-Ray

Co-lnvesti_ators: Spectrometry Determine the
Wrigley, R.C. (a) A126, Na22, and Mn54 Content
Debs, R.J. (a)
Bunch, T.E. (b) b) Microscopic,X-Ray Diffract-
ion Analysis to Determine the
Effects of Shock on Minerals
and Rocks

Ramdohr, P. Max Planck Institut Identification of Opaque

Co-lnvestisator: Heidelberg, Germany Minerals, Phases and Composition
EiGoresy,A. by X-Ray, Microprobe,and
Microscopic Analysis
 J

Investigator Institution Investigation

Reed, G.W. Argonne Nat. Lab. Concentration, Isotopic Compos-

Co-lnvestigators: Argonne, Iii. ition and Distribution of Trace
Huizenga,J. Elements by Neutron Activation
Jovanovic, S. Analysis
Fuchs, L.

Reynolds, J.H. Univ. Calif., Berkeley (a) Rare Gas Content by Mass
Co-lnvestisators: Spectrometry
Rowe, M.W. (b) Mass Spectrometryto Ident-
Hohenberg,C.M. ify Cosmic Ray Produced
Nuclides
(c) Mass Spectrometry to Deter-
mine Rare Gas, K and U Content;
Identify Cosmic Ray Produced
Nuclides

J Rho, J.H. NASA Jet Propulsion Lab Determine Metallic and Non- l
o Co-lnvesti_ators: Pasadena, California Metallic Porphyrin Content by_
Bauman,A.J. FluorescenceSpectrophoto-
i Bonner, J.F. Cal. Inst. Tech. metry

Richardson, K.A. NASA Manned Spacecraft Center By Autoradiography and Alpha

Co-lnvestigators: Houston, Texas Particle Spectroscopy Identify
McKay, D.S. Alpha EmittingNuclides
Foss, T.H.

Ringwood, A.E. Australian Nat'l Univ. Petrographic Analysis by Study

Co-lnvestigator: Canberra of Thin and Polished Sections
Green, D.H.

Robie, R.A. U.S. Geol. Survey, D.C. Calorimetry (Thermal Properties)

Roedder, E. U.S. Geol. Survey, D.C. Determine the Nature and

Composition of Fluid Inclusions,
if Present, in Lunar Material
 Investigator Institution Investigation

Rose, H.W., Jr. U.S. Geol. Survey, D.C. X-Ray Fluorescence Methods for
Co-Investigators: Elemental Analysis
Cuttitta, F.
Dwornik, E.J.

Ross, M. U.S. Geol. Survey Determine the Crystallographic

Co-Investisators: Washington, D.C. Parameters and Composition of
Warner, J. NASA MSC Pyroxenes, Micas, Amphiboles,
Papike, J.J. USGS, D.C. and Host Silicate Minerals by
Clark, J.R. X-Ray Diffraction and Electron
Microprobe

Runcorn, S.K. Univ. of Newcastle Magnetic Properties in Conjunct-

Upon Tyne, England ion with Mineralogic Studies
i
Schaeffer, O.A. State Univ. of N.Y. Determine Rare Gas Content by
o Co-Investisators: at Stony Brook, N.Y. Mass Spectrometry at LRL
Zahringer, J. Max PlanckInst.- Germany
Bogard,D. Manned Spacecraft Ctr.

Schmidt, R.A. Oregon State Univ. Determine Rare-Earth and Select-

Co-lnvestisator: Corvallis, Ore. ed Trace Elements Content by
Loveland, W.D. Neutron Activation Analysis.
Isotopes of Sm, Eu, Gd will be
Determined by Mass Spectrometry

Schopf, W. Univ. of Calif., L.A. Micropaleontological Study

Los Angeles Using Transmission and Scanning
Electron Microscopy

Selar, C.B. Battelle Mem. Inst. Using Replication and Thin

Co-lnvesti_ator: Columbus, Ohio Section Electron Microscopy
Melton, C.W. Determine the Damage in Minerals
and Rocks Due to Shock

Scoon, J.H. Univ. Cambridge Wet Chemical Analysis for Major

England Elements
 Investigator Institution Investisation

Short, N.M. Univ. Houston By Petrographic Studies

Houston, Texas Determine Effect of Shock on
\ Rocks and Minerals and Predict
Magnitude of Shock and Line
of Impacting Missile

Silver, L.T. Calif. Inst. Tech. Determine Lead Isotopes, Con-

Co-lnvestigator: Pasadena, Calif. centrations of U, Th, Pb, and
Patterson, C. C. their occurrence in Minerals

Simmons, G. Mass. Inst. Tech. a) Calculate Elastic Properties

Co-lnvestigators: Cambridge, Mass. From Measurement of Compression
Brace, W.F.) al Shear Wave Velocities at STP
Wones, D.R.)--Parts A & B only b) Measure Thermal Conductivity,
Expansion and Diffusivity at
STP
I c) Determine Dielectric
O Constant, Resistivity

t Determine ThermalProperties
at STP on Samples of Core _ro_
Lunar Surface

Sippel, R.F. Mobil Res. and Dev. Corp. Apply Luminescenco Petrography
Co-lnvestigator: Dallas, Texas to Study of Lunar Materials
Spencer, A.B.

Skinner, B.J. Yale Univ. Examine the Returned Samples for

Co-lnvestigator: New Haven, Conn. Condensed Sublimates and if
Winehell,H. Present Determine the Mineral
Phases Present and Elemental
Composition

Smales, A.A. Atomic Energy Research Estab., Elemental and Isotopic Abund-
Harwell, England ances by Neutron Activation
Analysis and by Emission, Spark
Source, and X-Ray Fluorescence
Spectrography
 Investigator Institution Investigation

Smith, J.V. Univ. Chicago Mineralogic-Petrographic

Co-Investigators: Chicago, Ill. Analysis Using Microprobe,
Wyllie,P.J. X-Ray Diffraction and Micro-
Elders,W.A. scopicMethods

Stephens, D.R. Lawrence Radiation Lab. Physical Properties-Equation

Co-Investigator: Livermore, California of State
Keeler, H.N.

Stewart, D.B. U.S. Geol. Survey, D.C. Crystal Structure and

Co-Investigators: Stabilitiesof Feldspars
Appleman,D.E. i
Papike, J.J.
Clark, J.R.
I Ross,M. I

Strangway, D.W. Univ. Toronto Determine Magnetic Properties

Canada Including Remanent, Susceptibil-
J ity,Thermal, Demagnetization,
Identify Magnetic Minerals

Tatsumoto, M. U.S. Geol. Survey Pb Analysis by Mass Speetro-

Co-Investigator: Denver, Colo. metry; U and Th Analysis by
Doe, B.R. Mass Spectrometry and Alpha
Spectrometry

Tolansky, S. Royal Holloway College, Isotopic Abundances of U and Th

Univ. London, England by Microscopic Studies of
Diamonds

Tureklan, K.K. Yale Univ, Determine 20 Elements Having

New Haven, Conn. Halflives Greater Than 3 Days
By Neutron Activation Analysis

J
 Inyestlgator Institution Investisation

Turkevich, A.L. Univ. of Chicago a) Determine Long Lived

Chicago, Iii. Isotopes of K, U, and Th by
Gamma Ray Spectrometry
b) Neutron Activation Analysis
for U, Th, Bi, Pb, TI, and Hg.

Turner, G. Univ. Sheffield Determine AR40/Ar39 for Age

Dating

Urey, H.C. Univ. Calif., S.D. Isotopic Abundances by Mass

Co-lnvestisator: La Jolla, Calif. Spectroscopy
Marti, N. l

l Von Engelhardt, W. Univ. Tubingen Petrographic Study to Deter- i

Co-lnvestigators: Tubingen, Germany mine Shock Effects
o Stoffler, D.
Muller, W.
l Arndt, J.

Walker, R.M. Washington Univ. a) Measure the Structural Damage

St. Louis, Mo. to Crystalline Material by
Several Techniques
b) Geochronological Studies by
Investigation of Fission Tracks
From Radioactive and Cosmic Ray
Particles

Wanke, H. Max Planck Inst. a) Determine K, Th, U Content

Co-lnvestigators: Fur Chemie, Mainz Germany
Begemann, F.
Vilcsek, E.
Voshage, H.

Begemann,F. b) Measure Cosmic Ray _duced

Vilcsek,E. RadioactiveNuclidesC and
CI JV

This investigation continued on next page.

 Investigator Institution Investigation

Rieder,R. c) Major ElementalAbundances

by Fast Neutron Activation

Rieder, R. d) Minor Elemental Abundancesby

Wlotzka, F. Thermal Neutron Activation

Wahless, R.K. Geol. Survey, Determine Concentrations of Pb,

Co-lnvestisators: Ottawa, Canada U, Th, Rb, Sr, Ar, _ K and the
Stevens, R.D. Isotopic Compositionsof Pb
Loveridge, W.D. and Sr.

Wasserburg, G.J. Cal. Inst. Tech. Determine K, Ar, Rb, Sr and

Co-lnvesti_ator: Rare Gas (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe)
Burnett, D.S. Content by Mass Spectrometry I

l
Wasson, J.T. Univ. Calif., Elemental Abundances for Ga o
o Co-lnvesti_ator: Los Angeles, Calif. and Ge by Neutron Activation t
Baedecker, P.A.
t

Weeks, R.A. Oak Rdige Nat. Lab. Determine the Valence State and
Co-lnvestigator: Oak Ridge, Tenn. Symmetry of the Crystalline Mat-
Kolopus,J. erial Using Electron Spin and
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Tech-
niques and Spin Lattice Relax-
ation Studies

Weill, D.F. Univ. Oregon Determine Temperature Of Rock

Eugene, Ore. Formation by Study of Plagio-
clase Properties

Wetherill, G.W. Univ. Calif., Determine Isotopes of Rb, Sr,

Los Angeles, Calif. U, and Pb by Mass Spectrometry

Wiik, H.B. Geol. Survey Wet Chemical Methods to Deter-

Co-lnvesti_ator: Helsinki, Finland mine Major Elemental Abundance
OJanpera, P.M.
 Investi$ator Institution Investigation

Wood, J.A. Smithsonian Inst. Mineraloglc and petrologic

Co-Investigator: Astrophysical Obs. Studies by Optical Microscopy,
Marvin, U.B. Cambridge, Mass. X-Ray Diffraction and Electron
Microprobe Measurements

Zahringer, J. Max Planck Inst. Heidelberg By Microprobe Analysis and Mass

Co-Investigators: Heidelberg, Germany Spectrometry Determine Gas
Kirsten,I. Contentand SolarWind Particle
Lammerzahl, P. Distribution

Zussman, J. Univ. Manchester Geochemical, Mineralogic, and

Manchester, England Petrological Studies

I
 -242-

APOLLO GLOSSARY

Ablating Naterials--Special heat-dissipatlng materials on the

surface of a spacecraft that vaporize during reentry.

Abort--The unscheduled termination of a mission prior to its

completion.

Accelerometer--An instrument to sense accelerative forces and

convert them Luto corresponding electrical quantities
usually for controlling, measuring, indicating or recording
purposes.

Adapter Skirt--A flange or extension of a stage or section that

provides a ready means of fitting another stage or section
to it.

Antipode--Point on surface of planet exactly 180 degrees opposite

from reciprocal point on a line projected through center of
body. In Apollo usage, antipode refers to a line from the
center of the Moon through the center of the Earth and pro-
Jected to the Earth surface on the opposite side. The anti-
pode crosses the mld-Paclflc recovery line along the 165th
meridian of longitude once each 2_ hours.

Apocynthlon--Point at which object in lunar orbit is farthest

from the lunar surface -- object having been launched from
body other than Moon. (C_,_thla, Roman goddess of Moon)

Apogee--The point at which a Moon or artificial satelllte in its

orbit is farthest from Earth.

Apolune--Point at which object launched from the Moon into lunar

orbit is farthest from lunar surface, e.g.: ascent stage
of lunar module after staging into lunar orbit following
lunar landing.
i
Attitude--The position of an aerospace vehicle as determined by
the inclination of its axes to some frame of reference;
for Apollo, an inertial, space-fixed reference is used.

Burnout--The point when combustion ceases in a rocket engine.

Canard--A short, stubby wing-like element affixed to the launch

escape tower to provide CM blunt end forward aerodynamic
capture during an abort.

Celestial Guidance--The guidance of a vehicle by reference to

celestial bodies.

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 -243-

Celestial Kechanics--The science that deals primarily with the

effect of force as an agent in determining the orbital
paths of celestial bodies.

Cislunar--Adjective referring to space between Earth and the Moon,

or between Earth and Moon's orbit.

Closed Loop--Automatic control units linked together with a

process to form an endless chain.

Deboost--A retrograde _euver which lowers either perigee or

apogee of an orbiting spacecraft. Not to be confused with
deorbit.

Declination--Angular measurement of a body above or below celestial

equator, measured north or south along the bodyls hour
circle. Corresponds to Earth surface latitude.

Delta V--Velocity change.

Digital Computer--A computer in which quantities are represented

numerically and which can be used to solve complex problems.

Down-Link--The part of a co,,,,unication system that receives, pro-

cesses and displays data from a spacecraft.

Entry Corridor--The final flight path of the spacecraft before

and during Earth reentry.

Ephemeris--Orbital measurements (apogee, perigee, inclination,

period, etc. ) of one celestial body in relation to another
at given times. In spaceflight, the orbital measurements
of a spacecraft relative to the celestial body about which
it orbited.

Escape Velocity--The speed a body must attain to overcome a

gravitational field, such as that of Earth; the velocity
of escape at the Earth's surface is 36,700 feet-per-second.

Explosive Bolts--Bolts destroyed or severed by a surrounding

explosive charge which can be activated by an electrical
impulse.

Fairing--A piece, part or structure having a smooth, stream-

lined outline, used to cover a nonstreamlined object or to
smooth a Junction.

Flight Control system--A system that serves to maintain attitude

stability and control during flight.

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 -244-

Fuel Cell--An electrochemical generator in which the chemical

energy from the reaction of oxygen and a fuel is con-
verted directly into electricity.

g or g Force--Force exerted upon an object by gravity or by

reaction to acceleration or deceleration, as in a change
of direction: one g is the measure of force required to
accelerate a body at the rate of 32.16 feet-per-second.

Gimbaled Motor--A rocket motor mounted on gimbal; i.e.: on a

contrivance having two mutually perpendicular axes of ro-
tation, so as to obtain pitching and yawing correction moments.

Guidance System--A system which measures and evaluates flight

information, correlates this with target data, converts
the result into the conditions necessary to achiev e the
desired fllght path, and communicates this data in the form
of cowamnds to the flight control system.

Rellocentric--Sun-centered orbit or other activity which has the

Sun at its center.

Inertial Guidance--Guidance by means of the measurement and

integration of acceleration from on board the spacecraft.
A sophisticated automatic navigation system using gyro-
scopic devices, acceleremeters etc., for high-speed vehicles.
It absorbs and interprets such data as speed, position, etc.,
and automatically adjusts the vehicle to a pre-determlned
flight path. Essentially, it knows where it,s going and
where it is by knowing where it came from and how it got
there. It does not give out any radio frequency signal so
it cannot be detected by radar or Jammed.

Injection--The process of boosting a spacecraft into a calcu-

lated trajectory.

Insertlon--The process of boosting a spacecraft into an orbit

around the Earth or other celestial bodies.

Multlplexlng--The simultaneous transmission of two or more sig-

nals within a single channel. The three basic methods
of multiplexing involve the separation of signals by time
division, frequency division and phase division.

Optical Navigatlon--Navlgation by sight, as opposed to inertial

methods, using stars or other visible objects as reference.

0xidizer--In a rocket propellant, a substance such as liquid

oxygen or nitrogen tetroxide which supports combustion of
the fuel.

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 -245-

Penumbra--Seml-damk portion of a shadow in which light is partly

cut off, e.g.: surface of Moon or Earth away from Sun where
the disc of the Sun is only partly obscured.

Perlcynthlon--Polnt nearest Moon of object in lunar orbit--object

having been launched from body other than Moon.
/

Perigee Point at which a Moon or an artificial satelllte in its

orbit is closest to the Earth.

Perilune--The point at which a sate11Ite (e.g.: a spacecraft) in

its orbit is closest to the Moon. Differs from pericynthion
in that the orbit is Moon-orlglnated.

Pitch--The movement of a space vehicle about an axis (Y) that is

perpendicular to its longitudinal axis.

Reent_--Tne return of a spacecraft that reenters the atmosphere

after flight above it.

Retrorocket--A rocket that gives thrust in a direction opposite

to the direction of the obJect's motion.

Right Ascenslon--An&,ular measurement of a body eastward alon_ the

celestlal equator from the vernal equinox (0 degrees RA_ to
the hour circle of the body. Corresponds roughly to Earth
surface longitude, except as expressed in hrs:mln:sec instead
of 180 degrees west and east from 0 degrees (24 hours=360
degrees).

Roll--The movements of a space vehicle about its longitudinal

(x)axis.
S-Band--A radlo-frequency band of 1,550 to 5,200 megahertz.

Selenographlc--AdJectlve relating to physical geography of Moon.

Specifically, positions on lunar surface as measured in
latitude from lunar equator and in longltude from a
reference lunar meridian.

Selenocentrlc--AdJectlve referring to orbit havlng Moon as center.

(Selene, Gr. Moon)

Sidereal--Adjective relating to measurement of time, position

or anEle in relation to the celestial sphere and the vernal
equinox.

State vector--Oround-generated spacecraft position, velocity and

tlmlnE information upllnked to the spacecraft computer for
crew use as a navigational reference.

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 -246-

TelemeterinE--A syatem for taking measurements within an aero-

space vehicle in flight and transmitting them by radio to
a ground station.

Termlnator--Separation line between lighted and dark portions

of celestial body which is not self lumlnous.

_llage--Ths volume in a closed tank or container that is not

occupied by the stored liquid; the ratio of this volume
to the total volume of the tank; also an acceleration to
force propellants into the engine pump intake lines before
ignitlon.

Umbra--Darkest part of a shadow in whleh light is completely

absent, e.g. : surface of Moon or Earth away from Sun where
the disc of the Sun is completely obscured.

Update pad--Information on spacecraft attitudes, thrust values,

event times, navigational data, etc., voiced up to the crew
in standard formats according to the purpose, e.g.: maneuver
update, navigation check, landmark tracking, entry update,
e tc.

Up-Link Data--Information fed by radio signal from the ground to

a spacecraft.

Yaw--Ar_alar displacement of a space vehicle about its vertical

(z)axis.

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 -247-

APOLLO ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

(Note: This llst makes no attempt to include all Apollo

program acronyms and abbreviations, but several are listed
that will be encountered frequently in the Apollo ll mission.
Where pronounced as words in air-to-ground transmissions,
acronyms are phonetically shown in parentheses. Otherwise,
abbreviations are sounded out by letter.)

AGS (Aggs) Abort Guidance System (IN)

AK Apogee kick

APS (Apps) Ascent Propulsion

Auxiliary System
Propulsion (LM)(S -IVB
System stage)

BMAG (Bee-mag) Body mounted attitude gyro

CDH Constant delta height

CMC Command Module Computer

CO1 Contingency orbit insertion

CRS Concentric rendezvous sequence

CSI Concentric sequence initiate

DAP (Dapp) Digital autopilot

DEDA (Dee-da) Data Entry and Display" Assembly

(IN AGS)

DPI Development flight instrumentation

DOI Descent orbit insertion

DPS (Dips) Descent propulsion system

DSKY (Diskey) Display and keyboard

EPO Earth Parking Orbit

FDAI Plight director attitude indicator

FITH (Fith) Fire in the hole (IR ascent abort

staglng)
FTP Pull throttle position

HGA HIEh-gain antenna

IM_ Inertial measurement unit

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 -288-

IRIG (Ear-lg) Inertial rate integrating gyro

LOI Lunar orbit insertion

LPO Lunar parking orbit

MCC Mission Control Center

MC&W Master caution and warning

MSI Moon sphereof infl:uence

MTFC Manual thrust vector control

NCC Combined corrective maneuver

PDI Powered descent initiation

PIPA (Pippa) Pulse integrating pendulous
accelerometer

PLSS (Pllss) Portable llfe support system

PTC Passive thermal control

PUGS (Pugs) Propellant utilization and gaging

system

REFSMMAT (Refsmat) Reference to stable member matrix

RHC Rotation hand controller

RTC Real-time oonmland

SCS Stabilization and control system

SHE (Shee) Supercrltical helium
SLA (Slah) SpacecraftLM adapter

SPS Service propulsion system

TEl Transearthinjection

THC Thrust hand controller

TIG (Tigg) Time at ignition
TLI .... Translunarinjection

TPF Terminal phase finalization

TPI _ - Terminal phase initiate

TVC .... Thrustvector control

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 -249-

CONVERSION FACTORS

Multiply By To Obtain
Distance:
feet 0.3048 meters
4

meters 3.281 feet

kilometers 3281 feet

kilometers 0.6214 statute miles

statute miles 1.609 kilometers

nautical miles 1.852 kilometers

nautical miles 1.1508 statute miles

statute miles 0.86898 nautical miles

statutemile 1760 yards

Velocity:
feet/sec 0.3048 meters/sec

meters/sec 3.281 feet/sec

meters/sec 2.237 statute mph

feet/sec 0.6818 statute miles/hr

feet/sec 0.5925 nautical miles/hr

statute miles/hr 1.609 km/hr

nautical miles/hr 1.852 km/hr

(knots)

k_n/hr 0.6214 statute miles/hr

Liquid measure, weight:

gallons 3.785 liters

liters 0.2642 gallons

pounds 0.4536 kilograms

kilograms 2.205 pounds

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 -25o-

Multiply By To Obtain

Volume :

cubic feet 0.02832 cubic meters

Pressure:

pounds/sq inch 70.31 gr_s/sq cm

Propellant Weights

RP-I (kerosene) ......... Approx. 6.7 pounds per gallon

Liquid Oxygen ........... Approx. 9.5 pounds per gallon

Liquid Hydrogen ......... Approx. 0.56 pounds per gallon

NOTE: Weight of LR2 will vary as much as plus or minus 5%

due to variations in density.
t

-end-