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    Ac Generator

    Uploaded by

    Suraj Tandon
    This document appears to be a student project report on building an AC generator. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project. The contents section lists the main topics to be covered, and the introduction provides a basic explanation of how generators work by converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. The subsequent sections describe the theory behind AC generators, the materials required to build one, instructions for constructing a simple AC generator using magnets and wire, explanations of how it works and some common uses of AC generators. The document concludes with sections on the generator's efficiency and a bibliography.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Ac Generator

    Uploaded by

    Suraj Tandon
    4K views19 pages
    This document appears to be a student project report on building an AC generator. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project. The contents section lists the main topics to be covered, and the introduction provides a basic explanation of how generators work by converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. The subsequent sections describe the theory behind AC generators, the materials required to build one, instructions for constructing a simple AC generator using magnets and wire, explanations of how it works and some common uses of AC generators. The document concludes with sections on the generator's efficiency and a bibliography.

    Original Description:

    working of AC generator

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    This document appears to be a student project report on building an AC generator. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project. The contents section lists the main topics to be covered, and the introduction provides a basic explanation of how generators work by converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. The subsequent sections describe the theory behind AC generators, the materials required to build one, instructions for constructing a simple AC generator using magnets and wire, explanations of how it works and some common uses of AC generators. The document concludes with sections on the generator's efficiency and a bibliography.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    4K views19 pages

    Ac Generator

    Uploaded by

    Suraj Tandon
    This document appears to be a student project report on building an AC generator. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project. The contents section lists the main topics to be covered, and the introduction provides a basic explanation of how generators work by converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. The subsequent sections describe the theory behind AC generators, the materials required to build one, instructions for constructing a simple AC generator using magnets and wire, explanations of how it works and some common uses of AC generators. The document concludes with sections on the generator's efficiency and a bibliography.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 19

    AC

    GENERATOR

    Physics
    project
    2014-2015

    Suraj
    XII A

    ACKNOWLEDGAEMENT
    In the accomplishment of this project successfully,
    many
    people have best owned upon me their blessings and
    the heart
    pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the
    people who have been concerned with project.

    Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete


    this
    project with success. Then I would like to thank my
    physics teacher Mrs.Deepti, whose
    valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me
    patch this
    project and make it full proof success his suggestions
    and his
    instructions has served as the major contributor
    towards the
    completion of the project.

    Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who


    have
    helped me with their valuable suggestions and
    guidance has

    been helpful in various phases of the completion of the


    project.
    Last but not the least I would like to thank my
    classmates
    who have helped me a lot.

    CONTENTS
    1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
    2. INTRODUCTION
    3. THEORY
    4. APPARATUS REQUIRED
    5. CONSTRUCTION
    6. WORKING
    7. USES OF AC GENERATOR
    8. EFFICIENCY
    9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

    INTRODUCTION
    An electric generator is a device that
    converts mechanical energy to electrical
    energy. A generator forces electric current
    to flow through an external circuit. The
    source of mechanical energy may be a
    reciprocating or turbine steam engine,
    water falling through a turbine or
    waterwheel, an internal combustion
    engine,
    a wind
    turbine, a
    hand crank, compressed air, or any other
    source of mechanical energy. Generators
    provide nearly all of the power for electric
    power grids

    THEORY
    1. The strong magnetic field is
    produced
    by
    a current flow
    through the field coil of the rotor.
    2. The field coil in the rotor receives
    excitation through the use of
    slip rings and brushes.
    3. Two brushes are spring-held
    in contact with the slip rings
    to
    provide
    the
    continuous
    connection between
    the
    field
    coil and the external excitation
    circuit.
    4. The armature is contained within

    the windings of the stator and is


    connected to the output.

    5. Each time the rotor makes one


    complete revolution, one complete
    cycle of AC is developed.

    6. A generator has many turns of wire


    wound into the slots of the rotor.
    7. The magnitude of AC voltage
    generated by an AC generator is
    dependent on the field strength and
    speed of the rotor.
    8. Most generators are operated at a
    constant
    speed;
    therefore,
    the
    generated voltage depends on field
    excitation, or strength.

    APPARATUS REQUIRED
    l 4 - 1cm x 2cm x 5cm ceramic magnet
    l 1 - Magnet wire 200ft spool
    l 1 - Miniature Incandescent Lamp, 1.5V
    25mA
    l 1 - Cardboard strip, 8cm x 30cm
    l 1 - Large nail, 8cm long or more
    l Misc. - Knife or sandpaper to strip the
    wires
    l Misc. - tape to hold wire down
    l Optional: hand drill or electric drill to
    spin it
    (hand drill is best)

    CONSTR
    UCTION
    First
    make the hollow-ended box. Score the
    cardboard strip like so:

    Fold it like this and tape it securely.

    Use the nail to poke a hole perfectly straight


    through the center of the box, going through both

    sides and all (hole) three layers of cardboard.


    Then pull the nail out and use it to widen all the
    holes slightly, so when you put the nail back
    through, it will be a bit loose and able to spin.

    At this point you should clamp four magnets


    around the nail and give it a spin. This makes
    sure the box is large enough. The nail and
    magnets should spin freely. The corners of the

    magnets should NOT bump the inside of the box


    as they spin. If the box is a bit too small, start
    over and make it a little bigger. Either that, or try
    a thinner nail.
    Pick the spool of number-30 magnet wire From
    the kit of spools. This is the thinnest. Tape one
    end of the number-30 magnet wire to the side of
    the box, then wind all of the wire onto the box as
    shown. It's OK to cover up the nail hole.

    Pull the taped end of the wire out, then tape


    down both of the wires so the coil doesn't
    unwind.
    You should have about 10cm of wire left sticking
    out. Use sandpaper or the edge of a knife to

    scrape the thin plastic coating off 2cm of the wire


    ends. Remove every bit of red coating, so the
    wire ends are coppery.
    Spread the wire away from the nail hole and tape
    it in place. Stick the nail back through the holes
    and make sure it can spin.
    Take your four magnets, stick them face to face
    in two pairs, Then stick the two pairs inside the
    box and on either side of the nail so they grab
    the nail. Push them around until they are
    somewhat balanced and even, then spin the nail
    and see if they turn freely. If you wish, you can
    stick 2cm squares of cardboard
    between the magnets to straighten them, and
    tape the magnets so they don't move around on
    the nail
    Make sure that each end of the generator's wires
    are totally cleared of red plastic coating. If there
    is a bit of plastic left, it can act as an insulator
    which turns off your light bulb circuit.
    Twist the scraped end of each generator wire
    securely around the silver tip of each wire from
    the small light bulb.
    (If necessary, use a knife to strip more plastic
    from the ends of the light bulb wires.) One
    generator wire goes to one light bulb wire, the
    other generator wire goes to the other light bulb
    wire, and the two twisted wire connections
    should not touch together. In the twisted wires,
    metal must touch metal with no
    plastic in between.

    All metals contain a movable substance called


    "electric charge". Even uncharged wires are full
    of charge! After all, the atoms of the metal are

    WORKI
    made
    half of positive protons and half of negative
    NG
    electrons. Metals are special because their
    electrons don't stay connected to the metal
    atoms, instead they fly around inside the metal
    and form a type of electric "liquid" inside the
    wires. All wires are full of electric fluid. Modern
    scientists call this the "electron sea" or "electron
    gas." It is not invisible, it actually gives metals
    their silvery shine. The electron gas is like a
    silvery fluid.

    When a circle of wire surrounds a magnetic field,


    and the magnetic field then changes, a circular
    "pressure" called Voltage appears. This circular
    voltage trys to force the movable charges in the
    wire to rotate around the circle. In other words,
    moving magnets create electric currents in
    closed circles of wire. A moving magnet causes a
    pumping action. If the circuit is not complete, if
    there is a break, then the pumping force will
    cause no charge flow. But if the circuit is
    "complete" or "closed", then the magnet's
    pumping action can force the electrons of the coil
    to begin flowing. This is a basic law of physics,
    and it is used by all coil/magnet electric
    generators.
    When the circuit is closed and the magnet is
    moving, charges in the metal are forced to flow.
    The charges of the light bulb's filament are
    pushed along. When the charges within the
    copper wire pass into the thin light bulb filament,

    their speed greatly increases. When the charges


    leave the filament and move back into the

    USES
    1. Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind
    generators, high speed gas turbine
    generators.
    2. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive
    systems, automotive starter generators.
    3. An ac generator, or 'alternator', is used to
    produce ac voltages for transmission via the
    grid system or, locally, as portable
    generators.
    4. All of our household appliances runs on ac
    current.
    Ex: Refrigerator, washing machines, oven,
    lights, fan etc.

    EFFICIENCY
    Expression for Instantaneous e.m.f. Produced:

    Let position of the coil at any time t. It make


    angle q with vertical. If w is uniform angular
    speed of the coil.

    Then q = wt

    B be the strength of magnetic field n be the


    number of turns in the coil and A area of the coil
    then magnetic flux with the coil in this position is
    given by:

    f = nBA Cos q = nBA Cos wt.

    Differentiate w.r.t. time


    = nBA (-Sin wt) w

    = -nBA w Sin wt

    e = - (-nBA w Sin wt)

    maximum value of e.m.f. say E0

    e = E0 Sin wt.

    1)Efficiency of an AC generator is the ratio of


    the useful power output to the total power
    input.
    2)Because any mechanical process experiences
    some losses, no AC generators can be 100
    percent efficient.

    3)Efficiency of an AC generator can be


    calculated using Equation.
    4)Efficiency =(Output /Input )x 100

    BIBLI
    OGRA
    1)NCERT textbook class 12
    PHY
    2)
    INTERNET
    3) www.yahoo.com

    4) www.scribd.com

    5) www.google.com

    THANK
    YOU

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