Educators Guide

Gottesman Hall of

PLANET EARTH
INSIDE:
Suggestions to Help You Come Prepared
E
 ssential Questions for Student Inquiry
Strategies for Teaching in the Exhibition
Map of the Exhibition
O
 nline Resources for the Classroom
Correlation to Framework
Glossary

amnh.org/education/hope

ESSENTIAL questions
The hall poses five essential questions. Use them to connect the halls themes to your curriculum.

How has Earth evolved?

Four and a half billion years ago our solar system

formed. Along with all the other planets, Earth was
created from clouds of dust orbiting our infant Sun.
Molten at first, the planet differentiated into a molten
iron core and a silicate outer layer within a few tens of
millions of years. Shortly thereafter the Moon formed,
possibly from material ejected when a Mars-sized
object smashed into early Earth. As Earths surface
cooled enough for a new crust to solidify, water vapor
and other gases were driven from the interior to form
an ocean and atmosphere. By at least 3.5 billion years
ago, photosynthetic bacteria had evolved and began
introducing oxygen into the ocean and atmosphere.
After approximately 1.8 billion years, the atmosphere
and ocean were saturated with oxygen.

Why are there ocean basins, mountains,

and continents?

Earths solid mantle ceaselessly churns. Convection

transports heat from the deep interior to the surface
as hot, buoyant rock rises and cooler rock sinks. This
churning drives plate tectonics (the movement of rocky
plates that make up the solid shell of the planet), which
forms ocean basins, shifts continents, pushes up mountains, and causes volcanoes to erupt. Most earthquakes
occur along the margins of these plates. Wind and water
also shape Earths surface. Over millions of years they
wear down mountains and redeposit them as sediments,
carving the landscapes we live in.

How do scientists read the rocks?

All over the world, from ocean trenches to roadside

outcrops and from riverbeds to mountaintops, geologists collect rocks. They observe their mineralogy and
texture, and measure their composition to find out
where and how the rocks formed. To determine their
relative age, they observe sequences of layered rocks,
and identity the fossils found in sedimentary rocks.
Some rocks can be dated radiometrically, which gives
their absolute age. All this information, combined with
geologists observations of processes operating today,
makes it possible for them to reconstruct geologic
history in order to deduce what happened long ago.

What causes climate and climate change?

The Suns energy drives climate. Because Earth is a

sphere, more heat falls on equatorial regions than on
the poles. This uneven distribution drives winds and
ocean currents that transport heat from the tropics
to the poles. Many components of the Earth system
(amount of sunlight, composition of the atmosphere,
ocean composition and circulation, location of continents, extent of ice sheets, and life itself) interact to
regulate climate. Scientists study the record of past
climate, which is preserved in glaciers, in land and
ocean sediments, in corals and trees, and, for the distant past, in rocks. This record tells us that climate has
changed throughout Earths long history, sometimes
suddenly and sometimes gradually. Human activity,
particularly burning fossil fuels, is now causing atmospheric CO2 content and global average temperatures
to rise at a rapid pace. The effects on climate include
more intense weather events, such as droughts and
storms, and rising sea levels.

Why is Earth habitable?

Life on Earth is possible because it is the right distance

from the Sun for liquid water to exist on its surface.
Early life, which may have begun in the ocean, evolved
with the planet over huge stretches of time. Energy
and the elements necessary for life circulate through
the biosphere (the living portion of our planet), the
atmosphere, the ocean, and the solid Earth. Key
biogeochemical cycles include the water cycle, carbon
cycle, and rock cycle. Because of this cycling, there
is oxygen in the air to breathe, an ozone layer to help
block ultraviolet radiation, and a surface temperature
much lower than it would otherwise be.
The Grand
Canyon tells a
story of erosion
by water and
wind, with
steep walls
of hard rock
and slopes of
softer, more
easily eroded
sedimentary
rock.

Creating the Gottesman

Hall of Planet Earth
It took three years, dozens of reconnaissance
trips, and 28 expeditions to collect the spectacular rocks on display in this hall. Scientific
teams have many responsibilities, from figuring
out where to look for specific kinds of geologic evidence to transporting specimens across
deserts and glaciers, through customs, and safely
back to the Museum. The teams returned with a
total of 172,000 pounds of rock from as far away
as Antarctica and as close as New Yorks Central
Park, from high in the Alps to the Pacific Oceans
Juan de Fuca Ridge.
The youngest is a chunk of sulfur collected just
days after it solidified on Indonesias active
Kawah Ijen volcano by scientists wearing masks
to protect them from poisonous gases. The oldest
is a zircon crystal from Jack Hills, Australia, which
at 4.3 billion years is almost as ancient as Earth
itself. Some samples were pried loose with a rock
hammer, while massive boulders required boom
trucks, helicopters, or ocean submersibles.

Come Prepared
Plan your visit. For information about reservations, transportation, and lunchrooms, visit amnh.org/education/plan.
Read the Essential Questions in this guide to see how
themes in the hall connect to your curriculum. Identify the
key points that youd like your students to learn.
Review the Teaching in the Exhibition section of this guide
for an advance look at the models, specimens, and interactives that you and your class will be encountering.
Download activities and student worksheets at
amnh.org/resources/rfl/pdf/hope_activities.pdf. Designed
for use before, during, and after your visit, these activities
focus on themes that correlate to the New York State
Science Core Curriculum.
Decide how your students will explore the Gottesman Hall
of Planet Earth. Suggestions include:
You and your chaperones can facilitate the visit using the
Teaching in the Exhibition section of this guide.
Your students can use the student worksheets to explore
the exhibition on their own or in small groups.
Students, individually or in groups, can use copies of the
map to choose their own paths.

Correlations to Framework for

K12 Science Education
Your visit to the Gottesman Hall of Planet Earth can be
correlated to the new Framework for K12 Science
Education from the National Research Council.

Kawah Ijen volcano, Indonesia

Then came the labor-intensive process of preparing, mounting, and installing the specimens, some
weighing several tons: 168 rock samples and
eleven full-scale models of outcroppings from 25
countries, including Australia, Indonesia, Italy,
Kazakhstan, Mauritania, Switzerland, and Venezuela and five regions of the ocean floor. Their
stories combine to tell that of our dynamic planet.

Science Practices
Asking questions; Developing and using models;
Analyzing and interpreting data; Obtaining, evaluating,
and communicating information
Crosscutting Concepts
Patterns; Scale, proportion, and quantity; Systems and
system models; Stability and change
Core Ideas
Earths Place in the Universe: ESS1.C: The history of
planet Earth; ESS2.B: Plate tectonics and large-scale system
interactions; ESS3.B: Natural hazards; ESS3.D: Global
climate change

teaching in the EXHIBITION

This hall uses specimens, videos, models, and interactives to investigate the history and composition
of Earth and the ongoing processes that shape it. The guided explorations are designed around five
themes. The first four themes are below; the fifth is on the insert. (Answers are in italics.) The numbers (#)
correspond to the specimens. Refer to the map for locations.
1 H
 OW EARTH FORMED

2 T
 HE ROCK RECORD

A M
 eteorites (#13): The most important clues to the
composition of the early solar system come from
meteorites. Have students observe these three and
discuss the evidence about Earths formation that
they contain.

A C
 ast of Rock Outcrop from Scotland: One way geologists learn about Earths history is to interpret the
structure of rock formations. In general, sedimentary
rocks are deposited in horizontal layers, and younger
beds lie atop older ones. Have students examine this
cast. Ask: What two main types of rock do you see?
What do you observe about each section? (Top section
is dark red, and made of horizontal beds of sandstone.
Bottom section is blocky gray slate in vertically-oriented
layers.) Ask: What do you think this tells us about
how this part of Earths crust formed? (The gray slate,
which had been deposited in water, must have been
uplifted, tilted, eroded, and submerged again. The red
sandstone layers were deposited above the slate. This
discontinuity reflects processes that occurred over long
periods of time.)

B F
 our Density Blocks (#4-7): When Earth was forming, heavier materials like iron sank to the center
to form the core and lighter ones like silicates rose
to the surface. Have students take turns lifting the
samples and exploring
the diagrams. Ask them
to connect this experiment to how Earths
layers are organized.
C B
 anded Iron (#23, 15) and Stromatolite (#14): Rocks
can contain important clues about the atmosphere.
In early Earth, metals like iron were released into the
ocean from hot springs but remained in solution in
the water. When photosynthetic organisms began
producing oxygen, it reacted
with the iron in the seawater
and precipitated as iron
oxide to form the banded
iron formation. Eventually,
oxygen began to accumulate
in the atmosphere. Have
students observe both banded iron formations and
the stromatolite (the fossilized remains of early
oxygen-producing microbes). Ask them to use the
How Do We Know About the Early Atmosphere?
diagram to explore the way these two rocks formed
and what this tells us about the early atmosphere.
D S
 ulfide Chimney (#28) and Banded Ore (#26):
Chimneys form today when iron and other metals
from underwater hot springs react with seawater
and precipitate, in this case as sulfide minerals.
Walk past the Dynamic Earth Sphere to observe the
chimneys at the other end of the hall. Have students
examine the Deep-Sea Vents and Ore Deposits
panel and discuss the way these two very different
ore deposits formed.

B D
 ike in Granite (#3): Dikes are planar bodies of
once-molten rock that intruded across the layering of
older rocks. Have students examine this sample and
identify which rock formed first. (The lighter one, the
granite, is older than the gray-black basaltic rock.)
C T
 hree Types of Rocks (#4-12): Geologists use
different characteristics to categorize rocks. Have
students read about sedimentary, igneous, and
metamorphic rocks on the panel and connect these
characteristics to what they observe about the
rocks on display.

The dike in granite [B] and three types of rocks [C] are
silhouetted against a cast of the famous Scottish outcrop [A]
known as Huttons Unconformity.

D G
 abbro and Vials (#16): Geologists can date some
rocks radiometrically by chemically analyzing them
in the lab. Have students
examine the mineral grains
in the vials and the related
panel to learn about halflife and radioactive dating
techniques.

C C
 arbon Cycle Diagram and Fossil Fuel Interactive:
The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere strongly influences climate. Have students explore how carbon
moves through Earth and describe the different roles
of short- and long-term reservoirs (e.g. the ocean
versus the mantle and crust).

E G
 rand Canyon Section: Geologists construct maps to
understand how the Grand Canyon and other Earth
features formed. Have students look at the large
geologic map on the left. Ask them to examine the
cross-section views on the right to explore what they
tell us about rock formations and age. Then have students observe the rocks (#18-22) and correlate them
to the cross-sections in the Building the Canyons
Layers diagram. Help them infer that the location of
different types of rocks and structures can reveal the
story of the Grand Canyons formation.

A G
 roundwater Video: One of the most important
processes in the formation of Earths resources
from oil and gas to metal ores and freshwater is
the flow of fluids through rock. Have students watch
the videos to
learn why and
how scientists
model groundwater flow.

F G
 ranite (#15), Claystone (#16), Gneiss (#17), and
Rock Cycle Diagram: Rocks form and transform,
some many times over vast expanses of geologic
time. Help students connect the characteristics of
the three types of rocks (see 2C) to processes at
work in the rock cycle.
3 C
 LIMATE & CLIMATE CHANGE
A W
 eather and Climate Section: The complex interaction of many factors the amount of sunlight, the
condition of the atmosphere, the ocean, the solid
Earth, the ice sheets, and life itself regulates
climate and causes it to change. Have students
explore the area to learn about the relationships
between the atmosphere, ocean, climate, and
weather. Then have them investigate greenhouse
gases and the role of carbon in the climate system.
B I ce Core, Deep-Sea Sediment Core (#8), and Tree
Ring Section (#13): Climate changes over time. This
record is preserved in glaciers, in lake and ocean
sediments, in corals and trees, and in rocks. After
watching the video, have students explore how
scientists use different types of evidence to learn
about past climate. Encourage students to use the
ice core interactive to further
investigate the
climate record.
core
iceice
core

4 N
 ATURAL RESOURCES

B O
 re Specimens
(#1-8, 18-25):
Have students
explore this
group of
specimens, which Ore samples [B] loom above the groundillustrates how
water video [A] and line the passageway
to the right.
ores form. Ask
students to select
one specimen and explain what resource it provides.
C W
 ater Cycle Diagram: Water is part of Earth, its
atmosphere, and all of its living organisms. Have
students identify groundwater and discuss its role in
creating Earths resources.

Our Dynamic Earth Today

D
 ynamic Earth Sphere: Suspended from the ceiling,
it recreates a view of Earth from space. Watch the
layers of clouds, vegetation, ice, and ocean peel
away to reveal the underlying rocky surface.
Earth Bulletins: The large video screen and
computer kiosks describe recent earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and major storms, and present
current Earth science research.
Bronze Earth Globe: This is an accurate model
of the solid Earth, with vertical measurements
exaggerated by a factor of 22.5.

ONLINE resources
Gottesman Hall of Planet Earth

NASA: Earth

The Museums detailed website about the hall. Includes

scientist profiles, fun facts, and extensive resources.

Images, video, and stories from the Earth-observing

satellite, the ISS, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and
other NASA instruments that monitor our planet.

amnh.org/rose/hope/

Earth OLogy

www.nasa.gov/topics/earth

Visible Earth

amnh.org/ology/earth

Hands-on activities and interactives for kids 7 and up,

including If Rocks Could Talk and Edible Earth.

visibleearth.nasa.gov
NASAs
catalog of
images and
animations of
our planet.

Science Bulletins: Earth

amnh.org/sciencebulletins/

Videos, essays, and data visualizations about current

research in Earth Science.

Earth: Inside & Out

amnh.org/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/earth/
Fifteen lively case studies, from historic figures to
geologists at work today.

NOAA

noaa.gov/

Discover the Hall of Planet Earth

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

charts seas and skies, monitors weather, and guides
stewardship of marine and coastal resources.

A two-page printable activity sheet designed to be

completed by kids with a chaperone during a visit.

National Earthquake Information Center

amnh.org/resources/rfl/pdf/discover_earth.pdf

Grand Canyon Geology Lesson Plans

nps.gov/grca/forteachers/upload/Geology-3.pdf

Comprehensive lesson plans created by the National Park

Service. Topics range from rock identification to making
fossils and creating a Grand Canyon geologic timeline.

Water Cycle Game

response.restoration.noaa.gov/watercyclegame
Students role-play the complex journey of a water
molecule as it travels through the water cycle.

Investigating El Nio Using Real Data

dataintheclassroom.org/content/el-nino/
Five activities that use real data from NOAA.

earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/neic/

Run by the USGS, this site assesses the location and size
of all destructive earthquakes worldwide and maintains a
public database dating back to the year 856.

IRIS Seismic Monitor

iris.edu/seismon

Monitor global earthquakes in near real-time, visit

seismic stations around the world, and search the web for
earthquake- or region-related information.

Learn About U.S. Volcanoes

volcanoes.usgs.gov/about/

Extensive resources published by the USGS. Activities

include Wegeners Puzzling Evidence Exercise and Plate
Tectonics Tennis Ball Globe.

CREDITS

Photo Credits

Funding for the Educators Guide has been provided through

the generous support of The Louis Calder Foundation.

Cover: All photos, D.Finnin/AMNH. Essential Questions: Grand Canyon, Ashton Applewhite; Kawah Ijen Volcano, D.Finnin/
AMNH; deformed conglomerate, D.Finnin/AMNH. Teaching in the Exhibition: All photos, D.Finnin/AMNH. Online Resources:
The Blue Marble, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Image by Reto Stckli (land surface, shallow water, clouds). Enhancements
by Robert Simmon (ocean color, compositing, 3D globes, animation). Data and technical support: MODIS Land Group; MODIS Science
Data Support Team; MODIS Atmosphere Group; MODIS Ocean Group Additional data: USGS EROS Data Center (topography);
USGS Terrestrial Remote Sensing Flagstaff Field Center (Antarctica); Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (city lights).
Plate Tectonics Insert: All Ilustrations by Eric Hamilton.

2012 American Museum of Natural History. All rights reserved.

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Gottesman Hall of Planet Earth

MAP

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2E

2B

5J

5H

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2A

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5I

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Essential Questions
How has Earth evolved?

How do scientists read the rocks?

Why are there ocean basins, mountains,

and continents?

What causes climate and climate change?

Why is Earth habitable?

Teaching in the Exhibition

1 How Earth
Formed
A

Meteorites

Four Density Blocks

Banded Iron and

Stromatolite

Sulfide Chimney
and Banded Ore

2 The Rock
Record

3 Climate &
Climate Change

Cast of Rock
Outcrop from
Scotland

Dike in Granite

Three Types of
Rocks

Gabbro and Vials

Grand Canyon
Section

4 Natural
Resources

5 Plate
Tectonics

Weather and
Climate Section

Groundwater
Video

Bronze Globe and

Slice of Crust

Ice Core, Deep-Sea

Sediment, and Tree
Rings

Ore Specimens

Churning Earth

Water Cycle
Diagram

Model of Collision

Explosive Volcanism

Mountain Formation

Model of Slip

Earthquakes Section

Model of Separation

Basalts

Hawaiian Hot Spots

Carbon Cycle
Diagram and Fossil
Fuel Interactive

Granite, Claystone,
Gneiss, and Rock
Cycle Diagram

2012 American Museum of Natural History. All rights reserved.

GLOSSARY
atmosphere: the mixture of gases (78% nitrogen, 21%
oxygen, 0.9% argon, and 0.03% carbon dioxide, by
volume) that surrounds the Earth

mineral: any naturally occurring, inorganic solid with

a specific composition and an orderly crystalline
structure

carbon cycle: the continuous flow of carbon through

living things (biosphere), the solid Earth (geosphere),
the oceans (hydrosphere), and the atmosphere

outcrop: bedrock exposed at Earths surface

climate: the weather (including extremes) in a particular

region averaged over a number of years
convection: the process by which hotter, less dense
material rises and is replaced by colder and denser
material
continent: one of Earths large land masses
core: the mass of metallic iron and nickel at the center
of the Earth. The fluid outer core begins at 5100 km
below the surface and the solid inner core at 2900 km.
crust: Earths outermost solid layer, consisting of a
continental crust averaging 45 km thick and an oceanic
crust averaging 8 km thick
earthquake: a shaking of the ground caused by the
abrupt release of accumulated strain when a fault
ruptures

ozone layer: the region of the upper atmosphere that

contains about ninety percent of Earths ozone (molecules made up of 3 atoms of oxygen)
plates: the blocks that make up Earths rigid, cold,
outermost shell, averaging 100 km thick and consisting
of crust and uppermost mantle
radiometric dating: a technique for measuring the
age of geologic materials based on the decay of
naturally-occurring radioactive isotopes
rock: a naturally occurring aggregate of one or
more minerals
rock cycle: the cycle in which sedimentary, igneous,
and metamorphic rocks are transformed into other rock
types through processes such as melting, crystallization, erosion, deposition, lithification (the process
by which sediments are turned into rock), and
recrystallization

erosion: the processes that wear down rocks and

transport the loosened sediment

sedimentary rock: rock formed when sediments

accumulate and lithify, or when minerals precipitate
directly from water

fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas, which formed

from the remains of organisms that lived millions of
years ago

volcano: a vent in Earths surface through which

magma and associated gases and ash erupt. The ejected
materials often form a conical structure.

geologist: a scientist who studies Earth, e.g. its history,

composition, structure, and the processes that shape it

weather: the state of the atmosphere at a specific place

and time, characterized by temperature, barometric
pressure, wind velocity, humidity, cloud state and
precipitation

glacier: a large, semi-permanent, slowly flowing river of

ice formed from compacted snow
igneous rock: rock formed when magma (molten rock)
solidifies
mantle: the layer between the core and the crust of
the planet Its properties, such as density and viscosity
(resistance to flow), change with depth.
metamoprhic rock: rock formed when sedimentary,
igneous, or other metamorphic rocks recrystallize into
new rock forms, typically under the influence of heat
and pressure

weathering: the physical and chemical processes that

discolor, soften, and break down rocks exposed to air,
water, and organic material
water vapor: the gaseous state of water
water cycle: the cycling of water among oceans and
lakes, land, living organisms, and the atmosphere

2012 American Museum of Natural History. All rights reserved.

teaching in
the exhibition

PLATE TECTONICS

What is Plate Tectonics?

When Plates Move Past Each Other

A B
 ronze Globe & Slice of Crust Model: This globe
is a model of the solid Earth: Earth without water.
(To help students understand the term solid
Earth, have them watch the Dynamic Earth sphere
overhead and see the liquid slowly drained away
from the rocky surface). Have students compare the
familiar topography of the continents with the less
familiar topography of the ocean basins. Point out
the slice of crust model hanging overhead. Invite
students to use the diagram below to find the region
on the globe thats represented in the model above.
Tell them that theyre going to be exploring the
ways in which plate tectonics shapes the solid Earth.

F M
 odel of Slip: When oceanic or continental plates
slide past each other in opposite directions, or
move in the same direction but at different speeds,
a fault forms. Have students explore the model and
simulate this interaction with their hands.

B C
 hurning Earth Section: Convection is the main way
in which heat is lost from the interior of the Earth.
Its the force that drives the movement of tectonic
plates. Have student go to the video kiosk in the
circular table and watch scientific models of how the
Earths core and mantle convect.

When Plates Collide

C M
 odel of Collision:
When an oceanic plate
meets a continental
plate, the oceanic plate
descends, or subducts,
beneath the continen- model showing an oceanic plate (r)
subducting under a continental plate (l)
tal plate and sinks into
the mantle. Have students explore the model and
use their hands to simulate this interaction.
D E
 xplosive Volcanism Section: Most explosive
eruptions occur in volcanoes above subduction
zones, where one plate dives beneath another. Have
students watch the video and explore samples from
Medicine Lake Volcano, California (#5-10).
 E Mountain

Formation Section: When two continental
plates meet, one is thrust over the other to form
mountain ranges like the Alps and the Himalayas.
Have students watch the video and examine the
sand model, and discuss how the model helps
scientists understand the way plates interact to
form mountain ranges. Then have them observe the
rock samples (#1-7) that illustrate the processes
(uplifting, folding, crustal thickening, and faulting).

G E
 arthquakes Section: Earthquakes occur along fault
lines (cracks near plate boundaries where the crust
on opposites sides moves). Have students explore
the earthquake video kiosk and associated text
panels. Ask: Why do we monitor them? (Monitoring
helps scientists estimate the odds of an earthquake
taking place within a certain period of time.) Then have
students find the faults on the two large casts and
the samples (#1-2) and describe what they tell us.

When Plates Separate

H M
 odel of Separation: Most spreading plate
boundaries are found in ocean basins. Have students
explore the model and use their hands to simulate
how plates separate.
 I B
 asalts: Most volcanoes erupt basalt, a fluid lava
from the mantle that forms flows. Most basalt
erupts from cracks in the seafloor, but some basaltic
lava flows occur on continental crust. Have students
compare the shapes of the underwater (#9-17) and
flood basalts (#18), and discuss their formation.

When Plates Move

 J Hawaiian

Hot Spots: Basaltic lava also erupts at
hot spots, where molten rock, or magma, forms in
plumes of hot rock that rise from deep in Earth to
penetrate a moving plate above. Have students
watch the video and explore the various specimens.
Ask: What does the pattern of the Hawaiian island
chain reveal about how the Pacific plate is moving?
(The plate is moving slowly over a stationary hot spot in
the mantle. The bend records a shift in the movement
of the plate 43 million years ago.)

Wrap Up: Revisit the Bronze Globe and ask students

to connect specific specimens to places on the globe
and to the tectonic processes at work behind them.
(Examples: Collide Andes and Himalayas; Separate
Mid-Atlantic Ridge; Slip San Andreas fault)

2012 American Museum of Natural History. All rights reserved.

plate TECTONICS
Earths surface may seem perfectly still, but its actually in constant motion. The planets thin outer shell
is broken into large blocks called tectonic plates, which fit together like a puzzle. They float on Earths
mantle, a really thick layer of hot flowing rock. This flow causes the plates to move in different directions. Even though these massive plates move very slowly (about as fast as your fingernails grow), their
motion has a huge effect on Earth. The process of plate tectonics forms oceans, continents, and mountains. It also helps us understand why and where most earthquakes and most volcanic eruptions occur.

When plates meet, four things can happen:

Slip
two plates slide past each other

As one plate slides against another, the rocks bend

against each other at the fault. When they finally
break loose and snap back to their original shapes,
the energy is released as an enormous shock wave.
That is an earthquake.

Collision
two plates run into each other and fold up

When two continental plates meet, pieces of crust

pile atop each other, creating complex patterns
of folds and faults. Earthquakes happen and great
mountain ranges form.

Spreading
two plates move apart from each other

As two plates slowly move apart, earthquakes

occur and magma rises up from the mantle below.
The magma erupts from volcanoes that form between
the plates, and cools to form new crust.

Subduction
one plate sinks below the other

When a more dense oceanic plate collides with a less

dense continental plate, it sinks below the continental
plate into the mantle. Earthquakes occur and magma
forms and rises to Earths surface to cause volcanic
eruptions.

2012 American Museum of Natural History. All rights reserved.