Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION
A Multi-storied building consists of multiple floors with structural elements and nonstructural elements. The main aim of the Multi-storied buildings is to increase the floor
area of the building without increasing the area of the land that the building is built on,
saving land and money.
Functional designing of the building is very important since the requirements of dwellers
vary from building to building. In view if this, an attempt has been made in this miniproject to know the basic principles involved in the planning, analysis, design and
detailing.

1.1 Principal requirements of Structural Design

a) Safety: According to the safety requirement, the structure should be safe in carrying
the design loads.
b) Serviceability: According to the serviceability requirement, the deflections and cracks
developed while carrying the loads should be within the permissible limits.
c) Economy: According to this criterion, the structure should be economically built
satisfying the safety and serviceability requirements.
d) Aesthetic appearance: Complying with all the requirements of safety, serviceability
and economy, the structure shall be aesthetically sensible.

1.2 Stages in Structural Planning

1. Positioning of columns
2. Orientation Of Columns
3. Location of beams
4. Spanning of Slabs
5. Layout and Planning of Stairs
6. Type of Footings
1.2.1 Guidelines for Positioning of columns
a) Columns should be preferably located at or near the corner of the building and at
intersections of walls because basically the function of the column is to support
beams, which are normally placed under the walls to support them.
b) When the Centre distance between the intersection of walls is larger or where there
are no cross walls, the spacing between the two columns will be governed by the
limitations on span of the beam. Hence, large spans of the beam should be avoided
for economy reasons and also from the considerations of controlling the deflection
and cracks.
c) Columns should be avoided inside a big hall as it disturbs the functional utility and
the appearance.
1.2.2 Guidelines for orientation of Columns
Generally, the columns provided in a building are rectangular with width of column not
less than the width of supported beam for effective load transfer.
a) According to requirements of aesthetics and utility, projection of column outside the
wall should be avoided as they not only give bad appearance but also obstruct the
usage of corners and create problems in placing furniture. The depth of column shall
be in the plane of wall to avoid such offset.

b) In case of rigidly connected beams at rigid angle, moments are to be carried in

additional to the axial loads, column should be oriented such that the depth of column
is perpendicular to the major axis of building so as to get moment resisting capacity.
c) When the effective length of the column in one plane is greater than that in other
plane at right angles, the greater dimension shall be the plane having larger effective
length.
1.2.3 Guidelines for positioning of Beams
a) Beams shall be provided under the walls or below heavy concentrated loads to avoid
these loads directly coming on to the slabs.
b) Beams are primarily provided to support slabs. Hence their spacing will be decided
by the maximum spans of slabs.
1.2.4 Spanning of Slabs
The positions of supporting beams or walls will decide the span of the slab.
1.2.5 Layout of Stairs
The type of stair case and its layout will be governed by the available size of staircase
room and position of beams and columns along the boundary of staircase.
1.2.6 Choice of Footing Type
Suitable type of footing required for the structure will be chosen based on the applied
loads and moments.

1.3 Loading
3

This stage involves determination of various types of loads that are acting on the
structures. The values of loads are taken from the relevant IS-codes.
Types of loads
The loads and their relevant codes are as follows
1.
2.
3.
4.

Dead loads (IS:875-1987, part-1)

Live loads (IS:875-1987, part-2)
Wind loads (IS:875-1987, part-3)
Snow loads (IS:875-1987, part-4)

1.3.1 Dead Loads

The permanent stationary loads are called dead loads. It includes:
1. Self-weight
2. Weight of floor finishes
3. Weight of partition Walls, furniture, etc.,
1.3.2 Live loads or Imposed loads
Non-permanent or moving loads on a structure are called live loads. This type of loads
includes traffic loads, weight of furniture, weight of people, etc.

1.4 Loading Standards

Based on IS: 875-1987, the loads considered in the present design are as follows
a) The Dead loads
R.C.C

: 25 kN/m3

P.C.C

: 24 kN/m3

Brick masonry : 19kN/m3

Floor finishes

: 1 kN/m3

b) Live Loads
On Floors

4kN/m2
4

On Roofs

2.5kN/m2

On Stairs

5kN/m2

1.5 Design Standards of various components in a Building

Few thumb rules are followed while designing various rooms of residential buildings.
1.5.1 Living Room
A living room is also known as sitting room or lounge room or Front room is a room for
entertaining, reading, or other activities. The living room should not be less than 14m 2
with a minimum width of 3m to 3.15m.
1.5.2 Kitchen
A kitchen is a room or part of a room used for cooking and also for dining. For kitchen
cum dining, minimum area recommended is 9.5 m2.

1.5.3 Bedroom
A bedroom is a private room where people usually sleep at night time or relax during the
day. Now-a-days, house are with multiple bedrooms and a bathroom may be connected to
the bedroom. In any case, the size of the bedroom should not be less than 12m2.

1.5.4 Bathrooms and water closets

A bathroom is a room for bathing in containing a bathtub and/or a shower and optionally
a toilet. A bathroom of size 1.45m X 1.5m is suitable with 1.5mX1.2m as minimum.
Minimum size of water closets is 1.2mX0.9m.

Chapter-2
ANALYSIS OF BUILDING FRAME
Substitute frame method
This method assumes that the moments in the beams of any floor are influenced by
loading on that floor alone. The influence of loading on the lower or upper floors is
ignored altogether. The process involves the division of multi-storied structure into
smaller frames. These sub frames are known as equivalent frames or substitute frames.
The substitute frames are usually analyzed by the moment distribution method, using
only one cycle of distribution. The substitute frames are formed by the beams at the floor
level under consideration, together with the columns above & below with their far ends
fixed. The distributed bending moments are not carried over far ends of the columns in
this process. The moments in the columns are computed at each floor level independently
& retained at that floor irrespective of further analysis.
Table 2.1 Shear forces and bending moments in all the columns
Column no.

Bending moments (kN-m)

Shear force (kN)

Mx

My

1.

121.84

21.107

-7.95

2.

251.08

34.145

19.33

3.

170.89

-51.8

11.41

4.

266.09

-39.65

-0.36

5.

428.4

72.74

-4.408

6.

206.34

3.065

1.34

7.

79.6

11.19

11.52

8.

283.2

57.7

15.09

9.

169.32

-37.297

-1.15

10.

189.8

16.992

3.93

11.

268.52

-3.128

16.51

12.

127.95

-44.44

2.52

13.

231.32

-23.95

0.217

14.

437.8

-6.825

0.069

15.

237.32

25.3

1.304

16.

960.92

-22.08

34.62

17.

2312.6

-67.65

34.145

18.

860.25

26.32

11.26

19.

298.22

22.22

9.22

20.

1456.88

-32.98

32.56

21.

926.3

2.08

-35.407

22.

206.34

3.065

1.371

23.

428.4

72.74

-4.408

24.

266.09

-39.65

-0.36

25.

79.6

11.19

11.52

26.

283.2

57.7

15.09

27.

169.32

-37.297

-1.97

28.

974.44

13.179

34.62

29.

2156.79

-64.65

-25.518

30.

1456.82

31.26

-22.62

31.

237.32

25.3

1.577

32.

437.8

-6.825

0.069

33.

231.32

-23.95

0.217

34.

189.8

16.992

5.59

35.

268.52

-3.128

16.51

36.

127.95

-44.44

2.52

Fig 2.1 Typical floor plan of the building

10

Chapter-3
DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

3.1 SLABS
Slabs are thin flexural members forming floors and roofs of building and carrying
distributed loads. A slab may be supported by beams or walls and may be used as the
flange of a T or L beam. The common shapes of slabs are square, rectangular, triangular
and circular. Slabs are designed by using the theories of bending and shear. The following
Methods of analysis are commonly used for the design of slabs.
Based on aspect ratio (ratio of longer span to the shorter span) and support conditions of
slabs, slabs are classified as one-way slabs and two-way slabs.
3.1.1 One-way Slabs
If the aspect ratio is greater than or equal to 2 or if the slab is supported only on two
opposite sides, then the slab shall be designed as a one-way slab. In the one-way slab,
bending action takes place only along the shorter span. About 95% of load is carried by
shorter span and the rest is carried by the longer span. Hence, the main reinforcement is
to be provided in the shorter direction. Steel is also provided in the transverse direction to
distribute any unevenness that may occur in loading and for temperature and shrinkage
effects in that direction. This steel is called distribution steel or secondary reinforcement.
The main steel is calculated from the bending moment consideration and under no
circumstances should it be less than the minimum specified by the code. The secondary
reinforcement provided that, is usually the minimum specified by the code for such
reinforcement.

11

3.1.2 Two-way Slabs

If the aspect ratio is less than 2 and is supported on four sides, then it is to be designed as
a two-way slab. In a two-way slab, loads are carried to the supports along both the
directions and bending action takes place in both the directions. Hence, reinforcement
shall be provided along both the directions. That is why the steel provided in each of the
2 directions is called as main steel. Compared to one-way slab, the spans in a two-way
slab are subjected to lesser bending moments since the load is distributed along both the
directions. If the aspect ratio is less than 2 but supported on two opposite sides, the slab
shall be designed as one-way slab only.
3.1.3 Design of Slab panel S7
Shorter Span, Lx = 3 m
Longer Span, Ly = 3.6 m
M20 grade concrete and Fe500 grade steel are used.
fck = 20 MPa; Fy = 500 MPa
l
=26 1.2
=> d = 0.1154 m
d
D = 115.4 + 30 = 145.4
Taking over all depth, D = 150 mm
Edge Condition one short Edge Discontinuous

Loading:
Self-Weight of slab

0.15 x 25

Live Load

2.5 KN/M2

Floor Finishers

1 KN/M2

Total Load

7.25 KN/M2

12

3.75 KN/M2

Factored Load

1.5 7.25

= 10.875 KN/M2

Bending Moment:
The bending moment co-efficients (x & y) for the slab panels are obtained from Table
26 (clauses D-1.1 and 24.1) of IS 456:2000 with respect to corresponding edge
conditions.
Shorter Direction:
Negative Moment on Continuous Edge, -Mx

x W Lx

0.0438 10.875 x 32

4.287 KN-m

Ast Required = 77 mm2

Providing 10mm dia bars, Spacing required = 652mm
But Min Spacing to be provided = least of (300mm & 3d) = 300mm
Hence Ast Provided = 167.55 mm2

Positive Moment at Mid Span, +Mx

x W Lx

= 0.0328 x 10.875 x 32
=

3.21 KN-m

Ast Required = 86.63 mm2

Providing 10mm dia bars, Spacing required = 623 mm
But Min Spacing to be provided = least of (300mm & 3d) = 300mm
Hence Ast Provided = 167.55 mm2

Longer Direction:
Negative Moment on Continuous Edge, -My

13

x W Lx

(0.0486) 10.875 x 3.6652

7.1 KN-m

Ast Required = 128.8 mm2

Providing 10mm dia bars, Spacing required = 390 mm
But Min Spacing to be provided = least of (300mm & 3d) = 300mm
Hence Ast Provided = 167.55 mm2

Positive Moment at Mid Span, +My

x W Lx

= 0.0366 x 10.875 x 3.6652

=

5.34 KN-m

Ast Required = 96.26 mm2

Providing 10mm dia bars, Spacing required = 522 mm
But Min Spacing to be provided = least of (300mm & 3d) = 300mm
Hence Ast Provided = 167.55 mm2

Check For deflection:

Percentage of tension reinforcement, Pt =

144.87
fs = 0.58500 167.55

A st Provided
1000 d

100 =

0.13%

= 250.74 MPa

Corresponding modification factor from fig.4, clause 23.2.1 of IS 456:2000,

K=2
l
d

= 26 2 = 52
d = 69.23mm < 115.4mm

Hence, slab safe against deflection.

Fig 3.1 shows the reinforcement detailing of slab S7.

14

15

Table 3.1 Design details of other slabs

Slab

Span

Moments

Ast Req

(in kN-m)

(in mm2 )

Spacing
req

Spacing
Ast
provided provided

(in mm)

(in mm)

(in mm2 )

-Mx

7.96

144.87

347

300

167.55

+Mx

6.06

109.52

459

300

167.55

-My

7.25

131.6

382

300

167.55

+My

5.44

98.1

512

300

167.55

+Mx

6.352

115.25

681

300

167.55

-Mx

4.12

73.96

680

300

167.55

+Mx

3.11

55.72

902

300

167.55

-My

4.12

73.96

680

300

167.55

+My

3.11

55.72

902

300

167.55

+Mx

4.7

84.8

593

300

167.55

-Mx

6.53

118.22

425

300

167.55

+Mx

4.94

88.92

565

300

167.55

-My

5.03

167.53

300

300

167.55

+My

3.2

167.53

300

300

167.55

S6

Shorter
(oneway)

+Mx

6.352

115.25

436

300

167.55

S7

Shorter

-Mx

4.287

77

653

300

167.55

+Mx

86.63

86.63

580

300

167.55

Shorter
S1
Longer
Shorter
S2

(oneway)
Shorter

S3
Longer
Shorter
S4

(oneway)
Shorter

S5
Longer

16

Longer

Shorter
S8
Longer

-My

7.1

128.5

391

300

167.55

+My

5.44

96.26

522

300

167.55

-Mx

2.58

46.05

1091

300

167.55

+Mx

1.83

32.6

1541

300

167.55

-My

2.4

44.68

1125

300

167.55

+My

1.81

31

1621

300

167.55

17

3.2 Beams
A beam is a flexural member which is capable of withstanding its own weight, loads from
respective slabs and wall loads by bending action.

Fig 3.3 Bending action of a beam

3.2.1 Load calculations for beam B8
1.85mm

0.8mm

3.6mm

Fig 3.4 Triangular and trapezoidal load distribution over a beam

Area = ( 0.5 x 3.6 x 1.85 +(0.8 x 3.6) = 6.21 m2

Load from slab =

25 x 0.15 x 6.21 3 x 6.21

+
3.6
3.6

18

= 11.64 kN/m

Load from beam = 2.59 kN/m

Load from wall = 5.43 kN/m
Total

= 29.49 kN/m

Table- 3.2 Details of loading on various beams

Beam

Loading (kN/m)

B'1

31.39

B'2

28.575

B'3

34.28

B'4

27.03

B'5

31.605

B'6

32.34

B'7

44.25

B'8

29.49

B'9

29.49

B'10

29.49

B'11

20.60

B'12

17.95

B'13

27.50

B'14

29.48

B'15

28.98

B'16

29.49

Vide fig 3.7 for the location of above beams in the plan

19

3.2.3. Design of beams B7, B16

29.49kN/m

44.25kN/m

3.6m

3.6m
Fig 3.5

Fixed end moments:

W L
FEMAB =
12

29.49 x 3.6
=
12

= -31.85 kN/m

FEMBA = 31.85 kN/m

W L2
FEMBC =
12

44.25 x 3.62
12

= - 47.79 kN/m

FEMCB = 47.79 kN/m

Relative stiffness:
At joint A:
KAB =

I
L

230 x 6003
12 x 3.6 x 103

KAA1 = KAA2=

230 x 6003
12 x 3 x 10 3

= 11.5 x 10

5
= 13.8x 10 mm3

At joint B:
5

KBA =11.5x 10

mm3

mm3

20

600 x 2303
KBB1= 12 x 3 x 10 3

5
= 2.02x 10 mm3

5
KBB2 = 2.02x 10 mm3

At joint C:
5

KBC = 11.5x 10

mm3

230 x 6003
KCC1 = 12 x 3 x 10 3

= 13.8x 10

mm3

5
KCC2 = 13.8x 10 mm3

Distribution factors:
DFAB =

11.5
39.1 = 0.294

13.8
DFAA1 = DFAA2 = 39.1

DFBA = DFBC =

= 0.353

11.5
27.04 = 0.425

2.02
DFBB1 = DFBB2 = 27.04

= 0.075

11.5
DFCB = 39.1 = 0.294
13.8
DFAB = DFAB = 39.1

= 0.353

21

Table 3.3 Substitute frame method

Distrib-

AA1
0.353

AA2
0.353

AB
0.294

BA
0.425

-31.85

31.38

BB1
0.075

BB2
0.075

BC
0.425

CB
0.294

-47.8

47.8

CC1
0.353

CC2
0.353

ution
factors
Fixed
end
moments
11.24

11.24

9.363
3.38

6.77
4.68

1.195

1.195

6.77
-7.03

-14.1
3.39

-16.9

-16.9

-1.2
10.04

-1.2
10.04

-0.99
-20.1

0.99
44.3

0.176
1.371

0.176
1.371

0.996
-47.1

-0.99
36.13

-1.2
-18.1

-1.2
-18.1

Carry
over
moments
Total

On calculating net moments acting on AB and BC beams separately, we get

22

Net sagging moment on AB = 15.58kN/m

Net sagging moment on BC = 30.09kN/m
So Mu=30.09kN/m
30.09 x 10 6
Mu/bd = 230 x 6002
2

= 0.36

From sp16 we get area of steel required

Ast = 0.0846%
Therefore, steel required = 116mm2
So, we shall Provide 2 rods of 12 mm diameter.
So, Ast provided = 226.25mm2
According to IS:456, as there is no shear acting on the beam, minimum shear
reinforcement is provided .
Shear reinforcement of 10 mm dia @300mm C/C spacing is provided.
Development length
1500mm

600 mm

12 mm dia compressive reinforcement

3600mm

600 mm

3600 mm

230mm

10 mm stirrups @ 500
C/C spacing

230mm
main steel 4 bars
@12mm dia
23

600 mm

Fig 3.6 Reinforcement detailing of beam B7, B16

24

Fig 3.7

25

26

3.3 Columns
A Column is a vertical compression member which transfers the loads of super structure
to the foundation. The transfer of load may be directly from the roof or floor slabs
through the columns to the foundation or indirectly through a beam to the columns and
then to the foundation.
All vertical members may not be termed as columns. Only those members whose
effective length is more than 3 times the lateral dimension are called as COLUMNS and
those members whose effective length is less than 3 times the least lateral dimension are
called PEDSTALS or short columns.

Axially loaded columns are those in which the line of action of external load supported
by a column coincides with the centroidal axis of the column. As per IS: 456-2000, all
columns shall be designed for a minimum eccentricity equal to the unsupported length of
columns/500 plus least lateral dimension/30 subject to a minimum of 20.
The failure modes depend primarily on the slenderness ratio of the member which is in
turn depends on the cross sectional dimensions, effective length, and support conditions
of the member.
3.3.1 Classification of columns
Depending on slenderness ratio, columns are classified as
i.
ii.

Short columns
long columns or slender columns

3.3.1.1 Short columns:

A column is considered as short when the slenderness ratio in both the directions (l ex / D
and ley /b) is less than 12.
3.3.1.2 Slender columns:
If the above slenderness ratio in both the directions is greater than 12, then the column is
called as long column where, lex ,ley effective length in respect of the major axis and
minor axis respectively.
27

D = depth in respect of the major axis

b = width of the member
3.3.2 Grouping of columns
Since designing every column in a building is difficult and time consuming, columns are
grouped according to their loads and the column is designed for maximum load in each
group. The same design is adopted for all the columns in that group.
Table 3.4 Grouping of columns available the plan of the building
Group no.

LOADS (kN)

COLUMN NUMBERS

300 -500

C7,C25

500 -1000

C1,C3,C6,C10,C12,C22,C27,C34,C36

1000-1500

C2,C4,C8,C11,C13,C15,C24,C26,C31,C33,C35

1500 -2000

-Nil-

2000-2500

C5,C14,C23,C32

3.3.3 Design of Columns in group-2 (C1,C3,C6,C10,C12,C22,C27,C34,C36)

Factored load =1000 KN

Self weight = 10.35 KN
Total load, PU =1000+10.35 =1010.35 KN
MUX =51.8KN-m
MUy =11.41KN-m
28

Effective lengths, lex =3m = ley

lex/D =

3000 x 0.65
600

=3.25 <12

ley/b =

3000 x 0.65
230

=8.46 <12

So, it is a short column.

Eccentricity:
EX min =

1950
600
+
500
30 > 20

3.9 + 20 = 23.9 > 20

Ey min =

1950
500

230
30 > 20

3.9+7.6 < 20
So, consider min eccentricity 20mm
Moments:
Mux min =1010.350.0239 =24.14 kN-m
Muy min =0.0201010.35 =20.207 kN-m
MU = 36.20 kN-m
1000 x 103
Pu/fckbD = 25 x 230 x 600

MU /fckb D

= 0.28

36.210 6
= 25 x 230 x 6002

= 0.17

29

d/D =50/600 =0.08

take p =1%
AS/bd 100 =1
1 230 600
100

AS =

Ast = 780mm
No of bars = 8 bars of 12mm dia
P/fck =1/25 =0.04
Pu/fckbD =

1010.35 1000
25 230 600

=0.29

d/D =0.08
2
MU / fckbd D =0.15

MX1 =0.15252306002
=310.5 KN-m
d/b =0.20
P/fck =0.04
Pu /fckbd =0.29
Mu/ fckbD2 =0.095
Mu = 0.095252302600 =75.38
Pu /Puz = 1010.35 /1800 =0.56
0.2 0.56 0.8
1

1.6

30

(24.14) A= r (20.207)
+
1
(310.5)
( 75.38)
0.016+0.12 1
1.136

1 (safe)

31

230mm

8 bars of 12 mm dia

600 mm

8 mm dia bars@200mm c-c spacing

Fig 3.8 reinforcement detailing of column

3.3.4 DETAILS OF OTHER COLUMNS

LOAD

300-500

COLUMN

MOMENTS

NUMBERS
C7,C25

Classification based on
slenderness ratio
SHORT COLUMN

C2,C4,C8,C11,C13,C
1000-1500

15
C24,C26,C31,C33,C3

SHORT COLUMN

5
2000-2500

C5,C14,C23,C32

SHORT COLUMN

32

3.4 Footings

Reinforced concrete columns are supported by the footings which are located below the
ground level and is referred to as the foundation structure. The main purpose of the
footing is to effectively support the super structure by transmitting the applied loads,
moments and other forces to the soil without exceeding the safe bearing capacity of the
soil.
The footings are designed according to IS: 456-2000 to resist the bending moments and
shear forces developed due to the soil pressure.
3.4.1 Footing design
Lets consider SBC =450kN/m2
Area of footing =

1.1 1010.35
450

Net upward pressure =

= 2.46m2

1010.35
1.39 1.76

= 412.38 < 450

MOMENTS:
Mxx = 412.381.750.582 /2 = 121.38 kN-m
Myy =412.381.400.572/2 = 93.7 kN-m
MU limit =0.133fckbd2
121.38106 =0.133251400d2
d =158.52mm
Lets provide 250mm
Check for 2 way shear:
Punching shear (VUD )

P0[(lb)-2(0.23+d)(0.60+d)]

412.38[(1.401.75)-2(0.48)(0.85)]
33

tVD

673.8 kN

673.8 1000
2 [ ( 600+d ) ( 230+d ) ] d

673.8 1000
2 [ 850+ 480 ] 250

1.01 kN/m2

Check:
tVD < kst c
ks =(0.5 +0.23/0.60) 1
so take ks = 0.88
tc = 1.25
kst c =1.15
Hence satisfied
Area of steel along shorter dimension:
Cu=Tu
0.36 fckbu =0.87fy Ast
0.36251750Xu =0.87500Ast
Xu =

0.87 500 Ast

0.36 25 1750

Xu =0.027 Ast
Mu limit = 0.87fyAst[250-0.42Xu]
6

121.38 10

=0.87500Ast[250-0.011Ast]
34

121.38 10

=108750Ast -4.785Ast2

Ast =1177.10mm
6 bars of 16 mm dia
Area of steel along longer dimension
0.36251400Xu =0.87500Ast
Xu =0.034Ast
93.7 10

= 0.87500Ast[250-0.420.034Ast]

Ast =897.06mm2
8 bars of 12mm dia

Check for one way shear:

Pt = 8113.09100 /1400250
= 0.18%
Shear force at the critical section:
tv = 412.08(0.58 -0.359)
= 189.69
= 189.691000 /3501400
= 0.270 kN/m2
By intrapolation, 0.29 < tv <0.36
Therefore,
tc > tv (hence satisfied )
Check for development:

35

Ld =

0.87 415 12
4 1.5 1.6

= 451.31 mm

6 bars of 16mm dia

8 bars of 12mm
dia

Column of
230mmx600mm

Fig 3.9 reinforcement detailing of footing

36

37

3.5 Stair case

A stair case consists of a number of steps arranged in a series, with landings at
appropriate locations, for the purpose of giving access to different floors of a building.
The width of a stair case depends on the purpose for which it is provided generally it will
be around 1m for residential buildings and 2m for public buildings.

3.5.2 Calculations
Floor-floor height = 3m
3
2

= 1.5m (for each flight)

No. of steps =

1500
=10
150

steps

No. of threads= 9
38

9250=2250mm
l
=23
d

d=

4385
=158.87
mm
23 1.2

Providing overall depth of waist slab = 200mm

deff = 200-25-6=169mm

Load calculations:
1
25 0.150=1.875
Dead load from steps = 2
kN/m2
Dead load from waist slab = 5.55kN/m2
Live load = 3kN/m2
Floor finishers = 1.5kN/m2
Total = 11.8751.5 = 17.81kN/m2
2

Design BM =

wl
8

17.81 1.5 4.385 4.385

=
64.2kN-m
8

64.2106=0.133251000d2
d=138.95mm
But deff = 169mm (hence ok)
Cu = Tu
0.36251000Xu = 0.87500Ast
Xu = 0.048Ast
M u =?
39

64.2106 = 0.87500Ast ( 169 ( 0.42 0.048 Ast ) )

64.2106 =73515Ast8.77Ast2
8.77Ast273515Ast+64.2106 =0
Ast = 990.27 991mm2
Spacing:
1000
991
=
s

122
4

S=

113.12
1000
991

S = 114.14mm
So providing spacing of 100mm
0.12
2
1000 200=240 mm
Distribution steel = 100
113.12
1000=471.33 mm
Spacing = 240
As spacing should not exceed =300 mm
S = 300mm

40

Chapter-4

CONCLUSION

A five storied residential building has been analyzed and designed satisfying all the
design requirements as per Indian standard specifications. The Dead and Imposed
load are considered as per IS: 875-1987 (part 1& part 2). All Slabs, Beams, Columns,
Footings, Staircase are designed according to the Indian standard code IS: 456-2000.
The structure is analyzed using Substitute frame method and subsequently the
moments and shear forces are calculated. The slabs are designed based on these loads.
Both One-way slabs and two way slabs were designed as per the aspect ratio. Then
beams were designed based on the loads from slabs. As the beams were not subjected
to greater shear forces, only minimum amount of shear reinforcement specified in
code was provided. The columns were grouped based on the load transferred onto
them in intervals of 500KN. Then columns were designed for maximum load in each
group. This design is applicable for all the columns in that group. Then footings were
designed. All the footings were designed as isolated footings as there was no space
problem for considering other types of footings.

41

Chapter-5
REFERENCES

1. PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE -CODE OF PRACTICE IS 456:2000

(Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi)
2. CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS for Buildings and structures, part-1
dead loads: IS 875(part I):1987
3. CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS for Buildings and structures (partII) live loads: IS 875(part 2):1987
4. SP 16-1980 DESIGN AIDS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE TO IS 456:1978
(Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi)
5. SP 34-1980 DESIGN AIDS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE TO IS 456:1978
(Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi).
6. Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete by P.C.Varghese, PHI, New Delhi.

42