Structure Analysis - Chapter 1

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With Wisdom, We Explore
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
BFC23102
Introduction to Structure
Structure
and
Structural
Analysis
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What is structure:
a system of connected/fabricated parts used to support a load or
creatures activities
Construction or framework of identifiable elements

(components, entities, factors, members, parts, steps, etc.)
which gives complete form and stability, and resists stresses
and strain. Structures have defined boundaries within which:
1. Each element is physically or functionally connected to
other elements, and
2. The elements themselves and their interrelationships are
taken to be either fixed (permanent) or changing only
occasionally or slowly.
Structure
and
Structural
Analysis
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Carry load of deck and pedestrian
Bridge structure
Structure
and
Structural
Analysis
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Seismic Wave
Connection
Behavior of a local region where the structural components are connected
is very complicated
depends primarily on the type and details of the connection used.
To extensively investigate the behavior of the connection, a three
dimensional model is necessarily used to gain accurate results.
For a standard, linear structural analysis, the connection is only
modeled as a point called node or joint and the behavior of the node or
joint depends mainly on the degree of force and moment transfer
across the connection
Connection
Rigid joint
A rigid joint is a connection that allows the complete
transfer of force and moment across the joint.
Both the displacement and rotation are continuous at
the rigid joint.
Connection
Hinge joint
allow the transfer of the bending moment.
Thus, the displacement is continuous at the hinge
joint while the rotation is not since each end of
the member connecting at the hinge joint can
rotate freely from each other
Connection
Pin joint
A pin connection works essentially like a lapped joint.
It transfers vertical and horizontal shear loads and
cannot resist any bending or moment (rotational) forces.
Many pin connections might look like they are designed
to rotate but do not actually function as points of
rotation for the structure.
Is used to simplify erection by allowing for some slight
differences in angles of the members
Structure
and
Structural
Analysis
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Structural engineering:
Planning
Analysis
Design
Construction
We are here
Structure
and
Structural
Analysis
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Designing a structure:
- Utility / Serviceability
- Durability
- Safety
- Economy / Cost
- Aesthetic / Architecture value
- Material
- Environmental constraints
Thus, structure can be defined as a part of construction which

has one or more element is subjected to various loads that it
must resist without either collapsing or deforming excessively
Type
of
Structures
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Tension and compression structure

- Column (compression)
- Cable-supported structure (tension)
- Arch (compression)
- Truss (compression & tension)
Sidney Harbour
bridge - Arch
London St.Pancras
Train Station Truss
Column
Manchester city
Stadium - Cable
structure
Type
of
Structures
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Flexural beam and frame

- Beam
- Frame
- Combination structure
(bridge, building)
Frame
Concrete Beam
Steel Beam
Type
of
Structures
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Structure surface
- Slab
- Folded plates shells
- Dome
- Skin-type structure
Slabs
Folded plate shells
Domes
Skin type structure
Structural
Analysis
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Structure analysis:
Is a process determining the reaction of the structure
under the specified loads or actions.
Reaction can be measured by establishing the forces
and deformations throughout the structures.
Structure must be analyzed, once a preliminary design of
structure is proposed
Objective
to determined load, forces and displacement
In design
internal forces, shear, moment
Results
use to redesign the structure
Structural
Idealization
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Structural
Idealization
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Structural
Idealization
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Type of Support
Roller support
- 1 direction of translation constraint
- 1 component of support reactions in the direction of constrain
to accommodate local high value of negative bending moment
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Type of Support
Pinned support
- 2 directions of translation constraint
- 2 components of support reactions in the direction of constrain
mostly applied for simplify manner in building design
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Type of Support
Fixed support
- 2 directions of translation constraint
- 1 directions of rotational constraint
- 3 components of support reactions in the direction of constrain
fixed supports are rarely found in practice
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Type of Support
Link support
Ball and socket
Rigid support in space
Structure
Problem
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Structure
Stable
Determinate
Unstable
Indeterminate
External
Internal
Static
Geometry
Stability
and
Determinancy
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Stability
- Equilibrium principle
Type of structure instability
- Kinematics unstable (Partial constraint)

Number of reaction at the support or number of the member is less
than the minimum requirement.
Some cases: one of the member have fewer reaction forces than
equations of equilibrium than must be satisfied
- Geometry unstable (Improper constraint)
Location or the arrangement of the support or member are improper
Stability
and
Determinacy
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Classification
Classification
Beam
Frame
Plane
truss
Space truss
Statistical
unstable
r<n+3
3m + r < 3j + n
m < 2j - r
m < 3j - r
Determinate
(only if
geometrically
stable)
r=n+3
3m + r = 3j + n
m = 2j - r
m = 3j - r
Indeterminate
r>n+3
3m + r > 3j + n
m > 2j - r
m > 3j - r
n = number of internal hinge; r = number of reaction;

m=number of member; j = number of joint
Kinematics unstable
Geometry unstable
Stability & determinacy

Determinacy
The ability to compute support reactions using
plan statics.
Determinate
The equations of equilibrium are sufficient to find all
the forces
Indeterminate
There are too many reactions to solve for
Principal statically equilibrium are insufficient to
determined support reaction and/or internal
distribution
Stability & determinacy classification
Classification
Beam
Frame
Plane
truss
Space truss
Statistical
unstable
r<n+3
3m + r < 3j + n
m < 2j - r
m < 3j - r
Determinate
(only if
geometrically
stable)
r=n+3
3m + r = 3j + n
m = 2j - r
m = 3j - r
Indeterminate
r>n+3
3m + r > 3j + n
m > 2j - r
m > 3j - r
n = number of internal hinge; r = number of reaction; m=number of member; j = number

of joint
Stability and
determinacy
of beam
structure
Stability and
determinacy of
frame
structure
Stability and
determinacy
of plane
truss
structures
* Geometrically unstable due to the hinge in one straight line

**Geometrically unstable due to parallel reactions (horizontally unrestrained)

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www.uthm.edu.

With Wisdom, We Explore

Construction or framework of identifiable elements

Thus, structure can be defined as a part of construction which

Tension and compression structure

Flexural beam and frame

Folded plate shells

Skin type structure

to determined load, forces and displacement

internal forces, shear, moment

use to redesign the structure

to accommodate local high value of negative bending moment

mostly applied for simplify manner in building design

fixed supports are rarely found in practice

Ball and socket

Rigid support in space

Type of structure instability

- Kinematics unstable (Partial constraint)

n = number of internal hinge; r = number of reaction;

Stability & determinacy

Stability & determinacy classification

n = number of internal hinge; r = number of reaction; m=number of member; j = number

* Geometrically unstable due to the hinge in one straight line

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