Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 253 views

    Water Requirements Peanut FAO

    Uploaded by

    Jose Ferreira
    Groundnut is a legume crop grown between 40°N and S latitudes that fixes nitrogen. It requires 500-700 mm of rainfall during its 90-115 day growing period, with optimal temperatures of 22-28°C. Groundnut grows best in well-drained, loose soils and requires nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium. The crop has defined growth stages and its water requirements vary during these stages, with flowering being the most sensitive period to water deficit. Maintaining soil moisture is important for yield, while excessive water can harm crop health and harvest. Supplemental irrigation during flowering improves yields under water stress.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Water Requirements Peanut FAO

    Uploaded by

    Jose Ferreira
    253 views4 pages
    Groundnut is a legume crop grown between 40°N and S latitudes that fixes nitrogen. It requires 500-700 mm of rainfall during its 90-115 day growing period, with optimal temperatures of 22-28°C. Groundnut grows best in well-drained, loose soils and requires nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium. The crop has defined growth stages and its water requirements vary during these stages, with flowering being the most sensitive period to water deficit. Maintaining soil moisture is important for yield, while excessive water can harm crop health and harvest. Supplemental irrigation during flowering improves yields under water stress.

    Original Description:

    Tech information peanut

    Original Title

    Water requirements peanut FAO

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Groundnut is a legume crop grown between 40°N and S latitudes that fixes nitrogen. It requires 500-700 mm of rainfall during its 90-115 day growing period, with optimal temperatures of 22-28°C. Groundnut grows best in well-drained, loose soils and requires nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium. The crop has defined growth stages and its water requirements vary during these stages, with flowering being the most sensitive period to water deficit. Maintaining soil moisture is important for yield, while excessive water can harm crop health and harvest. Supplemental irrigation during flowering improves yields under water stress.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    253 views4 pages

    Water Requirements Peanut FAO

    Uploaded by

    Jose Ferreira
    Groundnut is a legume crop grown between 40°N and S latitudes that fixes nitrogen. It requires 500-700 mm of rainfall during its 90-115 day growing period, with optimal temperatures of 22-28°C. Groundnut grows best in well-drained, loose soils and requires nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium. The crop has defined growth stages and its water requirements vary during these stages, with flowering being the most sensitive period to water deficit. Maintaining soil moisture is important for yield, while excessive water can harm crop health and harvest. Supplemental irrigation during flowering improves yields under water stress.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 4

    text only version print friendly

    Crop Water Information: Groundnut


    Quality
    Productivity
    Aquacrop
    Crop Information
    Irrigation

    Thissectionpresentsinformationonwaterrelationsandwatermanagementofgroundnutand
    provideslinkstoothersourcesofinformation.

    Crop Description and Climate


    Groundnut(Arachishypogaea)originatesfromSouthAmerica.Presentannualworldproductionof
    unshellednutsisabout35.1milliontonsfromabout25.5millionha.(FAOSTAT,2001)
    Thecropisgrownbetween40NandSlatitudes.Itsgrowingperiodis90to115daysforthe
    sequential,branchedvarietiesand120to140daysforthealternatelybranchedvarieties.Themean
    dailytemperatureforoptimumgrowthis22to28Careductioninyieldoccursabove33Cand
    below18C.Germinationisdelayedattemperaturesbelow20C.Groundnutisconsideredaday
    neutralplantanddaylengthisnotacriticalfactorinfluencingyield.Forgoodyields,arainfedcrop
    requiresabout500to700mmofreliablerainfalloverthetotalgrowingperiod.

    Databases & Software


    Publications & CDROMs
    Educational Material
    Our Regional Offices
    IPTRID

    Thecropisbestadaptedto.welldrained,loose,friablemediumtexturedsoils.Heavytextures
    causeproblemsinliftingthecropatharvest.Also,thetopsoilshouldbeloosetoallowthepegs(on
    whichthefruitsareformed)toenterthesoileasily.
    Beingalegume,groundnutcanfixnitrogenfromtheair.However,apreplantingnitrogen
    applicationof10to20kg/haisoftenrecommendedtoassuregoodcropestablishment.
    Phosphorousrequirementsare15to40kg/hapotassiumrequirements25to40kg/ha.Atoohigh
    applicationofpotassiumcancauseadecreaseinyield.Forproperkernelformationandpodfilling,
    300to600kg/haofcalciumisrequiredatthebeginningofpodformationinthetopsoilwherethe
    fruitsareformed.Limestoneisusedwhensoilacidityneedstobecorrectedandgypsumwhenonly
    theCalevelneedstobeincreased.AtpHlowerthan6,limingmaybenecessarytoavoidaluminium
    andmanganesetoxicity.
    Groundutduringripening

    Land and Water Division

    Thegraphbelowdepictsthecropstagesofgroundnut,andthetablesummarisesthemaincrop
    coefficientsusedforwatermanagement.

    Stages of Development
    Crop
    characteristic

    Plant date

    Region

    Crop
    Development

    Midseason

    Late

    Total

    25

    35

    45

    25

    130

    Dry season

    West Africa

    35

    35

    35

    35

    140

    May

    High Latitudes

    35

    45

    35

    25

    140

    May/June

    Mediteranean

    Depletion
    Coefficient, p

    0.45

    >>

    0.45

    0.5

    Root Depth, m

    0.25

    >>

    >>

    0.5

    Crop Coefficient,
    Kc

    0.4

    >>

    1.05

    0.6

    Yield Response
    Factor, Ky

    0.2

    0.8

    0.6

    0.2

    0.7

    Stage length,
    days

    Initial

    Water Requirements
    Dependingonclimate,thewaterrequirementsrangefrom500to700mmforthetotalgrowing
    period.Asrelatedtodevelopmentstages,thekcvaluefortheinitialstageis0.40.5(15to35
    days),thedevelopmentstage0.70.8(30to45days),themidseasonstage0.951.1(30to50
    days),thelateseasonstage0.70.8(20to30days),andatharvest0.550.6.

    Water Supply And Crop Yield


    Therelationshipsbetweenrelativeyielddecrease(1Ya/Ym)andrelativeevapotranspirationdeficit
    forthetotalgrowingperiodareshowninthefigurebelow.

    Thisfigureshowstherelationshipsbetweenrelativeyielddecrease(1Ya/Ym)andrelative
    evapotranspirationdeficitfortheindividualgrowthperiods.

    Vegetativeandreproductivegrowthshowadefiniteresponsetowatersupply.However,excessive
    soilwaterisharmfulbecauselackofoxygeninthesoillimitstheactivityoftheNfixingbacteria
    thisisnotedbyanunhealthygrowthpatternandyellowingoftheleaves.Excessivesoilwaterin
    heavysoilsatharvestcancausethepodstobetorneasilyfromthepegswiththepodsremainingin
    thesoil.
    Thefloweringperiod(2)ismostsensitivetowaterdeficit,followedbytheyieldformationperiod(3).
    Ingeneral,waterdeficitsduringthevegetativeperiod(1)causedelayedfloweringandharvest,and
    reducedgrowthandyield.Waterdeficitsduringflowering(2)causeflowerdroporimpaired
    pollination,whereaswaterdeficitsduringtheyieldformationperiod(3)giveareducedpodweight.
    Theearlypartoftheyieldformationperiod(podsetting)isparticularlysensitivetowaterdeficit.In
    thecaseoflimitedwatersupply,watersavingsshouldbemadeduringtheperiodsotherthan
    flowering(2)andearlyyieldformation(3).Ahighertotalproductionisobtainedbyincreasingthe
    cultivatedareaandpartiallymeetingcropwaterrequirementsratherthanbymeetingfullcrop
    waterrequirementsoveralimitedarea.
    Followingtablepresentsthegrowthperiodsforgroundnut

    Crop stage

    Days

    Establishment

    1020

    Vegetative

    2535

    Flowering 1

    3040

    Yield formation (including pod setting and pod filling) 3035

    ripening

    1020

    1Floweringcontinuesduringpartoftehyieldformationbutthepodsfromthelateformedflowers

    donotreachmaturity.

    Water Uptake
    Thecrophasawelldevelopedtaprootwithmanylateralswhichmayextendtoadepthof1.Sm.
    Themajorpartoftherootsystemis,however,foundinthefirst0.5to0.6msoillayer.Fullgrown
    plantsnormallyextract100percentofthewaterfromthefirst0.5to1.0mofthesoil(D=0.51.0).
    Underanevapotranspirationrateof5to6mm/day,therateofwateruptakebythecropstartsto
    reducewhensome50percentofthetotalavailablesoilwaterhasbeendepleted(p=0.5).

    Irrigation Scheduling
    Dependingonthelevelofcropevapotranspirationandwaterholdingcapacityofthesoil,intervals
    varyfrom6to14daysupto21daysforloamsoils,withshorterintervalsduringflowering(2)when
    depletionofavailablesoilwatershouldnotexceed40percent.Inthecaseofsupplemental
    irrigation,bestresultsareobtainedwhenwaterisappliedduringthefloweringperiod(2).

    Irrigation Methods
    Onlighttexturedsoils,sprinklerirrigationoffersadvantagesbylightandfrequentwaterapplication,
    sufficienttowetthefirst0.6mofthesoil.Furrowirrigationisfrequentlyusedonmediumtextured
    soils.

    Yield
    Underrainfedconditionsgoodaverageyieldsvaryfrom2to3ton/haunshellednutsunderahigh
    levelofmanagement.Underirrigationandahighlevel100ofmanagement,yieldscanbe3.5to4.5
    ton/haunshellednuts.Thewaterutilizationefficiencyfortheharvestedyield(Ey)forunshelled,
    driednutswithamoisturecontentofabout15percentis0.6to0.8kg/m3.Groundnutscontain
    about30percentproteinandarerichinvitaminsBandC.TheoilcontentfortheVirginiabunch
    type(alternatelybranched),isbetween38and47percentforthesmallseededSpanishtypes
    (sequentiallybranched),47to50percent.Oilcontentisreducedconsiderablywhenwaterdeficits
    occurduringtheyieldformationperiod(3).

    You might also like