Pros Man II Handout 02 Turning 1
Pros Man II Handout 02 Turning 1
Pros Man II Handout 02 Turning 1
Proses Manufaktur II
Sumber:
Cross Feed
Handwheel
The cross feed handwheel is used to manually position and/or hand feed the compound rest
in the X axis.
Carriage
Handwheel
The carriage handwheel is used to manually position and/or hand feed the carriage in the
longitudinal or Z axis.
Carriage
The carriage houses the saddle, the cross slide, and the apron. The main function of the
carriage is to position the tool along the lathe bed.
Spindle
Clutch Lever
Brake
This type of spindle brake uses the foot pedal. The foot pedal type of brake is found on
many types of lathes. When the foot pedal is actuated, the spindle will stop regardless
of the position of the spindle clutch lever.
Feed Rod
The feed rod transmits power from the headstock to the carriage for feeding operations.
Lead Screw
The lead screw transmits power from the headstock to the carriage for screw thread cutting
operations. On some lesser types of lathes the feed rod and the lead screw are used for
both the feed and the screw cutting power transmission.
Rack
The rack or gear rack, as it is sometimes referred to, links with the carriage handwheel to
make longitudinal movement of the carriage possible.
Bed Ways
The bed ways align the components of the lathe. The bed is the back bone of the machine.
Tailstock
The tailstock is used to support the right end of the work. The tailstock is also used for
tool-holding for machining operations, such as drilling, reaming, and tapping.
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Headstock
Spindle Speed
Selector
Emergency Stop
Button
Motor Start
Button
The motor start button starts the electric drive motor for the machine. The
motor start button does not control the spindle; however, it does supply the
power.
Spindle Clutch
and Brake Lever
This lever controls the spindle rotation. Through the use of this lever, the
operator controls the spindle direction, spindle on, and spindle off. On some
machines, when the spindle is turned off, a magnetic spindle brake is
applied. The other type of spindle brake is the foot pedal. The foot pedal
type of brake is found on many other types of machines.
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Lathe
Cutting
Operations
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Lathe
Turning Operation
Figure 23.3 Schematic illustration of the basic turning operation, showing depth-ofcut, d; feed, f; and spindle rotational speed, N in rev/min. Cutting speed is the surface
speed of the workpiece at the tool tip.
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Figure 23.4 Designations for a right-hand cutting tool. Right-hand means the tool
travels form right to left, as shown in Fig. 23.3.
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Summary
of Turning
Parameters
and
Formulas
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Figure 23.5 Forces acting on a cuttin tool in turning, Fc is the cutting force, Ft
is the thrust of feed force (in the direction of feed), and Fr is the radial force
that tends to push the tool away from the workpiece being machined.
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Collets
Figure 23.7 (a) and (b) Schematic illustrations of a draw-in type collet. The
workpiece is placed in the collet hole, and the conical surfaces of the collet are
forced inwards by pulling it with a draw bar into the sleeve. (c) A push-out type
collet. (d) Workholding of a workpiece on a face plate.
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Figure 23.8 Various types of mandrels to hold workpieces for turning. These mandrels
usually are mounted between centers on a lathe. Note that in (a), both the cylindrical
and the end faces of the workpiece can be machined, whereas in (b) and (c), only the
cylindrical surfaces can be machined.
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Turret Lathe
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Figure 23.10 (a) A computer numerical-control lathe. Note the two turrets on
this machine. These machines have higher power and spindle speed than other
lathes in order to take advantage of new cutting tools with enhanced properties.
(b) A typical turret equipped with ten tools, some of which are powered.
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Typical
Production
Rates for
Various
Machining
Operations
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Range of Surface
Roughness in
Machining
Processes
Figure 23.13 The range of
surface roughnesses obtained
in various machining
processes. Note the wide
range within each group,
especially in turning and boring.
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Range of
Dimensional
Tolerances in
Machining as a
Function of
Work-piece Size
Figure 23.14 Range of
dimensional tolerances obtained
in various machining processes
as a function of workpiece size.
Note that there is an order os
magnitude difference between
small and large workpieces.
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Cutting
Screw
Threads
Figure 23.15 (a) Cutting screw threads on a lathe with a single-point cutting tool. (b) Cutting screw
threads with a single-point tool in several passes, normally utilized for large threads. The small arrows in
the figures show the direction of the feed, and the broken lines show the position of the cutting tool as time
progresses. Note that in radial cutting, the tool is fed directly into the workpiece. In flank cutting, the tool is
fed inot the piece along the right face of the thread. In incremental cutting, the tool is first fed directly into
the piece at the center of the thread, then at its sides, and finally into the root. (c) A typical coated-carbide
insert in the process of cutting screw threads on a round shaft. (d) Cutting internal screw threads with a
carbide insert. Source: (c): Courtesy of Iscar Metals Inc.
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Parameter Turning
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Waktu permesinan
Laju pembuangan
geram
t
Z
l
f n
a n d a
p
Daya pemotongan
Daya motor
P
P
pZ
s
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Daya pemotongan
Torsi
Pm T
T Fc (d avg / 2)
(benda kerja),
Fc adalah gaya pemotongan (cutting
force),
davg adalah diameter rata-rata bkerja, (dw+dm)/2
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