Rural Tourism and Rural Technology and Skill

Development.
RD. 509
FM: 50
A. Rural Tourism

1) Meaning and Nature of Rural Tourism

a. Meaning and Components of Tourism.

Meaning of Tourism
• Man has been traveling throughout the ages; since the emergence of
human being.
• In prehistoric times – people traveled in search of basic necessities like
food, water and shelter.
(→ Difficult and dangerous → unsafe travel)
• Latter on, traders and merchants → trade relation gradually matured into
cultural relations – better understanding of each other’s way of life.
• A large number of pilgrims traveled the places associated with religions-
esp. places related to Christianity.
• Travel accounts of adventures i.e. to explore distant lands.

So there are 3 primary motives of travel at the early days:

a) Trade and commerce
b) Pilgrimage
c) To explore.

The basic concept of tourism is “pleasure at leisure”.

• Early pleasure travel: Romans during holiday occasions, especially during

Olympic Games, spa and seaside resort.
In 18th century, the concept of annual holiday was emerged as paid holiday in
Europe which was turning point. This is how Concept of Modern tourism emerged.

→ Development of transports like road transport, sea transport, air transport, etc.
brought more advancement in tourism.
→More over, increased in leisure time, income, mobility, education, curiosity etc.
encourage for travel and tourism.
• The word ‘Tourism’ is derived from the French word ‘Tourisme’ meaning with
‘the practice of touring or traveling’.
• Traveling for recreation – Webster’s Dictionary.
• According to Oxford Dictionary Tourism is derived from the Latin word Tornos
which means circular trip or journey.
• Tourism was first defined by the Austrian economist Herman Von Schullard in
1910 A.D. as “ the sum total of operations, mainly of economic nature, which
 directly related to the entry , stay and movement of foreigners inside and
outside a certain country, city or region” ( Satyal, 1994)
• According to Swiss Professors Watter Hunziker and Kurt Krapt (1942) “Tourism
is the totality of the relationship and phenomenon arising from the travel and
stay of strangers, provided that the stay does not imply the establishment of a
permanent residence and is not connected with a remunerated activity.”
• According to World Tourism Organization (WTO): ‘Tourism comprised the
activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual
environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and
other purposes.’
• By UN (WTO) definition “tourist is a person who stays for more than one night
and less than one year.”
• Broadly speaking “Tourist is a person who travels form place to place for non-
work reasons.” “Tourist is a person who moves to learn, appreciate nature, to
relax and for change in and outside his/ her country”.
• Likewise, tourism can be defined as the science, art and business of attracting
and transporting visitors, accommodating them and providing services
according to their needs and wants.

Thus, there are three essential conditions to be Tourism:-

I. Travel by non- residents (movement)
II. Temporary stay (nature of stay)
III. Stay not connected with remuneration activity.→ expenditure

Tourism is a composite of activities, services and industries that delivers a travel

experience: transportations, accommodation, eating and drinking establishments,
shops, entertainment, activity facilities, and other hospitality services available for
individuals or groups that are traveling away from home.

Rural Tourism

Rural tourism is a tourism which takes place in the country side. Rural tourism is
concerned with rural areas- functionally rural – small-scale natural world / traditional
practices. Generally rural tourism happens with the area of farming, tradition, less than
ten thousand population.
Rural Tourism is a complex multifaceted activity: it is not just farm-based tourism. It
includes not only farm based holidays but also comprises special interest nature
holidays and ecotourism, walking, climbing and riding holidays, adventure, sport and
health tourism, hunting and angling, educational travel, art and heritage tourism and in
some areas ethnic tourism
- Rural tourism prefers natural environment; home-stay; use and provision of
locally available resources products. In recent years, the rise of the
independence tourist seeking a non-resort based or rural holiday has now
added a new dimension to the tourism industry. This trend towards holidays in
the country side has considerable potential as a tool for economic regeneration.
Over 70% of all Americans now participate in rural recreation: figures for many
other developed countries reveal similar. It has proved to be a powerful engine
 for economic growth transferring capital, income and employment form
industrial, urban and developed areas to non- industrial and rural areas.

Different Between Urban and Rural Tourism

Urban/Resort Tourism Rural Tourism
1. Little open space 1) Much open space
2. Settlements over 10,000 population 2) Settlements over 10,000 population
3. Densely populated 3) Sparsely populated
4. Built environment 4) Natural environment
5. Many indoor activities 5) Many outdoor activities
6. Infrastructure intensive (dense 6) Infrastructure weak
concentrated) 7) Strong individual activity base
7. Strong entertainment/ retail base 8) Small establishment
8. Large establishment (an org; its staff) 9) Local owned business
9. Nationality/ Internationally owned firms 10) Much full time involvement in
10. Much full time involvement in tourism tourism
11. No farm/forestry involvement 11) Some farm/forestry involvement
12. Tourism interest self –supporting 12) Tourism support other interest
13. Workers may live far from workplace 13) Workers often live close to
14. Rarely influence by seasonal factors workplace
15. Many guests 14) Often influence by seasonal factors
16. Guests relationship anonymous 15) Few guests
17. Professional management 16) Guests relationship personal
18. Cosmopolitan in atmosphere 17) Amateur management
19. Many modern buildings 18) Local in atmosphere
20. Development/ growth ethic 19) Many older buildings
21. Broad marketing operation 20) Conservations/ limits to growth ethic
21) Niche (advantageous

Rural Holidays Activities

1) Walking
2) Climbing
3) Adventure
4) Canoeing
5) Rafting
6) Skiing
7) Nature study in outdoor setting, including bird watching, photography e.t.c
8) Hunting
9) Cycling
10)Horse Riding
11)Landscape appreciation
12)Rural Heritage studies
13)Small town/ village touring
14)Relaxation holidays requiring a rural milieu. (social environment)
15)Small scale conventions/ conferences
16)Rural festivals
17)Sports requiring natural setting
  Urban Based Holidays Activities
1) City sight seeing
2) Shopping
3) Urban heritage studies
4) Zoological gardens
5) Health Resort
6) Industrial tourism
7) Major conferences/ conventions
8) Entertainment holidays/ gambling
9) Resort holidays
10)Sports requiring man-made infrastructure, eg. International arena- based
events.

 Rural or Urban Based Holidays Activities:

 Swimming
 Food festivals/ cultural festivals
 General Heritage holidays
 Educational holidays/ tour
 Craft holidays
 Sightseeing/ touring
 Small/ medium sized conventions conferences
 Sailing/ cruising (travel or sail smoothly at a moderate speed)
 Sea Angling (fishing with a rod and line)

Basic Components of Tourism.

Complex activity Composite phenomena

Tourism does not exist in isolation, ‘it requires linkage and coordination’- relation
Amenities (added facilities and services).It is outcome of three major tourism
components: 1) Accessibility (Transport) 2) Attraction (Locate), and 3)
Accommodation (Lodging, Fooding).

1) Accessibility (Transport) _
If there were no transport, there can be no travel connectivity
(immovability of the product) means pol. govt. policy, culture, economic
accessibility - easy access Annapurna region, chitwan N.P.
Modes of transport Road, Rail, Air, Ocean, Space/Rocket, Cable Car),
etc.
Transport ∙ to the destination
∙ around the destination
∙ main feature itself eg.- cable car
Nepalese context
 2) Attraction (Locale) _
Attraction is the backbone of site / event attraction tourism. Attraction is
that what a destination offers to the tourist. It is a major motivating factor
for a tourist. Attraction may be natural, historical, cultural, and human
made.
- precondition of travel; predetermined attraction

3) Accommodation (lodging + ……..)

WTO – tourist must spend at least one night in the destination visited to
be qualified as a tourist. Very basic (stay)

Various types of Accommodation

Resort Complexes :-
Away / far from the city centres, natural environment, no pollution
(absence of air pollution), small cottages, esp. for holiday recreation.
• Hotels :-
High facilities, located in city centres (downtown), seminar / training
halls, lodging / fooding, may be big buildings.etc
• Motels :-
Esp. popular in Europe, foreign style, near to highway (fast food + rest),
small scale resort.
• Guest house / lodge _
Cheap accommodation, lodging only resides in city centres, near to
airport appropriate esp. for budget tourists / travellers.

• Youth Hostels _
Popular in Europe (for below 26 years old youths, esp. in Germany,
Spain)
• Holiday Centres :-
E.g. Meditation centre (tkf]jg,w'lnv]n)
• Inns :-
A kind of guest house
• Farm houses :-

• Sleeper Trains :-
Rail with fooding, lodging facilities.
• Campsites :-

• Caravans :-
Esp. in Europe (cheap), motor / bus/ vehicle with lodging, fooding, water,
toilet, etc.facilities.
• Villas :-
Small scale accommodation, (fooding)
• Apartments _
Flat like (Nepalese context)
 b. Elements of Tourism

1. Pleasing weather
• fine weather with warm sunshine
(kf/Ln]f wfd / ;"o{bf]osf] Gofgf] k|sfz)
• l;/- l;/ xfjf rNg]->Lgu/ (kfNkf)
• x':;', ´/L, jfbn, s'O/f] gnfugf]
• z/9 / j;Gt Ct'- cg's'n jftfj/0f
h:t}- g]kfn → kf]v/f, sf7dfG8f},kfNkf, Onfd, ……
-ef/t → u'jf, bfh{lnu, sf:dL/
To:t}, O6fnL, :k]g, u|;sf ;d'lGb| t6x?, cli6«of,
:jL6\h/Nof08, OToflb f

2. Scenic Attraction

• Natural → Geographical, biodiversity ________ eg. Himalaya

Mountains, lakes, waterfalls, glaciers, forests, deserts, etc.

• Manonade → Taj Mahal of India,Greatwall of China, Pisa in Italy for its

famous Leaning Tower, etc.

3. Accessibility
• Distance / means of transport
• Access (Political, economic, social cultural, natural, Govt. policy etc)
For example more tourist flow in:-
- Pokhara, KTM, Chitwan, etc
- Europe, America
- Intra-continental and intra- regional tourist flow is higher than inter-
continental and inter-regional

4. Historical and Cultural Factor

• Place of historic and cultural importance
e.g. → KTM, Patan, Bhaktapur Durbar squares, Gorkha, Lumbini,
Janakpur, etc.
• Festival, Jatra, Fair, tradition, cultural programs.

5. Hospitality
• :jfut, ;Tsf/- 3/ cfFugsf] cg'e'lt
• t'n/ Aofg/ /fVg], dfnf nufOlbg], d:s'/fpg'' (talk with smiling
faces)
• Goodwill multiply ------ for tourism itself.
 N
atural
6. Amenities (Pleasant or useful feature of a place) – Added facilities
+
Comfort Manmade

e.g. – govt. facilities (passport, foreign exchange, immigration and visa),

facilities of travel agency (travel, trekking), Airlines (attraction rate), service
attraction (city transport), communication system, etc.

Types of Tourism

On the basic of place:

1) Domestic Tourism –
- People travel outside their normal domicile to certain other areas within
the country.
- Basic difference : of jurisdiction of travel
- Does not cross the boundaries of the country.
- No barriers of currency exchange, language, passport, visa, health
documents, etc. (easy affair)

Common elements of domestic tourism (Though not yet any internationally accepted
definition) :-

I. Place of residence :-
- Travel by a country’s residents.
II. Geographical setting of travel :-
- National territory
III. Duration of travel :-
- 24 hours or an overnight stay away from his usual residence
IV. Distance traveled :-
- The distance may vary between 25 and 100 miles (40 – 160 kms.)
approx.

2) International Tourism _
- Travelling outside the boundaries
- Barriers of currency exchange (passport, visa, health documents, etc).
- ……….
C. Types of Tourism on the basis of objective, nature of Attraction / Locale

I) Ecotourism
II) Cultural and Religious Tourism
III) Agri-tourism
IV) Recreational tourism
V) Adventure tourism
VI) Health tourism
VII) Sports tourism
VIII) Business and Conference tourism

Eco-tourism

Still not universal / worldwide accepted definition

Late 1980s concept - a catchword
• Natural locality, biodiversity and living socio-cultural heritage – preferred
environment for Eco-Tourism.
• People’s participation :-in planning, implementation, management and benefit
sharing
• Cares to the sustainable use of natural resource
• Looks a balance between natural conservation, sustainable socio-economic
devlopment. and nature tourism.
• Home stay :-cultural experiences sharing
• “Respect” (root of everything worthwhile and good) – to nature, local people
and culture, history, community aspiration and tourism activities (Tourists
themselves).
• Local products: - cheap, fresh (profitable to local people).
• Tourism involve in vergin / uncontaminated area
• “Low impact way”
• Great diversity is important for ecotourism
• Attract tolerant tourists
• Small is beautiful.

Eco-tourism Guidelines -
• Do not take anything away, only memories / photos
• Come, see and conserve
• bury your waste
• Trees are meant to grow-don’t make on open fire. Firewood is scare, avoid
misuse.

Thus Eco-Tourism is economically viable; Environmental friendly, socially / culturally

accepted tourism + people’s participation

“Any style and type of tourism that has the potential to bring benefits to the local
economy whilst contributing to natural and cultural resource conserves.” (NTB 2001)
 ACAP

ACAP is a successful example of eco-tourism in Nepal.

ACA → vast natural and cultural heritage.
Covers 7629 sq. km. area of 55 VDCs which is 5.8 percent of the total land
area of Nepal (District – Kaski, Lamjung, Manang, Mustang, Myagdi)

ACAP - Started since 1986 AD.

- Conservation Area status – in July 1992.
- KMTNC (a national NGO), got responsibility to manage the designated
CA for a period of 10 years.
- Established 7 Unit Conser Officers(UCOs)
- Or tourist information centres
- ACAP’s focus was to bring about the attitudinal change among the local
inhabitants by generating awareness about conservation and
development.
- Also conducted local capacity building leadership and management
trainings.
- Annapurna Base Camp [(ABC) → eg. → Ghandruk,- Tatopani,-
Ghorepani,- Nayapool ] area is declared as “no fuel-wood zone” and “no
glass and mineral water bottles zone”
- Eco-trekking routes.
- Attraction of ACA.
- Beautiful physiographic characteristics, rich cultural heritage and
biodiversity.

• Annapurna Ist, one of the World’s tallest peaks _ (to) the world’s deepest valley
of the Kaligandaki River and Trans-Himalayan Zone of Upper Mustang.
• Numerous waterfalls and glaciers can be found.
• Rare and endangered wildlife species like Snow Leopard, Musk deer…
• A total of 1226 species of plants, 38 species of orchids, 9 species of
rhododendrons, 101 species of mammals, 474 species of birds, 39 species of
reptiles and 22 species of amphibians have been recorded in the ACA.
• More than 10 ethnic groups: Thakali, Gurung…

# Philosophy of ACAP

Maximum people’s participation to improve the socio-economic condition along

with environmental conservation of the area.
- High potentiality and scope of eco tourism in Nepal.
 Cultural and ReligiousTourism:

• To observe and study the other’s culture and religion

• Traditions, festivals, fairs, Jatras, cultural programs, etc. are the occasions for
it.
• Cultural uniqueness of indigenous ethnic groups
• Historical monuments and buildings
• Museums, art galleries,
• Archaeologically important places,
• Special religious occasions – Shivaratri, Kumbha Mela,
• Places of cultural and religious importance in Nepal → KTM valley, Lumbini,
Janakpur, Gorkha, etc.

Early tourism was flourished through culture and religious heritage. It seems still
potential in Nepalese context.

Agri – Tourism another form of village tourism

• Agricultural tours / visits → farm visit and stay.

• A visit to absorb special and fresh agricultural products: food grains, fish
(fishing), fruits (garden), vegetables, etc.
• Influenced by seasonal factors.
• Commercialization of various agricultural occasions such as the work of
transplanting paddy seedlings, threshing, bazaar/fair etc.
• Rural Tourism is not only “ for the people” but also “by the people”
• Scope in agricultural countries like Nepal – Varieties are available
• Still it is a new concept.

D. Tourism as a socioeconomic force

Nepal posses world class tourism attractions: for example wildlife

viewing, trekking, mountaineering and rafting.

But, tourism is not flourished as its potentialities because of:

• Political instability
• Increased security activity
• Negative publicity (e.g., Royal massacre, Hritik Roshan issue,
Maoist insurgency, etc.)

→ According to Global experts’ 21st century global economy will be driven by -

1) Technology 2) Telecommunication 3) Tourism
 As Economic Force,

- Tourism is recognized as priority sector by Tenth Plan.

- (In Nepal)Average economic growth rate 5%
- Non-agriculture sector including tourism (now) contributes about 60% of
GDP.
- Tourism only contributes around 3-4% of GDP.
- 966 tourist hotels recorded in 2003, around 20% of total visitors are
trekkers
- Average length of stay 10-12 days.
- International tourist arrivals worldwide more than 700 million (now)
- Estimated 1.5 billion by the year 2020.

→ Foreign exchange earnings –

• 8.2% of total foreign exchange earnings are from tourism in 2003.
• Brings balance of payment
(export – import)

→ Employment generation –
• Direct and indirect employment
• Presently about 250,000 people (skilled, semi skilled and
unskilled) are employed in tourism.
• More than 200 million jobs across the world.
→ Infrastructural Development –
Airport, road, electricity, communication, bridge, toilet, drinking water …

→ Regional Development –
- Many of economically backward regions contain areas of high scenic
beauty and of cultural attraction.

As Socio-cultural force,

→ International understanding - development of global brotherhood through

• bringing diverse people face to face
• increasing friendships (international)
• mingling of cultures (acculturation)
• cultural preservation
• brings changes in people’s attitude

Negative Impacts of Tourism

1) Socio-cultural
- Acculturation
- Co modification of lively culture
- Consumption pattern
- Illegal business
 - Diseases
2) Environmental
- Reduction in biodiversity (flora/ fauna- heritage)
- Increase in pollution (air, sound, water)
- Erosion, landslides
- Landscape degradation through infrastructure construction.

# Sources of Tourism Statistics

1. Volume
- arrival and departure (entry and exist)
2. Expenditure
3. Characteristics
- Adventure/ cultural/ sport/….

# Importance of Statical Management in Tourism

i. To evaluate the magnitude and significance of tourism.
ii. To plan and develop the physical facilities.
iii. To strengthen promotional marketing

Tourism Carrying Capacity

• Capacity / ability to absorb the flow of tourists.
Types:-

1) Ecological / environmental capacity.

2) Physical facility capacity
3) Social perceptual capacity
4) Economic carrying capacity
5) Psychological capacity
 Unit – 4

International Co-operation in Tourism

• International cooperation in tourism helps in bridging the gap between the

consumers and service providers acting as the intermediaries.
• Tourism is intangible product / service
• No sample available
→ WTO, IATA, PATA etc. help to overcome that intangible character of tourism.

Background of International Tourism Organization

• Widened the horizon of tourism and various countries felt the need of joint effort
for tourism development. – “unity is power.”
• Tourism does not like to be limited within one region, religion, community or
nation as well.
• The international organizations like WTO, PATA, and IATA etc. are formed to
provide a platform where ideas are exchanged / shared and problems of mutual
interest are discussed.

A. WTO / World Tourism Organization

• Legally it came into existence on January 2, 1975 with it’s headquarter in

Madrid, Spain.
• WTO is the transformation of International Union of Official Travel Organization
(IUOTO), (established in 1947).
• A global forum for tourism policy issued and practical source of tourism know-
how.
• Acting as an umbrella organization for world tourism (An executing agency of
UNDP)
• UN Creation – common platform for tourism related discussion.
• WTO’s membership includes 141 countries (in 2003),
• There are three categories / kinds of WTO membership –
a) Full members (141) – the sovereign states.
b) Associate members (7) – territories or group of territories
c) Affiliate members (350) – international bodies related to tourism.

• WTO is an organization which plays the ‘central and decisive role’ in the field of
tourism development.
• WTO, a specialized agency of the United Nations, is the leading international
organization in the field of tourism.
• Aim :
 To stimulate economic growth and job creation, provide incentives for
protecting the environment and cultural heritage and promote peace,
prosperity and respect for individual rights.

# Functioning of WTO:

There are three (3) principal organs through which WTO functions:

1) General Assembly –
Supreme organ; it meets every two years to approve the budget and to
evaluate the programs.
Voting delegates → full and associate members
Observer’s → affiliate members.
(Secretary General elected for 4 years)

2) Executive Council –
This is the governing board. Associate and Affiliated members
participate in this council as observers. 26 members elected by General
Assembly.

3) The Secretariat –
It is led by Secretary General who supervise about 80 full time staff at
WTO’s Madrid headquarter. These officials are responsible for
implementing WTO’s programs and serving the needs of members.

4) Regional Commissions –
Africa, East-Asia and the Pacific, America, Europe, Middle East, South
Asia

5) Committees –
Program, Budget and finance, steering, environment

General Activities of WTO:

Collection and updating of available information

1. Cooperation for development – maintain the smoothness

2. Education and Vocational training
3. Collecting data and provide all available information on international and
domestic tourism, (statistics)
4. Conducting research studies ………
5. Simplifying frontiers formalities and removing barriers for the free movement
of the tourist
6. Preparation of draft for international agreements of tourism.
7. Organizing and conducting international conferences, seminars, workshops,
round tables and technical meeting on all aspects of tourism.
8. quality of tourism services
 9. enhancing tourism through Technology
10. Publication (Communication and documentation and many more……….)
11. Environment and Planning

B. Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA)

- Founded / established in 1952

- First conference was held in January 1952 with 44 founding members.
- Non-profit organization
- Recognized authority of Pacific Asia travel and tourism
- Headquarter – established in San Francisco, USA in 1953
The USA – in the East
Pakistan – in the West
Alaska – in the North
New Zealand – in the South

Objective
• Was to develop, promote and facilitate travel to and among the many Pacific
Destinations.
• To enhance the growth, value and quality of pacific destinations (travel and
tourism) for the benefit of its members.
• Dedicated to the tourism promotion
• To unite the many facets of tourism in the region (for combined work)
• To provide the meeting point ……..
• Conservation and promotion of tourist heritage (historical, cultural, natural)
• Building up organizational linkage
• Research and statistics work
• Simplifying frontier formalities, etc.

- All facets of the travel industries are represented within PATA(Large,

small)
- Private sector →Partnership of both → Public sector
- Companies that provide wide range of services to the travel and tourism
industry
- PATA is regarded quite successful association.

Activities / Functions Performed by PATA

1) Conference / Workshop –
Conference, workshop, seminars to exchange their views and to share
ideas, experience and promote their product.
2) Marketing –
Helps for marketing training, educational program for HRD.
3) Research and development –
Helps to develop infrastructure and provide experts services to up-
coming destinations.
+) Publication – for example:
 1) “Pacific Travel News”
2) “Pacific Asia Destination Hand-book”
3) “Hotel Directory”
4) “Travel Guide”

Functioning of PATA
Board of Directors (Two yrs duration) as Executive committee (76 members)
Under the Board of Directors, there are three standing committees in functioning:
1) Executive management committee
2) Industry council
3) Advisory committee

PATA Membership
PATA has nine / 9 categories of membership –

1) Active government :-
Primary official organization

2) Associate government :-
Not being the primary official organization designated for the domestic or
overseas promotion of travel and tourism
3) Active carrier :-
Air or steamship line operating vehicles having more than 12
passenger’s capacity providing regular schedule.
4) Associate carrier :-
Having 12 or fewer passenger capacity – regular schedule
5) Active Industry :-
Hotel organization is having management authority of one thousand or
more guest rooms; tour operator org. excluding air or ship transportation.
6) Allied members :-
Travel agencies, firms, etc. serving as general agents.
7) Affiliated allied members :-
Branch offices of an allied member travel agency or tour operator.
8) Associate members :-
Individual operating org. and firms having definite interest in Pacific
travel. Eg. Media, advertising, etc.
9) Sustaining members :-
The organizations or firms or individuals whose contribution to the aims
of the association may be realized. (In the judgment of Board of
Directors)

The control of PATA is vested in the active government, carrier and

industry members.

→ PATA has a membership drawn –

• Over 100 from countries, states and tourism bodies.
• Over 65 from airlines and cruise lines
 • More than 2,000 travel industry companies.

PATA Chapters

- PATA Chapters are established to assist worldwide in the fulfillment of

PATA objectives. The primary purpose of the chapters is to conduct and
continue education program to keep PATA member up-to-date with
travel news and tourism trend.
-
PATA Chapters

Area Chapters Promotional Chapters

(Within Pacific area) (Potential visitors area)

- To conduct tourism promotional work.

- PATA Chapters are not the branch office of PATA rather they are like
local civic clubs working for the benefit of their respective communities.
- Presently, there are more than 80 PATA Chapters throughout the world.
And over 17,000 travel professional
- Establishment of PATA Nepal Chapter in 1975 AD.

Objectives of PATA Chapters

1) To develop a closer working relationship and a better understanding.

2) To obtain uniformity within the framework of PATA.
3) To implement specific PATA objectives and projects
4) To provide appropriate advice, experience and expertise to PATA members.
5) To obtain PATA members’ opinion
6) To provide a common marketing platform for selling product and providing
services to visitors.
Organization of the PATA
 Area Chapter Members Promotional
Chapter
Board of Directors

Officers
Marketing
Committee Management
Committee
Administration
Committee

PATA STAFF

C. International Air Transport Association (IATA)

• The World org. of scheduled airlines

• Established in April 1945 in Havana (Cuba) which actually replaced the
International Air Traffic Association (which was established in 1919)
• Air transport flourished after 2nd World War.
• Presently, approximately 280 airlines as members.
• Members : 1) Active – International airlines
2) Associate – Domestic airlines
• Membership is open to any operating company which has been licensed to
provide scheduled air service by their government.
• Moreover, members could be from
- Airlines
- Travel agents and tour operators
- Freight forwarders
- Air industry suppliers
- Airports, etc.
- IATA represents the airline industry and it is prime vehicle for inter-airline
cooperation in promoting safe, reliable, secure and economical air services to
the consumers.
- IATA comprises more than 95% of all international scheduled air traffic.
- It is a voluntary, non-political and democratic organization.
- Airlines connect 1400 city pairs with 75,000 flights daily.
- IATA works as a middleman link / bridge between government and airlines.

Activities
 • Major purpose is to ensure that all airlines traffic anywhere move with the
greatest possible speed, safely, efficiently and economically under clearly
defined and understood rules.
• In this regard IATA performs three facets roles.
A) For General Public:
I) Simplifies the travel and shipping process.
II) Controls the quality and cost in international air traffic.
B) For airlines: offers joint means to any individual air company to exploit
opportunities, reducing costs and solving problems.
C) For governments: IATA furnishes the medium for negotiation of international
rates and fares agreements.

Services

• To provide better service to the passengers and to ensure the smooth flow of
passengers, goods (freight) and mail.

# IATA provides the following services –

1) The global planning of international timetables,

2) The standardization of the inter-company communications and reservation
system,
3) The international coordination of telecommunication networks and computer
systems,
4) The single formula for tickets and airway bills,
5) The training of travel and freight agents,
6) The regulation of legal question of general concern, to develop security
measures, and
7) The examination and solving of the problems raised by tourism, the flow of
passengers and goods at the airports, and to establish procedures and
technical norms.
• Insurance and statistics.

# IATA Financial Committee –

- Airlines settle monthly accounts for interline revenue transactions through IATA
Clearing House.
- Concerned with common problems in regard to currency and exchange / taxation,
charges, insurance and statistics.

The Technical Committee

- Cooperation of the airlines in operational and technical matters channeled through it.
- Drafting of the International Civil Aviation Organization standards and
Recommended Practices which form the accepted international pattern for the
technical regulation of civil aviation.

The Legal Committee

- Concerned with all legal maters having a bearing on international air transport
- Formulation of the airlines’ views in the development of international
convention.