Section 2 Chapter 2

ONLINE CLASSES FOR TSPSC /APPSC GROUP-I/II/III/IV , GS FOR JL, DL ,DAO , SI OF POLICE
Introduction:
Andhra Pradesh State was formed by merging Telangana region of erstwhile Hyderabad
State on 1st November, 1956.
The Telangana state was born as the 29th state on June 2, 2014, consequent upon
implementation of the AP Reorganisation Act 2014, with an geographical area of 1,14,840
sq.km and having a population of 3,51,93,978 (2011 census).
It is the 12th largest state in terms of both area and the size of population in the country.
The Telgnana State is bordered by Maharashtra and Chattisgarh in the north, Karnataka in
the west and Andhra Pradesh in the south and the east.
Two major perennial rivers, the Krsihna & the Godavari passing through the state.
Financial System of Telangana in Undivided Andhra Pradesh

Growth of GSDP in Telangana at constant prices :
i) In the year 1960-91 :
The income of Telangana State was 3,883 crores where as income of Andhra State was
8,773 crores.
Indias Income at that time period was 2.06 lakh crores.
ii) In the year 2000-2001 it was as follows:
The income of Telangana State was 34,604 crores where as income of Andhra States was
51,847 crores.
Indias Income at that time period was 11.98 lakh crores.
iii) In the year 2008-2009:
The income of Telangana State was 1.45 lakh crores where as Andhra State income was
1.81 lakh crores.
Income of India was 41.58 lakh crores.
A few observations from the above data may be noted that GSDP of Telangana State
compare to Andhra is always less mainly in the year 1960-61.
In terms of growth rate, the overall average annual growth of Telangana State was 6.6%.
Comparing Share & GSDP of Telangana & Andhra States

(at constant prices) (1993-94)
Year
Telangana
Share
Andhra
Share
(crores)
(%)
(crores)
(%)
1960-61
3883
31%
8778
69%
1970-71
5829
34%
11,127
66%
2000-01
34,604
40%
51,847
60%
2010-11
1,01,804
44%
1,28,006
56%
D.no.3-6-542/2, Himayath Nagar, street no 7, Hyderabad, Telangana - 500029.

Telephone Number +91 9515870609 +91 4027665101 , Website www.kautilyacareers.com
A few observations from the above table may be noted that GSDP increased from about
approx 4000 crores in 1960-61 to more than 1,00,000 crores by 2010-11.
We can observe that the GSDP share of Telangana region compare to Andhra is always less
which is mostly concentrated in the year 1960-61.
But share of GSDP in Telangana was increasing from 31% in 1960-61 to 44% by 2010-11.
Sectoral GSDP of Telangana in undivided Andhra Pradesh

Share at constant prices (1993-94)
Telangana Region
Andhra Region
1) Agriculture - 23.9%
1) Agriculture - 39.5%
2) Industries - 31.9%
2) Industries - 19.9%
3) Service Sector - 44.9%
3) Service Sector - 40.7%
Total GSDP Value - 22,171 crores Total GSDP Value - 35,697 crores
From the above data, we can observe that Agriculture share in Telangana region compare to
Andhra is less.
In undivided Andhra Pradesh, Industries maximum developed in the surroundings of
Hyderabad, hence the share of Industries are high in Telangana region compare to Andhra.
* Service Sector has slight difference in both Telangana & Andhra regions.
GSDP Sectoral Share of 2010-11 at constant Prices in
Undivided Andhra Pradesh (2004-05)
Telangana region
Andhra region
Agriculture - 19.5%
Industries - 28.9%
Agriculture - 27.3%
Industries - 24.7%
Service Sector - 51.6%
Service Sector - 48.5%
Total GSDP value - 2,53,293 crores
Total GSDP value-3,17,599 crores
For the year 2010-11, almost the share of Agriculture and Industries in Telangana region
decreased.
In Andhra eventhough the share of Agriculture decreased, Industrial share was increased.
In this period development of Industries took place in Andhra region.
Share of service sector is high in Telangana region compare to Andhra region.
Percapita Income:
The percapita income gives a better idea about the level of development in state, which
is a proxy indicator for the standard of living of the people.
As per the Advance estimates for 2014-15, the percapita income of the Telangana State at
current prices increased to Rs.1,03,889 from Rs.95,361 in 2013-14.

The per capita income at constant prices (2004-05) has also gone up from 48,881 in 201314 to 51,017 in 2014-15.
The higher per capita income of the state is not only due to the higher growth in GSDP
but it can also be attributed to faster decleration in the population growth.
In Telangana state, six out of ten districts have per capita income lower than the state per
capita income.
The districts recording higher per capita Income than the state average are Hyderabad,
Rangareddy, Medak & Khammam.
This clearly shows the economic growth is unevenly distributed in the state and more
concentrated in and around urban areas.
Percapita Income of Telangana & Andhra region in Undivided Andhra Pradesh

Year
Telangana Region (Rs.)
Andhra Region(Rs.)
1994
16,762
17,555
2000
22,875
21,095
2005
27,589
28,789
2010
42,397
39,896
2011
47,439
42,251
From the above table we may note that, the percapita Income of Telangana region in
undivided Andhra Pradesh is Rs.16,762 in 1994 was increased to Rs.47,439 by 2011.
The percapita Income Growth rate of Telangana is 6.3% where as Andhra region it is
5.5%.
Proportion of the poor in Telangana:
Poverty is more widespread than unemployment.
Even many employed are poor. It is a socio-economic problem.
Poverty is inability / deprivation in accessing minimum acceptable living standard viz.,

minimum food, clothing, shelther, education & medicare.
It is measured in terms of minimum, defined interms of calories of heat which one gets
from consumption of certain minimum.
The minimum is 2400-2100 calories for rural-urban i-e; for rural 2400 calories & for
urban 2100 calories and for all India 2300 calories.
It is important to note that poverty is a multi-facet phenomenon and is affected by social,

economic, political & partly by external factors.
Both income & non-income factors are responsible for the continuation of poverty.
To get minimum, based on National Sample Surveys on consumption, poverty norm is

worked out in terms of Rupees.

As per the study Group, in 1960-61 prices, it was Rs.20 and Rs.25 per month per capita
for rural & urban people respectively.
Povery estimates in Undivided Andhra Pradesh:
Based on Ranga Rajan Committee report on poverty, 2014 and 68th NSSO report it is
estimated that poverty in India is 29.5% & in rural area 30.9% and in urban 26.4%.
Also it is estimated that the proportion of poor is 10% and in rural Telangana it is 9.3%
and in Urban Telangana as 11.1% in 2011-12.
Data about poverty and number of poor in Telangana region & Andhra region in
Undivided Andhrapradesh is depicted below.
According to Ranga Rajan Committe

Telangana
Andhra
India
10%
16.3%
29.5% (total)
Rural
9.3
14.7
30.9
Urban
11.1
20.6
26.4
Rural
20.1
51.0
Urban
15.2
30.1
1) Poverty(%)
2) Number of poor
(in lakhs)
Finally in the recent two years (2014,2015) for integrated development five important major
events and progress achieved in the short period deserve particular attention via passing &
implementing.
1) New Industrial policy called TS IPASS.
2) Allied to TS IPASS is commissioning of four power projects
3) Widening Highways
4) Kakatiya Mission
5) Water Grid.
Number of Professionals:
*
Profession is one of the main element in economy.
Division of profession in undivided Andhrapradesh 2011

Item
Telangana
Andhra
Andhra Pradesh
Region
Region
(Telangana + A.P)
Farmers
22% (30 lakhs) 16%(30 lakhs) 18% (60 lakhs)
Agricultural
34%(46 lakhs)
44%(85 lakhs) 40% (132 lakhs)
5% (6 lakhs)
3% (5 lakhs)
labours
House hold
4% (11 lakhs)
labours

others
39% (55 lakhs) 37%(70 lakhs) 38% (125 lakhs)
Total
138 lakhs
192 lakhs
330 lakhs
From the above table we can note that percentage of farmers in Telangana region was
22% and in Andhra region it was 16%.
Agriculture labours in Telangana region is 46.43 lakhs where as in Andhra region 85.58
lakhs.
Irrigation:
Irrigation contributes immensely to the Agriculture sector and there by to the Socioeconomic development of the state.
Irrigation in Telangana is mostly dependent on the utilization of water from Godavari

and Krishna rivers and tributaries, tanks & ponds.
It means Telanagana is encircled by two major rivers of South India i.e; Krishna &
Godavari.
In undivided Andhra Pradesh, Telangana region has a catchment area of 68.5% of river
Krishna & 69% of catchment area of river Godavari.
If waters of these rivers flowing through the region are utilized, almost every acre of
cultivable land available in Telanagana region could be provided with assured irrigation
facilities.
But Telangana has been denied of its rightful share in the river waters by the successive
governments for over more than half a century, irrespective of political parties and
leaders in power.
Let us see the comparision of Telangana region with Andhra region of irrigated area in
undivided Andhra Pradesh which is depicated in below table.
Year
Telangana Region
Andhra Region
1) 1956-57
Irrigated area share
44.7%
40.7%
Irrigation share
16.9%
31.0%
Irrigated area share
46.2%
40.8%
Irrigation share
42.9%
47.6%
2) 2011-12
Now let us study about Tanks & well Irrigation of Telangana region is Undivided Andhra
pradesh.
At the time of formation of Andhra Pradesh the area irrigated under a vast net work of
tanks in the Telangana region was more than 12 lakh acres.

After the formation of Andhra Pradesh, the state government claims to have spent, several
thousands of crores of rupees for the maintenance & development of minor irrigation
facilities.
Hence, the area under Tank irrigation should have substantially increased.
But it is going down steeply, year after year and now stands at hardly at 5 lakh acres.
It is because the silt accumulated in the tanks is not removed & breached tanks are not
repaired.
Some of the tanks that were operational have been deliberately damaged to promote
urbanization in & around the major towns & cities especially the capital city of Hyderabad.
In this process small & marginal farmers became helpless, and sold their lands in distress, at
a throw away price (low price) to rich migrants of coastal Andhra.
The area irrigated under tanks decreasing from 1956 to 2002 which is depicted below.
(i) In the year 1956, 4.47 lakh hectares of area was irrigated under tanks,
where
as in 1961 it was decreased to 4.11 lakh hectares.

(ii) In 1981 it came to 3.49 lakh hectares.
(iii) In 1991 it came to 3.92 lakh hectares
(iv) In 1997 it came to 2.84 lakh hectares
(v) In 1998 it came to 1.07 lakh hectares
(vi) In 2002 it came to 1.92 lakh hectares
From above data we may note that, area irrigated under tanks going down steeply year by
year.
Irrigated area under canals of Telangana region in undivided Andhra Pradesh is as

follows:
In the year 1990-91, area irrigated under canals in Telangana region was 3.52 lakh hectares,
whereas percentage of irrigation through canals of Telangana region in undivied Andhra
Pradesh was 18.85%.
For the year 1993-94, area irrigated under canals of Telangana region in Undivided
Andhrapradesh was 2.38 lakh hectares, whereas percentage of irrigation was 14.40%
In the year 2001-02, area irrigated under canals of Telangana region in Undivided
Andhrapradesh was 2.48 lakh hectares, where as percentage of irrigation was 15.88%.
In this situation the farmers of Telangana are left with only one alternative i.e; well
irrigation.
But the well irrigation has many disadvantages as compared to canal irrigation.
Canal irrigation is ensured by the government by spending on construction of dams,

digging of canals and supplying water to the fields every season.
The entire cost is borne by the government.

In return the farmer of Andhra region pays about 200 to 250 rupees per acre per annum as
water charges.
But the same facility is not extended to a majority of farmers in Telangana who depend
mostly on well irrigation.
The farmer will have to pay from his pocket for sinking well & for buying pumpset etc.
As a result, a farmer in the Telangana region depending on well irrigation is compelled to

spend huge amounts on recurring expenses in addition to capital investment on sinking
well & installing pumpset.
Most of the farmers in coastal Andhra region get water at a heavily subsidised rate of 200 to
250 rupees per acre per annum besides not spending anything on the infrastructure, but the
same doesnt applied to Telangana region.
The Benefit of irrigaion through the canal system under major & medium irrigation projects
is accuring around 82% to the coastal Andhra region while the share of Telangana is just
about 18%.
After 1970 the situation of Agriculture in Telangana
Till 1970 itself, investors from coastal Andhra migrated to Telangana.
Hence they purchased Agricultural lands in Telangana.
Mainly they occupied lands of Black Regar at Godavari valley.
Later they changed food crop cultivation into commercial crops for their profit, for example
in Telangana previously Bajra, Ragi, Mustards crops were cultivated later after the
migration of coastal Andhra people they cultivated paddy, cotton, Tobacco crops.
Because for these crops they had market in coastal Andhra.
They habituated paddy crop to Telangana, but they had not provided sufficient water
supply to this crop.
As a result, tanks were dried up in Telangana, and farmers depend on borewells for the
cultivation of paddy.
After 1970, because of borewells, Telangana people take debts from moneylenders.
Because of cotton & Tobacco crops, production of food grains was decreased.
Agriculture mechanisation increased, by this investment in Agriculture increased but even

though Gross production increased, net profit was decreased.
Because of agriculture mechanisation, animal husbandary decreased, by this in crop

production use of natural resources decreased and use of fertilizers started, by this farmers
faced losses.
After 1970, Irrigation in Telangana

Telangana - Irrigation Sector UPs & Downs :
In Hyderabad constitution, on the advise of British, Nizam concentrated more on Irrigation
sector.
Details of Telangana in 1920 are as follows:
Under tanks 1,39,511 hectares of land was irrigated.
Under cannals 27,447 hectares of land was irrigated
Under Wells 1,08,533 hectares of land was irrigated.
Total for 2,75,492 hectares of land irrigation facility was provided.
Coming to 2005-09, details are as follows.
Under Tanks 2,18,124 hectares of land was irrigated
Under cannals 2,59,629 hectares of land was irrrigated
Under Shallow wells 12,17,642 hectares of land was irrigated.
Total for 16,96,395 hectares of land irrigation facility was provided.
Because of highest land tax, Hyderabad constituency was state of surplus budget for 1956.
From 1956 to 2003 Telangana lost 3.12 lakh hectares of irrigation facility.
Because of this the income of 30,000 crores lost by Telangana farmers.
Because of this they had to put concentration on surface waters.
But in the same time, agriculture based on shallow wells from 1956 to 2003, was increased
from 1.30 lakh hectares to 13 lakh hectares. But expenditure on shallow wells was very high.
According to Sri Krishna Committee 2010 report, 62% of population was depend upon
Agriculture in Telangana, but income from that was only 24%.
According to this, the irrigation system in future should be constructed in friendly manner
at districts, village levels.
Under tanks 6,21,657 hectares
Under cannals 16,18,470 hectares
Under wells 21,59,848 hectares
total 43,99,975 hectares, irrigation facility was provided.
Irrigation facility under tanks in Undivided Andhra pradesh in hectares is as follows:

Telangana
Rayalaseema Coastal Andhra
Total
1903-04
1,39,511
1,07,349
1,79,398
4,26,258
2005-09
2,18,124
54,439
3,49,04
6,14,934
Jala Yagnam

Jalayagnam programme:
*
Under jala Yagnam programme they started construction of large, medium & small
irrigation projects to use maximum available water in state.
Under
Jalayagnam
programme
undivided
Andhra
pradesh
Government
started
construction of large, medium, small irrigation projects to use available water in state.
*
Under Jalayagnam construction of 86 large, medium projects was started with a goal to
provide irrigation facility for 39.54 lakh hectares of land.
Under Jalayagnam programme, in 425 mandals will provide drinking water facilities for
2.11 crores of people by 65.14 TMC of water.
Between 2004-05, 2009-10 years, 12 large & medium scale projects was completed and also
water for irrigation is released in state also by completing more 20 projects water for
irrigation was provided.
Telangana Area
Name of the Scheme
Basin
Beneficiary
(in acres)
districts
1) Chokkarao project G.L.I 1st stage 1,23,000
Warangal,
Karimnagar,
Medak, Nalgonda
2) Chokkrao project (Devadula) 2nd stage
2,85,000
Warangal,
Karimnagar,
Medak, Nalgonda
3) Alisagar lift irrigation scheme
53,793
Nizamabad
4) Gupta lift irrigation scheme
37,793
Nizamabad
5) Elimineti Madhava reddy project
3,00,000
Nalgonda
4,40,000
Warangal,
(Srisailam left bank)

6) Sriram sagar project (2nd phase)
Khammam,
Nalgonda
7) Flood Flow Cannal (S.R.V.C)
2,20,000
Karimnagar,
Warangal,
Nalgonda
8) Rajiv lift irrigation scheme
2,34,000
9) Mahatma gandhi lift irrigation scheme
Mahaboobnagar
2,50,000
Mahaboobnagar
2,00,000
Mahaboobnagar
(Kalvakurthy)
10) Jawahar lift irrigation scheme
(Nettempad)

11) Sripaada lift irrigation scheme
2,00,000
Karimnagar
36,000
Khammam
3,64,000
Khammam
14) Vendi scheme
22,000
Nizamabad
15) Sudda vaagu
14,000
Adilabad
16) Palem vaagu
10,132
Khammam
17) Komaram Bheem
24,500
Adilabad
18) Pedda vaagu project
15,000
Adilabad
19) Nilavoyi project
13,000
Adilabad
20) Rally vaagu
6000
Adilabad
21) Golla vaagu
9500
Adilabad
22) Mavaadi vaagu
8500
Adilabad
23) Koilsagar lift irrigation scheme
58,250
Mahaboobnagar
24) Kinnerasani project
10,000
Khammam
(Yellampally)
12) Dummugudem lift irrigation schemee
first phase
13) Dummugudem lift irrigation scheme
phase-2
(Jaganadhapuram)
25) Merugunta vaagu

26) Gundla vaagu
13,590
Khammam
2,580
Khammam
Net Irrigated Area :
In Telangana irrigated area under cannals was increased from 1 lakh hectares to 2.5 lakh
hectares
In 1955-56, irrigated area under tanks was 4 lakh hectares which was now decreased to 2
lakh hectares, But irrigated area under wells was increased.
In total irrigated area of 18 lakh hectares, the net irrigated area under tanks is 14 lakh
hectares.
In 1955-56 net irrigated area was 847 lakh hectars in Telangana, which was increased to 18
lakh hectares.
Situation of Rayalaseema is also same as Telangana, irrigated area under cannals was 0.8
lakh hectares increased to 1.3 lakh hectares.
Irrigated area under tanks was 17 lakh hectares which was decreased to 1 lakh hectares.
For past 54 years in Rayalaseema, the irrigated area was increased from 3.8 lakh hectares to
6.3 lakh hectares.
1. Development of Irrigation facility in costal Andhra was totally different than other two
areas.

2. From 1955-56 to now, irrigation under cannal was increased from 11 lakh hectares to 13
lakh hectares
3. Irrigated area under tanks was decreased from 4 lakh hectares to 2.5 lakh hectares.
4. In 1955-56, cultivation under wells was very low, but now it was increased to 5 lakh
hectares.
Like this in coastal Andhra, Facility of irrigation area is total 23 lakh hectares.
Multiple water drainage Irrigation:
By diferent sources in Rayalaseema irrigated area in 1955-56 it was 30% now it is

decreased to 22%.
In Telangana it was 18% in 1955-56, which was increases to 50% in 1970.
In coastal Andhra with surplus and underground water by multi irrigation resources
13% irrigation is going on which was increased to 40%.
Irrigation through underground water:
Cultivation through undergroud water in Telangana is more, followed by coastal

Andhra & Rayalaseema.
If we use more than available of underground water, then water level will decreased.
From available underground water if we consume 90-100% then that area is treated as
Complex area if we consume 70-90% then area is treated as sub-critical.
Compare to Seemandhra in Telangana irrigated area under wells, Bores is more, but
compare to irrigated area under cannal it is less than Seemandhra.

Water Deprivations - Bachawath Committee

Background of Krishna water dispute:
International judicial organisation (Helsinki Restrictions) in the allocation of water resources

it will decide based on the following factors.
1) Basin
2) Rainfall
3) Sown area
4) Backwardness
5) Water resources by other resources
6) Consumers
Krishna Water Tribunal:
On Krishna water one tribunal was appointed in 1969, which was led by Justice
Bachawat as chairman. Hence this is called as Bachawath Tribunal.
Bachawat Tribunal submitted report in the year 1973.
He divided Krishna river water between three states Maharastra, Karnataka &
Undivided Andhrapradesh.
Bachawat tribunal classified water resources into scheme A and Scheme B.
In scheme - A, he pertained the division of the available waters based on 75%

dependability.
In scheme B recommended to allocate shares on surplus water.
Distribution of water among states is as follows:

1) Maharashtra
- 560 TMC
2) Karnataka
- 700 TMC
3) Undivided A.P
- 800 TMC
Total
Distribution of surplus water as follows:

1) Maharashtra
- 25 TMC
2) Karnataka
- 34 TMC
3) Undivied A.P
- 11 TMC
Total
- 2060 TMC
- 70 TMC
Shares of 3 states if we add both surplus & Net as follows:

1) Maharashtra
- 585 TMC
2) Karnataka
- 734 TMC
3) Undivided A.P
- 811 TMC
Water percentage in river is 2578 TMC.
According to KWDT, upto 31 may, 2000 above allocations will be in implementation, but
until 2003 there was no review.
Formation of 2nd Tribunal:
In 2004, 2nd Tribunal was formed on Krishna water.
For this tribunal Justice Brijesh kumar was chairman.
This tribunal given its judgement on 31 December, 2010 based on past 47 years river
waters.
It thought that 65% of water resources will be available in River.
Tribunal allocated water among riparian states as
1) Undivided Andhra Pradesh
- 1005 TMC
2) Karnataka
- 911 TMC
3) Maharashtra
- 666 TMC
KWDT average water is 2578 TMC, out of 16 TMC was allocated to Prakasham barrage.
Irrigated area under Krishna Basin:

1) Andhra
- 3860 sq.km - 13.11%
2) Rayalaseema
- 5414 sq.km - 18.39%
3) Telangana
- 20,167 sq.km - 68.50%
Total
- 29,441 sq.km - 100%
Allocation of Krishna Water:

1) Andhra
- 388.44 TMC - 48.56%
2) Rayalaseema
- 133.70 TMC - 16.71%
3) Telangana
- 277.86 TMC - 34.73%
Total
- 800 TMC
- 100%

Consumption of water in the areas which are not in Krishna Basin:

1) Andhra
- 362.60 TMC - 93.33%
2) Rayalaseema
- 53.60 TMC
- 40.1%
3) Telangana - nothing
Krishna river is second biggest river in South India.
Born in Mahabaleshwar of Maharashtra and after 303 km flow in these area then it
enters in North Karnataka and flow 480 km long after it enters in Andhrapradesh
The area of this river is 2,59,000 sq.km of that share of Undivided Andhrapradesh is
29.4%, karnataka - 43.8% & Maharashtra - 26.8%.
Because Krisher river is a inter state river, for past 43 years there was a dispute between
these three states.
To solve the disputes in 1969, under Inter state water dispute Act -1956, Indian
government appointed a committee under the chairmanship of R.S.Bachawat , i.e;
KWDT (Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal) .
This committe made research on this dispute and given judgement in 1973; which is
called as Bachawat Award.
In this, Bachawat classified this water resource into two schemes, as Scheme A and
Scheme B.
According to Scheme A, river water is distributed among states as follows

1) Maharashtra
- 560 TMC
2) Karnataka
- 700 TMC
3) Undivided A.P
- 800 TMC
This division was calculated based on 75% dependability.
Because there was no discription on surplus water it was left to Undivided

Andhrapradesh
Scheme B was recommended to share the surplus water among three states.
But scheme B was left out & only scheme A was implemented at that time.
Bachawat tribunal suggested for parliament decission on Scheme B.
Later in 1976 scheme B was implemented.
Allocation of water at that time (after implementation of scheme B)
Undivided AP - 800 (Net) + 11 (Surplus water) Total 811 TMC
Karnataka - 700 (Net)+34 (Surplus water) Toal 734 TMC
Maharashtra - 560 (Net) + 25 (surplus water) Total 585 TMC
Surplus waters:
The tribunal in its report under scheme B, has determined that the surplus water
available in the river basin is 330 TMC.

Because of no clear data of Scheme-B, total 330 TMC of water was left to Undivided
Andhrapradesh.
It was decided that this would be divided among the riparian states of Maharashtra,
Karnataka & Undivided Andhrapradesh in the ratio of 25%, 50%, 25% respectively.
The tribunal also made it clear that in case of any one of the states were not to cooperative in sharing surplus water in above ratio, then parliament should take decision
to distribute the surplus water.
However, scheme B involved in the constitution of an authority to ensure the

implementation of scheme.
The constitution of such an authority, though was outside the powers of the tribunal
under the Interstate water dispute Act of 1956. Hence only scheme A was implemented
and Scheme B was left out.
Because of this reason surplus water was left to undivided A.P though it cannot claim
any rights over the same.
Karnataka Case:
Bachawat Tribunal announced that this report can make a rieviw after 25 year on 2000,
may 31.
But Karnataka submitted petition to supremecourt bench to implement scheme B on

2000 April 25.
Undivided AP filed another petition as Karnataka had to stop the construction of

Almatti Basin.
By this supreme court given judgement that scheme -B is only a recomendation &
according to share of karnataka, Almatti Basin should be constructed for 519.6 meters
height which will be enough to store water.
Also announced that even though surplus water left to undivided A.P, there will be no
rights to claim on the same.
1) Krishna Water Disputes Bachawat Tribunal Judgement (1976)- Karnataka, Undivided

Aandhrapradesh.
Consumption of surplus water:
Undivided Andhra pradesh has been given liberty to make use of any surplus water ,
though it cannot claim any rights over it, this was stated in tribunal.
Hence Maharastra & Karnataka file a case in supreme court that the projects which were
under construction in undivided A.P based on surplus water should have to stop.
On this in 2000, April supreme court had given judgement.
Almatti Dam:

Due to Bachawat Tribunal, to Karnataka state, Share of Krishna water was sufficient
eventhough Karnataka government thought to construct Almatti dam more than 517
meters (i.e; upto 5524.256 meters) against to tribunal.
If it happends loss may occurs to Nagarjuna sagar, Krishna delta projects.
Hence Undivided Andhrapradesh government filed a case in Supreme Court, As a

result it had given a judgement that Almatti dam should not be more than 519.6 meters.
2nd Tribunal judgement on Krishna water (Brijesh Kumar Tribunal):
2nd tribunal was formed on 2004, june 30 according to Inter state water dispute Act 1956.
In 2010, December 30 this commission submitted its interim judgement.
Undivided Andhrapradesh government filed a special leave petition in supreme court on

judgement of 2nd tribunal.
On this supreme court given a Stay and again ordered to the same tribunal to research it
again.
As a result, this tribunal again did research and submitted interim judgement as final
judgement report in 2013, November 29.
Tribunal members:
*
Justice Brijesh kumar (Former Supreme court judge)
Justice S.C.Srivastava (Allahabad High court former judge)
Justice D.K.Seth (Kolkata High court former judge)
Justice Brijesh Kumar Judgement / Report:
Three states asked to 2nd tribunal that to allocate water as 828.70 TMC to Maharashtra, 1430
TMC to Karnataka and 1888.10 TMC to Undivided Andhrapradesh.
After listening disputes of these 3 states, he traced some problems, which are as follows.
Problem No-3 : Is there availability of surplus water?

In which ratio should be distributed?
Problem No-4 : After distribution of surplus water, can undivided AP

consume the remaining water?
Problem No-5 : Scheme B should be implement, or cancelled ?
Problem No-6: From Krishna Basin to other Basin, Can surplus water be used?
Problem No-21A: On Tugabadhra organisation, authority of Tungabadra board should be

there?
Problem No 22 A: Can Karnataka built hydal project there based on Rajolibanda diversion
scheme?
Problem No 22: Whether tungabadhra board have an authority on Rajolibanda scheme?
Problem No-14: Can range of Almatti dam increase to 519.6 mt to 524.256 mt?
Based on above problems, tribunal had given its judgement as follows:
Final Judgement:
Clause-1 : Allocation of water under Bachawat Tribunal will be remain as it is.
Clause-2 : Allocation of water for past 47 years under 2nd tribunal also remain as it is.
Average availability of water - 2578 TMC
50% availability of Net water - 2626 TMC
Clause-3 : Past 47 years water availability, on 65% availability of net water they distributed
water among 3 states.
Total water distributed is 2293 TMC.
Clause-4 : Upto 1894-1972 KWDT-1, it had taken past 78 years water available in 75%
dependability finded that 2060 TMC of net water. After adding 70 TMC Recharge water to
that it became 2130 TMC.
Clause-5: Currently found 65% net available water 2293 TMC & from tribunal 75% available
water extra 2130 TMC gained.
Clause-6: From the decision of water availability of surplus water 2578 TMC to 65% availability
water 2293 TMC if diducted then 285 TMC surplus water was remained which should be
distributed among 3 states.
Clause 7 : 65% available (Net) water as 163 TMC, surplus water 285 TMC, distributed among 3
states which are follows.
1) Karnataka : 65% available (Net) water
: 65 TMC
Surplus water
: 105 TMC
Total
: 170 TMC
Recharge water from 65% of water is 7 TMC

Grand Total
2) Maharasthtra: 65% available water
: 177 TMC
: 43 TMC
Surplus water
: 35 TMC
Total
: 78 TMC
Recharge water
: 3 TMC
Grand Total
: 81 TMC
3) Undivided Andhrapradesh:
65% available water : 39 TMC
Surplus water
: 145 TMC
Total
: 184 TMC
Recharge water
: 6 TMC
Grand Total
: 190 TMC

Clause-8: KWDT-1 total water after adding 75% of available water should be in the following
form/manner
1) Maharasta : 75% available water + Recharge water
: 585 TMC
65% available water
: 43 TMC
Surplus water
: 35 TMC
Total
: 663 TMC
2nd tribunal recharge water
: 3 TMC
Grand Total
: 669 TMC
2) Karnataka : 75% available water + Recharge water
: 734 TMC
65% available water
: 65 TMC
Surplus water
: 105 TMC
Total
: 904 TMC
: 7 TMC
Grand total
911 TMC
3) Undivided Andhra pradesh:
75% available water + Recharge water
: 811 TMC
65% available water
: 39 TMC
Surplus water
: 145 TMC
: 6 TMC
Grand total
: 1001 TMC
Clause- 9 : Above distribution should be implement. This distribution should be supervise by

Krishna Water Implementation Borad (KWIB).
Clause-10: There will be changes in the permit in states if availability of water is more. Even
though there will be no change in available (net) water. For this some permits are given
which is as follows:
1) a)
From 98 TMC of water which is from 65% net water of Maharashtra and 123 TMC of
water from Bhima sub basin K-5 should consume only average water per year not
more than that.
b) According to KWDT-1 judgement from K-1 upper krishna basis 25 TMC of water is
allocated to Koina Hydal project from both, not more than 92.5 TMC of water should
be used per year.
c) Water should not be diverted to other basins except to maharastra K-1 sub basin.
2) a) From Karnataka K-8 Tungabadra sub basin of 368 TMC not more than 65% available
(net) water should not be used.
b) From Karnataka K-8 water, not more than 198 TMC and from upper Krishna not
more than 330 TMC should be used per year.
c) 65% of total water from Karnataka, not more than 799 TMC should be used.

3) According to Clause-8 explanation, not more than 1001 TMC of Undivied
Andhrapradesh water should be consume per year.
4) But the above declaretions are problematic to implement.
Clause-11: These three riparian states should supply 3.30 TMC of water in July, August,
September & 1.70 TMC in October and also in January, Febraury, March, April to Chennai
for drinking purpose.
Clause 12: 3 states should release 16 TMC of water from Krishna river for the purpose of
protection environment.
Clause 13: As problem-14, Karnataka from Almatti dam should release 8-10 TMC of water to
undivided A.P in june & July.
Clause 14: Date of Board notification for the execution of left & right canals of Tungabadra Dam
& Head Regulator and on 1955, march 10 as section 66(1) & (4), according to Andhra State
Act 1953, the krishna water dispute Implementation Board should take the responsibility of
execution & should regulate it.
Clause 15: According to KWDT-1 explanation, Krishna water dispute Implementation Board
should take the responsibility of distribution of water based on water measurements.
Clasue 16: After 2050, may 31 it can be review again by other tribunal. Those states should
allocate water in their area.
Clause 17: In this judgement no body should do anytype of changes, suggestions.
Clause 18: KWDT-1 shouldnt be change. It is a part in Appendix-1. The Responsibility of review
& formation of board should be in hands of Krishna water disputes Implementation Board.
Central government should form the board as soon as possible & should give publication on
that in 3 months.
Clause 19: Maps recorded by Tribunal on 2009, July 30 & 2009, August 9 had entered in
Appendix - 2.
Clause 20: The directions are given based on the discussions of judgement. According to
problems, solutions had given.
Clause 21: Undivied Andhrapradesh should bare its expenditure and also same for Karnataka &
Maharashtra. Expenditure of tribunal should bare by 3 states. Maharastra & Karnataka
should bare expenditure which was given by Hydrographic survey Tojo Vikas International
pvt organization on Hippargi Barrage & Almatti dam.
Clause 22: This judgement should be implemented immediately after it was given in Authority
Gazzete of Andhra State water dispute act 1956 under section 6.
Clause 23: Order of KWDT-1 judgement should be implement as it is, should not change at all.
Justice Brijesh Kumar (Chairman), D.K.Seth,Justice S.P.Srivastva are members.
This is second tribunal on Krishan water disputes.

Karnataka gave objection on surplus water, by this central government on 30-06-2004

appointed Justice. Brijesh kumar to survey on Krishna water disputes which is called
KWDT-2.
This Tribunal had submitted its interim judgement on 30-12-2010 on this judgement
Undivied Andhrapradesh Appeal in court on 20-04-2012.
The opportunity given on 7-05-2012 to states is continuing till now. Still discussions are
going on.
Brijesh kumar interim judgement on surplus water is as follows (in T.M.C)
According to Brijesh Kumars interim

Maharastra
Judgement distribution of water
Karnataka
Undivided
Total
A.P
Net water (65%)
43
61
43
147
Recharge
03
07
06
16
Surplus water
35
105
145
285
Total
81
177
190
448
Bachawat Judgement 585
734
811
2130
Total
911
1005
2578
666
Water allocation:
1) Maharashtra:
Tribunal allocated 675 TMC of water to Koina Hydal project, and present tribunal allocated
more 25 TMC to it.
2) Karnataka: 10 TMC to Upper Tungabadhra, 12 TMC to upper

18 TMC to singatalore water is allocated.
3) Undivided Andhra Pradesh:
9 TMC to Jurala project, 4 TMC to Rajoli banda diversion scheme right cannal, 30 TMC for
carry over Net water should be consume. In surplus water 25 TMC to Telugu Ganga, 120
TMC to srisailam, in Nagarjuna sagar project for carry over should be consumer.
From Karnataka, Almatti dam in june-july 8-10 TMC of water should release to undivied
Andhra pradesh.
In RDS, to 10 meters above current building Hydal project with 4765 cusec flow should not
be constructed.
In Appendix-1, it is given that how should be Krishna water judgement board.
16 TMC of Krishna river water should release for environment protection.
System of Consumption of water from distributed water:
Should be consume in 4 phases. This consumption should survey by Board. If there are any
faults in consumption then states should appeal to Board.

They have to give report to Board about the consumption of water in every day, week,
month & in every season.
Phase 1: Allocation of water by Bachawat tribunal should be consume in Phase-1.
Maharashtra - 585 TMC
Karnataka - 734 TMC
Undivied Andhrapradesh - 811 TMC
Phase 2: After the consumption of phase 1 distribution they have to consume the following.
Maharastra - 43 TMC
Karnataka - 61 TMC
Undivied Andhrapradesh - 43 TMC of 65% Net water should consume
undivied A.P should store water for 9 TMC to Jurala & 4 TMC to
Rajolibanda
& Carryover for Nagarjuna Sagar.
Re-charge available to this Net (available) water is as follows
Maharastra - 3 TMC
Karnataka - 7 TMC
Undivided A.P - 6 TMC should consume
Phase 3: After consumption of 65% Net (available) water, they have to use surplus water
allocated three states.
Maharashtra - 35 TMC
Karnataka - 105 TMC
Undivided A.P - 145 TMC
Phase 4: After the consumption of surplus water allocated by Brijesh kumar, extra surplus
should consume by Undivied Andhrapradesh.
Objective which get loss for benifits of Undivided A.P :
Commission stated that undivided A.P doesnt given objection seriously on 9 small projects
constructed by upper Karnataka to Bhadra, Tunga, Singatoor and 15.8 TMC which was
allocated to RDS by tribunal is not comming to Mahaboobnagar.
Only discussed about Net water is not coming instead of height of Almatti dam.
From Commission Tungabadra 190, From Krishna 702 surplus water & from Devapuram
350 to 400 TMC total 1300 TMC is coming to undivided A.P which was stated by
commission. Because of increase of Almatti to 524.256 meters instead of 127 TCM, 300 TMC
it can store, by this supply of water to Jurala, Srisailam will decrease, to undivided A.P Net
water wont come.
From 1st tribunal when Godavari water diverted to Krishna river, for karnataka 80 TMC &
Maharastra 34 TMC of water should allocate, this restriction was not cancelled and on this
subject no discussion took place.

There was no explanation to Tribunal about 6 projects under Jalayagnam based on surplus
water which was done in discussion on surplus water (scheme B)
First Judgement of Tribunal:
On 1969, April 10, Central government formed one tribunal Krishna water disputes under
the chairmanship of R.S.Bachawat (Chairman) and Shamsher Bahadur, D.M.Bandhari as
members.
This Commission given its first judgement on 1973, December 24 and final judgement in
1976, may to central government. For solution it has taken 7 years.
There was no review on this commission till 2000. According to scheme-B, after 2000 may if
their is any need 2nd tribunal can be formed.
In scheme-B, surplus water is distributed among 3 states in 25%, 50%, 25% ratio
respectively.
Maharashtra, Karnataka & Undivided A.P is consuming water from Kirshna, Tungabadhra,
Penna basin.
Bachawat tribunal distributed water based on 75% dependability of water in Krishna river.
According to Tribunal - 1 Judgement.
Bachawat Judgement (in TMC)

Maharashtra Karnataka
Undivided
Total
AP
According to judgement
allocation of water
560
Re-Generation 25
700
34
800
800
2060
70
at the time of Judgement

Consumption
439.65
540.55749.16
1693.36
Catchment area
26805
437374 29441
99980
26.3
43.7
(sq.km)
Catchment area (%)
29.5
100%
Details of Rayalaseema Projects which was constructed based on surplus water:

1) Project related to Srisailam Reservior:
It was construted in 1974 as hydal project.
After that 15 TMC of water supplied to chennai for drinking purpose, hence Telugu
ganga scheme started with this project.
Later many irrigation projects undertaken.
Potireedy Padu Regulator was constructed by increasing 11500 cusec to 44000 cusec of
water.
Provided the facility of 5 TMC of water per day from potireddy padu.

Telugu Ganga Project is undertaken to solve the problems of femine areas in

Rayalaseema.
29.50 TMC in Telugu Ganga (allocated by brijesh kumar)

Handriniva
- 40 TMC (surplus water)
Veligonda
- 43.50 TMC (surplus water)
Kalvakurthy - 25 TMC (surplus water)

Galeru Nagari - 38 TMC (Surplus water)
SRBC
- 19 TMC , 11 regenerate + 8 KC Canal modernisation
SLBLC
- 26.22 TMC (NSP regneration 12 TMC + 14.22 surplus

water)
2) Projects related to Jurala:
To Jurala project 17.84 + 9 = 26.84 TMC (net)
Bhima First & Second Phase - 20 TMC (Net)
By Krishna - delta, 20 TMC saved and allocated to Bhima.
Nettempadu - 13.42 TMC. More amount of water is coming to undivied A.P from
Almatti & Upper tunga.
By the judgment of 2nd tribunal, by making allocation of water to Karnataka as legal, in

undivided A.P Krishna area got a situation of becoming as desert; also there is no
opportunity as given in scheme - B in tribunal - 1.
Right now case is still in S.C. By the order of S.C to 2nd tribunal it had given its old
judgement as final judgement and also alloted extra 4 TMC of water to RDS.
Upto 2050 according to judgement any state doesnt fight / should not be review.
Present
1) Raising of height of almatti should be prevent.
2) Abolition of illegal construction of Karnataka at Upper tunga.
3) allocation of surplus water to projects constructed based on undivided
A.P
surplus
water.
4) Water is released once for every 2 months & other items should be re-discuss in
proportion to the justice of A.P.
End of Report:
Till know the dispute on judgement of Brijesh kumar is in court supreme court rejected
the petition given by Maharastra Government.
Petition filed by undivided A.P is still going. In 2014, June second week period of
enquiry was decided.
After supervising undivied A.P Government enquiry and if the current stay is removed
then brijesh kumar judgement will become Gazette Publication.
Upto 2050, nobody can change the judgement.

After 2050, if any state requested to review then after Bachawat, Brijesh judgement, 3rd
tribunal can be formed only on remaining surplus water.
At that time if to increase surplus water share of Net (available) water should decrease.
In any circumstances, according to Brijesh Kumar judgement the loss of undivided A.P
cant be filled.
Because of this their no guarantee for the projects constructed based on krishna water
such as Galeru - Nagari, Handri-Niva, Kalvakurty, Nettempadu, Srisailam, left canal
projects.
Thousands of villages facing problems by drinking floride water.
Godavari River:
The Godavari is the largest river in south india and the second largest one in India after
the Gange.
It originates at Nasik in western ghats of Maharastra and enters into Telangana.
In this river water availability is more, as a result, to utilize this water fullfledged
Government decided to redesign projects
Catchment area means:
The area from which rainfall flows into a river (or) lake called catchement area.
The water of tributaries in the area will merge in Godavari river.
Catchment area of Godavari is 12077 sq.km.
How much of water to which state :

1) Maharashtra:
Catchment area
- 59,104 sq.km
Their availability of water is
- 1228 TMC
2) Karnataka
Catchment area
- 1701 sq.km
Their, availability of water is
- 23 TMC

Catchement area
- 28,263 sq.km
Their, availability of water
- 576 TMC
4) Telangana
Catchment area
- 22,378 sq.km
Their availability of water
- 456 TMC
5) Andhra Pradesh
Catchment area
- 5885 sq.km
availability of water
- 120 TMC
6) Madhya Pradesh
Catchment area
- 9791 sq.km

- 310 TMC
7) Chattisgarh
Catchment area
- 15,042 sq.km
- 522 TMC
8) Odissa
catchement area
- 6,606 sq.km
- 341 TMC
Total
Catchment area
- 1,20,777 sq.km
Availability of water
- 3000 TMC
What is meant by 75% of water availability:
What that comes along 75 years in 100 years according to its annual estimate of how much
water when it comes to the distribution of the sum to the average.
Re-production means:
Some part in consumption of water again released into river and gains profit.
Why re designing of projects in Telangana:
Motto is to use Godavari Water.
State Government thought that, need of projects which was constructed before in Telangana
is not reaching. Hence it started re designing of projects.
Some vital changes are doing by state government for the projects where water is not
allowing totally, projects under construction etc.
Projects on Godavari:
Sri ram sagar, Nizam sagar, Singoor, Kadem, Lower maneru, Yallampalli, Devadula at
present are there. Newly undertaken projects are pranahita, Kaleshwaram lift irrigation &
Kantanapally.
What is the situation of present project:
Projects are constructed in Telangana accroding to consumption capacity of 433.02 TMC.

Nizam sagar with 50 TMC shriram sagar with 1,30,548 TMC has been constructed in which
storage capacity is decreased.
Nizam sagar is with 17.48 TMC but in Sriram sagar not even 90 TMC is there.
Under these projects providing water to Stabillization of Basin, required water supply to
Devadula basin, increasing capacity of Pranahita-chevella reservoirs, like this many facors
are there in re-designing.
Is there clearence on availability of water:
There is no clearance on Godavari river as on allotments of Krishna river.
It approved for Godavari water measured by states.

Does consumption of water took place:
In 1980, Bachawat tribunal submitted award, but still full fledged of water consumption
doesnt took place.
Projects are not constructed for appropriate consumption.
What undivied A.P is doing:
Considering Polavaram project, Undivied Andhrapradesh undertaken pattiseema lift

irrigation. To divert more amount of surplus water of Godavari it is preparing one plan.
If Telangana undertake the projects for consumption of full fledged water of pranahita &
Indrawati, then A.P should depend only on Shabari.
Upper Cattisgarh & Odissa in Indrawati, Shabari consuming less water hence there will be
no problem to A.P.
What is Godavari water tribunal award:
Bachawat, also presided Godavari water disputes tribunal.
Central Government formed GWDT on 1969, April 10.
On 1980, July 7 Tribunal given award.
Between 1975-1980, many inter-state agreement took place. Some agreements between 2
states and some between 3 states.
Total 10 agreements under taken.
Agreement take place between CMs of states which become part in tribunal award.
How much allocations to undivided AP:
According to agreements between states, Godavari award calculated that to undivided A.P
1173 TMC of water availability will be there.
At that time what happend:
Congress Government in 2008, constructed on barrage at Tummidihatti in Adilabad district

and diverted 160 TMC of water to supply for drinking, Industrial needs, it undertaken
pranahita-chevella scheme.
Also under taken to construct barrage of 150 m height. Because of this there is problem to
Maharashtra.
On this project agreement is took place between Former C.M.Kiran kumar reddy &
Maharashtra cm Prithvi raj Chauhan also one Inter-State Board formed.
Opinion of present Governments:
BJP Government came into authority in Maharashtra in 2014 elections, requested to take
actions for the construction of project with out problem.
This discussion done in this year febraury between Telangana, Maharashtra CMs in which
Maharashtra requested to decrease the height of Barrage.

By considering consumption of allocation water to upper states, at Tummidihatti Barrage

160 TMC of water doesnot fall, only 120 to 140 TMC can be diverted but not more than that
said by central water organisation. On this discussion also continued.
How much of water in Godavari & From where?
In Telangana, Andhra pradesh to Godavari mainly water is coming from pranahita,

Indravati & Shabari.
Details of water which is available to Godavari from 1967-68 to 2009-10 (in TMC)
Tributary
Total Water
Pranahita
742.368
Indravati
772.077
Shabari
502.594
Lower Godavari
3004.625
(at polavaram)
Catchement are under Godavari (%)
Adilabad
100
Nizamabad
100
Medak
84.8
Karimnagar
99.70
Rangareddy
1.5
Khammam
51.8
Warangal
52.5
East Godavari
66.80
West Godavari
20
Vishakapatnam
27.50
New thinking of Telangana :
Construction of Barrage on pranahita at Tummidi latti in Adilabad district and diverting

water to Yellampally which is at distance of 116 km. From there to mid-maneru, for there
basin supply of water is the first thought of Government. To this scheme in 2008 only one
agreement take by government.
Agreements between states on Godavari water
10 types of agreements under taken related to allocation of water and consumption.
First agreement done in 1975, September 17 between Karnataka & Undivided Andhra
pradesh.
In 1980, ,April 2nd last agreement done between undivided Andhra Pradesh, Madhya
pradesh and Odissa.
What is the share of Maharashtra?

More share will be to Maharashtra in Upper Godavari, Pravara, Purna sub basins.
In upper godavari phytondam to in purna siddeshwaram dam total water is allocated to

Maharashtra. Also pythondam, Siddeshwaram dam to in manjeera nizam sagar lower
pochempadu more 60 TMC can be used by Maharashtra.
In penganga Maharashtra to lower penganga all water can be used.
In wardha Maharashtra to Tulana all water can be used.
Madhya pradesh should have to release 10 TMC.
Why bad position to Sriram sagar?
Because of more than allocation of water is consuming Maharashtra.
Agreement signed as to consume 2 1/2 TMC from Nizamsagar by Karnataka and remaining
water can consume by Undivided Andhrapradesh upto pochampadu.
What is the share of Undivided Andhra Pradesh?
Except 0.4 TMC to lower Maharashtra in Godavari remaining all goes to undivied Andhra
Pradesh only, & lower maneru water also to undivided Andhra Pradesh.
For lower penganga project, Undivided Andhrapradesh & Maharashtra one agreement took
place, that it should undertake it combinedly
Share of Madhya pradesh?
Madhya pradesh can use the water to projects stated in agreement till Gosikurdh in
Pranahita Sub basin.
After consumption of water by M.P, till the area of Gosikurdh project all water can be used
by Maharashtra.
Maharashtra can use 41 TMC in Gosikurdh project, other projects.
Undivided Andhra Pradesh can used remains water stated in Agreement.
Situation of Icchampally Project:
Maharastra can use 1 TMC in lower Godavari till Ichampalli project area.
3 riparian states accepted to construct one project at Icchampally, also to form board.
Through lift irrigation Maharashtra can take 4 TMC from Icchampally.
Maharashtra also has permission to consume 35% of electricy.
Mandhya pradesh can take 3 TMC, this can be take from the allocation done to that state in
Godavari.
From Icchampally share of undivided Andhra Pradesh :
From Icchampally 85 TMC of water is allocated with 27% share of electricity to undivied
Andhra Pradesh.
Share of Odissa:
except 45 TMC to Madhya Pradesh, remaining water can be consume till Bhupalapatnam in
Indravati sub basin.

Madhya pradesh can use 19 TMC of lowers Bhupalapatnam & till chinta vaagu project, Jall
vaagu project area.
Water released from Bhupalapatnam for consumption at Icchampally, it will available to

undivided Andhra Pradesh.
Shabari Water:
Odissa can consume till Inter state border in Shabari in Madhya pradesh.
Odissa can also consume half of the water from Balimela reservoir stated in agreement.
Undivided Andhrapradesh can consume remaining water.
On 2000, November 1 chatisgarh state formed, on June 2, 2014 Telangana state formed
which is sepearated from undivided Andhra Pradesh.
Water entered into Sea from Godavari in past decades

Year
entered water (TMC)

in sea
2006-07
4874.56
2007-08
2861.56
2008-09
1819.16
2009-10
742.87
2010-11
4014.77
2011-12
1538.07
2012-13
2968.82
2013-14
5827.48
2014-15
2006.21
Completed, under construction, proposed projects water allocation in Andhra

pradesh.
Project
allocation (TMC)
Godvari delta
263.60
Torrigadda pumping scheme
2.41
Gootala pumping scheme
3.65
Machkhand hydal power scheme
2.80
Upper Sileru Hydal power
0.50
Balimela Hydal power
4.20
Lower Sileru Hydal power
1.17
Polavaram
295.15
Polavarm lift irrigation
4.96
Seetapalli Burrada Camal scheme
0.49
Bhupatipalem
0.49

Ramavaram lift irrigation
0.78
Chagalnadu lift irrigation
2.80
Kovvada cannal
0.91
Loyar machkhand electricity
0.40
Requirements of drinking&purpose Industrial 11.29

small water resources
27.59
Water in Godavari - 266.3 TMC out of 42 TMC, 62.328 TMC in Polavaram had shown as
under ground water consumption.
Till 2014, june 2 completed, under construction, proposed projects in Telangana

and their allocation details.
Telangana Project
allocation of water (TMC)
Nizam sagar
58.00
Singoor project
2.966
Ghanpur Basin
4.059
Pocharam
3.000
Lendi
2.430
Nalla vaagu
0.980
Koulasa naala
1.680
Sudda vaagu
2.230
Sri ram sagar
130.548
Peddavaagu (at Borepalli)
0.740
Peddavaagu (at Vandam)
1.320
Paalavaaagu
0.970
Komaram bheem
8.599
Peddavaagu (nilvayi)
1.727
Pocharam (Jaganadhpur)
1.074
Peddavaagu (Barkagudem)
1.018
Mund marri
1.700
Golla vaagu
0.830
Raali Vaagu
0.620
Sriram Sagar (2nd stage)
22.999
SRSP
19.979
Alisagar, Gupta
4.900
Choutapalli Hanumantareddy
1.050
lift irrigation
Kadem
11.750

Yellampalli
60.360
Swarna
1.012
Sadarmat
4.129
Ramadugu
1.170
Kuntala
0.700
Upper maneru
3.020
Shanigaram
1.092
Shalivaagu
0.650
Ramappa lake
0.784
Boggula vaagu
0.600
Lower penganga
5.12
Satnaala
2.048
Muttadi vaagu
0.905
Pranahita - chevella
160.00
Vatti vaagu (1st & 2nd stage)
2.970
Chelimela vaagu
0.569
Yerna vaagu
1.107
Kinnersani
8.139
Devadula
60.000
Kantanapalli
100.00
Rajiv sagar
16.00
Dummugudem
10.00
Indrasagar rudrama kota
9.870
Kaleshwaram lift irrigation
4.500
Lanka varam
1.590
Tali peru
4.371
Pedda vaagu (Gummadipalli)
0.220
Malluru vaagu
0.781
Mukamamidi
0.514
Gundla vaagu
0.244
Mudikunta vaagu
3.267
Gandham Chekkala Vaagu
1.080
Pedda vaagu sangampalli
1.290
Cherukulpalli
1.801
Alugu vaagu
0.999
Pallem vaagu
2.177
Murredu vaagu
0.854

K.T.P.S
0.800
Future schemes
Small water resources
7.370
170.511
Godavari River water Dispute Bachawat Tribunal :
Appointed on 1969, April 10
Members are
1) R.S.Bachawat (Chairman)
2) D.M.Bandari (members)
3) D.M.Seth (members)
States involved under this Godavari water disputes are

1) Maharashtra
2) Odissa
3) Madhya Pradesh
4) Chattisgarh
Godavari River water disputes Bachawat tribunal judgement (1980) is the problem of
Maharashtra & Undivided Andhra Pradesh.
But on 1951, July 27 the following states made meetings for their share in Godavari Basin,
they are
1) Bombay
2) Hyderabad
3) Madras
These 3 states did one agreement.
This agreement should be review after 25 years in 1976, july 27.
On 19 December, 1975 Undivided Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odissa &

Maharashtra made an agreement.
This agreement submitted to Bachawat tribunal on 1976, july 12.
Before Godavari tribunal report, Bachawat submitted KWDT report to central government.
Because of Godvari tribunal report is extending, in between 1975 to 1979 about on Godavari
water states did some agreements and requested to tribunal to allocate water according to
those agreements.
According to tribunal allocation of Godavari water

1) Undivided Andhra Pradesh - 45 TMC
2) Maharashtra, Karnataka - 35 TMC
Allocation of water in Million cubic meters

1) Undivided Andhra Pradesh - 1274.4
2) Maharashtra, Karnataka - 991.2

Disputes occured between Madhya pradesh, Odissa & Undivided Andhra Pradesh in the
matter of polavaram project on Godavari.
Icchampalli Project:
After merging of pranahita-Indravati rivers in Godavari, construction of lower Icchampalli

project Maharashtra, Chattisgarh states with undivided Andhra Pradesh in 1978, August 7th
has made an agreement, and entered this into as part of tribunal, but later objecting to that,
disputes were started
Babli project Barrage construction:
Against to agreement between Undivided Andhra Pradesh & Maharashtra,. Maharashtra

government undertaken the construction of Babli Barrage.
Because of this their will be loss to Sriram sagar project.
Sri Krishna Committee irrigation development:
For the sake of agriculture irrigation is important with that water resources based on climate
& rainfall development is depended.
Mainly there are 3 sources for agriculture, they are tanks, wells, cannals.
Net Irrigated area:
In 3 areas net irrigated area is going on increasing. Actually in Telangana Net irrigated area
is maximum 2 times increased.
According to this in Telangana 113%, coast Andhra 30% and in Rayalaseema 55% increased.
Electricity in Telangana after 1970

1) Hussain Sagar Thermal Power Station:
This is the first Thermal power station in Telangana.
This was started by Mir Osman Ali Khan in 1920 at bank of Hussain Sagar in Mint
compound in Hyderabad.
This is coal based energy production station.
Capacity is 22.5 MW.
But in 1992 it was destroyed and in that place I-max and NTR gardens are constructed.
2) Kothagudem Thermal Power Station:
It was constructed in Palvancha Khammam district, established in 1966.
It is coal based power generation centre belongs to Telangana power generation

corporation ltd.
Till know 11 units are formed in 6 stages.
Capacity is 1720 mw.
To this project coal from singareni & water from Kinnerasani will be supplied.

Kakatiya Thermal power station is running under TSGENCO. It was started on June 5,
2006.
This project is developing in 2 stages.
In first stage one unit is constructed contains capacity of 500 mw. From 2010 this unit
production will started.
3) Ramagundam B-Thermal Power Corporation:
This was established at Ramagundem in Karimnagar district under TSGENCO.
This is coal based power generation center.
Capacity is 62.5 mw contains one unit.
From 1971, production of energy is started.
4) National Thermal power corporation Ramagundam:
It was established in 1983 at Ramagundam in Karimnagar district.
This is also coal based power generation centre.
This is Maharatna company.
Capacity is 2600 mw.
This is big Thermal power generation station in South India.
Coal is supplying from Godavari coal belt of singareni collories.
Water is supplying from Sriram sagar project.
It got National Productivity award in 1985.
Benificiary areas are - Tamilandu, Telangana, Goa, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.
Out of all NTPC, Ramagundem NTPC is largest and stands in first place.
It was constructed on center & state ownership and state share is 580 mw.
5) Shankarpally Gas based power station:
It was started in 2002 at shankarpalli in Ranga reddy district
Production capacity is 1600 mw.
This project was stopped because of unavailability of gas.
6) Jurala Solar power station:
This was established in Revulapally village at priyadarshini Jurala Hydal power station
in Mahaboobnagar district.
This plant constructed as a part in Jawahar lal Nehru National Solar Mission.
This is photo voltaic cell based energy generation centre.
Production of energy will be started from December 29, 2011.
Production capacity is 1 MW.
PROJECTS
1) JURAL PROJECT :
The project was designd with a capacity of 19 TMC of water.
The dam has been constructed to store 11.94 TMC.
But at no point of time, the reservoir has filled up; up to Full Reservior Level (FRL) (or
capacity not exceeded 9 TMC).
This is on account of two reasons.
Reason for not filling up the reservior upto FRL is the non payment of sum amounting
to Rs.44 crores to the state of Karnataka to evaluate people from submerged area.
If compensation is paid to the farmers, they part with their lands.
Though a period of nearly 30 years elapsed since the work commenced on the project,
the Andhra rules never bothered to make allocation in the budget for making payments
to the Government of Karnataka.
Though the project has commenced way back in 1980, still it remains incomplete.
Secondly, in its construction, the element of intellectual dishonesty of Andhra Engineers

was involved.
One should not forget that only the Andhra Engineers occupied the important positions
of cheif engineer in executing the works on the project.
With an intension that the water flowing to the coastal Andhra region should not get
decreased, they fixed the sluice at a level 10 feet higher than the level designed in the
sanctioned estimate.
But in measurement book recorded only the level demarcated in the estimate and not
the acutal level.
The jurala waters are also transferred to Kurnool area of Rayalaseema occasionally,
which is nothing but violation of the stipulation of the tribunals direction.

Such was the interest evinced by the Andhra rules towards the irrigation projects of
Telangana.
2) RAJOLI BANDA DIVERSION SCHEME:
Through the Rajoli Banda Diversion Canal, popularly known as RDS, Mahaboobnagar,
district should get nearly 15-90 TMC of water.
But at no point of time it got 6 TMC.
This is on account of two reasons.
Firstly, the water regulatory mechanism, which is fixed in the sluice to regulate the
release of water is often destroyed by the Rayalaseema farmers.
As a result of which, water goes down the stream to Rayalaseema without being
diverted to Mahaboobnagar district.
Second reason was, Andhra rulers never sanctioned the maintanance budget to the
canals of Rajolibanda.
Thus, instead of 39.90 TMC of water for which the people of Rayalaseema are getting 50
to 60 TMS, which is nearly 50% excess.
Thus the people of Mahaboobnagar are deprived of their legitimate share.
3) SRISAILAM PROJECT:
This project constructed upstream of Nagarjunasagar is to act as a balancing reservior

for Nagarjunasagar, besides producing Hydel power.
The project is prohibited to serve irrigation as specified in the tribunal report at Several
Places.
However, the Government of Andhra Pradesh through sheer manipulations converted

the reservoir in to an irrigation reservoir gradually.
A second tunnel was drilled on the right bank of srisailam project with a capacity of 19
TMC of water, which would meet the irrigation needs of Kurnool district.
According to the agreement, from srisailam right Bank canal, for Rayalaseem 48 TMC of
water & from left canal to Telangana 50 TMC of water should be supplied.

But in 1983, Telugu Ganga merged with right canal and then the capacity of right bank
canal increased more than 48 TMC.
Both Telugu Ganga & Srisailam right Bank canal projects carried water to the tune of
11,000 cuses which ought to be flood water.
But they carried only assured water at the cost of Telangana, these are also illegal
projects.
4) NAGARJUNA SAGAR PROJECT:
Aliyawar jung, the then chief engineer of the Hyderabad princely state designed a
project to be constructed at Nandikonda village of Nalgonda district across the river
Krishna.
He requested the British Government to share 50:50 cost so that even Andhra area could
be irrigated, but british government declined the proposal.
After the merger of Hyderabad state with the Indian Union on 17-9-1948, Jawaharlal
Nehru laid the foundation stone for this national project in 1954 along with Boorgula
Rama Krishna Rao the then Chief Minister of Hyderabad State.
The project was taken up for execution on the basis of joint report 1954 of the erstwhile
Andhra & Hyderabad States.
As per this report, a total of 20.99 lakh acres was to be irrigated.
The left Bank Canal which serve Telangana and Andhra was to cater to 7.95 lakh acres &
2.05 lakh acres respectively.
The water that was be utilised in Telangana was to be 161 TMC & for Andhra region 25
TMC.
The planning commission sanctioned report in 1956, had curtailed the ayacut of
Telangana region to 6.6 lakh acres and for Andhra was fixed as 1.3 lakh acres and
utilization was fixed as IIITMC to telangana & 111 TMC to Andhra.

At this stage a famous engineer by name K.L.Rao who hailed from Vijayawada stepped
in.
We did not know what transpired, but the site of the project was shifted 25 kms down
stream and it was marked out at the present site.
The Government of Andhra Pradesh has made several manipulations during course of
execution of project and finally brought down the ayacut of Telangana to 5.32 lakh acres
through gravity for which 90.2 TMC would be utilized & 0.70 lakh acres through lifts by
utilizing 9.8 TMC.
Thus the total of 100 TMC is shown to be allocated to Telangana by curtailing the
legitimate share of Telangana by 11 TMC with the result the utilization of Andhra has
been increased to 32.25 TMC and ayacut was also increased to 3.8 lakh acres.
If the project had been constructed at the spot originally designed, 90% of the Nalgonda
district would have been brought under the cover of irrigation facilities.
At present Miriyalaguda, Huzurnagar & Kodad assembly constitutencies are partly

covered by the left canal and after that again it is entering the Krishna district, while a
branch of it is serving Khammam district.
Thus while the right canal of Nagarjuna Sagar dam is irrigating total Andhra region, the
left canal covers a part of Nalgonda and Khammam districts apart from full Krishna
district.
It can be rightly inferred that on account of hypocritic role played by the Andhra rulers
& engineers.
The Nagarjuna Sagar Project, which was originally designed to supply half of the
impounded water to the parched lands of Nalgonda & Khammam districts was made to
irrigate just 20% of the total ayacut under the project while 80% water goes to benefit
Andhra region.

5) PULICHINTALA PROJECT:
This project is constructed across the river Krishna at Pulichintala Village in Nalgonda
district with a capacity of 90 TMC of water.
It will not benefit the people of Nalgonda district who are in Telangana State on the
other hand, it has submerged thousands of acres of land containing huge lime stone
deposits worth lakhs of crores of rupees.
Further it will not add a single acre of land extra to the existing ayacut under the
Krishna delta.
The main benefit of this project is to give water to the Krishna delta for the 3rd crop.
One must take note that the majority farmers of Telangana are not getting irrigation
facility for a single crop.
But on the other hand, the Andhra farmers are not hesitating to submerge thousands of
acres of land of their Telangana brethren and dislodge them from their havens and
homes in order to get water for 3rd crop.
In their view Telugu people means the people pertaining to (13) districts of seema
andhra only.
In their view justice means benefit to seemandhra people only at the cost of
Telanganities.

A word about Telangana projects:
The following are the four Telangana Projects in Krishna River Basin in Mahaboobnagar
district apart from Jurala, RDS & Rajolibanda projects.
i) Bheema Project:
This project was designed to be constructed across the river Bheema, with an capacity of
20 TMC.
It would irrigate 2 lakh acres of land in the parched Mahaboobnagar district.
Though it got every sort of clearance along with assured water nearly 57 years ago, the
Andhra Rulers never bothered either to make budgetary provision (or) to take loan from
some agency to complete it.
Even after 57 years since the work commenced, it is at initial stages only.
(ii) Nettam Padu Project:
This is lift irrigation project with capacity of 22 TMC also is located in Mahaboobnagar
district across the river Krishna.
Process of its execution is moving very slow.
(iii) Kalwakurthy lift Irrigation project:
This lift irrigation project was designed to lift 4000 cusecs of water from the back waters
of Sri sailam project in Kollapur area of Mahaboobnagar district.
It has capacity of 25 TMC, it will irrigate nearly 2.5 lakh acres of land in Kollapur,
Nagarkurnool, Achampet & Kalwarkurthy segments.
Though the porject was sanctioned 20 years ago, by the Vijaya Bhasker Reddy Congress
Government, even 25% of the work is not completed.
All these projects are based only on flood waters, but not on assured water.
(iv) Srisailam left Bank Canal:
T.Anjaiah, the then chief minister of Andhra Pradesh hailing from Telangana region
sanctioned it in 1981, with a view to creating the irrigation facilities for 3 lakh acres of
land in 212 villages of 21 mandals of Nalgonda district besides providing safe drinking
water for the fluoride affected villages.
6) SRI RAM SAGAR PROJECT:
Sri Ram Sagar Project was constructed across the Godavari at pochampad village of
Nizamabad district.
The project started in the year 1963 is still progressing with Snails space.
Originally its capacity was 110 TMC, but after the formation of silt, the capacity
decreased to 91 TMC.
This project provides irrigation facilities exclusively for the Northern Telangana districts
of Nizamabad, Karimnagar & Warangal.
The Government claims that it has completed SRSP Stage-1 successfully in the year 2004
and it has developed potential of 9.68 lakh acres.
However as per the report of cheif engineers of dated 12-09-2008, the ayacut irrigated
under SRSP project is only 5 lakh acres.
This shows that the claims made by the Government are not at all true.
SRSP Stage - II:
This component at a cost of Rs.1,098 crores is supposed to create irrigation potential of

4,40,000 acres.
Though, Rs.763.67 crores are reported to have been spent on the project, not even a
single acre has been added to the cultivated area.
The surprising part of this project is that Government Still has not decided from which
source this project will get water.
The main SRSP Reservoir in unable to Serve even the first state ayacut fully, as already
pointed out by the CAG therefore, the SRSP State-II has to depend on water either from

Yellampally project or Devadula Project, which are under construction (or) Pranahita Chevella Scheme, which is yet to be grounded.
The problems faced by SRSP Project:
Numerous problems are faced by SRSP.
On the other hand, the inflows into the reservoir have reduced considerably.
The envisaged inflows of 196 TMC into SRSP Dam are not realized and only around 150
TMC are experienced.
The capacity of the reservoir get reduced due to heavy siltation in the reservoir (112
TMC got reduced to 80 TMC)
The main canal namely the Kakatiya, which was supposed to carry a discharge of 9,700
cusecs in unable to carry the designed discharge due to facility designs and lapses in the
construction.
7) SINGUR PROJECT:
The singur project across river manjeera, Tributary to River Godavari came into
existence in place of Devanur project, which was contemplated by the erstwhile
Hyderabad Government.
While the Devanur project was basically aimed to generate power, the singur project
was planned to originally achieve two fold objectives to arrest siltage and to stabilize
storage in NizamSagar.
In the addition to providing 8.35 TMC for stabilization of Nizamsagar ayacut, 4.06 TMC
to Ghanpur ayacut, 4 TMC to the city water supply, 2 TMC was allocated for new ayacut
in Medak District.
But in reality, the project has been converted into water supply project to serve the twin
cities.

8) NIZAM SAGAR PROJECT:
The erstwhile Government of Hyderabad constructed Nizamsagar project in the year

1931 to irrigate 2.75 lakh acres of land utilizing 58 TMC of water.
While the live storage of Reservoir was 25.6 TMC, dead storage was provided to the
extent of 4.12 TMC.
Not only the Nizam Sagar project starved for the dependable supplies from upstream, it
suffered badly on account of heavy siltation.
Practically, it has lost 60% of its original capacity during the period of 42 years.
Subsequently, the Government have raised the height of the Dam and improved the
capacity of the Reservoir by 6 TMC.
However, the position has not improved significanlty and the Reservoir is not able to
irrigate more than 1 lakh acres of the ayacut.
9) ICCHAMPALLY PROJECT:
The Icchampally project proposed downstream of confluence of Indravati and Godavari

Rivers.
Though, an agreement was entered into between the states of Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh & Andhra Pradesh on 07-08-1978, the work could not be proceeded ahead.
Since the Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra had objected to the 112.77 meter FRL,
proposed fo the project by Andhra Pradesh.
As per the agreement, the Telangana would get 80 TMC of water by gravity and 5 TMC
by lift.
Depsite repeated consultations amongst the three states, in the presence of union
Government, no concurrence could be achieved to the proposal.

The union Government, instead, proposed a low Dam with the reduced FRL of 95
meters.
Unfortunately, the Government of Andhra Pradesh rejected the Union Governments

proposal.
Had the proposal of Government of India with reduced FRL accepted at that time (in the
year 1995), the low Dam would have materialized and Telangana reaped certain
benefits.
The board position as on 1-11-1956, in respect of the water resources utilised and
committted for utilisation for irrigation in Telangana area is given below:
Godavari Valley
a) Water Utilisation under completed projects
1) Nizamsagar Project
58.00 TMC
2) Medium Irrigation Projects
21.70 TMC
3) Minor Irrigation Schemes
21.00 TMC
Total
100.70 TMC
b) Projects committed and under construction:

1) Godavari valley multipurpose project 330.00 TMC
2) Kadam Project
15.00 TMC
3) Lower Manaer Dam Project
12.00 TMC
4) Devanur Project
38.00 TMC
Total
395.00 TMC
c) Projects Investigated
1) Icchampally project
350.00 TMC
2) Godavari Valley
845.70 TMC
Krishna Valley
a) Water utilisation under completed projects
1) Rajolibanda Diversion Scheme
15.90 TMC

2) Medium Irrigation Projects
36.10 TMC
3) Minor Irrigation Scheme
90.80 TMC
b) Projects in Progress
1) Nagarjuna Sagar left Canal
132.00 TMC
2) Tungabhadra Project left Canal Extension
19.00 TMC
c) Projects Investigated
1) Upper Krishna Project
54.40 TMC
2) Bheema Project
100.00 TMC
Financial Deprivations
Telangana is a victim of plunder of its financial resources in the integrated state of Andhra
Pradesh.
On the eve of formation of Andhra Pradesh itself, Telangana was a surplus area with regard
to its Revenue Income and Expenditure, where as Andhra was a deficit state.
Underscoring the dangers involved in the amalgamation of a surplus area with a deficit
state, the states Reorganization commission (SRC) recommended continuance of Telangana
as a separate state.
Yet, the amalgamation took place because of the manipulative politics, but it was not
unconditional.
One of the conditions of merger of Telangana with Andhra was not to allow diversion of
Telanganas surplus income for the benefit of the other region.
But this condition, like several others, was observed more in its breach all through.
Consequently, Telangana is lagging behind the other region in all spheres of its
development.
Consequently, the governments of the time at the centre and in the state were compelled to
assess the quantum of Telangana Surpluses diverted to Andhra region for the period from
01.11.1956 to 31.03.1968.
The first exercise on this count was done by K.Lalith, an officer on special duty, deputed by
the comptroller and Auditor General of India.
1) KUMAR LALITH COMMITTEE (1969):

In the wake of the Jai Telangana movement, the then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
K.Brahmananda Reddy wrote a letter on January 21, 1969, to the then comptroller &
Auditor General of India to determine the exact quantum of Telangana surplus, and to
gather the information of Andhra employees who are working against mulki rules.
This committe was appointed as a part of Gentle Agreement January 19, 1969.
This committe was submitted its report with in 2 months itself.
This committe in its report said that 4500 Andhra employees are working against mulki
rules.
The surplues estimated by kumar lalith amounted to Rs.34.10 crore for the period of
1956-68.
2) JUSTICE VASHISHTA BHARGAVA COMMITTEE:
The Primer Minister made a statement in parliament on April 11,1969 on the Telangana
Situation referred to as the Eight-Point formula.
This formula contained a commitment to appoint a high powered committee to estimate

the quantum of Telangana Surpluses.
Accordingly, a committee was appointed on April 22, 1969 under the chairmanship of
Justice Vashishta Bhargava, Judge of the supreme court of India.
Members in this committe are

1) Professor Bihari Mathur & Hari Bhushan Bhar
2) Krishna Swami as secretary.
The terms of the reference required that the committe would take into account the
agreements reached between the representatives of Andhra & Telangana of the state of
Andhra Pradesh regarding the utilization of the surplus from the Telangana region for
expenditure on development of that region.
This committee submitted 123 pages of report.
The Bhargava Committe considered three documents for the purpose of its mandate.

(i) Gentlemens Agreements 1956
(ii) Agreement between the chairman of the Telangana Regional
Committe
and the Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1959.

(iii) All-party Agreement arrived at on January 19, 1969.
The Bhargava Committee estimated the Telangana Surpluss at Rs.28.34 crore for the
period 1956-68.
Employees working against mulki rules are 4500 members.
The Bhargava Committee agreed that there was considerable force in the contention that
it would be fair to revalue the surplus of each year in proportion to the rise in price
Index of that year and the price index prevailing on march 31, 1968.
But the committe did not revalue the surplus.
Both the committes came to more or less the same conclusions.
With Some variations in computing the figures here and there, both the committes
clearly established that the surplus revenues of Telangana were transferred constantly
and continously to meet the revenue deficit of Andhra Pradesh.
3) JUSTICE KAILASNADH WANCHOO COMMITTE:
A Committee under justice wanchoo was appointed to provide guidlines for

constitutional guarantees for mulkis in 1969, march 28.
The other members of the committe are

1) Attorney General Niren Day
2) Former Attorney General M.C.Setelvad
The committee opined that since any person has the right to work in any part of the
country according to his choice.
Constitutional guarantee should not be provided to mulki rules.
If constitution was amended for this purpose, then people of any specific region may
demand as a right jobs in their own locality, the committee warned.
Hence, the parliament should not have the right to amend the constitution for this
purpose, the committee suggested.

If the government wanted to protect the interests of the people of certain regions in
employement & educational opportunites, it may entrust such responsibility to local
appointing authorities the committe opined.
Some categories of jobs may be exempted from the public service commission for this
purpose.
In the background of the Wanchoo Committe on mulkis, the five point formula & the six
point formula were floated to protect the unity & integrity of Andhra Pradesh.
Employment Deprivations
Introduction:
As history reveals that Hyderabad State was one among the several other princely states of
India.
It was also enjoyed a status of separate sovereign country as it had embassies in 110
countries all over the world including present Hyderabad House in New Delhi.
The then Nizam State was the Seventh richest in the world.
The then Nizam state had its own consitution and its own Government consisting cabinet
headed by the prime minster, executive and legislature.
It is also evident from the fact that no one represented from this Nizam State to constitutent
Assembly in 1948 which had given a constitutional document to the nation.
After the fall of Nizam, the princely state of Hyderabad, the biggest & richest became a part
of Union of India in 1948 one year later to the Indian Independence.

Since then, Hyderabad State was administered by the Government of India for four years.
In 1952 the first general elections were held in the country so also in the state of Hyderabad.
Government was lead by Sri Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, took over the administration of
Hyderbad State from the Government of India, and continued till the formation of AP state
in 1956.
On the other hand, the Government of India formed state of Andhra in october 1953,
bifurcating Telugu Speaking districts of Madras and made its capital as Kurnool.
States Re-organization Commission:
At the stage in the history of post independent India, the union government decided to
restructure the states of the country on a rational basis.
In order to undertake a detailed scientific study and make appropriate recommendations, a

commission was appointed during the year 1954, under the chairmanship of Justice Fazal
Ali.
H.N.Kunjroo and K.M.Panikkar as member to this commission.
This commission was christened as the States Reorganisation Commision (SRC).
This commission worked for 22 months & presented report in October 1955.
After a careful examination of the issues involved, the commission was very categorial in
recommending that the Telangana part of Hyderabad State Should not be merged with the
Andhra State and that it Should be continued as a seperate state.
Even though, the state of AP was formed, ignoring the wishes of people of Telangana,
against a categorical recommendation of the SRC.
The merger of Telangana with Andhra was, however not unconditional.
It was facilitated by a number of Solemn promises made and constitutional safeguards

given to the people as a protective umbrella against the possible neglect and exploitation in
the enlarged state.
The assurance were given not once but many a times.
Notable among them are

Gentlemens agreement of
1956.

Eight point formula of 1969
Five point formula of 1970.
Six point formula & presidential order of 1974
G.O.No.610 of 1985.
Girgilani committee etc.
was setup time to time.
Now let us discuss these in detail.
Mulki Rules
The Mulki Rules formed part of the Hyderbad civil service Regulations.
These regulations promulgated in obedience to his exalted highness, the Nizams farman
dated 25th Ramzan 1337 H (corresponding to 18th Amardad 1328 Fasli) were for the first
time published in 1328 Fasli.
General Rules for Regulating allowances conditions of Age, Health & Domicile.
No person will be appointed in any superior (or) inferior service without the specific
sanction of His Exalted Highness if he not a Mulki in terms of the rules laid down in
Appendix N. Any person whose domicile is cancelled under para 9 of the Mulki Rules will
be considered to have been dismissed from the date of such can cancellation.
The following rules in Appendix N may be set out:
1) A person shall be called a Mulki if

a) by birth he is a subject of the Hyderabad state or
b) by residence in the Hyderabad state, he has been entitled to be mulki, or
c) his father having completed 15 years of service was in the Government service at the time
of his birth
d) She is a wife of a person who is a Mulki.
2) A person shall be called a subject of the Hyderabad state by birth at the time of whose birth
his father was a Mulki.
3) A person shall be called a Mulki who has a permanent residence in the Hyderabad State for
atleast 15 years and has abandoned the idea of returning to the place of his previous
residence and has obtained an affidavit to that effect on a prescribed form attested by a
magistrate.
4) Where a Mulki women marries a non-mulki but does not give up her residence in the
Hyderabad State, her rights which she enjoys by virtue of her being a Mulki shall not be
affected in any way.
5) Where a woman is a Mulki marries a non-mulki and resides outside the Hyderabad state
along with her husband and returns to reside permanently in the Hyderbad State after the
death of her husband (or) after obtaining a judicial seperation shall again be called a Mulki

but her children shall be called Non-Mulkis unless they are entitled to be Mulkis under
these rules.
6) Subject to the above provisions the Taluqdar, Hyderabad District for Hyderabad city and
Hyderabad District, and the Taluqdar of the District in the Districts shall be competent to
grant mulki certificate on the prescirbed form provided that the father of the applicant prior
to his residence in the Hyderabad State (or) appointed in the Hyderabad Government
Service (or) the applicant himself prior to his residence in the Hyderbad State:
Violations of Mulki Rules:
Violation of Mulki Rules began in 1948 itself, soon after erstwhile Hyderabad State joined
the Indian Union.
The Government of India appointed Vellodi, an ICS officer as the civil Administration of
Hyderabad State to help the military till a popular Government took over the reins of
administration in 1952.
During these 4 years thousands of employees from Madras state were brought to Hyderbad
State in the disguise that they knew english in Violation of Mulki Rules.
Thousand of employees of Hyderbad State especially muslims were mercilessly removed

from their services.
After the formation of A.P.State in 1956 many of the employees from Andhra Region was
encouraged by the Government of A.P into Telangana relaxing the Mulki rules on
administrative grounds and issued Mulki certificate to the non-Mulkis and allowed them in
to the jobs reserved for Mulkies.
As per the rule-3 of AP public employement rules 1959.

(i) In the posts within the Telangana Region only domiciles will be appointed.

(ii) In the Secretariat and Heads of Deartments, the second vacancy in every unit of three
vacancies will be filled by Telangana Person.
Rule-3 of the said rules were blatantly violated.
The rules were relaxed, interpreted and implemented to favour only Andhra employees.
Gentlemens Agreement 1956 :
In order to prevent misunderstadings between the two regions of Andhra and Telangana
the congress high command arranged a meeting of the leaders of regions at Delhi on 20
Febraury 1956.
According to this agreement:

1) The expenditure of the central and general administration of the state should be borne
proportionately by the two regions and the balance of income from Telangana should be
reserved for expenditure on the development of Telangana area.
2) The existing educactional facilities in Telangana should be secured to the students of
Telangana and further improved. Admission to the colleges including technical institutions
in the Telangana area should be restircted to the students of Telangana (or) the latter should
have admission to the extent of one third of the total admissions in the entire state
whichever course is advantageous to Telangana Students.
3) Retrenchment of Services should be proportionate from both regions if it becomes inevitable
due to integration.
4) Future recruitment to services will be on the basis of population from both areas.
5) The position of Urdu in the administrative and Judicial structure existing at present in the
Telangana area may continue for five years when the position may be reviewed by the
Regional Council.

6) Some Kind of domicile rules e.g residence for 12 years should be provided in order to assure
the prescribed proportion to recruitment of services for Telangana area.
7) Sales of agricultural lands in Telangnaa area to be controlled by the Regional council.
8) The Regional Council will be established for the Telangana area with a veiw to secure its allround development in accordance with its needs and requirements.
9) The Regional council will consist of 20 members as follows:
(i) 9 members of Assembly representing each district of Telangana to be elected by the
Assembly members of the Telangana districts seperately.
(ii) 6 members of the Assembly or the parliament elected by the Telangana representatives
of the Assembly.
(iii) 5 members from outside the Assembly to be elected by the Telangana members of the
Assembly. All ministers from Telangana area will be its members.
10) The Regional council will be a statutory body empowered to deal with and decide about
matter mentioned above and those relating to planning and development, irrigation and
other project of Telangana area. If there is difference of opinion between the views of the
Regional council & the Government of the state, a reference may be made to the Goverment
of India for final decision.
* Unless revised, this agreement will be reviewed at the end of 10 years.
11) The cabinet will consist of members in proportion of 60 to 40 percent for Andhra &
Telangana, respectivley. Out of the 40 percent Telangana minsiters one will be a Muslim
from Telangana.
12) If the Chief minister is from Andhra, the Deputy Chief minister will be from Telangana and
vice verssa. Two out of the following portfolios will be assigned to Ministers from
Telangana.
a) Home
b) Finance
d) Planning & Development
c) Revenue
e) Commerce & Industry.
From the above agreement, it will be seen that the Andhra leaders went more than half way
to meet the genuine demands of Telangana People.
Telangana Safeguards:
The Agreement reached between leaders of all political parties convened by the Chief
minister on January 19, 1969 to take steps for the implementation of Telangana Safeguards.
With the formation of Andhra Pradesh State on November 1, 1956, the long cherished
aspiration of the Telugu - Speaking people for having a state of their own was achieved
thanks to the combined efforts of leaders of the Andhra and Telangana regions.
Both were concerned primarily with securing the fuller cultural and economic development
of the Telugu people.

The leaders of both the regions found it necessary to provide Safeguards for ensuring due
protection of the interests of Telangana and its development.
Provisions in this regard were accordingly made in what has come to be known as the
gentlemens agreement.
Though it has been the settled policy of the Andhra Pradesh Government, to implemented
faithfully the terms of the gentlemens agreement lapses have arisen in the implementation
of the policy.
In order to ensure the proper implementation of the Safeguards, the following decisions
have been taken at a meeting of the leaders of all the political of the legislature convened for
the purpose by the chief minister.
The decisions are as follows:
1) All non-domicile persons who have been appointed either directly or by promotion or by
transfers to posts reserved under the Andhra Pradesh public employment rules 1959 for
domiciles of the Telangana region will be immediately relieved from service.
2) The posts so rendered vacant will be filled by qualified candidates possessing domicile
qaulifications and incases where such candidates are not available the posts shall be left
unfilled till qualified domicile candidates become available.
3) All non-domicile employees so relieved shall be provided employement in the Andhra
region without break in service and by creating supernumerary posts if necessary.
4) Two senior officers will be appointed with the responsibility for implementing these
decisions immediately and effectively.
5) There have been some complaints that employment has been obtained on the basis of false
domicile certificates.
The Government will arrange to inquire into any such complaints.
Jai Andhra Movement :
After the historical judgment of Supreme court there were no obstacles in implementing
G.O.36 and Mulki Rules as agreed in the Governments Agreement.
In terms of the G.O.Ms No.36, all the non local employees from Telangana who were
appointed in violation of Mulki Rules have to be repatriated.
By this, in 1972 the leaders of Andhra Region had started the Jai Andhra movement in
Andhra region opposing the supreme court judgement and demand for the formation of
seperate Andhra State.
Jai Andhra Movement gained momentum.
Succumbing to the pressure of Jai Andhra Movement, Government of India proposed a

formula called Six Point Formula in 1973.
Agreement on Six Point Formula 1973:

The Six Point Formula (SPF) was evolved by the leaders of Andhra Pradesh in counsultation
with the central leaders and declared on 21-09-1973 in order to remove the misgivings about
the future of the state and to arrive at a settelement in the wake of Telangana Agitation of
1969 & Andhra Agitation of 1972.
1) Accelerated development of the backward areas of the state and planned development of
the state capital with specific resources earmarked for these purposes and appropriate
association of representations of such backward areas in the state legislative along with
other experts in the formulation and monitoring of development schemes for such areas
should form the essential part of the development strategy of the state constitution at the
sate level of a planning Board as well as sub-committees for different backward areas
should be the appropriate instrument for achieving this objective.
2) Institution of uniform arrangements throughout the state enabling adequate preference
being given to local candidates in the matter of admission to educational institutions and
establishment of new central university at Hyderbad to augment the existing educational
facilities should be the basis of the educational policy of the state.
3) Subject to the requirements of the State as a whole, local candidates should be given
preference to specified extent in the matter of direct recruitment to
(i) Non-Gazetted posts (other than in the secretariat, offices of Heads of Department, other
state level offices & institutions and the Hyderabad city police).
(ii) Corresponding posts under the local bodies and
(iii) the posts of Tahsildars, Junior engineers and civil assistant surgeons in order to
improve their promotion prospects, service cadres should be organized to the extent
possible on approriate local basis upto specified gazetted level, first or second, as may be
administratively convenient.
4) A high power Administrative Tribunal should be constituted to deal with the grievances of
services regarding appointments, seniority, promotion and other allied matters. The
decisions of the Tribunal should ordinarily be binding on the state government. The
constitution of such a Tribunal would justify limits on recourse to judiciary in such matters.
5) In order to implementation of measures based on the above principles does not give rise to
litigation and consequent uncertainly, the constitution should be suitably amended to the
extent necessary, conferring on the president enabling power in this behalf.
6) The above approach would render the continuance of Mulki Rules and Regional Committee
unnecessary.

Presidential Order 1975:
Immediately after Jai Andhra Movement, Former PM Indira Gandhi announced six point
formula.
In pursuance of the six point formula, necessary amendment was passed in parliament to
the constitution of India, as Article 371-D of the constitution.
371-D special provisions with respect to the state of Andhra Pradesh.
The president may by order made with respect to the state of Andhra pradesh provide,
having regard to the requirements of the state as a whole, for equitable opportunities and
facilities for the people belonging to different parts of the state.
In exercise of the powers conferred on the president of India, through this Amendment, the
president passed two orders pertaining to Andhra Pradesh.
One is with regard to education and the other with regard to public employment.
As mentioned here in above, the one pertaining to public employment was called The
Andhra Pradesh Public Employment Order 1975, which is also called as presidential order
1975.
It was issued based on the constitution Act 1973.
As per section 97 of A.P.Re-organization Act 2014, the presidential order 1975 will be
implemented in both states.
According to these orders, state classified into 6 zones.
1,2,3 zones to Andhra area
4th zone to Rayalaseema area
5,6 zone to Telangana area

Details of Zones :
Ratio of Telangana & Andhra in jobs is 48:52.
But according to zonal classification 37% to Telangana area which contains 10 districts,
whereas Andhra area 63% which contains 13 districts.
In terms of presidential order the Andhra region is divided into 3 zones.

Zone I : Srikakulam, Vijayanagaram, Vishakapatnam - 12%
ZoneII: East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna - 18%
Zone - III: Guntur, Prakasham, Nellore- 15%.
Rayalaseema as zone IV, in which cuddapah, Kurnool, Anantapuram, Chittoor- 18%.
In terms of presidential order the Telangana region is divided into two zones.
Zone V: Adilabad, Karimnagar, Warangal & Khammam
Zone VI: Nizamabad, Medak, Hyderbad, Ranga Reddy, Nalgonda, Mahaboobnagar.
In some departments of Hyderabad district for some appointments a seperate city cadre was
organised this provision was Misinterpreted by Andhra officials and Hyderabad was
created as VII zone (or) free zone for the purpose of recruitment and transfers in all
departments.
Discrimination in Presidential order:
The major irreparable losses occured to the people of Telangana by accepting the six point
formula and subsequent issue of presidential order on the employment opportunities and
allocation of seats in the educational institutions are as follows:
1) Local reservations were reduced from 100% to 60%, 70% and 80% for various levels of post,
the rest of the post were to be filled up on open merit basis and not reserved for non-locals.
But they were treated as reserved for non-locals.

2) Period for local candidature was reduced to 4 years from 12 years. Thousands of Andhras
were benefited by this reduction and they became locals in Telangana especially in zone-VI
who are residing in & around Hyderabad city, being the capital of A.P.State.
3) Prior to the presidential order, every second vacancy in every unit of three vacancies was
reserved for Telangana in the secretariat and HODs. Presidential order, 1975 removed such
reservation to Telangana under para 14 of the said order.
*
Exemptions from the local reservations:

1) State Secretariat
2) Offices of the HODs
3) State cader other departments
4) Huge development projects
5) Government sector Organisations
6) Educational Institutions
7) Corporation, Boards etc.
Presidential Order Violations

1) Reservations to non-locals which are not in law:
Procuedure of selection of local candidates according to presidential order is 80% in single

cadre Recruitment, 70% in multi-zonal cadre and 60% in Multiple cadre Recruitment.
Hence in those places only local candidates should be appointed. Remaining seats should be
selected as open compitition.
But they appointed non-local persons in the remaining seats against to order.
About such illegeal appointments also known to government.
2) Regional discriminations :
In the appointment of non-local candidates in Andhra & Rayalaseema areas (or) in zonal
wise areas, Telangana area candidates are not even one candidate selected.
But while appointing non-local candidates in Telangana region mostly Andhra &
Rayalaseema canditates were recruited.
3) Manipulation of order of appointements:
During appointments first instead of filling seats through open competition they fill in
Reserve quota.
As a result local candidates who has chance to be selected through open competition on the
basis of merit, they likely to go into the reserved quota.

By this non-locals without merit also get easy recruitment in open competition.
4) Increasing Non-locals quota illegally:
Some districts cadres are changed to zonal cadres and reservation 80% for local candidates
was decreased to 70%.
Some non-gazetted cadre posts changed to Zonal wise non-gazetted cadre, and reservation
in these candidates decreased to 70 to 60%.
Like this open competition quota increased and considered it as reserved quota for nonlocals.
Hence, recruitments in these departments should have same share to all areas except seats
reserved to zones for remaining seats should be fill in open category.
Vengal rao filled some posts which were almost benifited to Andhra people
Indirectly Andhra people benefited with Presidential order.
5) Deprivation in main departments of Telangana:
Their is a clear rule to recurite persons of all areas in equal manner in secratariat, HOD,
huge projects.
But before formation of Telangana, in all state cader departments employees of Telangana
are only 10-17%.
6) Variations in Boards & Corporations:

7) Illegal Transfer:
Process of transfer is important but not like one way traffic.
By presidential order more than 99% of transfers took place from other areas to Telangana.
There was very less transfers of Telangana people to other areas.
Actually while doing transfer they have to take permission in several ways but without
permission only transfers took place.
About this, government also known, this was declared by state government General
Administration department october 17, 1988 issued an U.O Note No 1069/SPF-A/88-1.
8) Disputes of Bogas Certificates:
Settlers of Andhra taken registration certificates in Telangana employment exchange.
Thousand of jobs were taken by Andhra people in Telangana.
Bogas certificates issued for government jobs as local candidates from 1952 to 2014.

JAYABHARATH REDDY COMMITTEE - 1985
The presidential order; 1975 has been violated as was done in the case of mulki rules.
In 1985 Telangana NGOs Union represented the Government Specific cases of violations of
presidential order during 1975 to 1985.
The then chief minister Sri N.T.Rama Rao had appointed a three member committe of IAS
officers to look into the matter, under the chairmanship of Jaya Bharath Reddy.
In this committee other members are

1) Umapathi
2) Kamalanadhan
After through enquiry it was established by the committee that 58,962 non-local were
infiltrated into the posts meant for Telangana in violation of presidential order and
recommended for their repatriation to their native districts / zones.
Number of non-locals who got jobs in zone V

1) Khammam - 10358 non - locals got job
2) Warangal - 3141 non-locals got job
3) Adilabad - 5099 non-locals got job
4) Karimnagar - 4638 non-locals got job
Where as in Zone VI
1) Nalgonda - 3707 non - locals
2) Mahaboobnagar - 1489 non-locals
3) Nizamabad - 4286 non-locals
4) Medak - 1424 non-locals
5) Ranga Reddy - 2103 non -locals
6) Hyderbad - 22722 non-locals
Jayabharath Reddy submitted its report with in one year itself.
Government passed on order as, all non-locals will be send back to their native upto march
1986.
Actually in Recruitment of jobs share of Andhra & Rayalaseema is 58% where as share of
Telangana is 42%.
Some Government leaders opposed to not to implement recommendations of Jayabharath

Reddy Committee.
As a result, N.T.R Government appointed another committee to survey Jayabharath Reddy

committee, which is named as sundareshan committee.
This committee submitted report in December 1985.
Based on the recomendations of Sundareshan Committee, G.O-610 was released.

Government Order 610:
There have been major violations of the presidential order in all the Telangana zones, more
particularly in zones V & VI.
The Telangana employees unions have been submitting representation pointing out the
violations.
Following these representation, the state Government issued the order No.610 on December
30 , 1985 addressing some of the serious violations of the presidential order.
The G.O provides for the repatriation of all employees allotted to Zone V and VI in
Violation of the Zonalisation of local cadres under the six point formula will be repatriated
to their respecive zones by 31.12.1986 by creating supernumerary posts wherever necessary.
Inspite a such orders, the G.O was not implemented.
Identification of non-locals was not taken up.
The Government of Andhra Pradesh appointed a one man commission (Girglani) on june
25, 2001 to receive representations regarding the injustice done in the implementation of the
G.O.610.
Appointment of House Committee on G.O MS No 610:
After prolonged agitation, then then chief minister has agreed to constitute house committee
headed by Revuri Prakash, M.L.A as chairman.
This House committe functioned years together and several meetings were conducted and
called upon the heads of all the departments including chief secretary of the government for
speedy implementation of 610 G.O.
Since the majority officers belong to Andhra region many of them did not cooperate with
the House Committee.
As a result, this committee failed in identifying the non-locals however this committee
submitted its two interim reports to the Government with the following recommendations.
First Interim Report dated 17-03-2003 :
The committe was informed of the various aspects pertaining to the recruitment with
reference to the presidential order in the recruitments of sub-inspectors, quoting graduation
is the minimum required qualification.
The committe observed that since 1975, eight recruitments were made to the posts of S.Is in
Hyderabad city police of the Home Department, without following the six point formula,
considering Hyderabad as free zone. But the honorable High Court in its judgement has
clearly mentioned that Hydedrabad is not a free zone but it is a part & parcel of the VI
Stage.
The committee Further observed that due to the non-implementation of the six point
formula, the presently working civil S.I and constable posts were filled by the non-locals in
Hyderabad city police.

Out of 563 posts of civil S.I, 273 posts are occupied by the non-locals and out of 97 posts of
Reserve S.Is 44 posts are occupied by the non-locals.
Even though the judgement was delivered eight months ago, no action was initiated to
rectify the lapse and not even they have come to a conclusion.
The committee unanimously recommended that the non-locals who were appointed in the
posts earmarked for the locals against the six point formula, should be repatriated to their
respective zones.
The committe further recommended that the directions given by the Andhra pradesh
administrative tribunal should be implemented in letter & in spirit forth with by the
government and that a combined seniority list should be prepared for the rest of the
employees by keeping aside those to be repatriated to their respective zones.
Second Interim Report dated 14-11-2003:
The committe recomends that 2399 posts of civil police constables are now occupied by the
non-locals should be filled up by the locals against the OC quota in Hyderabad city police.
It also recommends that 546 posts of teachers which are now occupied by non-locals should
first be filled up by the locals against the OC quota in R.R.District. It recommends that 262
posts of teachers which are now occupied by non-locals in Hyderabad district, 23 posts in
Medak, 8 posts in Adilabad, 3 posts in Khammam district should be first filled up by the
local candidates.
The committe recommends that 87 posts of various categories which are now occupied by
the non-locals in prohibition and excise department in RR district should be first be filled up
by local candidates.
This also recommends that it is only after filling up of all the posts mentioned above, the
further recruitments in further should take place as per the ratio prescribed under the rules.
THE ONE MAN GIRGLANI COMMISSION

The J.M.Girglani (or) the one man commission (OMC) was set up in 2002 to examine the
non-implementation of GO 610 which made provisions for reservations of government jobs
for the local people with in the Telangana region.
Before this commission many committees were appointed such as Kumarlalit committee in
1969, which concluded that Telangana was denied its rightful share.
The Justice Bhargava committe in 1969, confirmed lalits findings, differing only on the
quantum of Telangana surpluses.
While lalit estimated the Telangana Surpluses not spent in Telangana at Rs. Rs.63.92 crores,
Justice Bhargava committe put the figures at Rs.28.34 crores.
The officers committe under the chairmanship of K.Jayabharati Reddy (1985) found that
Telangana did not get its due share in employement.
The House Committee (2001) on the implementation of GO 610 and J.M.Girglani

commission found that GO, which was supposed to redress the grievances of the employees
from Telangana, had not been implemented even two decades after its issuance.
This GO 610, issued 10 years after the presidential order 1975, has resmained
unimplemented.
Girglani commission revealed the current situation, solemn assurances & guarantees agreed
nearly 3 decades earlier by all political forces in the state & centre in the shape of
presidential order 1975 safeguarding the interests of Telangana.
The fact that this order needed validation by a constitutional amendment indicates the
national importance of the need to protect Telangana interests within the state of Andhra
Pradesh from being further eroded since merger in 1956.
Griglani submitted its report in 2004, which describes the deviations from the presidentail
order, remedial measures and safeguards.
The time-frame of the report was 18 october 1975 till 22 september 2004 & it covered the
entire state.
The main causes of the deviation are the administrative system, sometimes by passing the
presidential order, ignorance of the presidential order and lack of any monitoring (or) a
nodal agency.
The deviation are arranged in terms of 18 Deviation Genres delineated into 126 findings
and 35 sets of remedial measures.
Some of the issues of the 126 findings that Girglani examined in the light of the presidentail
order and the consequent GO 610 need to be considered.
The first is related to the exemption from the presidential order of the offices of the heads of
departments (HODs) of 51 departments in the state government from the operation of the
order.

The Idea Sensibly was that since the offices of the HODs service the whole of the state, their
staff would be state wide.
Girglani writes, Thus the 51 Heads of Departments listed in the Annexure to G.O.P.No.728,
of 1-11-1975, 54 in the Budget manual, 66 in financial code & 78 in fundament rules if got
multiplied into 288 (planing Dept list), 174 (Finance Deparments list) and to 145 (GADs
list).
Even the heads of projects are treated as HODs However, the report has listed out 102 HOD
offices that alone are legitimately entitiled to exclusion from localisation of cadres under
item (b) of para 14 of the presidential order.
A department can have only one head, while it may have many wings. Yet, the heads of
each of these wings were designated as heads of departments.
In order to facilitate the positing of the non-Telangana officers & staff, the state government
opted for dismatling its command and control structure & set up multiple HODs.
The Second deviation was in the work charged establishment.
This group largely consists of manual labours in a casual capacity without the teneur &
Salaries of regular government employees.
They are mainly employed in the irrigation, Panchyayati Raj and Roads & Buildings
Departments.
Their employment was exempted from the operation of the presidential order as they were
temporarily employed and did not constitute a regular government cadre.
Right from the beginning before and after the promulgation of the presidential order to
date, work-charged employees have been kept out of the purview of the presidential order
for no reason at all.
They are Civil posts in all connotations of this term and the presidential order should have
been applied to them but this has not been done.
Yet, the Girglani commission recorded, today they number 40,870 of these 16,161 are in
irrigation Department, 5,984 in Roads & Buildings, 6,860 in panchayat Raj engineering and
the rest in other department.
Girglani states, surplus staff including a part of the work-charged establishment totaling to
21,866 has also been kept outside the presidential order while absorbing them in regular
posts.
Such exclusion is even more unjustifiable. These have to be brought under the local cadres.
The third deviation is the cross-cadre movement relating to deputations.
From one post multiple promotions have been churned out by sending persons and
deputations, filling the same post by promotion and keeping up the chain of promotions
and deputations.

Deputations from excluded organization to other excluded organizations have curtailed the
opportunities of the local candidates which the fair share principle would have provided
them.
The fourth is the elaborate and systematic procedure adopted in the polytechnic colleges.
Post of part-time junior lecturers were filled by appointments of non-locals,though these

temporary jobs are by direct appointment & covered by the presidential order.
Subsequently, the order was violated twice over by regularising the posts of these part time
junior lecutrers.
There after, the regularised part time junior lectureres were transferred to their native
districts and given seniority as of a particular date, instead of being put in the last rank.
The fifth kind of deviation illustrates the elaborate ways in which bureaucracy functioned.
It is very obvious that such blatant disregard of the presidential order over three decades
and under different political administration of different politcial parties could not have been
effected without the active connivance, ignorance, & initiative of the bureaucratic
administration of the state.
This was amply evident from the fact that in the two years that Girglani worked on this job,
only 52 departments responded to his requests for data.
Girglani hesitated to give overall figures due to lack of data from all HODs.
Whatever the real number, it is evident that not only were jobs diverted, but the whole
process has undermined the legitimacy, integrity & credibility of successive political &
bureaucratic administration over the last 30 years.
The final conclusion seems to be enough is enough, and trust in the current governance
structure among the people of Telangana seems to have reached rock bottom.
In the content of tribal population, Girglani said that it is the story of nirbal se ladai
balawan ki Yeh Kahani hai diye ki aur tufan ki (battle between lamp & storm).
It is, therefore, abundatly clear that a seperate Telangana state is needed in order to
implemented the assurances, guaratees and entitilements which have been acknowledge by
everyone over the past five decades as neccessary fair and equitable for the people of the
region.
It is also an essential pre-condition for rebuilding the trust of the people in constitutional
governance norms and structures and to re-establish the rule of law.
The most important aspect of implementation of recommedations of the one man

commission was the repatriation of non-locals.
The state government issued various directions to identify non-locals appointed in deviation
of the provisions in each unit of appointment.
If we look at the department wise details of employees identified for repatriation (18,856),
this preliminary conclusion by the one man commission is confirmed.

Of these, it is understood that 14,874 employees now stand repatriated.
SKC concluded, that we, therefore suggest that there is no real need to have any additional
administrative instrumentalities for protection of persons belonging to Telangana region in
public employment.
However existing safeguards should be implemented with renewed vigour.
The committee noted the positive indications from employees from Telangana about their
grievances, relating to employment issues being seriously addressed by the government in
the last five years which have provided them with a sense of satisfaction, not with standing
the discontent the earlier delay had caused.
Eight Point Programme 1969:
After the several talks with leaders of both regions on April 2, 1969 former PM Indira
Gandhi came up with Eight point programme.
Eight points in brief are the following :
1) Appointment of High powered committee to estimate Telangana surpluses.

2) Discussions regarding the manner in which the requisite financial resources could be found
to make good the surplus due to Telangana.
3) Constitutiion of High-level Telangana Development Committee.
4) Constitution of a plan implementation committe under supervision of the planning
commission.
5) Delegation of powers to authorities dealing with the problems of Telangana region.
6) Examination of providing constitutional safeguards in the matter of public employement.
7) High level central Advisory committe to examine the grievances of public servants.
8) Prime Minister to hold review meetings for every six months.
Five-Point Formula - 1972 :
The central Government tried to diffuse the Jai Andhra Movement in the wake of the
supreme court Judgement on Mulki Rules.
The prime minister made a statement in parliament on November 27, 1972 indicating certain
measures, popularly known as five-point formula.
The main components of this formula are:
1) The residential requirements prescribed in the Mulki rules would only apply to nongazetted posts.
2) The limited safeguard would remain in operation in the Telangana region up to the end of
December 1980. In the case of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, the safeguards would
continue only upto the end of December 1977.
3) Service cadres would be regionalised upto the first or second gazetted level.
4) Educational facilities in Hyderbad & secunderabad would be expanded.

5) For the cities of Hyderabad & Secunderabad, these would be a composite police force, the
details of which would be worked out in consultation with the state Government.
Further committees on implementation of G.O.Ms No.610:
During the year 2004 the then chief minister of Andhra Pradesh Sir Y.S. Rajashekar Reddy,
had constituted the following committees for rectification of violation of presidential order
and G.O.M.S.No.610.
1) House Committe lead by Sri Uttam Kumar Reddy, M.L.A:
Andhra Pradesh assembly has constituted the House committe for implementation of
the 610 G.O and presidential order.
Sri Uttam Kumar Reddy as chairman during the year 2004 to 2009.
This committte functioned and conducted the several meetings but failed to obtain the
information pertaining to non-locals employees of various departments in Telangana
Region, due to non co-operation of Andhra Officers.
Finally this committee completed its tenure without any appropriate recommedations.
2) First Cabinet Sub-Committee:
The state government has constituted the cabinet sub-committe in terms of

G.O.Ms.No.219 dated 10-08-2014, to examine the recommendations of one man
commission on 610 G.O, under the chairmanship of M.Sathyanarayana Rao.
This committe has also functioned but it is not known that this committee has submitted
any report to the cabinet.
3) Second cabinet Sub-Committee:
Another cabinet subcommitte has been constituted in terms of G.O.Ms.No.778 dated 1312-2006 under the chairmanship of D.Srinivas the then minister of Rural Development,
to over see the implementation of 610 G.O.
This committee also functioned and conducted several meetings with officers concerned,
but it is not known that this committe has submitted any report to the cabinet.
4) Committee with the Officers:
This committe has diametrically.
In terms of G.O.Rt.No.1878 dated 12-4-2005, the committee with the officers has been
constituted to examine the reports collected from all the departments & head of the
departments based on the findings of the one man commission, following the basic
principles of the presidential order.
The committte has diametrically turned around and worked contrary to the basic spirit
of the presidential order and caused for the issuance of the G.O.Ms.No-72 dated 04-032006, G.O.Ms.No.399 dated 5-6-2007 & G.O.Ms.No.415 dated 12-06-2007 which are
issued against the basic principles & spirit of presidential order.

Subsequently succumbing to the resentment of the Telangana employees and the public
as well, the state Government have withdrawn the above said G.Os.
Education :
Development of education affects and in turn gets affected, by the pace of economic
development.
There is a bi-directional linkage. In this process, low rate of literacy and economic
backwardness sustain each other.
This is precisely the problem of Telangana.
The forced coexistence of Telangana with Andhra for more than half a century has thrown
the region into a very unenviable position in the realm of literacy not only within the
regions in the state, but also across the states in the country.
At the time of formation of Andhra Pradesh, it was assured that disparties in the levels of
development in different regions of the state, including the filed of education, would be
removed in five to ten years of time.
But even after five and a half decades, the literacy rate in Telangana region continues to be
lowest in the state.
The region - wise details are given in the following table:
Literacy rates (2001 census)
Region
persons
Males
Females
Andhra
62.90
72.00
53.50
Telangana
57.70
68.40
46.80
Andhra Pradesh
60.40
70.30
50.40
It is to be further noted that if the capital city with a literacy rate of 78.80 is not taken into
account, the literacy rate of nine districts of Telangana is less compared to North Coastal
Andhra & Rayalaseema, said to be the most backward areas of the state.
With regard to the literacy of the scheduled castes & the scheduled tribes of the region, the
position is much worse, which is shown below
Literacy Rates of Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes literacy Rate (%)
Region
1) Andhra
2) Telangana
3) Andhra Pradesh
Category
Persons
Males
Females
SC
47.60
66.60
42.50
ST
38.40
47.40
29.30
SC
47.10
58.30
35.60
ST
33.30
44.50
21.60
SC
63.50
63.50
43.40
ST
37.00
47.70
26.10

The main reason for the prevalence of low literary rate in Telangana is the result of uneven
distribution of educational facilities in different regions of the state.
Employees Census 2006 :
In terms of the report of Directorate of Economics and statistics particulars of Sixth Census
of state government and public sector employees published on 11-2-2008 are as follows.
Total number of employees in state government and public sector as on
31-03-
2006 are 12,89,635
Exclusively state government employees are 6,15,878.
local bodies employees are 3,29,573.
State public sector under taking employees are 2,53,550.
universities employees are 15,872.
other work charged and aided institutions employess are 74,762.
The employes working in the state capital i.e, in Hyderabad are 1,10,724.
Employees in the Government sector: Gazetted officers are 57,899, NonGazetted officers are 5,49,877 class IV employees are 1,40,287.
As per the district wise censes report it is to state that the employees working at state capital
are 1,10,724.
In Telangana region 4,98,359 and in Andhra Region 6,80,552.
In the state capital i.e; in Hyderbad 90% employees hail from Andhra Region and 10% only
from Telangana Region.
Out of 4,98,359 who were working in Telangana region near about 40% non-local employees
i.e; 1,99,344 are working in violation of presidental order.
Whereas inthe Andhra region i.e; out of 6,80,552 not even 1% employees of Telangana area
are working in that region.
Out of 57,899 Gazetted officers in the state only 10 to 12% of officers hail from Telangana.
In the Non-gazetted officers category also the recruitment agencies i.e; APPSC, DSC etc
nevers bothered to follow the provisions of the presidential order for the last 40 years.
As a result, thousands of non-local employees were recruited in Telangana region in

violation of local reservation.
As per the above analysis the Telangana people have lost near about 2.5 lakhs employment
opportunities during these 53 years of combined state.
The number of non-local employees who were working in Telangana in violation of Mulki
Rules in the initial stage and subsequently in violation of presidential order estimated
through the various committees apointed by the Government are as follows:
1956-1968 : 22,000 in violation of Mulki rules
1975-1985 : 58,962 in violation of presidentiaal order 1975.
Collegiate Education :

The region wise details of staff working in such institutions and there by extent of
expenditure incurred on them, called out from the official statistics for the year 2007-08
given below.
Degree Colleges:
Number of Teachers in Government & aided degree colleges
Region
No.of Teachers
Actual %
entitlement %
1. Andhra
8828
70.5
59.31
2. Telangana
3709
29.50
40.69
3. Andhra Pradesh
12,537
100
100
These figures made it abundantly clear that only 29.50% of the expenditure is incurred on
the Telangana region against its entitilement of a minimum of 40.69%.
Obviously a disproportionately higher allocation is made to the other regions.
Further details to be noted are:

(i) The nine Telangana districts (excluding the capital city) account for
Rs.17,05,51,900 ie just 8.41% of the total grant released for the entire
(ii) In coastal Andhra, just two districts (Krishna & Guntur) get Rs.42,47,000
state.
ie;
30.38% of the total grant meant for the 23 districts of the state.
Junior Colleges:
In the case of Government Junior colleges, the staffing pattern is balanced at the moment.
But it is offset by the staffing pattern of the Aided private junior colleges which is very
much disadvantageous to Telangana.
Details are as follows :

Number of posts of Teachers in Government & Aided Junior colleges
Region
1. Andhra:
Government
Aided
2. Telangana:
Government
Aided
3. Andhra Pradesh :
Government
Aided
*
No.of posts
Actual %
entitlement %
4588
1578
49.57% 59.31
79.98
4668
395
50.43
20.02
40.69
9256
100
100
1973
100
A peripheral look at these figures creates an impression that with regard to number of posts
teachers in Government Junior Colleges, Telangana is in a better position.
But the Fact is that more than half of these posts are kept vacant with the possibility of
abolishing them altogether.

Universities :
*
There are two categories of universities in the state funded by the state Government.
(i) Universities with state-wide jurisdiction - 17 in number
(ii) Universities with jurisdiction restricted to specific
region (or) district - 16 in numbers.
I. Universities with state-wide jurisdiction in Andhra & Telangana regions.

(i)
Coastal Andhra:
1) NTR University of Health & Sciences (Vijayawada)
2) AP Horticulture University (W.Godavari)
3) JNTU (Kakinada)
4) AP University of law (Vishakapatnam)
5) Dravidian University (Kuppam)
6) Sri Padmawathi womens university (Tirupathi)
7) S.V.Institute of Medical Sciences (Tirupathi)
8) SV Vedic University (Tirupati)
9) SV University of Vaterianry Sciences (Tirupathi)
10) JNTU (Anantapur)
11) Rajiv Gandhi University of knowledge & Technology RGUKT (Idupulapaya)
(ii) Telangana:
1) Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University
2) DR.BR Ambedkar open university.
3) Potti Sriramulu Telugu University
4) JNTU
5) Nizams Institute of Medical Sciences
6) Jawaharlal Nehru University of Architecture & Fine arts.
II. Universties with Regional / District level Jurisdiction:
(i) Andhra
1) Andhra University (Vishakapatnam)
2) Acharya Nagarjuna University (Guntur)
3) Adikavi Nannayya University (Rajamundry)
4) DR.BR. Ambedkar University (Srikakulam)
5) Krishna University (Machilipatnam)
6) Vikram Simhapuri University (Nellore)
7) Sri Venkateshwara University (Tirupathi)
8) Sri Krishna devaraya University (Ananthapur)
9) Yogi Vemana University (Kadapa)
10) Rayalaseema University (Kurnool)

(ii) Telangana:
1) Osmania University (Hyderabad)
2) Kakatiya University (Warangal)
3) Telangana University (Nizamabad)
4) Mahatma Gandi University (Nalgonda)
5) Satavahana University (Karimnagar)
6) Palamoor University (Mahaboobnagar)
Medical Education:
*
The Regional wise medical colleges of the government given below.
Government Medical Colleges

I.
Andhra
No.of Seats
1) Andhra Medical college (vishakapatnam)
150
2) Rangaraya Medical College (Kakinada)
150
3) Guntur Medical College (Guntoor)
150
4) Rajeev Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences
100
(Srikakulam)
5) Siddhartha Medical College (vijayawada)
6) Sri Venkateshwara College (Tirupati)
100
150
7) Government Medical College (Kurnool)
150
8) Government Medical College (Ananthapur)
100
9) Rajeev Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences
150
(Kadapa)
II. Telangana:
1) Osmania Medical College (Hyderabad)
200
2) Gandhi Medical College (Hyderabad)
150
3) Kakatiya Medical College (Warangal)
150
4) Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences
100
(Adilabad)
It clarifies that the distribution of these colleges is not in proportion to either the number of
districts or the population of a region.
While the four districts of Rayalaseema, have four colleges, the Telangana region
comprising ten districts has the same number of colleges.
It is also to be noted that out of 600 seats available in the Telangana Colleges, 350 seats are
available in the capital city in the two colleges established by the erstwhile Hyderbaad
Government.

After the formation of Andhra Pradesh, these seats ceased to be the exclusive premagative
of the natives of Telangana. Such a problem doesnot exist in the Andhra & Rayalaseema
regions.
Technical Education:
The region wise dispersal of institutions offering engineering and Technical education is
given in the following table.
Colleges of Engineering & Technology Public Sector

I.
Andhra
No.of Seats
1) Andhra University engineering College (Vishakapatnam)
410
2) JNTU (Kakinada)
250
3) JNTU college of engineering (Vijayanagaram)
300
4) JNTU (Anantapur)
300
5) JNTU college of engineering (Pulivendula)
300
6) School of engineering & Technology womens university
240
(TPT)
7) SV University College of Engineering (TPT)
260
8) SKD college of engineering (Ananthapur)
180
9) Yogi Vemana University college of engineering (poddatur) 300

10) College of Agriculture engineering (Ananthapur)
45
11) College of Food Sciences & Technoloyg (Pulivendula)
20
12) Dairy Technology Programme (TPT)
20
Total
2625
Percentage of total seats
69.82%
entitlement percentage
59.31
II. Telangana
1) JNTU (Hyderabad)
290
2) O.U College of engineering (Hyderabad)
320
3) OU college of Technology (Hyderabad)
100
4) KU college of engineering (KTDM)
105
5) JNTU college of engineering (Karimnagar)
300
6) Dairy Technology programme (Kamareddy)
20
Total
1135
percentage of total seats
30.18
entitlement %
40.69

UNDER DEVELOPMENT
Introduction
*
Developing, least economically developed countries are called under developed (or) thrid
world nations.
Under Development - Factors :

1) Professions system under development:
Profession System is the main factor for under development.
Population mostly depend upon agriculutre, those area or countries contains under
development.
2) Less per capita Income:
According to UNO experts committee, compare to income of following countries like

America, Canada, Australia, Western Europe countries which have less per capita
income can be named as under development countries.
Main reason for this is less availability of natural resources and less consumption of
natural resources.
3) Poverty:
Accroding to modern economists, high poverty leads to under development & led to
backwardness.
According to Ragner Nurkse Poverty is main reason for under development.
The vicious cycle of poverty impact backward countries always remain backward only.
4) Able to improve efficiency (development)
In developing (or) backward areas even though their is an availability of natural

resources, if consumption or not consuming properly these aspects led to under
development.
Less improvement in efficiency also led to under development.
Under development - General Features:

1) Less National per capital Income.
2) Shortage of capital
3) High population growth
4) Inferior productivity status
5) Technical backwardness
6) low employment, high unemployement
7) low standard of living
8) High income inequalities
9) High poverty

10) Agriculture based economy
11) low foreign trade
1) Less Percapita Income:
The main sympton of under developed countries are less quantity of gross, net national
income.
Generally It is calculated based on purchasing power parity in American dollars.
GNP is 37,760 dollars, less income countries GNP i sonly 1,387 dollars.
2) Capital Scarcity:
Because of high poevery their will be no income hence capital scarcity increases.
If there is no income, hence there will be no savings which led to capital scarcity.
According to Ragner Nurkse, under development countries is in the vicious circle of

poverty.
GDS of developing countries should be 40% (or) above this leads to development.
3) High Population Growth:
In under developed countries population growth rate will be 2 (or) more.
Because of population growth rate compare to NI, in under developed countries led to
less per capita income.
High population growth rate is also one main reason for under development of country.
4) Inferior productivity status:
In order developed coutnries generally workers productivity is low.
This leads to less standard of living.
According to P.Thodaro, reasons for under development are living status, less
productivity & backwardness of socio & economic conditions.
Productivity Status depends upon following factor; the number of labour productivity,
health, technical knowledge, institutional factors, wages, availability of new material etc
but these all are less in under development countries, hence leads to less production.
5) Technical Backwardness:
In under developed countries, backwardness of production, less industrial growth

backwardness production process these type of countries contains technical
backwardness.
The main reason for techinical backwardness is less research & less expenditure on
development.
6) High unemployement & less employement:
Less workers skil is one of the reason for high unemployment.
In these countries self unemployement concentrated more, and the reason is high
poverty.

Unemployment increases because of no demand in industrial products, their is no

development in markets & their is no establishment of industries.
In developing countries 35% of workers are
7) Low standard of living:
The reason for low standard of living is high backwardness in income, education,
literacy in under developed countries.
In under developed coutnries infant mortality ratio is more & life expectancy is less.
8) High Income Inequalities:
According to world development report 2006 because of inequalities in health, education

etc, leads to less employement again this leads to income inequalities.
9) High poverty:
Absolute poverty is one of the reason for under development countries.
Less percapita GNP is also one of the reason for high poverty.
According to world bank, poverty line can be estimated based on purchasing power
1.25$ per day.
In South Asia 53.8% poverty was there in 1990, in 2010 it is 31.0% i.e; 507 millions, where
as in Sub Sahara Africa 414 millions of poor people are there.
10) Agriculture-based economy:
According to Harvey Lebunstin, under developed countrys economic condition is

mainly based on Agriculture, hence it is one reason for under development.
In Backward countries 40% of income is from agriculture, at the same time 60% of
population depends upon agriculture.
Compare to developed countries, in developing countries the following are
According to J.K.Gal Breth their is no development in agriculture sector the countries

which are even through full fledged depends upon agriculutre.
11) Less Foreign Trade:
Developing countries captains less share in International markets.
Developing countries exports less cost variables such as material etc where as they
import high cost variables such as manufacturing goods etc.
As a result have to pay more income hence inequalities will raise.
Share of under development countries is very less in international trade.
Telangana - Under development elements :

*
The following are the reasons for under development of Telangana region in undivided
Andhra Pradesh..
1) Telangana Agriculture sector is neglected
2) Ecnomic reforms are
3) They doesnt showed intrest in rural development

4) Deprivation of water & finance which are main resources of Telangana
5) They showed regional discrimination of Telangana Private & Public employees.
6) Deprivation of land mineral resources in Telangana
7) Descrimination showed on Cinema, Language, Culture, heritage, media in Telangana.
8) Telangana Industrial & other sectors are neglected.
9) Less expenditure on infrastructure facilities in Telangana
10) Electricity & Irrigation projects are neglected.
11) less budget is allocated to Telangana.
Literacy rate of Telangana region in 1981 is 26.2%

Where as in 1991 it is 40.5%, in 2001-57.2%
hence it is increased to 66.3% in 2011.
1981 - 26.2%
1991 - 40.5%
2001 - 57.2%
2011 - 66.3%
But Telangana region literacy rate is less than country average literacy rate.
Infant mortality rate of Telangana in 1981 it was 83 per 1000 where as in 1991 as 50, in 2001
it was 63 and it is decreased to 55 in 2011.
Under Development districts in state according to Ghanshyam Mohanthi:
He studied under development areas based on 39 indexes.
He divided into 4 groups for under development areas which are productivity equality
empowerment & Sustainability.
In the year 1982-83

1) Developed districts in Telangana region are - 4
2) Middle developed districts Telangana region are - 3
3) Under developed distrcts Telangana region are - 2
In the year 1987-88

1) Developed districts in Telangana region are - 2
2) Middle developed districts in Telangana region are - 5
3) Under developed in Telangana region are - 2
In the year 1992-93

1) Developed districts in Telangana region are -3
2) Middle developed districts in Telangana region are - 4
3) Under development districts in Telangana region are - 2
For last 10 years, developed districts are decreased and middle developed districts are
increased.
According to 2011-12 UNDP report :

Under developed distircts in Telangana region are 3 they are Mahaboobnagar, Medak,
Nizamabad.
According to UNDP report the remaining districts comes under middle developed districts.
Inequalities in Undivided Andhra Pradesh:
Compare to AP, inequalities in different elements of Telangana (2013 march) as follows.

A.P
Telangana
1) Total population (millions)
49.3
35.2
2) Population density
308
310
3) Urban population (%)
25
31
4) LIteracy (%)
67.4
66.5
5) Regional workers (%)
45
45
6) Non-agriculture labours percentage
42
38
7) Infant mortality rate
42
42
8) Agriculture production per acre (in rupees)
49,668 33,328
(Rural) per 1000
9) availability of Rice per hectare
32.19
29.80
(quintol)
10) District percapital area production
26,356 23,715
11) Net irrigated Facilities
56
40
12) Average consumption of electricity (units)
478
779
13) Agriculutre mechanisation (tractors per 1000
9.20
7.21
hectares)
GSDP Share in different Sector the year in 2010-11

1) Agriculture sector share
19.5
27.3
2) Industrial sector
24.7
28.9
3) Service Sector
48.7
51.6
Other
A.P
Telangana
1) Main workers 2011
1.9 crores
1.37 crores
2) Marginal workers
37.63 crores
26.22 crores
3) total
2.30 crores
1.63 crores
4) Non-labours
2.64 crores
1.82 crores
Classification of main workers

1) Farmers
30.93 lakhs
29.94 lakhs
2) Agriculture labours86.12 lakhs

45.89 lakhs
3) Household workers
5.28 lakhs
6.35 lakhs
4) Others
70.83 lakhs
55.00 lakhs
Marginal Workers
1) Farmers
2.46 lakhs
1.57 lakhs
2) Agriculture labours
24.40 lakhs
13.25 lakhs
3) Household workers
1.33 lakhs
1.40 lakhs
4) Others
9.42 lakhs
9.98 lakhs
Industrial Survey Estimates (2012-13)

Total facotries
15,358
13,656
Workers
4.06 lakhs
5.85 lakhs
Statistics of GSDP (in crores) at current prices

2012-13
4.10 lakh crores
3.47 lakh crores
2013-14
4.64 lakh crores
3.91 lakh crores
constant prices (2004-05)

2012-13
2.30 lakh crores
1.97 lakh crores
2013-14
2.46 lakh crores
2.06 lakh crores
Per Capita NSDP estimates

1) at current prices
2012-13
Rs.72,301
Rs.85,169
2013-14
Rs.81,397
Rs.95,361
2012-13
Rs.39,645
Rs.47,100
2013-14
Rs.42,170
Rs.48,881
2) Constant prices (2004-05)
6th economic census estimates

I) Number of enterprises
42.37 lakhs
20.96 lakhs
1) Rural areas
31.27 lakhs
11.79 lakhs
2) Urban areas
11.09 lakhs
9.16 lakhs
II) Number of persons who got total employements

1) Rural areas
57.85 lakhs
23.45 lakhs
2) Urban areas
26.77 lakhs
32.42 lakhs
Schedule commercial Banks items (till 2014, sept 31)

1) Number of officers
5,893
4383
2) Population of bank office area
8000
8000

3) Per capita Deposit
Rs. 34,834
4) Per capital loans
Rs.84,343
Rs. 38,077
Rs. 89,718
Regional Rural Banks (2014)

1) Number of offices
994
768
2) area of districts
13
10
Human Development Index (HDI) :
Implemented by UNDP in 1990, by an economist Mr.Mahbub-ul-hakh
HDI calculated based on

1) Life expectancy
2) literacy
3) purchaing power parity
Index value is between 0-1.
HDI classifed into 4 categories.

1) Highly developed countries: here value of HDI is above 0.9.
2) high developed countries : here HDI value is between 0.8 to 0.9
3) middle developed countries: HDI value between 0.5 to 0.8
4) Under developed countries : HDI value below 0.5
187 countries are participated
India ranks 135.
HDI value of India is 0.586.
According to this report Norway and Australia ranks 1st and 2nd, where as last two ranks
goes to Neiger and Congo Republic Countries.
In India, Kerala is in first rank in 2004-05 & 2011-12 report.
Orissa & Bihar Stands last in 2004-05 report.
Where as in 2011-12, Bihar & Chattisgarh occupies last two ranks.
HDI in Telangana :
Compare to 2004-05, there is a development in HDI in the year 2011-12.
In the year 2004-05, rank of Telangana was 13, but raises to 10th rank in 2011-12.
The value of HDI of Telangana in 2004-05 was 0.343, which was increased to 0.513 in 201112.
In the year 2011-12, HDI value of Hyderabad is 0.76 which stands first rank in state, last
rank occupies Medak district whose HDI value is 0.446.
Nizamabad district reaches to 8th rank from 10th rank
Nalgonda district falls to 7th rank from 5th rank.
Khammam district occupies fifth place from 7th rank.

District wise HDI value & Ranks

2004-05
2011-12
District
Value
Rank
Value
Rank
1) Hyderabad
0.631
0.765
2) Ranga Reddy
0.364
0.605
3) Warangal
0.356
0.534
4) Karimnagar
0.351
0.521
5) Nalgonda
0.320
0.500
6) Adilabad
0.289
0.508
7) Khammam
0.286
0.519
8) Mahaboobnagar
0.270
0.464
9) Nizamabad
0.251
10
0.466
10) Medak
0.261
0.446
10
Telangana - Dimensions of Underdevelopment

1) Primitive Accumulation and underdevelopment in Telangana
Telangana being the most neglected and exploited part of the state is being brought to focus
once again for a systematic study and understanding.
There are many regions in the country like Jharkhand & Vidarbha, that can be compared
with Telangana.
But the problems of Telangana and the factors responsible for its underdevelopment seem to
be unique.
Any cursory look at the data relating to the average holdings, the productivity and the
poverty levels among the people of Telangana indicate that primitive accumulation is still
continuing in the region.
Primitive accumulation can be defined as the seperation of the producer from the means
of production by force.
The basis of primitive accumulation is exappropriation of agricultural labourers from their

soil.
The average holdings of some land lords in Telangana even after the Telangana Armed
struggle and as late as Sircilla & Jagital incidents is found to be around 1500 acres.
The continuation of Vetti & Vetti Chakiri, the worst forms of Hindu Jajmani system
indicates the existence of primitive accemulation in Telangana.
The most important characteristic of the Telangana region is the lack of development of
modern Technology.
Technology has been found as one of the important factors responsible for the transition
from feudalism to capitalism.

Many economists have agreed that technology played an important role in Europe for the
break down of feudalism.
Proto-industrialisation in several important areas in Europe & the participation of the lords
in the manufacture guilds in England brought capitalism in order.
But, this did not happen in Telangana.
Telangana showed interest in the development of few big industries like the Textiles, sugar,
paper, coal mines.
Very few big landlords, Deshmukhs of the region invested in the establishment of modern
industries.
The primitive accumulation of Telangana periphery kept the artisan communities

underdeveloped and the peasants were mode as paupers.
Thus the Telangana primitive accumulation is very peculiar without any parallel else where.
It is because of the existence of the caste as a social force that made the artisan communities
underdeveloped.
The minimum basic education & literacy have not been given to these people nor any
attempt was mode to upgrade their skills.
It never occured to the feudal lords to invest in these artisan communities by modernising
the skills to increase their surplus value.
Caste and caste - class prejudices have played a very dominant role.
It was the dominant land lord, who under the guise of a threat from communists migrated
to Hyderabad.
He has invested in his children & in modern sectors of the economy from the spoils of his
primitive accumulation.
It never occurred to him to improve the capacity of the farmer and his productivity, his
education, his irrigation water etc.
Except a few pockets in Karimnagar and Nalgonda districts, nowhere in Telangana region,
we can see the traces of modern technology even in the form of irrigation water.
That is why Telangana region has remained today as one of the most neglected regions of
the state and thus A.P is one of the ten educationally backward state in the country.
On the other hand, the landlords who migrated to Hyderabad have sufficiently invested in
their education & migrated to USA as experts.
They have now come back as NRI investors in Hyderabad with the help of MNCs under
the new economic policy.
2) Telangana Today A Status Paper :
Because of successive governments and the ruling political parties have not only neglected
to develop Telangana but have systematically exploited it, denying its share of funds,
grabbing its rich, ferbile land, exploiting its mineral riches and impoverising its people.

Telangana people have been locked down upon, their language derided, their customs and
traditions scored at, their land grabbed, their houses snatched away.
Let us see how a conscious, delibrate well-throughout and implemented conspiracy has
worked against the interests of Telangana in the fields of education, irrigation, employment
industrialisation and allotment of funds and the regions share in income for its
development.
Even the cropping pattern is changing for the worse in Telangana, its traditional food crops
being replaced with commercial crops with disastrous consequences.
Education:
elementary education is recognised as one of the fundamental human rights and yet this
human right has been denied to the people of Telangana.
The region has lowest literacy rate and minimal educational infrastructure in the state.
As many as eight districts of Telangana out of 10 (including Hyderabad) figure among the
most backward educationally.
Mahaboobnagar has the least literacy rate, both among males (40.3%) and females (18%)
The entire Telangana except Hyderabad & Rangareddy areas which about Hyderabad, has
lagged behind educationally.
Not a single mandal of Telangana has the national literacy rate of 52.19%.
Coastal Andhra districts accounts for 33 out of 45 rural mandals which exceeds the national
literacy rate.
Only 15% of aided junior colleges are in Telangana while it has only two medical colleges.
As many as six medical colleges are in the other areas.
The region is descriminated in the field of technical education also.
Only 26 out of the 72 government ITIs & 20 of the 91 polytechnic colleges are in Telangana.
The gross injustice to Telangana can be seen from the expenditure on education.
Of the total expenditure of Rs.1150.12 crore the state has incurred on the aided degree
colleges since 1956, coastal Andhra cornered the lions share of 73.71 percent while
Telangana got a poltry 10.43%.
Irrigation:
Of the three regions of the state, Telangana has the largest area, with 11,48,000 sq.km,
followed by Andhra with 9,28,000 sq.km.
The cultivable area is estimated at 64,02,358 hectares in Telangana & 46,33,304 hectares in
the Andhra.
But 13,12,795 hectares (or) 28.33% of the cultivable land in the coastal Andhra is being
irrigated under canal irrigation system, where as 2,66,964 (or) 4.17% of the cultivable land in
Telangana is receiving canal waters.
The entitilement of Telangana of waters of Krishna & Godavari rivers is 975 tcm.ft.

In 1974, 800 tmc.ft water was alloted to UAP by Bachawat award.
A re-distribution of is in 1981 saw coastal Andhra getting the major share with 377.07 kmc,
Telangana 266.83 tmc & Rayalaseema 123 tmc.
Telanganas share in Godavari waters is 709 tmcft of the states total allotment of 1,495 tm.ft.
Out of its total share of 1153.50 tmc barely 380 tmc water is used for irrigation.
The discrimination against Telangana stands out glaringly in the amounts soent by the state
on irrigation.
Power Situation:
As irrigation projects for Telangana got bogged down in delays, coast over runs,
controversices, power generation projects too suffered.
The Srisailam left bank canal is one such project.
Onley 1543 mw of power is generated in this region whereas the generating capacity of the
other two regions is 7477 mw.
All powerstations with the exceptions Ramagundam, & Kothagudem are located outside
Telangana, although Telangana accounts for a major share of power consumption and more
thanb 3/4 th of catchment are of Krishna & Godavari rivers in Telangana.
Changing Cropping Pattern:
A dangerous and little-noticed development that threatens Telangana is the changing

cropping pattern in the region with food crops giving way to cash crops.
The change has been taking place over two decades now with food crops suitable for semiarid regions giving way to water-intensive cash crops.
Employment in government :
The entire gorvernment and its various departments are dominated by people of coastal
Andhra.
This pattern has been a blatant violation of the agreement to share government jobs between
Andhra and Telangana in the ratio of 2:1.
Out of 14 lakh jobs in the government today, Telanganas share has been barely 2 lakhs &
these too are in lower levels.
Similarly of the 531 judicial officers, only 92 belong to the region.
Moreover, no one from Telangana could become the advocate general since the state was
formed in 1956.
All the top and middle level jobs are cornered by Andhra People, theres not a single
secretary in the government today belonging to Telangana.
Industrial Development :
Industrialisation of Telangana has been restricted to the Hyderabad city & Rangareddy
district due to their physical proximity to the seat of the government.
Industries in other parts of Telangana did not take off other than those set up prior to 1956.

Several industries in Telangana have been allowed to become sick with government
refusing to help out to restore them.
Today more & more PSUs, such as Always auto located in Telangana are being closed down
by the government for various reasons.
According to data, a major chunk of the existing medium & major industrial units in
Telangana are owned by people from coastal Andhra of the 10,000 odd units located in
Telangana, only 1250 units are owned by the native Telangana.
Budget allocation :
In terms of budget allocations, the pattern is the same denial, deprivation & diversion.
Based on area & population, Telangana should get 39 to 44% of the state budget allocations.
But at no point did its allocations exceed 30%.
This is hardly unbelievable, since diversion of all kinds of wealth and resources including
Telanganas share of water has become a regular practice.
Need for Telangana:
For all the above reasons discussed above, Telangana has to seperate.
Another important reason is that the merger of the two regions in 1956 did not result in the
merger of their heart nor have the last 40 years led to emotional integration.
Quite to the contracy, in fact, because the economic inequality has grown, the
developmental divide has become a chasm and the cultural differences have move the two
people further away.
3) Drought In Telangana :
A Tale of Unmitigated misery:
The spectre of drought is a constant feature in Telangana especially since no attmepts have
been made to fight it on a long-term basis with the implementation of permanent antidrought measures.
The problem is made worse as irrigation is underdeveloped there has been no

industrialisation nor has any skill development taken place in the region.
The result is that a majority of the people, the poor and the landless are at the mercy of
nature.
Only a copious monsoon can assure them atleast 3 months of wages (or) else, they leave
their healths & homes and migrate to distant cities in search of livelihood.
Figures vary on the number of people migrating from the drought prone districts of
Telangana, the more severe the problem the greater is the exodus from almost all areas of
the state to the nearest urban conglomertion.

The government admitted that about 250 mandals were reeling under severe drought
condictions with a majority of them being in Telangana, but the government did not declare
the areas drought-hit.
For a more deeper perspective and the extent of the suffering of the people it is necessary to
study district wise the overall pitcture of the drought.
1) Mahaboobnagar :
Mahaboobnagar district received only 220 mm rainfall against the normal 432 mm upto
August end.
All most all crops withered away with 654 irrigation sources received no water.
An estimated 5000 borewells and about 80,000 irrigation wells dried up.
Due to shortage of fodder thousands of cattle were sent off to slaughter houses.
In certain areas drinking water was available once in 5 days and in jadcherla town it was
supplied once in 10 days.
Drought pensions were sanctioned to 10,000 persons by the government in the district
while scores of villages turned into ghost habitations with all able bodies persons
migrating to distant cities with their young ones leaving behind the old who could not
travel.
Mahaboobnagar district bore the brunt of drought this year, with agriculture alone
reporting crop loss of Rs.400 crores.
The district collector sent several reports on the alarming situations in the district.
Against 9.15 lakh hectares of land taken up for cultivation during Khariff season, only
4.45 lakh hectares were taken up this year.
Out of the cultivated area of 4.45 hectares, crops in 3.75 hectares were damaged due to
scantly rainfall.
Medak :
Foolder scarcity has become a major problem in Medak as inadequate rains have
prevented farmers from growing fodder and barren grasslands have affected cattle and
sheep in this district with one of the highest cattle population.
Warangal :
According to experts, drought conditions have been spreading to several non-drought

areas in warangal.
Failure of rains for the past six years in parts of warangal has forced farmers to leave
their land fallow which is increasing monsoon after failed monsoon.
All the 50 mandals in the district were severely affected.
The warangal collector reported that all the 51 mandals in the district were drought-hit.
About 46% of shortfall in rain during the south west monsoon had left 56% of the
normal sown area to be left fallows causing a crop of Rs.276.95 crores.

Nalgonda :
The district faced this kind of drought for the 1st time in 12 years.
The most affected district after Mahaboobnagar was Nalgonda.
with the exception of only two mandals out of 59 in the district all the mandals have
been affected by drought only five mandals received normal rainfall.
All tanks dried up, and with the ground water level receding, more than half of
borewells too dried up.
In 24 out of 59 mandals in the district, the rainfall was less than 60% in 30 mandals, it
was 26% to 30% less in 5 mandals and 5% less in five mandals.
There are 549 small irrigation sources in the district, out of which only 124 tanks
received water for irrigation.
The Nalgonda district agricultural authorities have estimated that the loss of crop
production due to the drought is about 1.23 lakh tonnes valued at Rs.7,333 lakh.
Nizamabad :
Out of 36 mandals in the district as many as 34 have been declared drought-hit.
Severe drought combined with irregular and low quality power supply was the farmers
of this district attack electricity substations and the staff.
They were frustrated that due to lack of power they were unable to use whatever water
there was in their borewells to save their crops.
There has been only 40% of the normal rainfall in the district resulting in the drying up
of 1600 - old minor irrigation tanks in the district.
The medium irrigation projects like Ramadugu and Pocharam were nearly dry.
The command are crops have been affected as the Nizamgar dam level reached its
lowest level in Several years.
Karimnagar :
This district was the only fortunate one is Telangana which was visited by the cheif
minister to study the drought situation in mid-september when the drought was clear to
every one.
For the 1st time since Sriramsagar Dam was constructed in 1970 it dried up in August
leaving no water even for fish which died in hundreds and thousands.
According to government officials, fish worth Rs.1 lakh died for lack of water.
The dam had dried up in 1987 but that was in summer.
For the first time it dried up during monsoon.
Khammam :
As many as 37 out of 46 revenue mandals experienced drought in Khammam while

major & minor irrigation tanks got minimal inflows.

The crop area fell by about 50% in as many as nine of the 46 mandals in the district
where the scarcity conditions are acute.
The agriculutre under the minor irrigation sources, which could not recieve sufficient
water so far this year, has been affected.
About 40,000 hectares of agriculture land lay barren in the absence of sufficient rains.
As many as 43 of total 46 mandals recieved low rainfall, of which 29 mandals registered

less than 50% of the rainfall.
10 mandals got rainfall ranging from 30% to 50% and 2 mandals as low as 20% to 30%,
during current Kharif season.
Wazed, Venktatapuram, Charla, Dummugudem, Aswaraopet, Vemsoor, Kallur,

Mudigonda, Pinapaka, Manusur, Kunavaram & Konijerla are the worst affected
mandals.
4) Telangana Employees And Job Opportunities :

Dimensions of Discrimination :
The formation of Andhra pradesh in 1956 has brought innumerable problems for those in
service, who by virtue of being Telugu opted to stay in Andhra Pradesh, while those
Kannadians & Maharastrians opted to go to their respective states.
The service conditions as obtained in Hyderabad state were protected under section 115 of
states regorganisation act of 1956 and government of India was to settle the disputes arising
out of integration of service cadres.
There were district and specific service rules for Telangana and Andhra State.
Taking advantage of political domination, administrative majority, the merger of services

was manipulated to benefit the Andhra employees right from 1956.
The first attack was on salaries. The Andhra employees were working with lower pay scales,
while the Telangana employees were better paid.
In 1958 & subsequently whenever there was upward revision in pay scales, the
administration worked out the scales in such a way as to help the Andhras.
In common institutions secretariat, Heads of Departments, judiciary, engineering, PWD,

medical doctors & many other departments in the name of integrated seniority the rules
were framed in such a manner as to give advantage to Andhras thereby, all the promotions
were cornered by Andhras though the Telangana staff were eqully qualified & otherwise
suitable.
Hyderabad state, with vast urdu knowing employees was merged in Andhra Pradesh.
After 1956, the official language did not include urdu and hence the urdu qualified
employees were confined to ordinary duties and their very survival was threatened.

Thousands of urdu qualified employees were either retenched with abolition of posts or
they were not considered for promotion to higher posts.
Language tests and new departmental tests were introduced to deny promotion to
Telangana staff.
In some departments, integrated seniorities were prepared in such a manner, in the name of
higher qualifications of the Andhras that a new rule to affect promotion on the basis of
Andhra Telangana Andhra in every 3 promotion vacancies.
Summing up, it was found from 1956 to 1968, that the Telangana employees were forced be
placed at a disadvantage in promotion & creation of new posts.
By introducing new rules and conditions for all the posts created after 1956, Telangana
employees were deprived of opportunities.
Even after 30 years, those who got favourable judgements from supreme court in
enginnering & Irrigation departments have been waiting to get justice.
Job opportunities :
Befor 1956, all jobs in Hyderabad state were filled with mulkis with 15 year residence (or) by
birth in Hyderabad state.
Ofter 1956, with the formation of state of AP, thosands of jobs meant for Telangnaa youth
were given to Andhras.
The methods adopted differed from office to office, district to district.
While no Telangana youth was appointed in Andhra districts, thousand of jobs in

Telangana were filled by Andhras, some of them obtaining bogus mulki certificates.
In the secretariat & Heads of Departments out of 50,000 posts, the Andhra employees were
transferred and posted so that the vacancy caused in Andhra district, were available to
unemployed from Andhra.
The main loss 10 Telangana region was due to the fact that majority of the officers and lower
staff in all decision making positions were Andhras and there by, the schemes, projects,
allocation & release of funds for Telangana region suffered & those Telangana officers who
were scattered could not protect the interests of the region.
5) Regional Disparties in The Realm of Education

Basic factors:
Geographically Telangana is the largest region of the state convering 41.46% of the total
area, while the coastal Andhra & Rayalaseema cover 33.57% & 24.93% respectively.
Telangana is inhabited by 39.22% of states population & the share of coastal Andhra is
43.20% and that of Rayalaseema 17.58%.
The development of Telangana region has therefore to be assessed keeping these basic
factors in view.

Rate of literacy :
At the time of formation of AP, it was assured that disparites on the levels of development,
including education, in different regions of the state would be removed in about 5 years.
But even 40 years, the percentage of literate population in Telangana continues to be lowest
in the state i.e; 37.00 as compared to 46.22 in coastal Andhra, 44.96 in Rayalaseema & 71.52
in capital city.
District wise details regarding the rates of literacy are given below.
Literacy Rate (%) District wise (UAP)

S.No
District/Region
literacy (%)
Coastal Andhra
46.22
1. Sriakulam
6.22
2. Vizianagarm
44.19
3. Visakapatnam
45.51
4. Eastgodavari
5. West godavari
48.77
53.38
6. Krishna
7. Guntur
3.16
46.35
8. Prakasam
40.30
9. Nellore
47.76
Rayalasema
44.96
10. Anantapur
42.18
11. Chittoor
49.75
12. Cuddapah
48.12
13. Kurnool
39.97
Telangana
37.00
14. Adilabad
32.96
15. Karmnagar
37.17
16. Khammam
40.50
17. Mahaboobnagar
29.58
18. Medak
32.41
19. Nalgonda
38.00
20. Nizamabad
34.18
21. Rangareddy
49.07
22. Warangal
39.30
23. Hyderabad (Capitalcity)
71.52

Andhra Pradesh
44.09
This has happened because of uneven distribution of educational facilities in different

regions of the state.
During this period, there were a little over 70.31 lakh students in the state enrolled in the
primary and upper primary schools run by the government, local bodies and private
managements both aided & unaided.
The region wise breakeep would be coastal Andhra 32.11 lakhs, Rayalaseema 13.86 lakhs,
Telangana 22.53 lakhs and capital city 1.81 lakhs.
It should be realised that the unaided primary schools do not reflect the endeavour of the
government, and if such institutions are not taken into account, the positions would be as
follows: coastal Andrra 31.11 lakhs, Rayalasseema 12.81 lakhs, Telangana 19.71 lakhs and
capital city 0.88 lakhs.
Regional disparties with regard to university education are more glaring. The three regions
of the state have two universities each with their jurisdiction restricted to the regions
concerned.
The Jawaharlal Nehru Technological university which was originally started at warangal &
subequently shifted to the capital city does not have even a single college located in the
Telangana region.
Even with regard to the starting of private engineering colleges, the Telangana region has
been discriminated against.
Out of total of seventeen colleges in the private sector only one college is in the enitre
Telangana region.
There are nine government medical colleges in the state out of which four are in the coastal
Andhra region, two in the Rayalaseema region, two in the capital city and only one in the
Telangana Region.
The 3 nursing collegs in the government sector are shared equally by coastal Andhra,
Rayalaseema and the capital city, with the Telangana region drawing a blank.
Educational development affected and in turn gets affected by the pace of economic
development.
There is a bi-directional linkage, and in the process the low rates of literacy & economic
backwardness sustain each other.
This precisely is the problem of Telangana.
6) Regional Distribution of Education In Andhra Pradesh :
Regional distribution of educational opportunities is one of the important dimensions to

which not much attention has been paid.

The regional dimension also embraces all other forms of educational disparites.
The regional dimension imbalances reflect on the physical aspect of accessibility.
Also, both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of letilisation of educational

opportunities is reflected in the regional dimension.
The formal education system was small and the repsonsibility of the government was very
limited.
With regard to education in Andhra pradesh the two regions of the state, namely Andhra &
Telangana, widely different with regard to both background and achievement in the sphere
of education at all levels.
The 11 districts of Andhra, under the colonial rule for centuris and there after ruled by
popularly elected governments, had a better educational background at the time of state
formation in 1956.
On the other hand, 9 distrcts of Telangana, under the rule of feudal Nizams for centuries,
had very low base of education and even today bears the scars of neglect.
In order to spread education among masses, Madras province passed elementary education
act in 1920.
The primary education was made free and compulsary in a few areas of Andhra region.
Permission was generally given to all those who came forward to open schools and local
bodies were encouraged to open schools in all the school-less centres.
During the year 1951-52, the enrolment in elementary schools was 15.59 lakhs and these
were 4823 school-less centres in Andhra area.
Nearly 37% of girls in the age group of 6-12 years were enrolled as agains & 58.5% of boys.
But the picture in Telangana are a will slow, in glaring contrast, the appallingly low
percentage of literacy & enrolment.
Mass education was at its lower. Many factors were against the spread of education in the
area.
The first & foremost was the medium of instruction for secondary education in almost all
the government schools.
Schools managed by private agencies were very few and the conditions laid down by the
Nizams government for recognition & grants were so exacting that expansion of education
received very little encouragement.
At the time of the state formation the 3 regions had different levels of educational
development.
Out of 12,269 primary schools in coastal Andhra, 50% were managed by private agencies,
46% by local bodies and only 4% by the government itselft.
In Rayalaseema out of 5845 primary schools, 32.4% were under private management, 63.5%
under local bodies and 41% of schools by government.

On the contrary, 87% of schools at the primary level were managed by government and the
remaining 13% were under the private management in Telangana till 1959.
Similar to primary schools, a significant number of upper primary schools were under
private management both in Andhra & Rayalaseema and there were no such schools at this
stage in Telangana.
Government & Regional Imbalances :
Telangana region is identified as relatively more backward when compared to Rayalaseema

& Coastal Andhra within the state.
To know wheather government has played any significant role in the reduction of regional
imbalances, the following data represent data on regional distribution of educational
facilities provided by the government.
1. The Regional distribution of public resources show that backward regions did not receive
any special attention of the government.
2. The share of telangana in government schools declined from 36.9% in 1956-57 to 33.8% in
1987-88, while that of coastal Andhra rose from 39.2% to 44% during the same period. There
is no significant change in this proportion during the period 1986-87 and 1995-96.
This suggest that government schools increased more rapidly in coastal Andhra then in
Rayalaseema & Telangana during 1956-57 & 1986-87.
3. With regard to private aided schools, the coastal Andhra shared about 3/4 of them, while
the rest is shared equal by other two regions.
4. While government colleges favoured the Rayalaseema region and to some extent Telangana,
the private aided colleges are concentrated in coastal Andhra region.
5. The public expenditure on education also favoured coastal Andhra when compared to
Telangana. During the period 1983-87 the share of coastal Andhra was found to be 48.7% as
against 19.1% in Rayalaseema & 32.2% in Telangana.
6. The measure to promote social equity in education such as social welfare hostels and postmatric scholorships also favroured the developed region of Undivided Andhra pradesh.
More than 50% of the villages with unrecognised schools are in Telangana region.
The percentage of villages with unrecognised schools is only 7.4% in Rayalaseema, 8.4 in
coastal Andhra and as high as 17.6% in Telangana.
7. Public Distribution system and Regional Disparties In Undivided Andhra Pradesh
The recent economic reforms in regards to the privatisation of public sector, liberalisation of
the economy and globalisation of the market is expected to accelerated the process of
economic development.

It is feared that these reforms are likely to accentuate the inequalities in the society and the
benefits of economic reforms may not percolate to the people at the bottom layers of the
society.
To avoid the hardships involved in economic reforms, varioius alternative safetynets may
be contemplated.
Whatever may be the historical origin, the public distribution system (PDS) is one of the
important form of ensuring food security to the masses.
PDS in Undivided Andhra Pradesh:
The government of Andhra Pradesh introduced the subsidiesed rice scheme inthe early 80s
to improve the consumption levels of the weaker sections of the society and there by raise
their nutritional standars.
The Government, as a working rule, regarded the households having an annual income of
less than Rs.6000 as poor and issued green cards to them.
Other house holds were issued yellow cards.
A household with a green card was entitled to 5 kgs, of rice per person per month subject to
a ceiling of 25 kg at Rs.2 per kg.
Besides rice, they were entitled to sugar & Kerosene.
A household with a yellow card, in the initial years, was permitted to purchase rice from
fair price shops but at a higher price of Rs.3.50 per kg.
later on this facilitiy was with drawn.
In rural area, households having less than 1.5 acres of wet land under assured water
resources, (or) 2.5 acres of wet land under other irrigation sources, or 3.00 acres of dry land
under commercial crops & 5 acres of land under other crops were issued green cards.
The subsidised rice scheme was modified by the congress Government in 1991.
The ceiling on rice for white (Green) card holder was initially reduced to 16 kgs.
But later on its was increased to 20kgs on account of the increase in issues price of rice by
the FCI the state government increased the ration price of rice to Rs. 3.50.
Further the green cards were replaced by white cards and yellow cards by pink cards.
After its victory in the 1994 election, the Telugu Desam Government restored the ceiling on
rice to white card-holders to 25 kgs.
Further the price of rice was reduced to Rs.2 per kg.
Again in August 1996, the ration price was raised to Rs.3.50 per kg, and the ceiling was
reduced to 20 kgs per card.
Presently there are about one crore white card holders and 42 lakh pink card-holders in the
stage.
The subsidised rice scheme is covering nearly 70% of the population while only about 30%
of the population are estimated to the poor.

Thus, the benefit of the scheme is enjoyed by many non-poor households also.
Over 37,000 fair price shops are functioning in the state of which over 30,000 are in the rural
areas.
In regard to allotment of dealership, 15% are reserved for scheduled castes, 6% for
scheduled tribes, 5% for physically handicapped persons & 10% for women.
The ratio of villages to fair price shop is 1:1.13
In undivided Andhra Pradesh on an average, there is one fair price shop for every 1750
persons as compared to the national average of one fair price shop for every 2000 persons.
Dependency on PDS:
In 1986-87, according to 42 nd round of NSSO, 60% of rural population in undivided

Andhra pradesh depended either parthy (or) wholly on PDS for rice and sugar.
The corresponding percentage for Kerosene was still higher (67%).
In urban areas, 70% of population depended on PDS for sugar.
More than half of the population bought Kerosene from fair price shop.
The dependency on PDS for rice was relatively lower (47%).
Regional Disparities :
A ration card is entrance pass to enter Fair priceshop.
In Undivided Andhra Pradesh, white card-holders are entitled to highly subsidised rice.
The distribution of white cards across the region is in favour of beter-off regions.
Over 47% of white cards are in circulation in coastal Andhra which accounts for less than
39% of poor people in the state.
On the other hand, in Rayalaseema less than 18% of white cards are in circulation inspite of
fact that 22% of poor people reside in Rayalaseema.
Similarly, Telangana accounts for nearly 40% of poor people but, has only 35% of white
cards in the state.


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ONLINE CLASSES FOR TSPSC /APPSC GROUP-I/II/III/IV , GS FOR JL, DL ,DAO , SI OF POLICE

Financial System of Telangana in Undivided Andhra Pradesh

Indias Income at that time period was 2.06 lakh crores.

ii) In the year 2000-2001 it was as follows:

Indias Income at that time period was 11.98 lakh crores.

iii) In the year 2008-2009:

Income of India was 41.58 lakh crores.

Comparing Share & GSDP of Telangana & Andhra States

D.no.3-6-542/2, Himayath Nagar, street no 7, Hyderabad, Telangana - 500029.

Sectoral GSDP of Telangana in undivided Andhra Pradesh

3) Service Sector - 44.9%

3) Service Sector - 40.7%

Service Sector - 51.6%

Service Sector - 48.5%

Total GSDP value - 2,53,293 crores

Total GSDP value-3,17,599 crores

In this period development of Industries took place in Andhra region.

Share of service sector is high in Telangana region compare to Andhra region.

D.no.3-6-542/2, Himayath Nagar, street no 7, Hyderabad, Telangana - 500029.

Percapita Income of Telangana & Andhra region in Undivided Andhra Pradesh

Telangana Region (Rs.)

Proportion of the poor in Telangana:

Poverty is more widespread than unemployment.

Even many employed are poor. It is a socio-economic problem.

Poverty is inability / deprivation in accessing minimum acceptable living standard viz.,

It is important to note that poverty is a multi-facet phenomenon and is affected by social,

To get minimum, based on National Sample Surveys on consumption, poverty norm is

D.no.3-6-542/2, Himayath Nagar, street no 7, Hyderabad, Telangana - 500029.

Povery estimates in Undivided Andhra Pradesh:

According to Ranga Rajan Committe

Profession is one of the main element in economy.

Division of profession in undivided Andhrapradesh 2011

22% (30 lakhs) 16%(30 lakhs) 18% (60 lakhs)

44%(85 lakhs) 40% (132 lakhs)

D.no.3-6-542/2, Himayath Nagar, street no 7, Hyderabad, Telangana - 500029.

39% (55 lakhs) 37%(70 lakhs) 38% (125 lakhs)

Irrigation in Telangana is mostly dependent on the utilization of water from Godavari

Irrigated area share

D.no.3-6-542/2, Himayath Nagar, street no 7, Hyderabad, Telangana - 500029.

as in 1961 it was decreased to 4.11 lakh hectares.

Irrigated area under canals of Telangana region in undivided Andhra Pradesh is as

Canal irrigation is ensured by the government by spending on construction of dams,

The entire cost is borne by the government.

D.no.3-6-542/2, Himayath Nagar, street no 7, Hyderabad, Telangana - 500029.

As a result, a farmer in the Telangana region depending on well irrigation is compelled to

After 1970 the situation of Agriculture in Telangana

Till 1970 itself, investors from coastal Andhra migrated to Telangana.

Hence they purchased Agricultural lands in Telangana.

Mainly they occupied lands of Black Regar at Godavari valley.

Because for these crops they had market in coastal Andhra.

Agriculture mechanisation increased, by this investment in Agriculture increased but even

Because of agriculture mechanisation, animal husbandary decreased, by this in crop

After 1970, Irrigation in Telangana

In Hyderabad constitution, on the advise of British, Nizam concentrated more on Irrigation

Details of Telangana in 1920 are as follows:

Under tanks 1,39,511 hectares of land was irrigated.

Under cannals 27,447 hectares of land was irrigated

Under Wells 1,08,533 hectares of land was irrigated.