Trapper Education Manual

Trapper Education
Student Manual
Trapper Education Student Manual
layout, design and text by:

Bob Bluett
Illinois Department of Natural Resources
Division of Wildlife Resources
P.O. Box 19225
Springfield, IL 62701-1787
graphic artwork by Joe Goodman (J.G.) is protected by copyright laws
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Financial support for printing and graphic artwork was provided by the Illinois State Furbearer
Fund through a project application submitted by the Illinois Trappers Association. We thank
hunters and trappers who contributed to the Illinois State Furbearer Fund by purchasing Habitat
Stamps.
We thank the following organizations for permission to reproduce graphic artwork:
Missouri Department of Conservation
National Trappers Association
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
Pennsylvania Game Commission
We thank the following experts for reviewing a draft of this manual:
Bob Aaron, Director (Region 5), Illinois Trappers Association
George Hubert, Jr., Furbearer Program Technical Services Project Manager, Illinois
Department of Natural Resources
David Stain, Vice President, Illinois Trappers Association and Master Instructor for the
Illinois Department of Natural Resources Safety Education Program
John C. Wilson, President, NW Illinois Chapter 17-B, Furtakers of America
Dan Woolard, District Wildlife Biologist, Illinois Department of Natural Resources
Equal opportunity to participate in programs of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) and those funded
by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and other agencies is available to all individuals regardless of race, sex, national
origin, disability, age, religion, or other non-merit factors. If you believe you have been discriminated against, contact
the funding sources civil rights office and/or the Equal Opportunity Officer, IDNR, P.O. Box 19225, Springfield, IL
62701-1787 (phone: 217/785-0067; TTY 217/782-9175).
Printed by authority of the State of Illinois 1,000 - 10/00
George H. Ryan, Governor
PURPOSE
Illinois first Trapper Education courses were held in 1983. In 1985, the successful completion
of a Trapper Education course sponsored by the Department of Natural Resources became
mandatory for all first-time trappers under the age of 18. This manual is designed for use by
students and instructors of Trapper Education courses, but it is available to anyone with an
interest in traps, trapping and furbearer management. Our goal is to provide a solid foundation
for trapping animals responsibly, legally and successfully.
CONTENTS
Code of ethics
Fur handling
31
Trapping laws
Marketing your fur
44
Types of traps
Fur grading terms
45
Trap maintenance
10
Use & disposal of carcasses
47
Trap modification
11
Home tanning
49
Basic equipment
14
Species profiles
50
Baits, lures and scents
19
Brief history of trapping
63
Before the season
19
Wildlife management
64
Water sets
20
Best management practices
65
Land sets
25
Being and advocate
66
Checking traps
30
IDNR policy on trapping
67
Killing trapped animals
30
Selected references
67
If you lose the card that certifies your successful completion of a

Trapper Education course, you may obtain a replacement by contacting:
Safety Education Section
P.O. Box 19225
Springfield, IL 62701-1787
(phone: 1-800-832-2599)
Provide your full name and address along
with the county where you attended a class
Illinois Trapper Education Manual
CODE OF ETHICS
Regulated trapping provides manybenefitsto society. For example,it helpsto keep wildlife
populations at acceptable levels, reduce property damage, support broader conservation programs
and obtain many products for human use.
While all of these are good reasons for people to support regulated trapping, its future also depends
on their perceptions of you and your actions on the trapline. You can do your part to insure the
future of regulated trapping in Illinois by:
Knowing and obeying trapping laws.
Assisting in enforcement of trapping laws by reporting violations.

Respecting landowners' property and obtaining permission as required by law.
Consideringanimal welfare in your choice of capture, release and killing methods.

Avoiding
waste by caringfor fur properly and marketingother usefulproducts.
Checking traps daily as required by law, preferably early in the morning.

Disposing of carcassesproperly.
Supporting national, state and local trapping organizations.
AssistingIllinois' Trapper EducationProgramby becominga certified instructor.

Promoting trapping by communicating its benefits, especially among non-trappers.
Avoiding non-target catches.
,) r
Helping landowners to reduce property damage caused by furbearers.

Reporting the presence of diseased animals and endangered or threatened species to the
proper authorities.
Respecting others who participate in outdoor activities.
Keeping up-to-date on improvements in trapping equipment and methods.
Your success as a trapper isn't measured by numbers alone
TRAPPING LAWS
Trapping is highly regulated. Laws are enforced by
specially trained Conservation Police Officers.
Laws that pertain to trapping help to:
.. Protect
speciesfrom becomingendangered
Improve animalwelfare
.
Preventnon-targetcatches
. Limit trappingto times of the year when furs
are marketableand younganimalsare no longer
dependenton their mothers
Monitor harvestlevelsvia mandatoryreports
Support habitat conservationand wildlife
studiesthrough licensesalesand other fees
. Protect landowners'rights and interests by
requiring permissionbefore setting traps
..
The Illinois Department of Natural Resources

(IDNR) monitors wildlife populations and adjusts
season dates and bag limits accordingly. Some of
the more permanent trapping regulations are
presented in this manual, but they are subject to
Land Set
Any trap or similar device which is not placed or

set in contact with flowing or impoundedwater.
Water Set
Any trap or similar device which is placed in
contact with flowing or impounded water.
LICENSE, STAMP, TRAPPER EDUCATION

AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS
Trapping License
Any person who traps fur-bearingmammalsin

Illinois must first procure a trapping licensefrom
the Department of Natural Resources.The ONLY
EXCEPTIONto this rule is: an owner or bonafide
tenant of farm landand his children actuallyliving
on the landwhere they trap.
change.
Obtain a current edition of the Digest of

Hunting and Trapping Regulations for an
up-to-date listing of laws, season dates and
If required to purchase a trapping license, you must

carry it with you while trapping and present it
immediately for inspection by any authorized law
enforcement officer.
bag limits. A Digest can be obtained from stores

that sell hunting and trapping licenses or the IDNR
Clearinghouse, P.O.Box 19225;Springfiela;IL
6270 I (phone: 2 I 7/782-7498). It is also posted on
IDNR's web page (http://dnr.state.il.us).
Trapping licenses expire annually on March 31
Non-resident trapping licensesare available.

Contact the IDNR Office of Systemsand Licensing
(217/785-3423)for details..
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Habitat Stamp
Fur-bearing l'1ammal
Fourteenspeciesare definedas fur-bearing

mammals.They includethe badger,beaver,
bobcat,coyote, gray fox, mink, muskrat,opossum,
raccoon,river otter, red fox, striped skunk,longtailed weasel,and leastweasel.
NOTE: The bobcat and river otter are protected
by continuousclosed seasons- you may not trap
or hunt these speciesin Illinois.
Green Hide
A green hide is any hide which has not been
tanned. NOTE: "Green hide" includes pelts which
have been stretched and dried but not tanned.
Any personwho traps fur-bearingmammalsin

Illinois must first securea State Habitat Stamp
from the Department of Natural Resources.The
ONLY EXCEPTIONSto this requirementare for
disabledveteransand ex-POW's.
landowners and bonafidetenantswho are exempt
from licenserequirementsmust still purchasea
State Habitat Stamp.
If you purchaseda State Habitat Stampfor hunting,
you do not needto buy a separateone for
trapping. One stampcovers both activities,but
you must carry it with you while engagedin either
one. Stampsmust be affixedto a licenseor signed
acrossthe face if carried separately.

Trapper Education /'1andate
Before buying a trapping license, anyone under 18
years of age must present (a) evidence that he/she
held a trapping license issued by this state or
another state in a prior year, Q[ (b) a certification
card issued by the Department upon succes$ful
completion of a trapper education course.
Parents Permission
Anyone
under 16yearsof agemust present
3
vest or outer garment with at least 400 square
inches of solid blaze orange material.
TRAP TAGS REQUIRED

While in the field, all traps must be inscribed or
tagged with metal tags that bear the owner's
NAME AND ADDRESS. Stamped copper or brass
tags are recommended.
They're available from
many trapping supply dealers. Write-on metal tags
are not recommended because they seldom last
for more than one or two catches.
written permission from a parent or legal guardian

before buying a trapping license.
REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
The Department of Natural Resourcesrelies on
surveysof licensedtrappers to estimateharvest
levelsand harvesteffort for legalspecies.We also
ask for your input on local furbearer populations.
observationsof uncommonspeciesand issueslike
seasondatesand trapping equipment.
We usea sampleof licensedtrappers (generally
10-20%of those who purchasedlicenses)to save
on costs while obtainingreliableinformation.
Anyone who receivesa surveyis required by law
to complete and return it.
BOBCAT AND RIVER OTTER PROTECTED
Bobcatand river otter are protected by a
continuousclosed seasonin Illinois. If you find a
deadbobcat or river otter, report it to your local
ConservationPoliceOfficer or District Wildlife
Habitat Biologist.
GREEN HIDES MUST BE SOLD WITHIN 20
DAYS AFTER THE SEASON CLOSES
It is unlawful for hunters or trappers to possess
green hides before the season begins or more than
20 days after it closes. For example, if the trapping
season for muskrat ends on January 5, you must
sell or otherwise dispose of all untanned muskrat
pelts by January 25.
BLAZE ORANGE CLOTHING REQUIRED

DURING FIREARM DEER SEASON
It is unlawful to trap during the firearm deer
season unless you wear a blaze orange cap and
Traps must be tagged or inscribed with your name

and address. Rolling a metal tag around a link of
the trap chain will help to reduce accidentallosses.
TRAPPING ON PUBLIC ROADS AND

OTHER RIGHTS-OF-WAY PROHIBITED
It is unlawful to hunt or trap along, upon, across or
from any public right-of-way or highway in the
State of Illinois. NOTE: You may trap under or
near roads located entirely on private land (like
access lanes for farm equipment), but not on roads
open to the public. Boundaries for public rightsof-way are best determined by looking for fences
or contrasts in land use - like a grass road ditch
(public) vs. a crop field (private). If in doubt, ask
the landowner or tenant when you get their
permission to trap.
DAMAGING OR DESTROYING DENS AND

FEED BEDS PROHIBITED
It is unlawful to molest, destroy or attempt to
destroy any feed bed, nest, den, house or any
other cavity of any mammal protected by the
Illinois Wildlife Code. A feed bed is defined as a
mound, pile, or mat of branches, cattails or other
vegetation gathered by muskrats or beavers.
GENERAL TRAPPING LAWS

IT IS UNLA WFUL:
For any person at any time to take, possess,

sell, or offer for sale any fur-bearing mammal or
part thereof, including green hides, contrary to
the provisions of the Illinois Wildlife Code
restriction does not applyto water sets (you

may legallyset a trap within 10feet of any den
in water, but not on land)
To trap any fur-bearingmammalwith any
colony, cage,box or stove-pipetrap designed
to catch more than one animalat a single
setting (It is legalto usesinglecatch cageor
box traps, but not repeatingor colony traps)
To fail to visit and remove all animals from

traps at least once each calendar day
To use a foothold trap on land that has a jaw

spread larger than 6 '/2 inches or a bodygripping trap that has a jaw spread larger than 7
inches on a side if square and 8 inches if round
To usea foothold trap in water that hasa jaw

spreadlarger than 7 '12inchesor a bodygrippingtrap that hasa jaw spreadlarger than
10incheson a side if squareand 12 inchesif
round
"
Using traps with toothed, spiked or serrated jaws is

prohibited in Illinois.
x~
To determine the jaw spread of a trap, measure the

distance from the inside edge of one jaw to the
inside edge of the opposite jaw at the widest point.
Foothold traps must have a jaw spread of61h" or
less if set on land and 71h" or less if the traps are
touching water.
To use any trap with saw-toothed, spiked or

toothed jaws
To destroy, disturb, or in any manner interfere

with dams, lodges, burrows or feed beds of
beaver while trapping for beaver or to set a
trap insidea muskrat houseor beaverlodge

To set traps closer than 10feet from any hole
or den which may be occupiedby a game
mammalor fur-bearingmammalexcept that this
For any person to set or placeanytrap during

the closedseason(No traps maybe placedin
the field, set or unset,during the closedseason,
However, you may set out stakesor floats
before the seasonopens if no traps are
attachedto them)
To place, set or maintain any foothold trap
within 30 feet of bait placed in such a manner
or position that it is not completely covered
and concealed from sight, except that this shall
not apply to underwater sets. Bait means any
bait composed of mammal, bird or fish flesh,
fur, hide, entrails or feathers
To take beaver,mink, muskrat or weasel

except by trapping (You may not legallyshoot
beaver,mink, muskrat or weasel)
To use poisons.chemicalsor explosivesto take
any speciesprotected by the Wildlife Code
To use any deadfall, net or pit trap to take any
species protected by the Wildlife Code
5
obtaining permission from the landowner or
tenant
For any person to trap within 100yards of an

inhabiteddwellingwithout first obtaining
permissionfrom the landowneror tenant
For any person to remove fur-bearinganimals
from, or to move or disturb in any manner,the
traps owned by another person without written
authorizationfrom the owner to do so
When making land sets,foothold traps must be
located at least 30 feet away from exposed bait.
This helps to prevent the accidental capture of non.
target animals like hawks and owls.
IT IS UNLA WFUL:
To use spears, gigs, hooks or any like device to

take any species protected by the Wildlife
Code
To place,set, useor maintaina snareunlessat

least half of the loop is underwater at all times.
When set, the snare loop must be I 5 inchesor
lessin diameter. Snaresmust be constructed
of cablethat is at least5/64 inch but no more
than 1/8 inch in diameter,and must be
equippedwith a mechanicallock, anchor swivel,
and stop devicethat preventsthe snareloop
from closingto lessthan 2 '/2 inchesin
diameter. It is unlawfulto useor possesscable
or wire snaresconstructed of stainlesssteel
metal (like pianowire)
To damageor destroy another person's

property while trapping on his land
To fail to report any trapping accident involving
serious personal injury (death. internal injury,
broken bones. disfigurement. loss of an
appendage, etc.) to the IDNR Office of Law
Enforcement. P.O. Box 19225, Springfield. IL
62701-1787 (phone: 217/782-6431)
PENALTIES
Any personwho violates any of these provisions

maybe fined up to $500 and/or imprisonedfor up
to 6 months upon conviction.
TO REPORT A VIOLATION, CALL

1-877-2DNRLAW OR 1-800-252-0163
To trap beaverwith: (I) a foothold trap or one

of similar construction havinga jaw spreadof
lessthan 5 '/2 inchesor more than 7 '/2 inches,
or (2) a body-grippingtrap or one of similar
construction havinga jaw spreadof lessthan 7
inchesor more than 10 incheson a side if
squareand 12 inchesif round, except that
theserestrictions shallnot apply during the
open seasonfor trappingmuskrats(you must
use largetraps (for example,a 220 or 330
ConibearTM or #3 or #4 longspring)to take
beaverswhen the muskrat seasonis closed)
For any personto trap or hunt upon the land
of another or upon waters flowing over or
standingon the land of another without first
You must obtain permission to trap from the

landowner or tenant of any property and anyone
who lives within 100 yards of where a traD is set.
Traps come in many designs and sizes to catch

different types of animals under different kinds of
conditions. Some of the more common designs
include: (I) foothold traps, (2) body-gripping traps.
(3) box or cage traps. and (4) snares. Each has a
place on the trapline if used responsibly and
according to the law.
FOOTHOLD TRAPS
Foothold traps offer advantageslike versatility.
compactsizeand the ability to releaseanimalsif
desired. They are the only efficient way to catch

specieslike coyote, red fox and gray fox. Standard
designsincludecoilspring,underspringand
longspringtraps.
Foothold traps inventedspecificallyfor capturing
raccoonsincludethe EGGTM, Duffer's TM, D-PTM
(dog-proof), and Coon Cuffs TM traps'. These
designs almost eliminate non-target catches
because animals must reach through a small
opening to access the trigger mechanism. Some
designs also help to reduce injuries.
Single longspring trap

(set position)
Coi/spring trap
(set position)
Reference to trade names, companies or models does not constitute endorsement by IDNR.

Longspring traps have been around for a long time
because they're simple and effective. Single
longspring traps are best suited for small animals
like mink and muskrat, especially when set near
deep water where an animal will drown quickly.
Double longspring traps are a better choice for
drowning sets when targeting medium- to largesized animals like raccoon and beaver.
Underspring trap
Guardedor StoplossTM traps are designed

specifically for capturing muskrats in shallow water.
The spring-loaded guard helps to restrict an
animal's movement and ensure a quick death.
Underspringor "jump" traps are more compact

than longsprings,makingthem easierto conceal.
They're also lighter and stronger for a givensize.
Coilspringtraps are the fastestkind of foothold.
They're generallypreferred for capturinganimals
like coyote and fox becauseof their speed,
PaddedorSoftcatch
TMtrap
strength and compact size.
Paddedtraps offer all the advantagesof other

coilspringdesignsand reduce injuries to coyote
and fox by about two-thirds. Newer modelshave
stronger springsthan the prototypes, which
allowed some animalsto escape.Adding an extra
set of coilsprings.called"four-coiling," can add
power without increasinginjuries if a trap's original
springsare weak.
Guarded or Stop/ass TMtrap
An animal must reach through a hole, grab the
trigger and pull up to fire an EGGTM or Duffer's TM

trap. This makes them very selective for raccoon
and opossum while eliminating nearly all non-target
catches. A study in Illinois showed that EGGTM
traps were as efficient for capturing raccoons as
# II longspring traps and caused only about a third
as many injuries. Set EGG TM or Duffer's TMtraps at
home
- they
EGGTM trap
won't fire while you're carrying them
on the trapline.
Initial set construction
is often
faster and simpler with the EGG TM or Duffer's TM

traps than with standard models of foothold
traps.
However, the EGG TM and Duffer's TM traps take

longer to reset when you make a catch because
they must be disassembled to remove the animal.
Choosing the right tool for the job will

increase your catch while improving animal
welfare
Duffers trap
Size reference - foothold traps
model number
lor
I if2
2
3
4
~
.,.
jaw spread*
3 5/8 -
4 '/2"
4 3/4- 5 1/8"
4 3/4 -
5 3/8"
5 '/2 - 6 '/2"
5 7/8 - 7 '/4"
7 !l2"
Actual dimensionsfor a given sizevary amongdesigns
(e.g.,coilspringvs. longspring) and manufacturers.Only
traps with a jaw spreadof 6 '/;' or lessmay be usedon
land;7 '/;' is the maximumfor water sets.
.'
Some manufacturers use a "Canadian bend" to

increase killing power. Compared to standard
models, the jaws close more tightly and the springs
exert more pressure when the trap is sprung.
They'reoften called "magnum"models.
BODY-GRIPPING TRAPS
Body-grippingtraps, also calledConibearTMtraps
after the inventor, are designedto kill an animal
quicklywhen two rotating jaws close on an
animal'sneck or chest. Thesetraps are effective
and popularfor capturingsemi-aquaticfurbearers
like muskrat,beaverand mink. While mediumsized(up to a 7 inch jaw spread)body-gripping
traps are allowed for land sets,they must be used
with extreme caution becauseof the risk of
capturingand killing non-target animals.
Proper strike location for a body-gripping trap.
Animals die quickly and have little or no pelt
damage.
Body-gripping or
ConibearTM trap
(sprung position)
Size reference - body-gripping trap.s...
model number
jaw spread *
55
I I0
160
220
280
330
3 1/2X 4 '/2"
4 '/2X 4 '/;'
6x6"
7 x 7"
8 x 8"
lOx 10"
* Actual dimensionsfor a givensizevary among

manufacturers.Body-grippingtraps that are set on land
must havea jaw spreadof 7" x 7" or less. Body-gripping
traps that are set in water must havea jaw spreadof
I 0" x 10" or less.
Body-gripping or Conibear
(set position)
TM
trap
Use dog-proof sets and sweet baits or lures

when making land sets with #220 bodygripping traps.
SNARES
BOX OR CAGE TRAPS
The useof snaresis highlyregulatedin Illinois. For

example,at leasthalf of the loop must be
submergedunder water when the snareis set.
Given this and other restrictions in Illinois,snares
are best suited for capturingbeaversin water sets.
They are an excellenttool for taking beaversthat
are "trap-shy" becauseof pastexperienceswith
body-grippingtraps.
Recommended
Box traps, also calledcagetraps, are an excellent

choicefor catchingraccoonsand opossumsnear
homesor outbuildings. In these locations,using
sweet baits like marshmallowsor breakfastcereal
can help to avoid catchingcats or other nontarget
animals,thereby increasingyour overall catch.
Box traps also havea placein more remote
locations,especiallywhen freezingweather makes
it hard to keep foothold traps in operatingorder.
Drawbacksincludetheir cost and bulky size.
traps
Muskrat
# I or # I '/2 longspring where water is deep enoughto drown your catch quickly;# I or # I '/2
guardedlongspring for sets in shallowwater; # II 0, # 120(double spring# 110)or C 120
MagnumTMbody-grippingtraps.
Mink
# I '/2 coilspring, # I or # I '/2 longspring where water is deep enough to drown your catch
quickly; # I or # I '/2 guarded longspring for sets in shallow water; #60 (double spring #55),
# II 0, # 120,C 120 MagnumTM or BionicTM body-grippingtraps.
Raccoon &
Opossum
# 1'12coilspring or # II longspring (preferably with double jaws) where water is deep enough
to drown your catch quickly; EGG TM,Duffer's TMor Coon Cuffs TMtraps for sets near shallow
water; # 160 or #220 body-gripping traps; cage traps (32" x 10" x 10").
Red/gray fox
# I '/2or # 13/4coilspring(preferablywith offset, laminatedjaws and a short. center-mounted

chainwith a shock-absorbingspring);# I '/2 paddedtrap (larger traps may be necessaryin areas
where coyotes are common).
Coyote &
# 13/4,
#2 or #3 coilspring(preferablywith offset, laminatedjaws and a short, center-mounted
chainwith a shock-absorbingspring);four-coiled #2 or #3 paddedtraps; #3Y2 EZ Grip TM,
Badger
Beaver
#4 or #5 longspringwhere water is deep enoughto drown your catch quickly;#280 or #330

body-grippingtraps (preferablymagnummodels);snares.
NOTE: Recommendations are subject to change as new technologies and research results become available.
10
TRAP MAINTENANCE
Traps are expensive. It makessenseto keepthem
in good working order. To do this:
WIDTH OF SLOT
DeTERMINES PLAY
IN iRtGG~
your traps and makeany neededrepairs

before the seasonstarts
Adjust triggers to increaseefficiencyand reduce
nontargetcatches
Dye traps to increasetheir lifespan
Wax foothold traps usedfor land sets
Inspect
Inspect traps before the season starts

Check trap chainsfor worn links
Check swivelsfor worn connections
Compress trap springs to test their strength;
replaceweak springs
Set each trap to check the trigger adjustment
Make sure that every trap has a metal tag with
your name and address (if you inscribed your
name and address on the trap, make sure it's
still legible)
Look for burrs or nicks on the trap jaws; file
them off
PRfffRRE"D AMOVNT OF
TRIGGER ~l.AY
-roo
MIJCM
~IOOER PI-A'(
Too much 'play" in the trigger can cause misfires

and poor strike locations. Check the top of the
trigger assembly for a gap. Use a pliers or vise to
crimp the trigger assembly until the ends are flush.
Adjust trigger assemblies
The panon footholdtrapsshould be levelwhen

set. Recentmodelsof coilspringtraps havea pan
adjustmentscrew. If you plan on usinga trap for
land sets,adjustthe tension so that it triggers
when you applyabout 3 poundsof pressureto the
pan. This will help to ensurea solid catch on a fox
or coyote while allowing birds and smallmammals
to passby. A can (cansfrom tennis ballswork
well) filled with enoughsandto weigh 3 pounds
can be usedto test trigger tension.
PAN SHOU\.D sir
CORReCT
/"
LEVEL WHEN
TRAP IS SET
===:~:~=;~~:I:~~~
~
e; 'I -
BENDIN
-ro lDWER PAN
BENDovr
-ro RAIS PAN
""
FRAME;
TRA.PJAW
INCORRECT
NOTCK 5HOUI.D
BE SQUARE
NOT RoUI-jC>ED
~
"'~'-t-_/~~--SKOIJ1-D
~---~~
J-.s-.-j
BE
SQUARE
END OF
'DOG"
~'REPLACC"DOG"
.
IFWORN
Dye traps to prevent rust & corrosion

New traps are shippedwith a light coatingof
greaseon them. To remove it, put the traps in a
largepot or washtub, then add dishwashingsoap
and warm water. Let the traps soakfor a half
hour. Removethe traps and hangthem outside
until a light coating of rust appears(about 1-2
weeksdependingon weather conditions). This
helpsthe dye to bond to the metal and won't hurt
your traps. TIP: Placea nail betweenthe jaws of
eachtrap so that the wash solution and dye
reachesthe insidesurface.
Severalkinds of dyesare availablefrom trap supply
dealers.Productslike SpeedDipTM are popular
becausethey're fast and simple. Add unleaded

gasolineor white gas(the kind usedfor camp
stoves)accordingto the manufacturer'sdirections,
dip your pre-rusted traps and hangthem outside
until dry. TIP: You'll get a harder and more even
coatingif you use petroleum-baseddyeswhen
temperaturesare above 70.
Logwood powder or crystalsare another popular

way to dye traps. You'll needa largepot or
washtuband a fire (a propanecooker works well
becauseyou can adjustthe heat). Measureclean
water into the pot (seemanufacturer'sdirections
for amount) and bring it to a rolling boil. Add
logwood ingredient. Reduceheat and let the traps
soak in this solution. The longer traps stay in the
solution, the darker they'll get. A half hour to an
hour is usuallyenough,but some peopletake the
pot off the fire and let their traps soakfor a couple
of daysif they're rusted heavily. TIP: High
temperaturescan weakentrap springs- keep
solution at a low boil or simmer after the traps are
added.
Walnut hulls and maple bark contain tannic acid,

the same ingredient in logwood. You can collect
these items and proceed as above, except boil the
hulls or bark for an hour before adding your traps.
Wax foothold traps intended for land sets
Not all traps needto be waxed. In fact, you

should never wax body-grippingtraps becauseit
makesthem dangerouslyhard to set and causes
misfires. A coat of dye is all that's neededto
protect body-grippingtraps.
Wax foothold traps. especiallyif you intend to use
them for land sets. Contact with wet soil and
corrosive chemicals(salt is sometimesusedto
keepthe soil from freezing)can be harsh.
11
After the season
Take your traps to a car wash and cleanthem with
a high pressure sprayer. Inspect your traps and
sort out any that need work. Store the rest in
buckets with lids, milk crates or plastic storage
containers where they'll stay dry. Traps used for
land sets should be stored away from gas, oil,
smoke or chemicals that might leave an odor.
TRAP MODIFICATION
Most modificationsserve one or more of the
following purposes:
~
~
~
~
Improvinganimalwelfare
Reducingmissesand escapes
Reducingpelt damage
Tailoring traps to methodsyou prefer and
conditions encountered most often on your
trapline
Whole books and videos havebeen dedicatedto

this subject. We encourageyou to refer to them
for a more complete overview. Our goal is to
introduce a few modificationsthat you're likely to
encounter - either as standardequipmentin some
manufacturers'products or as a topic of magazine
articles and trapping seminars.
Foothold
traps
Swivels
To wax dyed traps, submerge them in clean boiling
water. Place trap wax (available from trapping
supply dealers) in the water and allow it to melt.
Pull traps through the layer of wax, hang them up
and allow them to cool. TIP: If the wax coating
appears thick and uneven, place the traps back in
the water and allow them to heat up a bit longer
before removing them.
Some trappers prefer to dip their traps in pure
wax with no water. This method is unsafe for
younger trappers because the wax must be kept at
extremely high temperatures. PARAFFIN WAX IS
FLAMMABLE and can catch on fire or cause severe
burns if splashed.
One way to avoid this problem is to use acrylic
floor wax, which is applied at room temperature.
It covers traps with a thin, even coat and tends' to
last longer than other waxes.
Swivels help to reduce injuries by allowing a trap

to move freely in the same direction as an animal's
foot. They also make a handy way to attach traps
to metal stakes or drowning wires.
Nearly all manufacturersusea swivel to connect

the trap chainto the trap itself. This is usually
adequatefor trapping muskratsin drowning sets.
We recommendtwo swivelsfor most other
speciesand three for coyotes or traps equipped
with long chains.
"Universal" or "four-way" swivels can be added to
the middle of a trap chain to prevent it from
binding. You can also attach them to the end of a
chain for staking and drowning assemblies. "Box"
swivels are usually rectangular. They can be added
to the middle of a trap chain or used for drowning
assemblies, but aren't as handy for staking.
12

As the name implies, stake swivels are designed for
attaching traps to metal stakes. Some are designed
for single staking systems. Others are designed for
"cross-staking" or "double-staking".
Cross-staking
is recommended for coyotes, especially if soils in
your area are light or sandy.
An S-hooktool comes in handyfor closingrivets

without damagingthem. Consider weldingthe end
of the rivet shut if you planon trapping coyotes.
"""
'
:1".("~
Clockwise from upper left: "universal" or "fourway" swive~ cross-staking swive~ flat stake swivel
and universal swivel used for a drowning assembly.
Trap modifications help to improve animal welfare

while increasing your catch.
"Four-coiling
Sometrappers add an extra set of springsto

coilspringtraps, especiallyif they planon catching
coyotes. "Four-coiling" helpsthe trap to close
faster, especiallyin heavysoils or during periods of
freezingand thawingtemperatures.
Some common staking assemblies for land sets.

Left to right: lap-link, stake swivel and universal
swivel.
The extra springsalso help to keep a coyote's foot

from slidingbackand forth betweenthe trap jaws,
thereby reducinginjuries. Researchon padded
traps showedthat "four-coiling" improves
performancewithout increasinginjuriesto
coyotes. Kits for "four-coiling" traps are available
from trapping supplydealers.
Lamination
Shock springs
"lamination" refers to welding a piece of round or
flat metal flush with the inside surface of the jaws
of foothold traps. This increases the surface area
of the jaws, helping to strengthen them and reduce
injuries to trapped animals. laminated jaws are
popular modifications for traps used to catch
coyote and fox.
Coyotes often lungewhen trapped. Some

trappers usea short (6-8") trap chainto limit the
distancea coyote can lunge.thereby reducing
escapesand injuries. Other trappers prefer to use
a longer trap chain.but install a shock springto
absorbthe imDact.
13
Body-gripping
traps
Swivels
Adding at leastone swivelto the chainsof #220
and #330 body-gripping traps can help to reduce
pelt damage if an animal isn't killed instantly. It
also keeps your wire from getting kinked or
twisted. a problem that can cause it to break after
a couple of catches.
Trigger configurations
Using the right trigger configurationscan improve

your percentageof quick kills. This is important
not only for animalwelfare, but for reducingpelt
damage.Settinga trap "upside-down" (with the
trigger on the bottom) is one way to avoid pelt
damagebecausethe jaw with the dog or trigger
assemblycloseson the animal'sthroat insteadof
the backof its neck.
Another modification for mink. Hammer the ends

of the trigger wires until they're flat. Drill a 1/8"
or 1/16" hole through each side. Tie apiece of 10pound-test monofilament line between the holes.
Tips for avoiding the accidental capture of

river otters in body-grippin.2 traps
..
Otterstravellongdistances,
but spendmostof their
time at small"activity centers" where food and
cover are plentiful. Don't set traps where you
observefresh otter sign. Wait a few daysor a week
before returning. This givesthe otter a chanceto
move out of the area.
Movethe triggerascloseaspossibleto the sideof

the opening(seeexample). The tines shouldextend
straight down from the top of the trap.
Suggestedtrigger configuration for raccoon. A/so

the best configuration for beaver except in areas
where river otters are present.
Replace standard triggers with triggers that allow

you to adjust the tension (adjustable triggers
manufactured by Species Specific Trap Co. are
available from many dealers). Higher tensions are
more selective for beavers.
Take as manybeaveras possiblein the shortest

amount of time, then move on. Leavingyour traps
set in the samelocationsfor long periods of time
will increasethe chancesof catchingan otter as it
movesbetweenactivity centers.
Avoid usingfish or fish oil. Use sweet baitsor lures
for raccoon and castor for beaver.
Avoid settingtrails that go from one body of water
to another (like a trail between a river and a pond).
Suggestedtrigger configuration for mink.
Proper trigger configurations help to

increase your catch, improve animal
welfare and reduce pelt damage.
BASIC EQUIPMENT
14
Dry, pre-sifted dirt
You'll have a hard time finding two trappers who

agree about equipment. That's because there is no
"right" or "wrong", only personal preference
based on the type and number of sets you make.
Manytrapperscarrydry. pre-sifteddirt when

makingland sets. This makesit easierto keep sets
in good working order. especiallywhen soil from
the set location is wet or frozen.
Conditions on your trapline will also determine

what you'll need. For example, 18"or 24" metal
stakesmight be a good choicefor anchoring
raccoontraps in streamswith hard clay bottoms.
They'd be worthless if you trapped streamswith
soft sandybottoms, where wooden stakes3-4' in
length are neededto hold your catch.
Collect dirt during a summer dry spell. Sift it into

clean storage containers (like 5-gallon pails with
lids). Keep the containers in an area where they
won't be exposed to odors from gas or chemicals.
This section introduces you to some general

equipment needs. Your instructor can offer sound
advise about what works best in your area.
Dirt sifter
Siftingremovesdirt clods, pebbles,sticks and
other debris that might keep the trap jaws from
closingquickly and completely. You can make
your own sifter from galvanizedhardwarecloth
with a 1/,," or 1/8" mesh.
EauiDment checklist for I;lnd ~~t~
A sifter comes in handy even if you carry pre-sifted

01"Long-handled trowel for digging trap beds and
dirt holes
.I 3-pound hammer for driving stakes and
pounding trap beds in frozen ground
.I Pan covers (or foam inserts)
.I Dry. pre-sifted dirt
.I Dirt sifter
.I Anti-freeze (use only non-toxic products)
.I Catch pole
.I 5-gallon bucket, gym bag or trap basket for
.I
.I
.I
.I
.I
.I
carrying equipment
Stakes (or other anchoring systems)
Lure and/or bait
Cotton or rubber gloves
Spare trap tags
.22 caliber gun for dispatching animals
Pliers for adjusting or repairing traps
Pan covers
Pan covers help to keep dirt from getting under
the trap pan. They're necessary equipment for
making land sets if you want your traps to fire
consistently when an animal steps on the pan.
You can purchase pan covers or make your own
from plastic bags, wax paper, fiberglass window
screens or landscaping fabric. They should be cut
to fit the inside of the trap jaws when the trap is
set. A slit or small cutout should be made where
the pan cover lies over the dog. Some people cut
soft foam to the shape of the trap pan and insert it
under the pan before making a set.
dirt. Blend your set with its surroundings by sifting

a fine layer of dirt, grass or leaves from the set
location as a finishing touch.
Anti-freeze
IIAnti-freeze" is a convenientterm for calcium
chloride (usedto melt ice from sidewalks)or
other non-toxic chemicalsavailablefrom trapping
supplydealers. These products help to keepthe
soil from freezingover your traps (evena thin
layer of frozen dirt can keep traps from firing).
Another option is to cover your traps with
buckwheathulls or "waxed dirt". Thesematerials
absorbvery little moisture, so the particlestend to
stay separatedunlessthey get soakedwith rain or
a wet snow.
NOTE: Never use"anti-freeze" designedfor cars
unlessthe packagespecifiesthat it's safefor pets
and the environment.
Catch pole
A catch pole is usedto restrain non-targetanimals
so that they can be releasedwithout injuriesto
them or yourself. You can purchasea catch pole
or makeyour own. To makeyour own, usea 4-5'
pieceof conduit or other light pipe. Take a 10-12'
lengthof aircraft cable(1/8"diameter),fold it in
half,and run the two loose endsthrough the
conduit, leavinga loop on the other end. Attach a
hardwood handleto the two loose ends.
15
Illin.ois Trapper Education Manual

Pan Cover
Stakes
Use metal stakesfor land sets. Most trapping
supplydealerscarry different stylesand lengths.
Stakesmadefrom "rebar" with a washerwelded
on top are a common choice. Sharpeningthe
points with a grinder makesthe stakeseasierto
drive. It also allows dirt to packtightly around the
stakewhile it's driven, even in frozen ground.
When makingland sets,cover the trap pan with a

piece of wax paper, plastic screen or landscaping
material. This keeps dirt from getting under the
pan and blocking the trigger mechanism.
A single 30" stake will hold coyotes in most areas.

We recommend "cross-staking" with two 20-24"
stakes if you trap in an area with light or sandy
soils. Shorter stakes (15-18') can be used for
cross-staking in areas with clay or heavy soils.
Use a sifter to remove dirt clods, pebbles, sticks

and other debris that might keep trap jaws from
closing quickly and completely.
It's not uncommon for a coyote to jump upward

when held in a trap. Cross-staking works better
than a single stake, especially in light or sandy soils.
It also helps to prevent trap theft.
Carry a catch pole for restraining and releasing

non-target animals without injuries to them or
yourself.
Always anchor traps to hold the largest

potential catch. Staking systems for coyotes
should be used when targeting fox.
16
Illinois Traooer Education Manual
"Disposable" stakes
Equipment checklist for water sets
Sometrappers use SuperStakesTM or "disposable

stakes". A special tool is used to drive the anchor
into the ground. You set the anchor by pulling up
on the attached cable. This causes the end of the
anchor to shift off center, making it almost
impossible to pullout if set properly.
One note of caution- disposablestakescanget

caughtup in farm equipmentwhen left in crop
fields. Maintaingood relationswith landownersby
usingthem only in untilled areasor removingthem
when you're finished.
.I Hip boots (chestwaders are usuallya better

choice if you're trapping muskrat or beaver)
.I Gauntlets(long rubber gloves)
.I Long-handledtrowel or narrow shovel
.I Wire
.I Stakes
.I Hammer or hatchet for driving stakes
.I Drowning slide wires (when usingfoothold
traps to capture beaveror raccoon)
.I Trap settingtongs and safetycatch (for large
body-grippingtraps)
.I Trap basket,5-gallonbucket or gym bag
.I Plasticflagging(if neededfor markingsets)
.I Lure and/or bait
.I Sparetrap tags
.I .22 calibergun for dispatchinganimals
.I Pliers(with a side cutter for cutting wire)
.I Changeof clothes (often kept in a boat or
vehicle;especiallyimportant in cold weather)
Most trapping supplydealerssell three gaugesof

wire: 16. 14and II. The smallerthe number,the
larger the diameter and strength (# II gaugeis the
strongest).
~.
Some trappers prefer Super Stakes TM(also called
"disposablestakes") with a 16-24"cable.
Common sizesand usesof wire

Gauge
16
Fasteningbait to stakes,tree roots, etc.;

attachingsmall(# II 0 or # 120)bodygrippingtraps to anchoringsystems.
14
Fasteningbaits;attachinglarge (#220 or
#330) body-grippingtraps to anchoring
systems;attachingfoothold traps to stakes
when targeting muskrat or mink. especially
in marshesand other locationswhere
catchinga raccoon is unlikely.
Quick tip for land trapping
Sooner or later, you'll encounter a fox or coyote

that digs up your traps. This behaviorcan be
causedby a trap that's not beddedsolidly. As the
animalapproachesyour set, it feelsthe trap move
beneathits foot and investigatesby digging. See
page26 for suggestionson beddinga trap properly.
Another possiblecauseis that the animalsmelleda

foreign odor (usuallylure) on your trap, pan cover
or dirt. To avoid contaminatingyour traps with
lure, carry them separately.Also carry two sets of
gloves - one usedonly for handlingtraps and
another for handlinglures. If you suspectthat
your traps are contaminated,boil and re-wax them
to remove the odor.
Uses
Attaching foothold traps to wooden stakes

when targeting raccoons; attaching
foothold traps to stakes when targeting
muskrats in locations frequented by
raccoons; assembling drowning slide-wires;
positioning snares set for beavers.
NOTE: Never usewire to attach traps to

anchoringsystemswhen targetingcoyote or fox.
7'7
Use only good quality wire. "Baling wire" (the

kind used to bundle hay bales) is too weak for
attaching traps to anchoring systems, especially
when targeting larger furbearers. Even the best
wire develops weak spots if it gets rusted, kinked
or nicked; Avoid problems by replacing it.
~'"-=~-
.:.:.,:
Remember to alwaysanchor traps to hold the

largest potential catch. This includes sets for
muskrat or mink that might catch a raccoon or
beaver. When in doubt, use the largest gauge. If
you don't have it with you, double a piece of
smaller gauge wire and twist it together along the
entire length for maximum strength..
Hip
Boots
Meta/ stakes
Metal
stakesare a common choicewhen targeting
raccoon or beaver in areas where waterways have

hard bottoms. Stakes 18-24" in length work well
in clay soils; 24-30" is best for dark, heavy soils.
Pack Basket
Stakesusedfor water sets often havea 4-5" piece

of rebar welded to the top. Sometrappers call
them liT-bars" becauseof the shape. The top of
the "T" makesa convenienthandlefor inserting
and removingthe stakes,especiallywhen working
underwater.
Setting tongs for
Wooden stakes
body-gripping traps
Straightsectionsof hard maple,ash,hickory, oak

or osageorange(hedge)makegood stakes. Softer
woods can be usedto anchor traps set for
muskrator mink. Cut stakesin late winter or
early springand allow them to "cure" over the
summer. They'll be lightweightand durable by
trappingseason.
Settingtongs are usedto compressthe springson

#220 and #330 body-grippingtraps. The handles
create enoughleverageto do so easilyand,once
the springsare compressed,hook the safetycatch
with a free hand.
Proper lengthsare determined by soil conditions.

Short stakes(2-3' in length)are fine if waterwaysin
your area haveclay or hard mud bottoms. Use
long stakes(3-5' in length) in areaswith sandor
soft mud bottoms. Do not usefresh-cut stakesin
areaswith beavers- they might wind up as snacks.
Safety catch for

body-gripping traps
Plastic Ragging
Remembering where you made a half dozen sets is
simple. Rely on your memory to locate 50 sets,
and you'll spend a lot of wasted time looking for
them. Marking sets with colored plastic flagging
can help to avoid this problem. Dispose of the
flagging properly when you remove your traps.
Catchingyour hand in a #330 body-grippingtrap is

morethanembarrassing
- it can be a real problem,
especiallyif you're alone. To prevent this type of
accident,set the trap and placea safetycatch on
the top two jaws. Positionthe trap. Removethe
catch just before leavingthe set.
18
Stabilizers for body-gripping traps
Severalmanufacturersmakestandsor mountsfor
positioningbody-grippingtraps. While not
considered"essential"equipment,they can savea
lot of time. Modelsthat extend 2-3' abovethe top
of the trap allow you to placeit safelyin runways
located in deep water. Possibledrawbacksinclude
the extra weight and bulk of manufactured
stabilizers,especiallyif you needto carry them
very far.
Examples of one-way sliding locks.
~If
~r
--:
-.
CONI8EAR.
5iA6IUZJr.S
Slide-wire drowner
A slide-wire drowner consistsof a lengthof

aircraft cable(3/32" - 1/8") or strong wire with a
one-wayslidinglock. Both ends of the cableare
anchored- one on shore next to your set and the
other in deep water. Attaching the one-waylock
to your trap chainallows an animalto move only
toward deep water. where it drowns.
Slide-wiredrowners are used mostly for capturing
beaveror raccoon in foothold traps. They are
effectiveonly at set locationswith deepwater
nearby(a minimumof 24" for raccoon and 42" for
beaver). Someadvantagesof slide-wire drowners
include:
~
~
~
~
A quick dispatch of trapped animals
Fewer escapes,lesspelt damage

Fewer problemswith theft of your traps or fur
Lessdisturbanceat the set location,which
allows you to re-make a set quickly
Somedisadvantages
includethe initial cost and
time that it takes to makea set. Theseare usually
offset by fewer escapesand lesstime neededto
re-makea set after a catch.
~;;;';~~!!1;~,:"~J;f~f~
A mesh nylon bag (like sand bags or sacks from

livestock feed) can be filled with rocks, sand;gravel
or dirt at the set location and used as an anchor in
deep water. It should weigh at least 10 pounds for
raccoon and 20 pounds for beaver.
19
BAITS, LURES AND SCENTS

Trappingwithout baits,lures or scentsis like
fishingwith a bare hook. Generallyspeaking,lures
and scentsattract an animalto a set whereasbaits
keep them occupieduntil they're captured.
Rememberthat all baits usedfor land sets must be
hiddenfrom sight or placedat least 30 feet away
from your trap.
BEFORE THE SEASON

For most species, the trapping season lasts only
60-70 days per year. Pre-season scouting can help
you make the most of the time that's available.
Someof things you can do before seasoninclude:
Some suggested baits include:
getting permissionfrom landowners

findingthe best set locations
planninga route for your trapline
estimatingthe number of setsyou'll needto
Muskrat Part of an ear of corn, apple or potato
storin.gheavyor bulky items at set locations
~
~
make in each area
Chunks of fish or muskrat (fresh)
Mink
Raccoon Chunksof fish or muskrat (fresh); use

&
eggs,marshmallows,hard candy,fruit or
Opossum jam, sweet breakfastcerealor peanut
butter where pets are present
Beaver
Twigs or sections of branches from

willow, maple and wild cherry trees
Coyote,
fox &
Small chunksof muskrat or beaver

meat (fresh or tainted); baits sold by
trapping supply dealers
badger
Trapping supply dealers sell many brands of lures.

Most of them work well, but some are better than
others. We recommend experimenting with
different kinds of lures and letting experience guide
future purchases.
Food lures appeal to animal's hunger. Most lures

fall into this category. Lures made from the glands
of animals that you're targeting usually work best
during the mating season. At this time, animals are
actively seeking out others of their kind and will be
drawn to lures that promise an encounter.
Curiosity lures cause animals to investigate a set
because they smell sometlling strange or different.
Using skunk essence, shellfish oil or beaver castor
at a fox set is an example.
Urine
is considereda scent. Likemostcanines,
foxes and coyotes use urine to mark their

territories and readily investigatesmellsthat
suggesta stranger haspassedthrough. Purchasing
high-qualityurine from a reputabletrapping supply
dealerwill allow you to capitalizeon this behavior.
Some people prepare and bait their sets one or

two weeks before the season. This savestime on
opening day and allows animals to get accustomed
to visiting set locations. Remember that you
cannot carry or set traps in the field until the
season opens.
The amount of pre-season work required for your
trapline is determined by its size. A day or two is
probably plenty if you're trapping only on your
own property. A month or two might be better if
you operate a large trapline, especially one that's
spread over a long distance and many properties.
Keep in mind that pre-season "work" can be
enjoyable as well as productive. For example. you
can combine many activities with trips taken to
hunt. fish. dig ginseng, pick wild mushrooms.cut
trap stakes or help out a landowner who gave you
permission.
20
WATER SETS
Bank hole set
Muskratand beaverdig underwater entrancesto
their dens. As animalsswim in and out, they wear
runwaysin front of the entrances. Locate runways
and set body-grippingtraps. You can set more
than one trap per runway if it's long and well
defined,but spacethem out so that a captured
animaldoesn't trigger nearbytraps.
Entrancesare easyto spot when a thin layer of
clear ice forms on a pond or lake. Air bubbles
exhaledby animalsor caughtin their fur get
trapped beneaththe ice and leadyou to the
entrance. Beaversusuallyplacesome sticksand
mud over their denswhen repairingthem. The
entranceswill be nearby.
Channel
set
Muskrat, mink and beaver follow underwater

channels as they swim along the bottom of streams
and creeks. You can take advantage of this
behavior by setting body-gripping traps in likely
locations. Use sticks, brush or rocks to narrow
natural channels that are wider than your traps.
Beaversometimesexcavatechannelsthat lead
from the mainwaterway to a standof trees.
Theseare excellent locations.
CAUTION
The samechannelsused by beaversare sometimes

usedby otters. Seepage 13for suggestionson
reducingrisks to otters, which are protected.
CAUTION
Runways that leadto beaverdenscan be as much
as four feet deeper than the surrounding water.
Be extra careful when walking on the ice near
beaver dens - their activity keeps it thin even in
the coldest temperatures.
When makingwater sets,you cansettrapsas

closeto a den entranceas you want. Remember
that traps set on land must be at least 10'away
from den entrances.
Trail set
Muskratand beaverwear trails as they travel back
and forth from the water to food sourceslocated
on the bank. Foothold traps can be placed
underwater where animalsapproachthe trail. For
short-leggedanimalslike muskrat and beaver,
position the traps so that animalsstep betweenthe
jaws rather than over them.
For muskrats,you can makea trail by rubbingyour
boot backand forth up the bank,then applying
somefresh mud from the stream bottom. This has
the sameappealas a naturaltrail, but allows you to
makesetswhere it's convenientor where you
haveaccessto deep water for drowning your
catch.
Trail set (continued)

CAUTION:
Use guarded foothold traps for trail sets when
targeting muskrats in areas with shallow water.
Extension wires, tangle stakes or slide-wire
drowners can be used if deep water is nearby.
21
that mink are slenderanimals,capableof slipping

through a # II 0 or # 120trap without triggeringit.
Somewaysto avoid this problem includeusingthe
proper trigger configurations,fasteninga pieceof
monofilamentbetweenthe tines of the trigger, or
usingthe smaller#55 or #60 modelsof bodygrippingtraps.
Always useslide-wire drowners when targeting

beaverwith foothold traps.
Raccoonsand muskratssharethe sametypes of
habitat. Rememberto alwaysanchor your traps to
hold the largestpotential catch.
Lodge and feedbed sets
Mink tendto follow trailsthat run parallelto the

bank. They're lessnoticeablethan trails madeby
muskrator beaver. However, you can sometimes
detect a narrow path through grassor weeds.
The best way to start looking for trails usedby
mink is to imaginea path of least resistence(a
route with the fewest obstacles). Like most
animals.mink tend to choosethe easiestroute.
Once you locate a path, set a body-grippingtrap.
If necessary,usestemsfrom grassor weedsto

guidethe mink through your trap while helpingto
concealits outline. A few well-placedstemswill
getthe job done- don't overdo it. Remember
In some areas,muskratsbuild lodgesout of

vegetation. The front of lodge usuallyhasone or
more "ramps" that slopegraduallytoward the
water. Setfoothold traps at the bottom of the
ramps. Also checkthe backof lodge (steepside)
for a smallhollowed out areawhere muskratsstop
to feed or rest. "Feed beds" are pilesof cuttings
that build up when muskratsmakea habit of
carryingtheir food to the samelocation to eat.
Like lodges,they can be very productive locations.
Float set
Muskratsclimb up on floating logsand other
objects that provide a dry spot to groom, feed and
rest. Float setstake advantageof this behaviorand
use bait for addedattraction. Manydifferent
designshavebeen usedsuccessfully.
22
to direct a mink over the pan. The guide stick

shouldextend 2~4"above the water. A twig about
the diameter of a pencil leadwill be plenty. For
raccoon,the trap pan should be 3~6"from the side
of the obstruction. A heavierguide stick can be
usedif desired.
CAUTION:
Do not usecorn for bait in areaswhere waterfowl

are present. Instead,use lure or placea handfulof
fresh mud on the float. You can also discourage
waterfowl by makinga "roof' over the float with a
pieceof chickenwire.
Pocket
set
Pocketsets are one of the most popularwater

sets becausethey're effectiveand easyto
construct. Trap placementis important. For mink,
the trap should be set half way insidethe opening
of the hole. For raccoon,set the trap 3-6" in front
of the opening. Trying to split differencewill
reduceyour catch of both species,not improve it.
Obstruction set
Animals traveling along the bank are sometimes
forced to enter the water by an obstruction like a
tree, large rock, root wad or clump of dirt. These
natural "funnel points" make excellent set
locations, even without bait or lure. Use either
foothold or body-gripping traps - your choice will
probably depend on the type of obstruction and
depth of water next to it.
For mink. position the trap as close to the

obstruction as possible. Set foothold traps no
more than 1-2" under water. Placinga "guide
stick" next to the outside edgeof the trap can help
MINK POCKET SET
Illinois Trapper EducationManual
23
Pocket set (continued)
Pipe set
The pipe set is a good choice for waterways with
flat, featureless banks. It's also an efficient set
because it allows you to choose your set locations
rather than look for natural ones.

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6A.IT
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Many variations of the pocket set have been

described in booRs and magazine articles. They
operate on the same principle. but offer
advantages in some set locations.
Egg trap set

Eggtraps are self-containedsets. They are very
effectivebecauseof the visualappealof the white
plastic. Use a narrow trowel to remove a plugof
mud about 4-5" deep and slightlysmallerin
diameter than the trap itself. Seatthe trap by
pushingit into the hole and packingsome mud
around the outside to hold it in place. The top 12" of the trap should extend abovethe mud so that
it's in plain sight.
Dependingon the trap placement and set location, many

spe'ciescan be captured in pocket sets.
24
Baited under-ice sets
Castor mound set
Bank hole and baited sets are about your only

choices for capturing beavers when a waterway is
covered with ice. While baited sets are less
efficient, they have a place on the trapline,
especially when bank holes are hard to locate,
blocked by debris or too dangerous to set because
of thin ice over the runways.
During the spring, beavers mark their territories

with castor mounds. They make the mounds by
scooping mud, leaves and other debris off the
bottom, carrying it up the bank, and depositing
their scent (castoreum) on it. Sets can be
constructed at natural castor mounds or you can
make your own with a few scoops of mud and
some lure.
Thesesetsare most effectivelate in the winter,

when the beavers'food cacheis stale - your fresh
bait will look appealingby comparison. Make
baitedsets near food cacheswhere beaverswill
encounter them.
~~~~~:~:~~~;~~=~~~~
.
5A"ET'{
1T1H!rI~E
"., J'
,., I
~-;;GI~ -;~-7:r6 J
Dam crossing set
TRIGGEIZ 6EIoIT
IN T- SIIAP&
3:"~
".,.
Beavers spend most of their time on the upstream

side of a dam. However, they cross the dam often
enough to make this a good set location.
CAUTION:
It's unlawfulto disturb, molest or destroy a beaver

dam while trapping. Body-grippingtraps with a jaw
spreadlarger than 7"x7" must touch the water.
25
LAND SETS
Baited cubbies
"Cubbies" can be made from plastic buckets or
pails, wood, wire mesh, or corrugated drain tile.
While bulky, they work well for capturing raccoon
and opossum.
Proper designis a must for avoidingthe capture of

pets. Two approachesare popular. One involves
.recessingthe trap at least8" from the entranceof
the cubby. Another approachis to restrict the
A cage trap is a self-contained cubby. It's the best

choice for targeting raccoon and opossum in areas
where pets are present.
opening of the cubby with a wire extension.

Many trappers prefer # 160body-grippingtraps for
baitedcubbyand trail sets becausethe smallsize

(6" x 6") improvesstrike locationson raccoons
while discouragingdogs.
CAUTION:
Never makethese setswhere pets are presentor

likely to travel.Use sweet baits like marshmallows,peanutbutter,
hard candy,molassesor breakfastcerealto further
discouragepets from investigatingcubbies. The
sameappliesto lures.
Trail set
- body-grippingtraps
Trail sets madewith # 160or #220 body-gripping

traps are effectivefor capturingraccoonand
opossum. No baits or lures are needed.
CAUTION:
Never make trail sets where cats or dogs are
present or likely to travel. Always use a wire mesh
cover (approximate size shown below).
26
Bedding foothold traps

"Bedding"refers to the processof stabilizinga trap
so that it doesn't wobble when an animalstepson
it. This is very important when you're targeting
fox or coyote.
'.lk
. I
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Step 3. Placethe trap chain in the bed; cover it

with soil and pack it with your hand or fist.
0 ,-
. .. ,~-/;;
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Step I. Dig a hole slightly larger than the outside

profile of the trap. The depth will depend on the
amount of chain you need to conceal under the
trap - the longer the chain, the deeper the hole.
When the set is finished, the top of the trap
should be covered by 1/8" - 1f2"of soil and the pan
should sit slightly lower than the ground around it.
Step4. Placethe trap in the bed with the loose

jaw resting level on top of your stake. Twist the
trap slightlyfrom side to side to settle it in the
dirt.
Step2. Test the hole to make sure your trap will

fit; make adjustments if needed. Position and drive
your stake at the front of the hole (the side
nearest to you) where the loose jaw of the trap
can rest on it.
Step5. Packdirt tightly around the outside of the

trap (except for over the sprin2 levers).
27
Step6. Use your finger to applypressureto each

jaw and spring lever (one at a time). If you detect
movement,add some soil or a smalldirt clod
under the low spot.
Step9. If needed, brush or sift a fine layer of dirt

over the set to blend it in with its surroundings.
Step 7. Put a cover over the pan. Sift dirt over

the trap until it's nearly level with the top of the
bed.
Trap placement is a matter of personal choice, but

a good rule of thumb is 12" when targeting coyote
and 7" when targeting red fox.
Step8. Locatethe pan by brushingawaysome of

the dirt. When you know where it is, packdirt
around the outside of the pan usingthe palmsof .
your hands.
28
Dirt-hole set
Step-down set
Redfox often store uneatenfood by buryingit.

All predators investigatethese "caches"because
they promise a free meal. The dirt-hole set
imitatesa food cacheand can be usedto target a
wide rangeof speciesdependingon the set
location and types of lures and baitsyou select.
This set is a variation of the dirt-hole. Setting the

trap in a shallow trench that extends in front of
the dirt hole helps to direct the animal's approach
so that it steps squarely on the pan. The same
cautions apply.
Dig the bait hole in front of a natural obstaclelike

a clump of grassor placea rock or dirt clod
behindit to help direct an animal'sapproachto the
front of the set. Sometrappers prefer large (4-5"
in diameter) bait holes;others prefer smallones
(about the diameter of a mousehole). It should be
at least8-10" deep and slope awayfrom the trap
bed at about a 60 angle.
CAUTION:
Flat and scent- post sets
This set is attractive to all predators, including

domesticdogs. Do not makedirt-hole sets near
houseswhere pets are present. Use padded
foothold traps in areaswhere dogsare allowed to
roam free and areasusedby hunterswith dogs.
wide range of species. Scent-post sets are nearly

identical, but use gland lure or urine to better
target fox and coyote.
Flat
sets are madewith a food lure and attract a
CAUTION:
Remember that bait must be concealedcompletely
from sight (placing the bait in the bottom of the
hole usually meets this requirement).
,/
",;
~~.:-.
Do not make these sets near houses where pets

are present. Use padded foothold traps in areas
where dogs are allowed to roam free and areas
used by hunters with dogs.
'--
~~
Walk-through
29
Tips for using padded foothold traps
set
This is a variation of a dirt-hole or flat set. Loose

dirt or vegetation (like soybean hulls and stems left
after harvest) guide an animal's approach. This set
comes in handy for re-makes (setting the same
location after a catch is made) because odors and
torn up vegetation left by the first catch can be
used to your advantage.
Manufacturers installed weak coilsprings on early
prototypes of padded traps becausethey reasoned

the modification would help to reduce injuries.
Weak springs allowed enough animals to escape
during field tests that it earned the padded trap a
poor reputation. While manufacturers corrected
this problem in later models, trappers' perceptions
of the padded trap were slow to change.
CAUTION:
This set is attractive to all predators. including
domestic dogs. Do not make walk-through sets
where dogs are present or likely to travel. Use
padded foothold traps.
Remember that bait must be concealed completely
from sight (placing the bait in the bottom of the
hole usually meets this requirement).
-V~-
"~~;o;
_V"
(0" WI~
Ie' l-"N&
"
-;-
Today, paddedtraps havestandardcoilspringsor

come from the factory already"four-coiled",
Scientificresearchshowsthat it's a combinationof
paddedjaws,a short chainand a shock springthat
reducesinjuries- regardlessof the strength of the
coilsprings.Just as importantly, modern padded
traps catch and hold animalsevery bit as well as
standardtraps when set properly,
RAISEFREE"JAW '/11"-1/2'
ANt) ~EST ON STAKe:
MAINTAIN D~PRESSION
Q.
-..,.,.--,..,1 . . ..
~~~:~~.~~..
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~ 5'1"'-'"
A~.. ~
"
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OVe:~ S~II(G LEVERS
-I .
, I
Modern padded traps work as well as standard

models when set properly. Some trappers prefer
to install an extra set of coilsprings (four-coiling),
especially if they make sets in areas with heavy
soils that tend to slow the closing speed of the
jaws when the soil is wet or frozen.
CHECKING TRAPS
By law, all traps must be checked at least once
each calendar day. We recommend checking
foothold traps early in the morning. Advantages
include:
furbearers are most active at night; earlymorning checks help to minimize the time they
spend in traps, thereby reducing stress and
injuries
people are most active during the day;
removing your catch early in the morning can
help to reduce thefts
the longer an animal is trapped, the more likely
it is to escape; early-morning checks help to
increase your total catch
Someother tips for checkingtraps:

Before leaving the house, make sure all your
equipment is accounted for and in good
working order
Set only as many traps as you can check
comfortably in the time you've set aside
Set body-grippingtraps if your schedule doesn't

allow for early-morningchecks
Approach sets closelyenoughto determine if
the trap hasbeentriggered without a catch keepingsets in working order will improve
your success
Learn from trap checks- an animal'stracks will
help you to understandtheir behaviorwhen
approachinga set and makeadjustmentsthat
improve your catch
KILLING TRAPPED ANIMALS

Nearly everyoneagreesthat animalsshould be
killed as humanelyas possible. However, their
ideasabout a particular method might be quite
different. Somepeople believethat guidelines
developedby the AmericanVeterinary Medical
Association(AVMA) should be followed when
killing wild animalsin the field. We believe,as
does the AVMA, that standardsdevelopedfor
veterinariansare not necessarilyapplicableor
appropriatefor activitieslike huntingand trapping.
30
Licensedveterinarianscan use lethal drugsthat

aren't availableto the generalpublic,they have
more control over animalsand don't needto
worry about chemicalsthat make meat unfit for
humanconsumption. While these limitations
explainwhy methods usedto kill animalson the
trapline differ from those usedto kill animalsin a
laboratory or clinic, you havethe sameobligation
to kill animalsas quickly and painlesslyas possiblefor their sakeand yours.
The best way to kill a live raccoon,coyote, fox,
opossumor badgeris a well-placedshot to the
headwith a .22 rimfire cartridge. Beforefiring,
checkfor solid objects like rocks that might cause
a ricochet if you miss. Anyone who comeswith
you should standwell behindwhen a shot is fired.
For a more complete overview, we suggestthat
you attend one of IDNR's Hunter Safetycourses.
Successfulcompletion of this course is required for
all first-time hunters born after JanuaryI, 1980.
Opossums have small brains located low in the
head, so they should be shot at the base of the ear
or through the midline of the skull. Skunks tend to
spray when shot in the head (direct contact with
your eyes can cause temporary blindness).
Approach slowly from upwind and talk in a soft,
monotone voice if a skunk raises its tail before you
can get close enough to shoot accurately. Aim for
the heart (just behind the front leg between the
elbow and shoulder) to avoid risks from rabies.
Strikingan animalsharplyon the skull with a

hardwood club or metal pipe is effectivefor small
mammalslike muskrat or mink. You cantell if the
animalwas killed instantlyor is merely unconscious
by touching its eye. An animalthat's unconscious
will blink. If it does,you should strike the animal
againor useanother method to kill it.
Using body-grippingtraps can reducethe needto
kill animals directly. However, these traps are
effective only for capturing raccoon, opossum,
skunk, muskrat, mink and beaver. Using drowning
slide-wires or tangle stakes are options for killing
animals captured in foothold traps near water usually raccoon. muskrat. mink and beaver.
For some people,killing an animalcan be an

unpleasanttask. even when done properly. We
suggestthat you take time to examineyour
feelingsabout this issueand chooseanother
outdoor activity if it makesyou uncomfortable.
31
FUR HANDLING
On the trapline
Making the most of your catch is one of the many
responsibilities that comes with trapping. Proper
handling begins on the trapline.
Animalscaughtnearwater shouldbewashed.
Holdingthe animalunder water, run your free
handbackand forth over its entire body to
remove dirt and blood. If you're wearing hip
boots or chest waders,hoist the animalonto your
knee and,working from headto tail, usea free
handto "squeegee"awayexcesswater. Small
furbearerslike muskrat or mink can be held by the
headand givena quick snapof the wrist to remove
excesswater. Never placeanimalsin a pile. It can
trap body heat that causesthem to spoil.
Marketing whole animals

Animals that are marketedwhole (alsocalled"in
the round") should be sold daily if temperatures
are much above 40 degrees. As a rule of thumb,
they can be stored for 2-3 days if hung in the shade
and temperatures stay below 40 degrees. Muskrat,
fox and coyote are more prone to spoil than
raccoon, opossum, mink, and beaver.
Whole animals can be frozen if you have the room.
Make sure that they're clean and dry before placing
them in the freezer. Animals that were killed
recently should be allowed to cool long enough to
let their body heat escape before placing them in
the freezer. Small animals should be wrapped
individually in a sheets of newspaper. Place
newspaper or cardboard between animals that are
too large to wrap.
Animals caught in land sets can be transported to

water and treated the same way if necessary.
Those captured in body-gripping traps are usually
clean and free of blood. Animals caught in
foothold traps are usually clean unless rain creates
muddy soil conditions. Any blood that soaks into
the fur when you shoot an animal should be
washed away before it dries - otherwise, it can
matt and stain the soft underfur.
Remove animals from the freezer and allow them

to thaw partially before taking them to a fur buyer.
Large animals that are frozen whole will require
24-48 hours to thaw at 65 degrees; smaller animals
need at least 8-12 hours.
At home
Drying the fur completely makesit easierto

handle. Largeanimalslike raccoon or coyote
should be hungby a front foot in a cool, dark
place. Use a fan to speedthe drying processif
temperaturesare warm (above40 degrees)or the
humidity is high. After the fur is dry, usea fur
comb (alsocalledscotch comb) to remove burrs
and heavydirt. Use a grooming brush (alsocalled
slicker brush)to finish long-hairedfurs like fox.
..
Never sealanimalsor pelts in plasticbagswhen

freezingthem - the bagstrap heat and moisture
that can damagethe fur.
Furis a greatinsulator.Pilinganimalsor pelts

in a freezer can causethose in the middleto
spoil. Placeanimalsin a singlelayer. If you have
too many.rotate animalsfrom the middle of
the stackto the outside after 12-24hours.
Never lay animalsor pelts on bare concrete to

dry or thaw - it holds moisture that can cause
them to spoil
Never placeanimalsor their pelts near a heater

to dry or thaw
More tips for handlin.gfur on the trapline

..
..
..
\..
Don't lay wet animalsin the bed of a pickup
when temperatures are below freezing - their

fur will stick to the metal
If you have room, put a pallet in your truck or
boat; place your catch on the pallet to keep it
out of puddles and allow air to circulate
When available,snow makesa great material

for washingand drying fur - scoop snow over
the animal, rub it into the fur, then shake it out
Caring for fur properly avoids

waste and adds to its value.
Pelts should be dry and free of
dirt, blood and burrs when
they're sold
32
Skinning
Skinning animals takes time, but it has some
advantages:
If you have limited freezer space, pelts take up
less room than whole animals
Most dealers pay more (25ji - $1 depending on
the species) because it saves them the cost of
having someone skin your catch
Meat from some furbearers can be used as bait
or marketed for human consumption
You can tap into secondary markets for glands,
skulls, teeth and claws
A "tailstripper" comes in handy for removing the

bone from the tails of coyote, fox, raccoon, mink,
skunk and weasel.
You'll need some basicequipmentfor skinning.A
sharp,high-qualityknife is a must. Bladeswith

pointed tips are best except when skinningbeavers
- rounded tips come in handyfor this job. Blades
with serrated edgesaren't recommendedunless
you want to keep one handyfor occasionaluseon
the heador other areaswhere frequent contact
with bone can dull a regular bladequickly.
A gambrel is used to hold animals in position for

case-skinning.
There are two waysto skin furbearers:open or

cased. The open method involvesmakinga slit in
the belly skin from the chin pastthe vent. The
casedmethod involvesmakinga cut from heelto
healand around both ankles,then pullingthe hide
over the animal'shead like you would remove a
tight glove or sweater.
Keeping your knives sharp will allow you to make

cleaner cuts and fewer mistakes. A carbide-tipped
sharpener is handy (or removing nicks and getting a
rough edge on the blade.
Beavers are the only

furbearers in Illinois that
are skinned open, then
stretched and dried by
nailing their pelts to a
board
Use a whetstone or sharpening steel to put a fine

edge on the blade.
33
Muskratsare amongthe easiestfurbearersto skin

becausethe connectivetissuethat joins the pelt to
the muscleis weak.
Pull the pelt downward toward the animal'shead.

It should come off freely until you get to the front
legs. Passa finger between an armpit and the pelt
to loosen it, then pull downward until the front leg
comes free. Repeat this on the other side.
Sometrappers prefer to hangthe animalfrom a
Graspingthe pelt at the tail end, pull downward
gambrel,others feel this is a wasted step. If you

usea gambrel,poke the top of one hind foot
through a hook. Graspthe tail and makea cut
from the baseof it (where the fur ends)to the
heel of the hind foot that's held by gambrel. The
cutting edgeof your knife shouldface upward and
angleawayfrom you, just under the skin. Repeat
until it stops at the ears (you'll notice some whitish

cartilage where the ears connect to the skull).
Make small cuts to separate the basesof the ears
from the skull. Pull downward until you get to the
eyes. Use a knife to make small cuts that separate
the eyelids at the skull. Pull downward until the
pelt is free, or make a small cut at the tip of the
nose.
Case-skinning muskrat
on the other side.
Makecutsaroundthe anklesof both hindfeet.

Somepeople makecuts around the wrists of both
front feet. but this isn't necessary.Makea cut
completelyaround the baseof the tail where the
hair ends.
Work the skin free from the muscle tissue on one
of the hind legs. After it's started, push your
forefinger and index finger under the pelt toward
the backbone, then upward under the tail, pulling
the pelt free. Peel the skin away from the muscle
all the way across the cut. Follow through with
your thumb around the leg bone and start
removing the pelt on the animal's belly side.
Initial cuts for case-skinning fox and coyote. The

tail stays attached to the pelt.
Take health precautions
while skinning
Somefurbearerscarry diseasesand parasitesthat

can be passedon to humansduring the skinning
process. To avoid healththreats:
~
Use band-aids to cover open cuts or sores on
your hands before skinning wild animals

~
Wear latex gloves. Disposablelatex gloveslike

the ones used by surgeons are available from
pharmacies or trapping supply dealers
When finishedskinning,washyour handswell
with anti-bacterial soap
Initial cuts for case-skinning muskrat and opossum.

The tail remains attached to the carcass,not the
Delt.
Don't handlesodacans,etc. during the skinning

process - they can pass bacteria to your mouth
34
Makecutsaroundboth anklesandwrists. Some

peopleprefer to cut both front feet off at the
wrists with a hatchet. Next, makea cut from the
insideof one heel to the other, passingbelow the
vent. Graspthe end of the tail and split the
undersidetoward the vent. If you havea
tailstripper, you can start the cut about 4-6" from
the baseof the tail. Continue the cut alongone
side of the vent until it meetsthe cut that goes
from heel to heel. Makea cut on the other side of
the anus,forming a triangle around the vent.
Tails remain attached to

the pelts of raccoon, fox;
coyote, mink, weasel and
skunk. After removing
the bone, split the tail
along its entire length.
Using a guide can help
you to make a straight
cut.
Pull the baseof the tail toward you and run your
fist downward betweenthe pelt and the muscle
tissuealongthe backbone. Turn the animalaround
and loosenthe pelt from the belly. If the raccoon
is a male,the skin will stop at the tip of the penis;a
smallcut can be usedto separateit from the pelt.
Runyour fist downward betweenthe pelt and the
muscletissuealongthe centerline of the belly. Pull
the pelt downward, freeing the sides. It will stop
at the front legs. Usinga knife, makea slit through
the connectivetissueat the shoulderand upper
arm. Be careful not to cut through the pelt itself.
Loosen the pelt nearthe armpitby pushing
betweenthe pelt and muscletissuewith your

fingers. After it's started, cup your fingersfrom
both handsthrough the openingand pull
downward. This should separatethe pelt to the
wrist, where it will pull free. Repeatthis
procedure on the other side.
Using your knife, separatethe pelt from the muscle
around both ankles. You'll need to loosenenough

of the pelt to grab it. Pull downward with some
force. This should separatethe pelt alongmost of
the leg. Repeatthis procedure on the other side.
Work the pelt free near the baseof the tail. If
necessary.cut some of the connectivetissue. Peel
the pelt awayfrom the tail bone for a distanceof
4-6 inches. Placea tailstripper around the tail
bone and yank downward with one handwhile
usingyour other handfor leverageagainstthe
lower backof the raccoon. If the tail bone doesn't
pullout. extend your cut a few inchestoward the
tip of the tail and try again. Split the tail all the way
to the tip after the bone is removed.
After both front legsare free, pull downward on

the pelt. The pelt of young raccoonswill usually
separateto the baseof the skull. The connective
tissueon the necksof older raccoonsis stronger.
You'll probablyneedto usea knife in some places,
but be careful- a light touch with a sharpbladewill
get the job done, especiallyif you're applying
pressureto the pelt by pulling it downward.
Continue working the pelt downward until it stops
at the cartilage that forms the basesof the ears.
Cut through the cartilage at a point close to skull.
When both ears are free, pull downward until you
reach the eyes. Using a knife, separate them from
the pelt by cutting carefully next to the skull. Pull
downward again to the tip of the nose and make a
small cut through the cartilage to free the pelt.
37
Open-skinning
beaver
Makecutsasshownearlierin this manual.Be

careful not to cut into the muscletissue - insert
your bladejust beneaththe skin with the cutting
edgefacingup and angledawayfrom you. We
recommendremovingall four feet with a hatchet
or heavy-dutyknife.
This exposesthe shoulders,

whichcanbe
separatedeasilyfrom the pelt. Continue working
toward the headuntil you encounter the ear canals
at the baseof the skull - they are somewhatbony
and connectedby cartilage. Cut through the
cartilageat the skull and continue skinningout the
head. You'll needto make some cuts to separate
the connectivetissue around the eyesand another
when you get to the tip of the nose.
Beavershave a thin layer of fat between the pelt

and muscle tissue on the belly. Starting at the edge
bf the cut you made down the beaver's belly, use a
round-tipped knife to separate the pelt and fat
from the muscle tissue. Continue this process
along the entire length of the beaver - take your
time and angle your blade toward the muscle
tissue to avoid slicing into the leather.
Tips for freezing skinned pelts

You'll encounter a thin layer of connective tissue
about half way between the center line of the belly
and the legs. Cut through it, leaving the
connective tissue attached to the pelt. Continue
separating the pelt until you reach the armpit and
groin area. Pull the pelt back to expose the layer
of connective tissue around the legs. Slice through
the tissue, then run a couple of fingers under it
along the legs. You should be able to flip the pelt
over the end of the bones where you cut off the
feet.
Flipthe beaveron its sideandcontinueseparating

the pelt from the muscletissue,working toward
the backbone. You'll probablyneedto cut into the
muscletissuenear the lower hip and tail, leaving
some of it attachedto the pelt. The middle part of
the pelt will separateeasilyby pullingit backor
runningyour hand betweenthe pelt and muscle.
Don't worry about skinningout the shouldersand
neck at this point. Laythe beaveron its backand
repeat these procedureson the other side.
After the pelt is loose on both sides,lay the beaver
on its belly and flip the pelt over the beaver's head.
Turn the pelt fur side out and matchthe belly

to the back so that the leather side of the pelt
is lessprone to freezer burn
~
If the pelts have tails attached, flip the tails
under the belly,wrap the pelts in newspaper

and lay them flat in the freezer
~
Never wad or roll up pelts to freezethem - the

insidecan spoil
Never freeze skinsinside sealed plastic bags they collect moisture that can damage the fur
Removemuskrat,mink and fox pelts from the

freezer about 2 hours before you take them to
a fur buyer - they should still be "frosty"
Remove raccoon, coyote and beaver pelts from

the freezer about 6 hours before taking them
to a fur buyer - they will be partially frozen
Never thaw pelts by layingthem next to a

heater or fire
38
Fleshing pelts
Fleshing removesfat andmuscletissuethat can
spoil and damagethe pelt. Muskrat,mink, weasel,

fox and coyote are relativelyeasyto flesh.
Raccoon,beaver,opossum,badgerand skunkare
more difficult.
Huskrat
For muskrat,you'll needa fleshingboard and a
scraper. You can makea fleshingboard from a
pieceof I" x 6" lumber. Cut it to the shapeof a
wire stretcher. but not as wide. Use a raspto
round the edges.then sandthem smooth.
Turn the pelt so that the leather sidefacesout and
pull it over the rounded tip of the fleshingboard.
Rotate the pelt until the sidesare on the flat
working surfaces(one of the holesfrom a front leg
should be on the front, the other on the back).
Pullthe pelt downward until it's snug.
You'll notice a thick red membrane across the

lower back (below the shoulders). This is called a
"saddle". Leave the saddle attached to the pelt
unless it has a thick deposit of fat under it. This
tends to be rare with wild mink or weasels.
Fox and coyote
Remove all burrs by combing the fur. Nicking one
with your fleshing knife while working on the
leather side of the pelt can cause it to tear.
Most fox and coyote require little fleshing.

Removeany muscletissue and chunksof fat. This
is usuallyeasierwith a tWo-handledfleshingknife
than a one-handledscraper. The cartilageat the
basesof the ears should be cut off with a regular
knife to avoid spoilage.
Using a one-handledscraper,servingspoon or dull
knife, remove any chunksof fat or musclefrom the

skirt (bottom) of the pelt. Next, remove any
muscletissueattachedto the pelt near the cheeks.
Well-fed muskratshavea fat deposit under each
armpit. Removethese alongwith the reddish
membranethat covers them.
A one-handled scraper, serving spoon or dull knife

works well for fleshing muskrat and mink.
Over-scrapingis usually more of a problem than

under-scraping with muskrats. If you apply too
much pressure, you'll tear a hole in the pelt. Small
specks of fat aren't a problem because they'll dry
out when you put the pelt on a stretcher. It's the
larger chunks and deposits under the armpits that
need attention.
l'1ink and weasel
A quality fleshing knife has a sharp outer edge and

a dull inner edge. The sharp edge is used to cut
through and remove thick connective tissue from
the back and neck. The dull edge can be used to
flesh the sides and belly.
Placethe pelt leather-side-outon a wooden

stretcher. Use a narrow stretcher for females,
which are smallerthan males. Removeany muscle
or chunksof fat alongthe skirt (bottom) of the
pelt with a dull knife or one-handledscraper.
Avoid getting fat or greaseon the fur side of the
pelt. If you do, rub the fur with sawdustto
remove it.
Wild mink usually have a fat deposit under each
armpit. Remove it along with the thin membrane
that covers it. Be careful not to cut or rip the
front legs.
A fleshing beam provides the best surface for

working on the pelts of large furbearers. The
beam should match the curve of your fleshing
knife; make adjustments if needed
:?o
Raccoon, beaver; opossum, skunk and badger
Thesepelts are the most difficult to flesh. The skin

is covered by a thin layer of fatty material. This
layer is covered by a membrane. You must
remove both the membraneand the fatty layer for
the skin to dry properly. We recommend
spendingtime with a fur buyer or someoneelse
with experiencebefore trying to fleshthese
speciesyourself.
You'll need a fleshing beam, plastic apron and twohandled fleshing knife. Better brands of fleshing
knives have a sharp outer edge and a dull inner
edge. The sharp edge is used to slice through the
membranewhere it's thick - usually on the animal's
back and neck. The dull edge is used to remove
thin pieces of membrane (and the fat beneath it) by
applying a downward pressure, then pushing it
away from you.
The belly is the easiest place to start. Starting at
the head, use the dull edge to remove the
membrane and underlying fat. Work it off as far as
you can reach comfortably, then rotate the skin
enough to work on the next section. Be careful
around the front legs because you can cut or rip
through creases or folds of loose skin.
Startingbehindthe ears,usethe sharpside of your

knife to slicethrough the membraneon the neck.
Let the bladeof your fleshingknife ride under the
membrane and push it away from you.
When the part of the pelt nearestyou is fleshedall
the way around, hike the pelt toward you and use
your waist to pin it to the end of the fleshing
beam. Continue fleshingall the way to the skirt
(bottom) of the pelt. The edgeof the skirt should
be fleshedclean. The tail should be fleshedif it's
fatty.
Fleshing beaveris similar except that most people
prefer to start behind the ears and work all the
way to the tail end of the pelt using the sharp edge
of their fleshing knife. After a strip as wide as the
shoulders is completed, rotate the pelt and work
the fat and membrane off the sides with the dull
edge of your fleshing knife. Be careful around the
leg holes because it's easy to tear them.
We recoml1?end that you learn how to flesh pelts

properly from a fur buyer or someone else with
experience. This is especially true for raccoon,
opossum, beaver; skunk and badger.
Stretching and drying

t1uskrat
Most people prefer to usewire stretchersfor
muskrat pelts. Placethe pelt on the stretcher with
the fur side in. Adjust the pelt so that the eyes
and earsare centered on one side and the front
leg holes are centered on the other. Pokea small
hole through the pelt at a point where the center
of the tail would havebeen attached. Insert the
middletooth of one hook and pull it downward to
remove any slackfrom the pelt. Attach the other
hook to the belly with two teeth and remove any
slack.
Hang stretchers from a rafter to keepthem away
from mice while drying. Temperatures between
40 and 60 degrees are best for drying pelts. Use a
fan if the humidity is high.
NOTE: Never try to make a pelt bigger than it is
by "stretching" it. Pelts should be pulled tight
enough to take the slack out of them - no more,
no less.
40
Mink
Use wooden stretchers for mink. They come in
two sizes. Narrow boards are used for females,
which are usually smaller than males. Unusually
small males can be put on a female board if the pelt
looks too short and wide on a male board.
Placethe pelt on the stretcher with the fur side in.

Adjust the pelt so that the eyesand earsare
centered on one side and the front leg holesare
centered on the other. Grab the tail with one
handand useyour other handto stroke the pelt
downward from headto tail. This removesslack
without over-stretching.
Pull up and out on the tail. This helpsto move
part of the undersideto the backof the stretcher
and createsan inspectionwindow without cutting.
Laythe tail backon the board. Pull down slightlyif
the pelt hasany slackin it.
Tack the baseof the tail to the boardusingan
aluminumpush pin. Bunchup the pelt on both
sidesof the push pin until the endsof the back legs
come around to the sameside of the board as the
tail. Tack them at the edgesof the board. Now
tack the skin betweenthe tail and the endsof the
hind legs. It should be bunchedslightlybetween
eachpin to makea pleat.
1
",:"
BACK
BELLY
Stretching pelts according to industry standards

can help to you to get the best price that the
market allows.
roQRLY
BOARDED MINK
-,
- ,-3
Spreadthe tail. Beginning at the butt end, push it

upward toward the skirt in small increments. You
want to make it short and wide instead of long and
narrow. Pin the sides of the tailor place a piece of
galvanized hardware cloth over the tail and pin it
to the board.
Cut off the lower lip. Trim the front legsto about
3/4"in length and poke them back betweenthe pelt
and the board. Placea "belly board" (a narrow
wooden wedge)betweenthe board and the fur
side of the pelt on the belly. The pelt will shrink as
it dries. If you don't usea belly board, it can shrink
so tightly to the board that it's difficult to remove
when the time comes.
INCORRECTINlnAL CUT
PLACES ToO MUCH
LONG ~R O~ ~E
eE:L.LY
BACK
SIDE:
BELLY
Cased pelts are measured along the back from the
tip of the nose to the closestpoint that the leather

ends at the skirt (bottom). Stretching out the legs
and tail doesn't add to the size. This can, however;
reduce the fur density enough to put a pelt in a
lower grade, especially if it's marginal to begin with.
Raccoon
Usewooden or wire stretchers for raccoon. Wire
stretchers are cheaperthan wooden ones. They
also savetime becausethe pelt is attachedby two
hooks insteadof tacked alongthe skirt. The
advantageof wooden stretchers is that they give
you more control over the shapeof the pelt. This
makesfor more uniform pelts and, on average,
higher prices in some markets.
When using a wire stretcher, squeezethe two
sides together and slip the pelt over the top.
Releasethe sides and square the pelt on the
stretcher so that the eyes are centered on one
side and the front legs are centered on the other.
Pull the pelt down snugly and fasten a hook to the
tail (about 2-3" below the base) using one or two
teeth. Use the other hook to fasten the tips of the
hind legs on the belly side. Pull down on both
hooks to remove any slack from the pelt. Cut off
the lower lip, then trim the front legs to a length
of about 3".
Somepeople enlarge the inspection window on

the belly by trimming away some of the pelt that
bunches up in the groin area. This gives a neater
appearance without hurting the pelt because the
thin. kinky hair on the lower belly has no value.
41
When usinga woodenstretcher,slipthe pelt over
the end and adjust it so that the eyesare centered
on one side and the legson the other. Pull
downward gently to remove any slackfrom the
pelt. Tack it at the baseof the tail usingan
aluminumpush pin. Bunchup the pelt on both
sidesof the push pin until the ends of the backlegs
come around to the sameside of the board as the
tail. Tack the ends at the edgesof the board.
Now tack the skin betweenthe tail and the endsof
the hind legs. It should be bunchedslightly
betweeneachpin to makea pleat.
Spread the tail. Beginning at the butt end, push it
upward toward the skirt in small increments. You
want to make it short and wide instead of long and
narrow. Place a piece of galvanized hardware cloth
over the tail to hold it in place, then pin the
hardware cloth to the board.
Cut off the lower lip. Trim the front legsto about
3" in length. Placea "belly board" (a narrow
wooden wedge) between the board and the fur
side of the pelt on the belly. The pelt will shrink as
it dries. If you don't use a belly board. it can shrink
so tightly to the board that it's difficult to remove
when the time comes.
CORRECTL.Y BOARDED
RACCOOt-l
PO~y BOARDED
RAc::OON
,t"'A;j;
:,:;.::
".
;;,.
Although this pelt wouldn't be

downgraded; we recommend
trimming the front legs to a
length of 2-3 inches and
fastening the hook closer to the
base of the tail
"
A. SKIt; IS TACKE"D
WWARPSC~'T~
6. TAIl-IS PUSHEPUPII/ARD
c. MAXIMUM ~""H
P\.USMAXIMUM
D~ITY IN INSP~C1"IOt;
AREA
A. SKIN IS PULLtD AWAY ~~

INSP'C1101/
AREA. WEAK~ING
rue- FUR.
I. TAIL ISPllLLED TOO T1&,,1: "Ak:IN~FV~
PfNSI1"Y~~OM IN$ptCfroAj AlI.tA
C. L~IIGTH IS LO$T F~OM Nar 8~INGING
1"01("~D"f.S POWN "10 "tHE 3.AS OF
"rIlE TAIL
42
Beaver
Beaver peltsare stretchedopenon a pieceof
plywood. The correct shapeis oval. Ask a fur

buyer or auction housefor a pattern that can be
traced directly onto your stretching boards.
Tack the pelt every '/2_3/4".Trim any fat or gristle

from the edgesof the leg holes and nail them
closed. Trim the lower lips to give a nice even
curve to the top of the pelt. Usinga screwdriver,
lift the edgesof the pelt awayfrom the board so
that the pelt dries evenly.
Spreadthe pelt on the board, fur side down

Choose a pattern that best fits its size. As a rule
of thumb, you'll lose 3-4" in lengthwhen you tack
the sides. Tack the nose.butt and middle of both
sideswith 4d (4-pennyfinishing)nails. Next. tack
the pelt betweeneachof these nails. If the pelt
seemstoo tight, pull the nailsand beginagainon
the next smallestpattern.
Fox and coyote
When using a wire stretcher. position and fasten

the pelt with the fur side in, much like a raccoon.
If the pelt is large. you might need to cross the
back legs and fasten them to teeth on opposite
sides of the same hook to remove some slack.
Trim off the lower lip with a knife. If necessary,
trim the front legs to a length of about 4-6".
\.
Allow the pelt to dry until the skin side is no

longer tacky (4-12 hours depending on the
temperature and humidity). Remove the pelt from
the stretcher. Turn it inside out (with the fur
facing out). If dry. the front legs can remain inside
the pelt when it's turned. NOTE: if a pelt is too
dry to turn easily. place it inside a warm, damp
towel for a few minutes and try again.
"',..
., ,
,\ ",
'"",
-""-.
\
,
Ii:
'\]
;'
Placethe pelt backon the stretcherandfastenit.

For coyote, we recommendplacinga mink
stretcher insideand turning it sidewaysto prop the
pelt open so that air can circulate. Allow the pelt
to dry completely before removing it.
The samegeneralproceduresapplyto wooden

stretchers. You can purchasesolid wooden
stretchers or adjustablewooden frames.
Rememberto usea belly board for solid wooden
stretchers. Do not cut an inspectionwindow in
fox or coyote.
Summary
S ecies
43
of fur handlin~ techniques

Skinnin method
Tail Fur side Stretcher size wire
Fleshin & stretchin
Muskrat
cased
off
in
Mink (male)
cased
on
in
not recommended
see boarding instructions
Mink (female)
cased
on
in
not recommended
see boarding instructions
Opossum
cased
off
in
#2 or #3
flesh carefully to avoid tears
Raccoon
cased
on
in
#4 or #5
flesh through membrane
Skunk
cased
on
in
#2 or #3
flesh through membrane
Weasel
cased
on
in
not recommended
little or no fleshing required
Fox
cased
on
out
#4 or #5
turn pelt fur side out when

skin is dry to the touch
Coyote
cased
on
out
#6
turn pelt fur side out when
#1
don't over-flesh
skin is dry to the touch
Standard
sizes for stretchin~
SDecie~
I pnuth
boards (all measurements
Width
at base
Width
in inches)
from no~p to h~~p
Mink (male)
36
4-5
(1/4
Mink (female)
30
3-4
11/4@
Raccoon(XL+)
48-54
6'/2 @
Raccoon (XL-)
48-54
5 @ 5'/2; 7-7'/2@ 25
Fox (XL +)
66
2Y2 @ 21/4;3 @ 3Y2;4 @ 6; 5 @ 9; 6 @ 14; 6Y2 @ 18; 7 @ 35
Fox (XL-)
66
6'/2
Coyote (XL+)
72
Coyote (XL-)
72
7'12
Weasel (XL +
18-20
2'12
Weasel(XL-:
16-18
XL +
= pelts graded as extra
large or larger
@ 1112;2 @ 23/4;2112@ 7; 3 @ 15; 4 @30

I; 13/4@ 3; 2 @ 6; 21/4@ 14;23/4@ 27
; 8 '/2 @ 30
2 @ 13/4;3 @ 3'12;4 @ 6; 5 @ 10;6 @ 17;6'12@ 24

4 @ 3; 51/8@ 5; 6 @ 7'12;63/4@ 12; 71/4@ 17; 9 @ 39
3'/2 @ 3; 4'/2 @ 5; 5'/2 @ 7'/2; 61/4@ 12; 65/8@ 17; 7'/2 @ 39
@ I; 13/8@ 13/4;15/8@ 3'/2; 2'/2 @ 16
@ I; II/~ @ 13/~;13/8@ 2 '/2; 1'/2 @ 4
44
Local Buyers
MARKETING YOUR FUR

Fursare a worldwide commodity. Their valueat
anygiventime is determined by supply(the
number of pelts for sale)and demand(the number
of pelts neededfor manufacturinggarmentsand
other products). Much of the demandfor furs
comesfrom markets in Europe,Russiaand Asia.
Therefore, the economic health and buyingpower
of these regionsaffect their demandand the price
you receivefor your pelts.
Manufacturersusually hire a broker to fill orders
for pelts. When possible. buyers deal directly with
brokers to resell your pelts. Buyers who don't
have contracts with brokers resell your pelts to
other buyers. This might take place several times
before your pelts make their way to a broker.
Buyers'profits come from sellingyour pelts for
more than they paidafter accountingfor their time
and expenses.They usuallyoperate on a narrow
margin.and a suddenshift in supplyor demandcan
increasetheir Drofit or turn it into a loss.
Localbuyerspurchase
wholeanimals,skinned,
unfleshedpelts and those that havebeenfleshed,
stretched and dried. They are usuallyconvenient
and a great source of information about trapping
and fur handlingmethods.
Some local buyers advertise in area newspapers,
but many rely on "word of mouth" for new
customers. Asking experienced trappers or fur
hunters is a good way to locate buyers in your
area.
Traveling Fur Buyers

Someof the larger companiesset up "truck
routes", Their buyerstravel from town to town,
makingstops at designatedplacesand times, Most
routes are run weekly or every other week, You
canfind out if a stop is scheduledin your area by
checkingthe local newspaperbeginningabout two
weeks before the seasonopens,
Traveling buyerspurchasewhole animals,skinned,
While it's rare to meet a trapper without a story

about being "taken" by a fur buyer, it's even rarer
to find a fur buyer who stayed in business by
cheating customers. Established fur buyers pay fair
market prices to keep your business. This price
can vary from buyer to buyer, but it's usually in the
same ballpark. To get the best possible price for
your furs:
Monitor market conditions by following reports

in trapper magazines
Shoparound if you havedoubts about an offer you aren't committed to taking it
Take pride in the way you handle your furs
clean, fresh furs without
more in any market
damage are worth
At auctions, the sponsors charge customers a

commission - usually a set percentage of your
proceeds. This fee pays for the sponsors'
expenses and includes their profits. Most statesponsored auctions allow you to set a minimum
bid price for your furs. International auctions
don't allow you to set a minimum bid, but the
sponsors can withdraw a lot if the price doesn't
meet their expectations. After all, their profits are
tied directly to yours.
unfleshedpelts and those that havebeenfleshed,

stretched and dried. Unlessyou scheduleyour
trappingactivitiesso that your catch is fresh when
a buyer stops in town, you'll need to freezeyour
furs or flesh,stretch and dry them so that they
don't spoil.
Auctions
Auctions are an option only if your furs are
fleshed, stretched, and dried. Some state trapping
organizations sponsor auctions as a service to their
members. These auctions are advertised in
newsletters or magazines that come with your
membership.
All of the internationalauction housesadvertisein

trapping magazines.Contact a company'soffice or
one of its representativesto set up an account.
They'll assignan account number and sendshipping
tags,auction schedulesand instructions. When
your furs are fleshed,stretched and dried, you can
shipthem to a receivingstation or, in some cases,
deliver them to a representativewho collectsfurs
alonga truck route before eachauction. Payment
for furs sold at auction is madewithin 30 daysafter
it ends. All unsold pelts are stored for future
auctions. If requested.the companywill return
unsoldpelts for the cost of shippingand handling.
45
Beaver
2XL (blanket)
XL
LGE
L-M
MED
SML
X-SML
The value of a pelt is determined by its size, fur

density, damage, color and clarity. Standards for
these criteria differ among species and regions.
To determinethe sizeof casedskinsthat are

stretchedto meet industry standards.measurethe
pelt alongthe backfrom the tip of the noseto the
nearestpoint that the leather endsat the skirt
(bottom of the back).
Standard sizes and lengths (in inches)
more than 65
60-65
55-60
51-55
47.51
42-47
less than 42
add the length and width

of a pelt to get the size for
beaver
Raccoon
LGE
LM
MED
SML
more than 35
32-35
29-32
27-29
24-27
22-24
20-22
lessthan 20
Wild mink
XL-L
L-M
MED
SML
more than 21
18-21
17-18
lessthan 17
4XL
3XL
2XL
XL
l'1uskrat
2XL
XL
LGE
L-M
MED
SML
X-SML
morethan 161J2
IS.161J2
131J2-IS
12-131J2
IO1J2-12
9-IO1J2
less than 9
Grades
Gradesreflect the degreeof primenessand,to a
lesserextent, damage(in manycases,damageis
evaluatedseparately).The best pelts are gradedas
selects;the worst as fourths. Categoriesare
sometimescombinedto makea new grade. For
example,the poorer firsts and better seconds
might be grouped to form a gradeof "I & II".
To qualify as a select or first, both the underfur
and guard hairs must be dense and at maximum
length. No weakness (lack of density) occurs on
the neck or flanks. The guard hairs are soft, silky
and have good "flow" (they are supported by
dense underfur and snap back into place when
rubbed from tail to head). The leather is soft,
pliable and creamy white.
Select- fully prime; no damage or blemishes
Coyote
XL-L
M-SML
more than 36
lessthan 36
Firsts(1)- fully prime; slight damage (up to 5%) is

allowed in this grade
Red fox
XL-L
M-SML
Opossum
3XU2XL
XULGE
M-SML
XL
= extra-large;
L or LGE
more than 28
lessthan 28
Seconds(II) - not quite prime or somewhat past

prime; if the grade includesdamage.firsts with up
to 10%damageare allowed
more than 22
18-22
lessthan 18
Thirds(III) - unprime (dark blue leather) or past

prime; if the grade includesdamage,firsts and
secondswith more than 10%damageare allowed
= large; M or
or SML = small; X-SML = extra small
MED = medium, S
Fourths (IV)
-totally
unprime or past prime;
includespeltsthat are damaged

badly
46
Clipped - patchesof guard hair havebeenchewedoff

by rodents.
Damage
Damageaffectsthe priceof a pelt because
it
reducesthe amount of fur that's useable. It also
representsa risk to the manufacturer. For
example,an old scar that rips during the tanning
processcan ruin a larger part of the pelt.
Cotton mink
- underfur is off-white in color.
Course - guard hairs are dull. lifeless and hard to the

touch. Usually seen in late-caught furs.
Flat - guard hairs lay flat becausethe underfur isn't fully
developed. Usuallyseenin early-caughtfurs.
Damagecomesin manyforms. Somecan be

prevented.some can't. Types of damageinclude
scarsfrom fighting,tick bites, open or partially
healedwounds. bullet holes.knife cuts. taints and
rubs. Someof the categoriesinclude:
Loose - guard hairs are coming out, usuallybecause

the roots havebeen cut by over-fleshing.Sometimes
seenin early-caughtfurs.
Slight (SL, SLI) - top-quality pelts with minimal
Rubbed - a patch of guard hair was worn off where an
damage.An otherwise perfect pelt with a small

hole that's sewn properly is an example.
animalbrushedagainstsomethingrepeatedlyas it
entered and exited a den.
Slight Damaged (SL DGD) - good-qualitypelts

(selects, I's, I's & II's) with more damage than a
slight. Damage must be confined to an area that
doesn't affect the most desirable part of the pelt.
Damaged (DGD)
- pelts graded as I's & II's or
Scored - mark left by a bullet or knife that cut partway through the leather.
Shedder - fur "sheds" easilyfrom the pelt when raked
with the fingers. Usuallycausedby putting a pelt on a
stretcher while the fur is still wet.
the
better secondsthat are torn or cut badlyor have

largesews,taints or rubs.
Color
Sorting by color allows manufacturersto obtain
groups of pelts with a similar appearance.Some
paya premium for colors that are in fashionor
best suited for a particular use, Colors typical of a
speciesare called"ordinary", Those that are
darker or 1ighterthan normal are put in groups
that rangefrom extra dark to extra pale,
Crispnessand uniformity of color are also
consideredin the gradingprocess. For example.a
raccoonwith bright silver and blackguard hair is
called"clear" (A). One with a yellowish or reddish
tinge is gradedas "slight off' (B), "off' (C). or "bad
off' (D) dependingon the degree.
Glossary of fur ~rading terms
Bitten - pelt hasholes causedby bites. This is most
common in muskrat and beavercaptured during late
winter or early springwhen they're breedingand
establishingnew territories.
Burnt - pelt is brittle and sometimescracked.usually

from drying it too fast near a heater or in the sun and
wind. Also causedby leavingtoo muchgreaseon the
pelt.
Singed - guard hair is bent or hook-shaped.Most

common in mink and otter when the fur is exposedto
bright sunlightand dries out. Sometimescausedby
excessivehandlingor drying the fur near a heater.
- underfur is falling out or kinked and wooly

in appearance. Usually seen in late-caught furs.
Springy
Tainted - part of the pelt has spoiled. Usually caused

by waiting too long before skinning an animal or failing
to remove enough of the tissue and fat during the
fleshing process.
47
them from the carcass(the two "pods" shouldstay

attachedby a ribbon of tissueat the center).
Sellingyour catch "in the round" is one way to
disposeof carcasses.It also ensuresthat the
whole animalis used. Fur buyers hire rendering
companiesto haulawayskinnedcarcassesand
scraps. These"leftovers" are processedinto
ingredientsfor pet food, lubricants.soap.paint.
tires and other products.
If you skin animals yourself, you'll need to dispose
of the carcasses properly. We recommend that
you use or sell as much as possible and bury the
rest under at least six inches of compacted soil in
an area where runoff won't contaminate water
supplies. "Recycling" carcasses by burying them is
no different than if the animals had died of natural
causes.
Meat
The meat from beaver,muskrat and raccoon is
edible. Marketsexist in some parts of the state,
especiallyfor raccoon. You'll needto purchasea
Wild Game Food Dealer's Permit from IDNR if
you sell meat directly to consumers. You don't
needa permit to sell meat to a middle man (like a
fur buyer who hasa Wild Game Food Dealer's
Permit) or if you donate meat to an organization
that's sponsoringa wild gamedinner.
Freshmuskrat carcassesmakeexcellent bait for
mink. raccoon and other predators. Beavercan be
usedto feed dogsor attract fox and coyote to
your sets.
Glands
Glandsof somespecies
canbe soldto lure
manufacturersor usedin your own formulations.
Castoreum,a substanceproduced by beavers,is
almost alwaysin demand. It's usedas an ingredient
in some perfumesand cosmetics. The glandsthat
contain castoreumare grayish,wrinkled and found
under the skin just aboveand on both sidesof the
vent. They should not be confusedwith the oil
sacs,which are off-white and smooth.
To remove the glands,makea cut through the
dark red membranethat surroundsthem. Avoid
cutting, tearing or separatingthe glands(alsocalled
castors)while removingthem. Usingyour fingers,
peelthe glandsfree from the surroundingfat and
ri~~IJe When finished.usea knife to separate
Allow the glands to dry by hanging them over a

wire or placing them on a piece of wire mesh in a
cool, well-ventilated area. Check them in a couple
of days and turn or spread the glands to expose
any parts that aren't drying properly. Once dried,
the castors can be packed loosely in an airtight
plastic container and frozen. Take them out of the
freezer and spread or hang them to dry for a
couple of days before selling or shipping. Never
use plastic bags to store or ship castors. Instead,
use a mesh bag (like those that onions and oranges
are sold in) enclosed in a cardboard box.
Skulls, teeth, bones and claws

Somecompanies specialize in animal parts that are
used for arts, crafts and novelties. Check trapping
magazines for advertisements and cOntact the
companies for prices and instructions on handling.
Recipes
For the best results, remove all fat and
glands from wild game before cooking
Fried Raccoon
Trim off all the fat and remove glandsfrom a young,
dressedraccoon (glandsare soft, whitish and located
under eachfront arm and the hindquarters).Cut into
smallpiecessuitablefor frying. Placemeat in a bowl and
cover with milk. Let standfor 30-40 minutes. Remove
meat from milk and roll in flour which is well seasoned
with salt and pepper. Fry in deepfat until brown. For
gravy,pour off most of the fat, leavingjust enoughto
cover the bottom of the pan. Add three tablespoonsof
seasonedflour and brown. Pour about 2 cupsof milk
(usedfor soakingthe meat) into browned flour and
cook until thick while stirring constantly.
Roast Raccoon
Place the dressedraccoon in a large pot and cover with
water. Put one or two pods of red pepper in the pot
and salt the water to taste. Parboiluntil tender, then
remove and placein a bakingpan. Sprinklewith black
pepperand flour. Add some of the stock to the roast
as it is beingbaked. Onion may be addedif desired.
Cook until brown.
48
Baked Iowa Corn-fed Raccoon

Dress raccoon shortly after it's killed. Removeas much
fat as possible. Soakin salt water overnight and cook
the following day or freeze until ready to use. Young
raccoonsmay be left whole and are best for this recipe.
degreeoven for 1'/4- I Y2hours or until tender, basting

every 15 minutes. Placeon hot platter and garnishwith
parsley,celery leavesor curly endiveif desired.
Muskrat Stew
I muskrat, cut up
2 young raccoons,dressed(remove fat & glands)

1/3pound fat backor salt pork. sliced
Y2t. salt on eachraccoon
Y2t. pepper on eachraccoon
3 lemon slicesabout 1/.."thick
2 large onions, sliced
1/..t. eachof marjoram.thyme, savory
2 clovesgarlic. slicedthin
1-2cupschoppedcelery
1-2 bay leaves
2 quarts strong bouillon
2 chillies
Place the carcasseson a rack in a roaster (electric. selfbastingtypes work great). Saltand pepper and add bay
leavesand other herbs. Strip with salt pork or fat back.
Placelemon and onion slicesover the meat. Sprinkle
with garlic. Add choppedcelery. Cook at 350 degrees
for an hour or until done.
HHQ Raccoon
1/4t. cayenne
Pull celery apart and wash. Place all ingredientsin pot

with enoughwater to cover raccoon. Bringto slow boil
and cook until tender or fork goes in easily,about 1-2
hours dependingon sizeof raccoon. Removemeat
from pot, cut off front and back legs,cut remainderinto
4 pieces. Placeon rack, brush with your favorite BBQ
sauce. Placein 400 degreeoven, turn and baste
frequentlywith BBQ sauceuntil golden brown.
Baked Muskrat BBO

3 t. fat
2 t. tomato ketchup
'/8 t. black pepper
dashcayennepepper
Soakmuskrat in slightlysaltedwater or in diluted

vinegarfor 12-24hours. Wash thoroughly. removingall
blood and visiblefat. Cut into piecesfor serving;drain.
Placein greasedshallowpan;bastewith saucemadeof
remainingingredients. Bakeuncoveredin 325-350
flour
2 '/2tbs. butter
I t. thyme
3 potatoes,cubed
3 mediumonions,
sliced
2 cupscannedtomatoes
Roll the muskrat piecesin flour, salt and pepper. Brown
in butter. Add muskrat and all other ingredients
(except tomatoes) to th~ boilingwater. Cover and
simmer for I '/2-2hours. Add tomatoes (includingjuice)
and simmer another hour.
Beaver Smothered
in BBO Sauce
I smallbeaver
2 mediumonions, sliced
4 tbs. brown sugar
2 cups ketchup
I tbs. prepared mustard
I cup celery
I raccoon,dressed(remove fat & glands)

I rib celery
3 clovesgarlic,chopped
2 largered onions,quartered
I largeapple,quartered
3 hot red peppers
I cup vinegar
3 tbs. salt
I muskrat
2 t. vinegar
'/2clove garlic,crushed
'/2t. salt
salt & pepper

7 cups boiling water
I cup sweet corn
4 tbs. butter
4 tbs. vinegar
4 tbs. lemon juice
2 tbs.
worcestershire
I cup water
1/4t. salt
Dress a young, fresh beaver. Remove all of the glands

and as much fat as possible. Place meat in a large
roaster and cover with water. Cover pan loosely with
foil and cook at 300 degrees. Every I '/2hours, drain the
roaster completely (do not throw greasy water down
drain). Refill the roaster with fresh water and continue
cooking. Repeat this process at least 3 times while
cooking for 8 hours. Remove the roaster from the
oven and let stand covered with foil for about I hour.
Drain and remove meat from bones. Place boned meat
in a baking dish. The outer layer of meat will be fully
cooked; inner layers may be less done and should be
placed on top. Cover dish with foil and bake for at least
2 hours at 300 degrees. Prepare BBQ sauce while the
meat is cooking (brown onion in butter, then add
remaining ingredients and simmer for 30 minutes). Pour
sauce over the meat and bake uncovered for the last 45
minutes.
Atlanta Special (beaver)
Remove fat and glandsfrom a young beaver. Wash, cut
up and soak overnight in salt water. Parboilwith I bay
leaf,2 medium onions and garlic until about half-cooked.
Drain, roll in flour and brown in hot fat. Seasonwith
salt and pepper. Bakein a covered pan at 325-350
degreesuntil tender. Gravy can be madefrom the
drippings.
49
Roast Beaver
I young beaver
'12lb. bacon
3-4 smallchillies I '12cupschoppedcelery
6 carrots, chunked 4 onions, sliced
pepper
thyme
bouillon
basil
salt
marjoram
I lemon, sliced
Dress beaver;remove fat and glands;wash. A 10-12
pound beaverwill fit in a roaster whole. If larger.cut
into 4-6 pieces. Placemeat on a rack to keep it off the
bottom. Sprinklewith salt and pepperto taste. Lay
strips of baconover the meat,then slicesof lemon.
Add the vegetables.sprinklingthem over and around
the meat. Sliceonions very thin and scatter over the
vegetablesand meat. Add chilliesand bay leaves.
Cover and cook until done, which will dependon the
sizeof the beaver. This generallytakes 2-3 hours or
more. Removelid for the last 30 minutes.
Game Sausage
3 Ibs.boned.groundgamemeat
I t. course black pepper
'/2t. allspice
2 Ibs.ground bacon
'/2oz. salt
'/2t. nutmeg
2 dried red peppers(minced)
'/2t. cayennepepper
casing(optional)
Mix all ingredientsthoroughly. Stuff or form into
patties. Can be usedimmediatelyor frozen. Are
excellent smoked,grilled or baked in a 375 degreeoven
for 40-45 minutes.
ROME TANNING
Hometanningtakes practice to get the right

results.We recommendusinga couple of lowquality pelts on your first attempts.
Flesh pelts, makingsure they're as cleanas possible
(free of fat, tissue and membrane). Rub liberal

amountsof salt into the flesh side of the pelts.
Roll them up. flesh side in. After 2-3 days,unroll
the pelts and remove all remainingfat and flesh
(the salt helpsto loosen it). Payclose attention to
areasnear the eyes,ears and lips.
Wearing rubber gloves,de-greasethe pelts (both
skin and fur sides)by rubbingthem with naptha
thinner (availableat hardwarestores). Usethis
product outdoors and awayfrom flamesas it's
highlyflammable. After working napthainto the
skin, rub the pelts liberallywith sawdustto remove
dissolvedgrease,salt and chemicals. Repeatthis
step three or four times, shakingthe sawdustout
of the pelt after eachapplication. When finished,
rinse the pelt in fresh water at least 7-8 times.
Place the pelts in a solution of '/2 lb. salt and 1/4lb.
alum per gallon of water, making enough to cover
them completely. Pelts with thin skins (like rabbit.
muskrator fox) will take2-5 daysto cure;those

with thick skins (like large beaver) can take up to 2
weeks. Stir daily.
When the pelts are finishedsoaking,remove them
from the solution and rinse thoroughly in clear

water. Hangthem up for an hour or so to let
most of the water drain. Do not let them dry out.
Jerky
I bottle Wright's liquid smoke
2 t. Lawry'sseasonedsalt
I t. tabascosauce
I t. black pepper
garlic to taste
Cut meat into thin slices. Dip in sauceand layout on a
cookie sheet. Saltand let standovernight (in a
refrigerator). The next morning, bakeat 200 degrees
for I hour; turn and bakefor another hour. Sprinkle
with seasonedsalt when done.
Lay the pelts skin-side up and apply a solution of

one part Neatsfoot oil to two parts hot water.
Work the oil into the hide with a wire brush, then
fold the skin, flesh side to flesh side, and leave
overnight. The next day, wipe off excess oil with a
soapy rag and hang the pelts to dry.
Watch the pelts closelyand work them when they

show signsof drying. This is done by pullingthe
flesh side backand forth over a beamor a dull axe
bladeheld by a vise. The more the hide is worked
and stretched while drying,the softer it will be.
Take care with thin hidesto avoid tearing them.
When the pelts are fully dried, you can sandthe
flesh side lightly with sandpaperto get a smooth
finish.
50

.
--
Conservation:Badgersare common enoughto

allow a limited trapping season. This gives
trappers a chanceto remove animalsthat are
causingdamageby burrowing in crop fields,
airports, old cemeteries,and other unwanted
places. It also allows use of a natural renewable
resourcewithout endangeringthe healthof the
overall population.
SPECIE~ PROFILES
Badger
Establishing
and maintaining grassland habitats are
the most important conservation measures for this
species.
Distribution: Found throughout the state, but more

common in the northern half.
Habitat: Prefer largegrasslandareas,but few

remain in the state. They makethe most of
scatteredgrassyareaslike pastures,roadsides,
fencerows,field borders, ditch banksand railroad
rights-of-way. Also found near woodlots, old
cemeteriesand idle crop fields.
-,'
,"tl
~'
",
Front:
length-21/a"
"
",
,\",
.,
,"
.,
width-2"
Habits:Generally live alone except when raising

their young. In excellent habitat, most of their
movements occur in an area 1-2 miles in diameter.
Where grasslands are scattered, they roam much
larger areas about 5 square miles for females and
Track pattern
15 square miles for males. Badgers are most active

at night, but might be seen shortly after dawn or
just before dusk.
Hind:
length-2"
width-2"
Adaptationsfor burrowing includea low profile,

powerful front legs,partial webbingbetweenthe
toes of the front feet, long claws(up to 2") and
clear membranesthat protect their eyesfrom
fallingdirt. Thesetraits help them to dig out and
kill burrowing rodents, a main part of their diet.
fQ.Qsf.$.:
Common prey include mice,ground
squirrels,woodchucksand voles. Other foods
includesnakes,toads, cottontail rabbits, moles,
beetles,grasshoppers,mulberries,carrion (dead
animals)and ground-nestingbirds and their eggs.
Reoroduction: Badgers have one litter per year. An
average of 3 young are born between late March
and early June.
Visit http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/dnr/fur
for more info on forbearer ecology & conservation
51
Reproduction:
A single annual litter is born during
April. Mayor June. The average litter size is 3-4
kits. but some females have as many as 6-7.
Beaver
Diseases:Tularemiais a bacterialdisease.You can

get it from beaversby coming in contact with
contaminatedblood, tissue or water. Human
symptomsinclude headaches,chills,vomiting,fever,
achesand pains. Giardiasis,a parasiticdisease,
causesacute diarrhea and abdominalpainsin
humans. Drinking contaminatedwater is the most
common meansof transmission.
Distribution: Common throughout the state.

Habitat: Streams, rivers, marshes, lakes and ponds.
~:
Beaversare well known for buildingdams
acrossstreamsand small rivers. This increasesthe
depth and surfaceareaof water behindthe dam.
Benefitsto beaversincludeeasieraccessto food
alongthe shorelineand better protection from
their enemies. More importantly. it allows access
to underwater den entrancesand food cachesin
winter, evenwhen thick ice forms overhead.
Lodges are found mostly in swampsor marshes.
They're dome-shaped structures built of sticks,
mud and debris. Burrows with underwater
entrances angle upward to a nest chamber above
the water line. Beavers dig "bank dens" directly
into steep-sided shorelines of streams, rivers and
lakes. They usually have 2 or more underwater
entrances. In Illinois, bank dens are more common
than lodges.
Conservation:Beaversare an important part of the

ecosystembecausetheir damscreate fish and
wildlife habitat,reduce erosion and improve water
quality. On the other side of the coin, beavers
sometimesdamagevaluabletrees and crops or
causeflooding that affectsfarmlands,roads and
residentialareas. Regulatedtrapping helpsto
strike a balancebetween the needsof peopleand
nature by keepingthe State'sbeaverpopulationat
a healthybut tolerable level. It also allows the use
of an abundant,renewableresource.
Front:
length-2"
width-2"
Groups of beavers that live together are called
colonies. Most colonies start with a pair of adults.

They're joined by their young the following spring
and the year after that. During the third year, the
adults drive off the oldest litter to makeroom for
their newborns. Colonies that haveexisted for 3
yearsor more can haveas manyas 8-12 beavers.
However, the averageis about half this number.
Hind:
length-S+"
width-S '/2"
fQ.f?!;f.:
Tender twigs and the inner bark of trees
like maple. willow, cottonwood and birch are a
staple during winter. Their diet shifts to roots of
aquatic plants. marsh grasses,clover and berries
during summer. Corn is a favorite food in autu~n.
for more info on furbearer ecology & conservation
52
Reproduction:Mating peaksin February.but can

last from earlyJanuarythrough June. Most litters
arrive in late April or early May. Litter sizesvary
from 1-6 but average2-3 kittens.
Bobcat
Conservation: Maintaining and managingforest

habitats are important conservation measures.
This includes protecting some of the more unique
areas in the state. More often than not, it also
calls for thinning and harvesting trees to maintain
the habitat diversity that bobcatsprefer. State
foresters and private consultantscan help
landowners to managewooded areas for both
economic and ecological values.
Distribution: Common in the southern quarter of

the State. Occur in lower numbers along the
Mississippi. Kaskaskiaand Illinois rivers. Found
sporadically in the remainder of the State.
Habitat: Forestedor wooded areas,especially

those with immature trees, thick underbrush,
occasionalclearings,cliffs and timbered swamps.
,",
..
Habits: Viewed by many as a "wilderness species,"
Front:
the bobcat's secretive habits allow it to live

surprisingly close to people. They are most active
at night and the twilight hours of dusk and dawn.
Daytime movements are rare except during the
breeding season.
length-2"
width-17/e"
Hind:
Territories of adult males average 8 square miles

and usually overlap those of 2 or more adult
females. It's rare to find two adult females sharing
the same area. Both sexes tolerate the presence
of bobcats that are too young to breed.
Bobcatsare curious animals,zig-zagging
to
investigateobjects that catch their attention. They
usuallymove at a walk or trot. Dirt roads.
railwaysand gametrails are common travel routes
between restingand huntingareas.
length-17/s"
width-15/s"
60
,",
,of.
..~
'A'
7;.ck pattc,"
.f.
fQQsi:!:Common prey include rabbits,squirrels,

birds and rodents like mice,voles and rats.
Bobcatsgorge themselveswhen food is plentiful
and might not feed againfor severaldays.
53
Both parentshelp to care for the young,especially

after they're weaned. Manypups leavetheir
parentsin the fall and havebeen known to travel
as far as 120milesaway.
Coyote
Diseases:Distemper is one of the more common

and seriousdiseases.About 18%of the coyotes
tested in Illinois had heartworms. Mangeis caused
by a parasiticmite. It's a common ailment. In
severecases,coyotes lose most of their hair and
are covered by scabsand open sores.
Distribution: Common throughout the state. The

highestnumbersare found in west-centraland
southeastern Illinois.
Habitat:Coyotes occur in nearlyall types of

habitat,includingurban and suburbanareas. They
are most common in areaswith a mixture of
farmland,woodland and grassland.
H.:?J?ili:During most of the year, coyotes travel
over large areas, often 20-30 miles in diameter.
This "territory" isn't exclusive- several coyotes
might shareparts or all of it. They sometimes

travel in groups - usuallypairs,femalesand their
pupsor severalmalespursuingthe samemate.
Conservation:The state'scoyote population

increaseddramaticallyduring the 1970's. One
theory links this increaseto recovery of whitetailed deer populationsin the Midwesternand
easternU.S. While coyotes kill few adult deer,
they take newborn fawnsand scavengeanything
hunters leavebehindwhile field-dressingtheir deer
in the fall and winter.
Surveysindicatethat the statewidecoyote
population leveledoff in the 1980sand hasbeen
stablesincethat time. A year-round hunting
seasonallows landownersto remove problem
animalswithout obtainingspecialpermits.
Trappingseasonsare restricted to fall and winter.
Coyotes usea variety of barks,yips and howls to

communicate. They also mark areaswith urine,
fecesor glandsecretions,much like domestic dogs.
Ridges,gametrails and farm lanesare preferred
travel routes. They are most activefrom dusk
until dawn, but are sometimesseenat other times
of day,especiallyduring the matingseason. The
youngare usuallyraisedin dens. Dens,culverts
and brush pilesare sometimesusedfor daytime
restingor escapecover, especiallyin winter.
~:
Common prey include rabbits.mice and
voles. Entrailsand wounded or unrecovereddeer
are an important food source during and after the
archery.and gun deer seasons.They also eat
insects,fruits and berries when these items are
abundant.
,. 1\
Front:
.;.
'0'
length-25/s"
width-2'/s"
tI
I
I
r~
:~.
..
Hind:
length- 23/8"
width- 2"
Reproduction: Most females have their first litter at

two years of age. Breeding peaks in late February
or early March. Pups are born in late April or May.
Visit hUD:/ /www.inhs.uiuc.edu/dnr/fur
for more info on furbearer
eCOl02Y & conservation
54
foresters and private consultantscan help

landownersto managetheir property for both
economicand ecologicalvalues.
Gray Fox
Biologistsuse severalmethodsto track changesin

the State'sgray fox population. One of the
simplestand most usefulrelies on archery deer
hunterswho volunteer to keep a log of time they
spendhuntingand types of wildlife they observe.
Biologistsusethe number of sightingsper 1,000
hours to detect major changesin the abundanceof
gray foxes and other kinds of wildlife.
Distribution: A common inhabitant of wooded

areas throughout the state. They are most
abundant in west-central and southern Illinois.
Habitat:The gray fox lives in wooded or brushy

areas. Good habitat can support as many as 3-5
foxes per square mile. Typical den sites include
rock formations, hollow logs or trees, burrows and
brush piles.
~
Habits:The gray fox is most active from dusk to

dawn. It can climb trees by usingits front feet to
graspthe trunk and hind feet to push upward.
Gray foxes havebeenfound in squirrel and
abandonedhawk nestsas much as 60 feet above
the ground. This habit is usefulfor escaping
enemies,sunbathing,and eatingfruit.
,.
..
',.'
Front:
length-15/B"
width-13/B"
..
,,:
t1
Usually shy and secretive,gray foxes can fight

fiercely when necessary. They can run about 26
miles per hour for short distances.
I
J
"
.~.
Hind:
length-I '/2 "
width-I '/4"
0'
.~.
I
j
Track pattern
~;
Rabbits and rodents make up the bulk of
their diet. Corn, grapes, berries and fruits like
persimmons can be important foods at certain
times of the year.
Reoroduction:Breeding peaks in February and

early March. Gray foxes produce a single annual
litter of 1-10 pups, with an average of 3-5. Family
groups break up in late summer or early fall.
Conservation: Maintaining and managing wooded
areas are important conservation measures. While
this includes protection of some unique areas, it
also calls for thinning and harvesting trees to
maintain a healthy. productive ecosystem. State
'j'j
Mink
Maintaining and improving habitat are the most

important conservation measures. The mink has
benefitted from State and Federal programs that
reimburse farmers for planting and maintaining
grass and trees along streams and rivers. Some
other practices that benefit this species include
conservation tillage, managed grazing, wetland
restoration, and regulations that protect water
quality.
Distribution: Common statewide. Most abundant

in the glaciallakesarea of northeastern Illinois.
counties bordering the lower MississippiRiver and
the southern third of the state.
Habitat: Mink live along rivers, lakes, streams,
ponds and marshes. Shorelines with grass, brush,
trees or aquatic vegetation like cattails provide
good cover and abundant prey. Abandoned
muskrat burrows are their favorite places to rest
and raise young, but they'll also use cavities in
brush or rock piles, logjams or the exposed roots
of trees.
Habits:Mink are most activefrom dusk to dawn.

Nearly all of their time is spent within 100feet of
the water's edge,but they'll occasionallycut across
open country from one body of water to another.
'I j "j..
~.j
~ I
Hind:
Male mink travel extensively, moving from one

temporary den to the next in an area as large as
five square miles. They may take as long as 2-3
weeks to complete their "circuit" and return to
the starting point. Females live in a much smaller
area, usually 20-25 acres in size.
~:
Front;
length-I"
width-13/s"
.,1,
,",
~ .~
length-11/e"
width-I '/2 "
J
~II
'A
'
..~IJ~~j
Track pattern
Mink hunt in the water, on the shoreline
and in nearby upland areas. Frogs, fish, mice, rats,

birds, crayfish, squirrels, rabbits and muskrats are
common prey.
Reproduction:A single annual litter of 2-7 young

(an average of 4) is born around the first of May.
Kits begin learning how to hunt at 6-8 weeks of
age and can care for themselves by late summer.
Conservation:Mink are common enough to allow
a limited trapping season. Seasons begin in the fall
and end during winter, when pelts are marketable
and the young are on their own.
.. ;#
56
Reoroduction:Most femaleshavetwo litters per

year. A typical litter has4-7 young.
Muskrat
Conservation: Maintaining and improving habitat

are the most important conservation measures.
Muskrats have benefitted from State and Federal
programs that reimburse farmers for planting and
maintaining grass and trees along streams and
rivers. Some other practices that benefit this
species include conservation tillage, managed
grazing, wetland restoration, and regulations that
protect water quality.
"
.II
'.
, '~"
/'
,.
.
:;4
,_\.~:~,'~
-"""~
~--'
Distribution:
of the
and
Common
highest
numbers
northwestern
Habitat:
ponds,
drainage
.tIJJl2ili:
Muskrats
morning
than
a few
rare
except
when
live
are
not
late
afternoon.
feet
during
some
strike
early
out
to
and
active
to
northeastern
streams,
marshes
most
lakes,
swamps.
at night.
see one
in the
Movements
from
spring
and
or
late
a new
early
of more
a lodge
find
People who own ponds and lakefront homes

sometimes consider muskrats a nuisance because
of damage their burrows can cause to banks or
dams. Trapping during the legal season can help to
alleviate these problems while making use of a
natural renewable resource.
Some
state.
in rivers,
unusual
hundred
Illinois.
in the
of the
ditches,
it's
or
occur
parts
Muskrats
However,
throughout
den
are
summer
home.
Muskratsthat live in areaswith shallow,stable

water levels(like marshes)often build domeshapedhousesby cutting and piling up cattails,
bulrushesor other aquaticvegetation. Someare 8'
or more in diameter at the baseand havewalls 12' thick. Tunnelsangleupward from underwater
entrances(usuallytwo or more) to an inside
chamber
that's
hollowed
out above
Muskrats
that live
in streams,
rivers, the
lakesw:!tpr
and
---
---""~-,~
f-
.
Front:
length-I "
width-I"
usually
than
building
of the
the
during
houses.
underwater
especially
into
burrow
along
dams
high
directly
Trails
well-used
causing
the
hollowed
entrances
of man-made
water,
into
are
routes.
out
rather
in front
sometimes
Burrows
ponds
the
banks
ponds
.$
Track pattern
with tail impression,
length-2"
width-2"
:I
visible,
dug
can wash
to
linp
~---~~-~
Hind:
ponds
out
drain.
~:
In marshes,muskratseat the roots and
stemsof plantslike cattail, bulrush,arrowhead and
water lily. Clover, grassesand corn are common
foods in agriculturalareas. They occasionallyeat
mussels,snails,crayfish,frogs and fish when these
items are easyto catch.
57
Opossumsare the only marsupial (pouched
Opossum
mammal) in North America. The young. which

aren't fully developed when born, make their way
to the protection of the pouch or perish. Upon
arriving, they grasp onto a nipple and stay attached
for about two months. They leave the pouch at
about 80 days of age and begin living on their own
at about I 00 days.
Distribution: Common throughout the state. They

are most abundantin southern Illinois,especially
alongthe Wabash,Mississippiand Ohio rivers.
High numbersalso occur in some urban and
suburbanareas.
Conservation:Few peopletry to improve habitat

specificallyfor opossumsbecausethey're abundant
and adapteasilyto a wide rangeof habitat
conditions. Measuresthat maintainwoodlots,
fencerowsand hardwood forests are beneficial,as
are forestry practicesthat leavesome old trees
uncut during loggingoperations.
Habitat:Wooded areasnear streamsprovide good

habitat. Dens are located in hollow logsor trees,
dry culverts,burrows dug by other species,sheds
or old buildings,and cavitiesin rock or brush piles
and trash heaps.
",
"".:
~:
Opossumsare slow, secretiveand solitary.
They venture from their dens at night to look for
food, travelingdistancesof '12-2miles dependingon
food availabilityand time of year. The opossum
does not hibernate,but may stay in its den for
severaldaysduring periods of extreme cold or
deep snowfall.
:~,\
...
Front:
length-17/s"
I
I
width-2"
{QQfi.:Opossums eat both plant and animal

matter. Insects, carrion (dead animals), birds and
their eggs,frogs, snails, earthworms, fruits and
berries are typical fare. Corn is an important part
of the diet in agricultural areas, as is trash, bird
food and pet food in urban and suburban areas.
..
~ ','
I '.:-'
I
,~'.
:~
.
,r,
'.~.
.
Opossumsoften climb trees or run for cover when

chased. They are well known for "playing
'possum"when unableto escape.This reaction is
causedby nervousshock,but the opossum
recoversquickly and continueson its way.
:",
Hind:
. II
...,.
length-2lfi'
width-2 If,."
. "
Track
pattern
-"'
'#i'
-41'.
Reoroduction:The breeding season begins in early

February. Most females have one litter per year,
but some have two. Each litter contains an
average of 9 young.
visit http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/dnr/fur
58
Raccoon
3-4 pupsis typical. Most are born in April or early

May,but a few arrive as late as August.
Diseases:Distemper is common in raccoons,with
20-30%exposedto this diseaseat some point in
their lives. Distemper does not affect humans,but
can be passedon to domestic dogsand other kinds
of wildlife.
Leptospirosisaffectsnearly 50%of raccoonsat
some point in their lives. Humanscanget this
diseasefrom coming in contact.with infected urine
or contaminatedwater. Flu-likesymptomsare
most common, but jaundice.kidneyfailure and
death can occur in severecases.
Distribution: Common throughout the state.
Habitat: Raccoonsoccur in nearly all types of

habitat. They are most abundantin suburbanareas
and those with about equalparts of cropland and
woodland.
Habits: Raccoonsare mostly nocturnal. During
most of the year, adult malesoccupy an area about
I mile in diameter. Adult femalesand their young
live in a smallerarea, usually3/4of a mile in
diameter. An area usedby one raccoon can
overlap that of another. Densitiesof 9-45
raccoonsper squaremile are common in Illinois.
Dens are found in tree cavities,burrows excavated
and abandonedby other animals,haystacks,storm
sewers,old buildingsand evenattics. Raccoonsdo
not hibernate,but they sometimesstay in their
densfor severaldaysduring periods of extreme
cold or deep snowfall.
Raccoonroundworms are common parasites,

affectingabout 70%of juvenilesand 30%of adults.
Roundworm infections causefew problemsfor
raccoons,but can leadto serious ones in humans.
including,in rare cases,partial blindnessand death.
Conservation:Raccoonsare popular animals
becausethey're common and often entertaining.
However, they can causeproblems,especially
where they occur in large numbersor close to
people. Concerns includethe spreadof diseases
and parasites,damageto crops and homes,and
predation on other kinds of wildlife. Hunting and
trapping can help to reduce these problems,
especiallyin rural areas.
Front:
length-3"
width-3"
Areas frequented by raccoonsat any given time

tend to be those with the most abundantand
reliablefood sources- this might be a pond,
stream or river, corn field, silo or a grove of oak,
"
pecan or persimmon trees.

.fQQs!i:Corn is an important food in agricultural
areas. Bird food, pet food and table scraps are
mainstays in suburban habitats. Some of their
other favorites include persimmons, wild grapes,
wild plums, blackberries, acorns, pokeberries,
insects, fish, frogs and small mammals.
Hind:
length-3]/.."
width-33/a"
RelJroduction: Breeding peaks in February. but can

occur from January through March. One litter of
Visit
http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/dnr/fur
ecology & conservation
59
Red fox
Conservation:
Red foxes
are abundant
enough
to
allow limited hunting and trapping seasons without

endangering the health of the overall population.
Seasons occur in the fall and winter, when pelts
are marketable and the pups are fully grown.
Redfoxes benefit from government programsthat

payfarmers to plant grassesand other permanent
cover in crop fields that haveproblemswith soil
erosion or are located alongwaterways. Foxes
also benefit from managedgrazing,plantingnative
trees and shrubsfor windbreaks,restoring
wetlandsand plantingpatchesof nativegrasses.
Distribution: Foundthroughout Illinois, but most

common in the northern two-thirds of the state.
Habitat: Red foxes prefer grasslands and other
open areas. They use crop fields, but are more
likely to spend time near marshes, fencerows,
pastures, drainage ditches. fallow crop fields and
woodlots while searching for prey. Reports of red
foxes living in urban and suburban areas have
increased during recent years.
H?l?Jli:Burrows dug by woodchucks,badgersor
other animalsare common den sites,as are
abandonedor little-used outbuildings. Adults
usuallystaywithin a mile of their denswhile raising
pups. At other times of the year, they live in an
area 5-10 miles in diameter. Juvenilesusuallyleave
their parentsin the fall and havebeen known to
travel as far as 100miles before setting up
housekeepingfor themselves.
Red foxes are most active at night. They
sometimes travel the same paths over and over,
creating worn trails. They stop frequently to
urinate on prominent objects. Feces and gland
secretions are also used to mark their homesteads.
Front:
length-23/B"
width-2"
~ ~
..
-
Hind:
length-2'/s"
width-2"
"
.;;,.~~~
~J
Track pattern
~:
Rodentsand rabbits make up about 60%of
their diet. Other foods include birds, carrion
(deadanimals)and insects.
Reproduction:Matingtakes placefrom December
to March but peaksin january. Most litters are
born in late March or early April. Litter sizesvary
from I-1O,with an averageof 4-5 pups.
Visit htto:/ /www.inhs.uiuc.edu/dnr/fur
ecolo!!v
& conservation
60
Conservation:Conservingwetlandsand wooded
areasalongstreamsand rivers are top priorities.
Water quality hasimproved tremendouslysince
the 1970sthanksto lawsthat cut down on
pollution. This hasbenefitted both otters and their
prey.
River otter
Otters were nearly extirpated (extinct) from

Illinois by the late 1800s. A study conductedin the
1980sestimatedthat fewer than 100existed in the
state, located mostly in extreme northwestern and
southern Illinois.
Distribution: Foundthroughout Illinois. Most

common in the southern,west-centraland
northwestern parts of the state.
Habitat: Rivers.streamsand lakesare key habitats.
Those with wooded shorelinesand wetlands
nearbyare best.
~:
River otters are most active at night. Adult
maleslive alonglarge stretchesof river, often up
to 40-50 miles in length. Femalesaren't nearlyas
mobile. Their home rangesare only 3-10 miles in
length. Areas with a concentration of rivers, lakes,
pondsand marshestend to support more otters
than those that are lessdiverse.
Otters travel a lot but spendmost of their time at
"activity centers" where food and cover are
concentrated. Examplesincludeoxbows, pools
below damsor spillways,and springsor riffles that
stayfree of ice all winter.
Otters can stay submergedfor 3-4 minutesand
swim up to a quarter mile underwater. They have
a boundingor lopinggait on land. When it snows,
they often bound for a few stepsthen slide on
their bellies,leavingan unmistakabledot-dash
pattern.
A total of 346 otters captured in Louisianawith

smailleghoidtraps were releasedin Illinois from
1994-1997.This, alongwith growth of populations
that alreadyexisted, haveallowed the otter to
reclaim much of its former rangein Illinois.
Numbers are still low in some areas,but growing
quickly.
Front:
length-33/."
width-3Y.+"
Hind:
length-33f."
width-33/.+"
;.~.
~~
"9
~:
Fishare the otter's main prey. Specieslike
carp, sunfishand shadare preferred because
they're abundantand easyto catch. Other
common foods includefrogs and crayfish.
Reoroduction:Most femaleshavetheir first litter at
two yearsof age. An averageof 2-4 pupsarrive
betweenJanuaryand May.
Striped
61
skunk
ReDroduction: Breeding begins in February and

lasts through March. A single litter of 4-1 0 young
is born from early May to early June.
Diseases:Skunks are susceptible to diseaseslike
rabies. canine distemper and leptospirosis. Until
recently. their numbers went through boom and
bust cycles linked to rabies outbreaks. The last
epidemic occurred in the early 1980s. Their
numbers have remained low but stable since that
time.
Conservation:Little habitat management occurs
Distribution: Common throughout the state. Rural

areaswith rolling hills or bluffsand a mixture of
farmland,timber and pasturelandtend to support
the highestnumbers. Also abundantin some
suburbanareas,especiallythose near railroadsor
rights-of-wayfor high-tensionpower lines because
these featuresoften provide travel-waysand
denningsites.
specifically for striped skunks. However, they

benefit from practices aimed at improving
conditions for other wildlife like government
programs that pay farmers to plant grasses and
other permanent cover in crop fields that have
problems with soil erosion or are located along
waterways.
Habitat:Striped skunksusea wide variety of

habitats,but prefer forest borders, brushyareas,
and open,grassyfields broken by wooded ravines
and rock formations. A permanentsource of
water addsto the attractivenessof a site.
Front:
.tf.?J?ili:Skunkscan dig their own dens,but prefer

to usethose excavatedby woodchucks,badgersor
other animals. Den sites also includestumps,
caves,rock piles,old buildings,junk piles,sheds,
wood piles,and dry drainagetiles or storm sewers.
length-7/a"
width-I'/a"
"
"'..
,~
..',
'W
. ;.:.
'..
".
'..
Skunks are most active at night. They live in an

area I-I '/2 miles in diameter, but use only a small
part of this on any given night.
'.'
...,~.
Hind:
length-I VI'
Skunks are slow-moving and docile. Their senses

of sight, smell and hearing are poor compared to
most predators. Their strong-smelling musk is
their best defense. Before discharging it, they
usually face their intruder, arch their backs, raise
their tails and stamp the ground with their front
feet.
width-I
"'"
Vz"
,I,
Track pattern
..'"
.,'"
"
~:
Insectsare their preferred food and make
up most of their diet in springand summer. Other
common foods include mice,young rabbits,birds
and their eggs,corn, fruit and berries.
62
Weasels
'\ \.
:'1',
..,~~\\,
Jr,
"",\
Reproduction:Leastweaselscan breed year-round.

They usuallyproduce a singlelitter when rodent
populationsare low and as manyas 2-3 when the
opposite is true. An averagelitter has4-5 young.
Long-tailedweaselshaveonly one litter of 4-5
young per year, usuallyin April or May.
',,'.
Conservation:Illinois allows a limited trapping

season for weasels but few are taken because
populations are scattered and few trappers make
an effort to catch them unless they're causing
damage like killing poultry.
': ~" ~i4

'( ""',11-
Planting stripsof grassalongcreeks,streamsand
Distribution:Two speciesoccurin Illinois- the

long-tailedand leastweasels. Long-tailedweasels
occur throughout the state. Leastweaselsoccur
only in the northern half of Illinois. While
widespread,both speciestend to be uncommon.
Habitat: Long-tailedweaselsare found in a wide
variety of habitatsbut prefer forests, woodlands,
thickets and brushyfence rows. Leastweasels
tend to be found in areaslike meadows,grasslands
and river bottoms. Both speciesdo best where
they find permanentwater and high populationsof
rodents.
l:!i!!?ili: Weasels are sometimes seen during the
daytime, but tend to be most active at night. The
least weasel might live in an area as small as 2-2'/2
acres where food is abundant or as large as 37-65
acres where food is scarce. The same holds true
for long-tailed weasels. with home ranges varying
from 25-400 acres in size.
Both speciesfollow regular hunting routes,

coveringonly a smallportion of their home range
on anygiven night. Malestravel farther than
females.
rivers provides habitatfor weaselsand their prey

while reducingsoil erosion and runoff from heavy
rains. Plantingnativetrees and shrubsalongfence
rows or in windbreakshelpsto reduce soil erosion
and provide habitatfor wildlife. In some areas,
buildingbrush piles is beneficial.
Front:
length-I'/e"
width-Y2"
Hind:
length:-1 If;'
width-3;'"
Tracks of the least weasel are similar in
appearance,but smaller - front: length-% ';width-!/4" hind- length-%';. width-%"
~:
Long-tailedweaselseat mice, rats, voles,
chipmunksshrews,moles and rabbits. Less
common foods include birds, bird eggs,snakes,
frogs and insects. Leastweaselsspecializein taking
smallprey like mice and voles. Their tiny size
allows them to hunt and kill rodents in their own
tunnels.
,jl'
ecol02V & conservation
63
BRIEF HISTORY OF TRAPPING

Trappingplayeda key role in the early exploration
and settlement of North America. Trappers
pusheddeep into unchartedterritories as they
searchedfor beavers,which were prized for
makingfelt hatsfor Europeanmarkets. Their
travels led to the discoveryof manyrivers, lakes
and mountain ranges,blazingthe way for pioneer
farmers and ranchers. Someof the most famous
hunter-trappersinclude Daniel Boone,Jim Bridger
and Kit Carson.
The fur trade fueled growth in North America
from 1608, when Champlain established the first
trading post at Quebec, to the I 830s, when silk
replaced beaver fur as the most popular material
for making hats. Cities like New York, Chicago
and St. Louis owe their early successto trading
posts at these locations. Many of America's most
prominent citizens made their fortunes in the fur
trade, including John Jacob Astor, who, during the
early 19thcentury, owned the largest commercial
enterprise in the United States.
Many of Illinois' modern cities began as fur trading
posts. Kaskaskia (near present-day Chester. IL)
and Cahokia (now part of the St. Louis metro
area) were important posts in the late 1700swhen
large collections of furs from Illinois were shipped
down the Mississippi River to New Orleans. Fort
Dearborn. located where part of Chicago now
stands, became a leading fur center of the vast
Great Lakes - Mississippi Valley region in the 19th
century. In 1816. traders shipped 10,000 deer, 300
bears, 10,000 raccoons and 400 otters from the
Illinois River Valley alone.
Other cities with roots linked to the fur trade

includePeoria,LaSalle,Kankakee,Danvilleand
Cairo. St. Louis dominatedthe fur trade in the
Midwestfrom the end of the Civil War until the
1950s. The importanceof regionaltrade centers
eventuallyfadedwith advancesin transportation
and communicationsystemsthat allowed the
direct export of furs from Illinois to world
marketingcenters like New York, Montreal,
Winnepegand London.
Trapping is no longer a centerpiece of Illinois'
culture or economy. However, it remains an
important tradition and lifestyle for many people,
especially in rural parts of the state.
The fur trade "is laboriousand dangerous,full of

exposureandprivations, and leadingto premature
exhaustionand disability. Few of those engagedin it
reach an advancedstageof life, and still fewer preserve
an unbroken constitution. The labor is excessive,
subsistencescantyand precarious,and the Indiansare
ever liable to suddenand violent paroxysmsof passion,
in which they spareneither friend nor foe."
LewisCass.Secretaryof War. 1831
"The annualincome to hunters and trappers from the
saleof fur pelts amounted to an averageof $1,202,000
during the trappingseasonsof 1938-39and 1939-40.
Muskratsled all other fur bearersas income-producers,
givingabout 47 percent of the total income to fur
hunters and trappers. Minks held secondplace,yielding
about 29 percent of the total income, while raccoons
were third in importance,producing about 10percent.
Thesaleof skunk,opossum,weaselgray fox, and red
fox pelts accountedfor the remainder. Badgersand
coyotes were trapped only rarely."
Carl Mohr. Illinois and the Fur Trade. 1958
"There are cultural valuesin the sports, cu.s:toms,
and
experiencesthat renew contacts with wild things...First,
there is valuein any experiencethat reminds us of our
distinctivenational origins and evolutions,i.e. that
stimulatesawarenessof history...afarmer boy arrives in
a schoolroom reeking of muskrats;he has tended his
traps before breakfast. He is reenactingthe romanceof
the fur trade. Second;there is valuein any experience
that reminds us of our dependencyon the soil-plantanimal-manfood chain,and of the fundamental
organizationof the biota."
Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac, 1966
"The historyof Illinois'furbearerresourceis rich in

heritage. From our native Americans of the 1600s to
the modern fur-takers of the 1980s, this heritage
continues. Growth and interest in trapping will
continue as long as there are improvements in the
management of furbearers, advancement in humane
harvest equipment and techniques, aggressivepublic
education programs and better understanding of the
social and biological justifications for harvesting Illinois'
furbearers. "
George Hubert, Jr., Outdoor Highlights,1987

"I hope we are never so distancedfrom the lessonsof
nature that we foolishly outlaw the very activities that
havealwaysmaintainedand preserved our natural
wonders!"
Anonymous.Illinois Fur TrappingSurvey.2000
64
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
Trained wildlife professionals support regulated
trapping because it provides many benefits to
society without endangering wildlife populations or
damaging the environment.
The Department of
Natural Resources agrees with this philosophy.
Some of the responsibilities that come with this
commitment include:
monitoring wildlife populations

maintaining and improving wildlife habitats
monitoring harvest levels
conducting research on wildlife ecology and
management
recommending and enforcing laws that keep
wildlife from becoming endangered
recommending and enforcing laws that
improve animal welfare
licensing and educating trappers
providing opportunities
to trap on public lands
provide a summaryof their purchasesfor the year.

Harvest levelsare also estimatedfrom reports
submitted by a random sampleof trappers who
receivea mail survey.
"Firsts" in forbearer
1907
1919
192;
1933
1936
1939
19;1
19;3
197;
Wildlife meansdifferent thingsto different people.
1976
Somelike to watch animalsfor enjoyment,some

want opportunities to harvestthem and others
considerthem a nuisance.Managerstry to balance
these interests alongwith their top priority of
keepinganimalsfrom becomingendangered.
1978
In the end, wildlife management comes down to

three simple choices: increase, maintain or reduce
a population. Steps taken to increase a population
can include things like improving habitat conditions,
restricting or prohibiting harvest and capturing
animals where they're abundant, then releasing
them where they're not.
1980
1981
Maintaining a stablepopulationis the most
common goal and usuallyallows for a limited

harvest. Somepopulationsget so highthat they
causeproblemsfor peopleor other wildlife. In
these cases,regulationsare relaxedto help
198;
1986
encourage higher harvest levels.

1989
Monitoring wildlife populations is a key part of this

process. Counting every animal is impossible.
Instead. biologists rely on partial counts or, more
commonly. indirect evidence that shows whether a
population is up. down or stable from one year to
the next. Methods vary widely from one species
to the next.
Monitoring harvestlevelsis relativelysimple. By

law, fur buyersare required to keep records and
1991
1994
1999
mana~ement: IL
First protective harvest regulations

Trapping licenserequired by law
Fur buyer's licenserequired by law
Closedtrapping seasonfor beaver
First wildlife restoration project - beavers
releasedin southern Illinois
First restrictions on trap sizes
First researchproject - status,distribution and
harvestof Illinois furbearers
Beaverpopulationsrecovered enoughto open a
limited trapping season
Trappers required to mark their traps with their
nameand address
First time a "road-kill index" was usedto track
trends in numbersof raccoon and skunk
Statehired a full-time furbearer biologist
First time that harvest levelswere tracked
consistentlyand accurately
First time mail surveyswere sent to trappers to
track their catch, effort and opinions
Trappers required to checktheir sets every day
Traps with teeth were outlawed
Den sets prohibited on land to prevent nontarget catches
Exposedbait prohibited on landto prevent nontarget catches
Trends in opossumnumberstracked for the
first time usinga "road-kill index"
Deer hunters surveyedat check stationsto
track changesin coyote numbers
Trends in raccoon numberstracked for the first
time usinga "spring spotlight survey"
Trapper EducationCoordinator hired by IDNR
First trapper educationclasses
Attending a Trapper EducationCourse became
mandatoryfor first-time trappers under 18
IDNR joins Fur Institute of Canadato support
efforts to improve animalwelfare
New law requires a FurbearerStampfor hunting
and trapping; salessupport furbearer
research,educationand conservation
IDNR tests traps for efficiency,animalwelfare
Numbers of red fox and other furbearers
tracked with "archer index"
First attempt to recover an endangeredspeciesriver otters releasedin Illinois
Statusof river otter and bobcat upgradedby
EndangeredSpeciesProtection Board
"Signsurvey" usedfor the first time to monitor
river otter. mink and beaver
65
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Most people. including trappers. care about animals
and their welfare. The Department of Natural
Resources agrees with these concerns and the
need to address them through appropriate laws
and education programs. Outlawing traps with
teeth. limiting trap sizes. requiring daily trap checks
and providing Trapper Education courses are
examples.
Effortsto improve animal welfare while maintaining

the efficiency and practicality of trapping have been
around for a long time. The most recent and
comprehensive effort involves development of
"Best Management Practices" (BMPs) for trapping.
This project started in 1996and is scheduledfor
completion in 2003. During the first phase,dozens
of traps were tested for efficiency,selectivityand
injuriesto animals. Traps that standout in all
three categorieswill be identified by a team of
biologists. Their findingswill be usedto develop
BMPsfor different speciesand parts of the country
by 2002. Stateagencieswill be askedto implement
BMPsas part of their trapping and education
programsby 2003.
The following information was provided by the
InternationalAssociationof Fishand Wildlife
Agencies.which is headingup the BMPprogram:
Why are BMPs needed?
to ensure the continued responsible
management of wildlife resources
the process of improving traps and trapping
methods need to continue to maintain and
improve animal welfare
real and perceived problems associated with
trapping need to be reduced to maintain public
acceptance
this is necessary to sustain regulated trapping
now and in the future, and to maintain the
integrity of furbearer management programs
throughout the United States
What will BMPs look like?

BMPs will be based on regional differences in
trapping conditions (e.g., climate, species
trapped and habitat)
BMPs will be developed for specific trapping
conditions (e.g., land vs. water) in a region
BMPs will recognizethe fact that a giventrap
may be usedto catch severaltarget species

BMPswill includedescriptionsof the best
traps, as well as recommendationsfor setting
traps
Who will develop BMPs?
The InternationalAssociationof Fishand
Wildlife Agencies'FurbearerResourcesTask
Force is responsiblefor this project.
Professionalfurbearer biologistsfrom all
regionsof the country are involved
Additionally,the U.S.Fish& Wildlife Services'
Division of FederalAid and the U.S.
Department of Agriculture's Animal Damage
Control program are assisting
The National Trappers Associationsupports
this project and is activelyinvolvedin all stages
How and when will the work be done?

Existinginformation on performanceof traps
will be summarized
Where information is lacking,new evaluations
of trap performancewill be done basedon the
highestneeds
The evaluationswill includeefficiency,
selectivity,user safety,practicability,and
injuries
BMPswill be publishedand madeavailableto
trapper organizations,state wildlife agencies,as
well as any other interested party
The preliminarywork hasalreadybegun. The
first version of BMPsis expectedby the year
2001
BMPswill be continually updatedand revised,
as neededafter that
66
BEING AN ADVOCATE
If you asked 100strangerswhether trappingwas
OK, most would sayno. It's not becausethey
dislikeyou. It's not becausethey opposethe use
of animalproducts - nearlyall of them eat meat,
drink milk or wear leather shoes.
Trapping provides many benefits to society

Trapping can help to keep wildlife from becoming
overpopulated
- especially
have removed
natural predators
in areas where humans

or altered the
natural habitat
In many situations, trapping is necessaa to reduce
or prevent damage to crops and other property
So why are they so quick to respond?More often

than not, it's because they know very little about
trapping - their response is based on the belief that
killing animals is wrong unless it somehow benefits
society and is done responsibly. You won't change
this philosophy. In fact, you probably agree with it
as strongly as anyone.
What you can change is peoples' awareness of the

benefits, oversight and responsibilities that come
with trapping. People are less likely to oppose
trapping if they recognize that it's highly regulated,
doesn't endanger animals and benefits society.
Why should you care? The future of trapping

depends on it. Help to maintain regulated trapping
by taking every opportunity to let people know:
Trapping does not cause wildlife to become

endangered
All animalsthat are trapped in Illinoisare abundant
In North America. every endangeredspeciesis
protected by lawsthat prohibit huntingand
trapping
Trappingremoves part of a surplusthat's produced
eachyear - it doesn't harm the population'sfuture
Trapping is highly regulated

Lawsthat require daily trap checks,limit trap sizes,
andprohibitcertaintypesof trapshelp to ensure

that trapping is as humaneas possiblegivencurrent
technology(for example,it's illegalto usetraps
with teeth on the jaws)
Regulationsare enforced by specially-trained
ConservationPoliceOfficers - finesand jail terms
are set by the courts
Partsof animals that aren't used for fur coats are

often processed into soap, paint, pet foods and
other items that include animal by-products
Licensefees and excise taxes on certain kinds of
sporting equipment are used to manage ~ of
Illinois' wildlife - not just those that are hunted or
trapped
In some situations, trapping can help to keep
animals from becoming so abundant that they harm
their own environment
In some situations,trapping can help to control

wildlife diseaseslike rabies
Trap'pingcan be an important tool for saving
endangeredspecieswhen their populationsare
beingravagedby predators or their statuscan be
improved by capturinganimalsin areaswhere
they're common and releasingthem where they're
rare or absent
Tips for bein~ an effective advocate

Begin by memorizingthe main messages
(those
in bold). Practicethem. Use them whenever
the opportunity arises. Fill in the supporting
messages
as you gainexperience.
Assumea fog, not a brick wall, when it comes
to peoples'attitudes about trapping. Most will
listen if you're sincereand stick to the facts.
After all, you aren't trying to convincethem to
run out and buy a dozen traps. You're hoping
they'll recognizethat trapping is a necessary
and appropriateactivity that should be allowed
to continue - even if they don't support it fully.
Animalscan be trapped only during the fall and

winter - this keepspeoplefrom trapping babiesor
mothers with newbornsand coincideswith the
time of year that pelts are most valuable
Join local, state and national trapping

organizations to stay informed on
improvements and threats to trapping. Write
legislators when the need arises.
Regulated trapping is endorsedby trained wildlife

professionals who care about the welf~rp nf wilrllif~
Above all, be polite, truthful and persistent.
67
IDNR POLICY ON TRAPPING

The Department recognizesthat regulated
trapping is a versatile,safe,effective,and
ecologicallysound meansof capturingindividual
animalswithout impairingthe survivalof furbearer
populationsor damagingthe environment.
Trappingprovides income,recreation and an
outdoor lifestylefor manycitizensthrough useof a
renewablenatural resource and providesan
effectivemeaASof harvesting,managingand/or
studyingfurbearers;controlling damagecausedby
furbearers;and,at times, reducesthe spreadof
harmfuldisease.The Department also recognizes
that trapping concernssome segmentsof the
publicwho opposetrapping or the useof specific
trapping devices.
The Department supports regulatedtrappingand
efforts to addresssocietalconcernsthrough
appropriateeducation,research,enforcementand
regulatory programs. Suchprogramsshallbe
designedto increaseawarenessarIdacceptanceof
trapping by seekingto enhanceanimalwelfare
while maintainingmanagementcapabilitiesand
other benefitsassociatedwith this activity.
IDNR Policy and Procedure Manual

Chapter 5. Section5G- I
Wildlife-Habitat Relationships: Concepts and

Applications, by M.L. Morrison. B.G. Marcot and
W. Mannan, University of Wisconsin Press,
Madison, 1998.
Urban Wildlife Habitats: A Landscape Perspective. by
LoW. Adams. University of Minnesota Press.
Minneapolis. 19940 ISBN:80-8166-2212-4
Techniquesfor Wildlife l1anagementof Wetlands,

edited by N.F. Payne,McGraw-Hili, Inc., New York,
1992. ISBN:O-O7-048956-4
Techniquesfor Wildlife Managementof Uplands,edited
by N.F. Payneand F.C. Bryant, McGraw-Hili, Inc.,
New York, 1994. ISBN:0-07-048966-1
Prairie Establishment and Landscaping; by W.E. McClain.
Illinois Department of Natural Resources.
Springfield. 1997. (Natural Heritage Technical
Bulletin #9)
A SandCounty Almanac.by A. Leopold,Oxford

University Press,New York, 1991. ISBN:O.-34525336-1
Species Accounts
Beavers:Watet; Wildlife and History; by E.L. Hilfiker,
Windswept Press,Interlaken,NY, 1982. ISBN:155787-068-3
luly I, 1997
The Biology of the Striped Skunk, by B.J.Verts,
University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1967.
SELECTEDREFERENCES
Wildlife
Management
& Ecology
Conservationand the Use of Wildlife Resources,edited

by M. Bolton, Chapman& Hall, Florence,KY. 1997.
ISBN:O-41271-3S0-0
Mammals
of Illinois.by D. F. Hoffmeister. Universityof
Illinois Press. Urbana. 1989. ISBN:0-252-0 1515-0

Wild /'1ammals of North America: Biology, /'1anagement
and Economics,edited by j.A. Chapman and G.A.
Feldhamer. The johns Hopkins University Press,
Baltimore, MD, 1982. ISBN:O-8018-2353-6
Wild FurbearerManagementand Conservationin

North America, edited by M. Novak,J.A. Baker,
M.E.Obbard and B. Malloch. Ontario Trappers
Assoc.,Toronto, 1987. ISBN:O-7743-9365-3
Practical Wildlife Managementby G.v. Burger.
Winchester Press,New York, NY. 1976. ISBN;
0-87691-099-1
EasternCoyote: TheStory of Its Success,by G. Parker,

Nimbus Publishing,Halifax,Nova Scotia, 1995.
ISBN:1-55109-1 11-9
Muskrats and Marsh Management by P.L. Errington,
Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, PA and The Wildlife
Management Institute, Washington, D.C., 1961.
Illinois River Otter RecoveryPlan,edited by R.D. Bluett,

Illinois Department of Natural Resources,
Springfield,IL, 1995.(Wildlife ResourcesTechnical
Bulletin #7)
Ecologyand Managementof the EasternCoyote, by

A.H. Boer, Wildlife ResearchUnit, University of
New Brunswick,Fredericton, NB, 1992. ISBN:O920114-17-2
Red Fox - The Catlike Canine.by J.D. Henry.
SmithsonianInstitution Press,Washington.D.C.
1986. ISBN: 1-56098-635-2
68
Wildlife
Intro to Missouri'sFurbearers
hUp :llmem bers.xoom.com/Furbearers
Diseases
InfectiousDiseasesof Wild Mammals.edited by j.W.

Davis.L.H. Karstadand D.O. Trainer. The Iowa
State University Press.Ames. 1971. ISBN:0-81380445-0
ParasiticDiseasesof Wild f1ammals,edited byj.W.
Davisand R.C.Anderson,The Iowa State
University Press,Ames, 1971. ISBN:O-8138-1240-
Web Resources
dnr .state.il.us
(includes a copy of the current
North American Trap Collectors

www.pauibunyan.netlusers/trappers/natca.htmi
Searchable field guides for 4800 plants and animals
www.enature.com
Addressesfor the following companiesare provided for

the convenienceof studentsseekingtrapping suppliesor
related servicesand does not imply endorsementnor
preferenceby IDNR:
Groenewold Fur & Wool Co.
www.gfwco.com
Digest of Hunting and Trapping Regulations)
North American Fur Auctions

www.nafa.ca
US: Fish& Wildlife Service

www.fws.gov
Sport Fish & Wildlife Restoration Program
www.restorewidlife.org/
Ecology and Conservation of Illinois' Fur Resources
www.inhs.uiuc.edu/dnr/fur
Trapper and Predator Caller Magazine

www.krause.com/outdoors/tr
Dobbins' Products
http://trapperman.hypermart.net/supply.htm
National Trappers Association

www.nationaltrappers.com
Hurrays Lures & TrappingSupplies

www.murraysiures.com
Illinois Trappers Association

http:1 /home.gallatinriver
Fur HarvestersAuction, Inc.

www.furharvesters.com
.net/-willem~pd/
Furtakersof America
http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/4075/
Fur Information Council of America
www.fur.org
Fur Institute of Canada
www.fur.ca
International Fur Trade Federation
www.iftf.com
Wildlife Legislative Fund of America
www.wlfa.org
The Wildlife Society

www.wildlife.org
InternationalAssociationof Fish& Wildlife Agencies
www.furbearermgmt.org (includesinformation
and updateson Best ManagementPractices)
Outdoors Minnesota
www.geocities.com/Yosemite/1949/trap.html
Otter Creek Lures & Baits

www.northcoast.com/ottercrk
Minnesota Trapline Products
www.minntrapprod.com
Chagnon's Trapping Supply
http://trap-supply.hypermart.net

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What is the purpose of this manual?

What is the purpose of this manual?

What topics are covered in the manual?

What topics are covered in the manual?

Trapper Education

Trapper Education Student Manual

layout, design and text by:

Marketing your fur

Fur grading terms

Use & disposal of carcasses

Baits, lures and scents

Brief history of trapping

Before the season

Best management practices

Being and advocate

IDNR policy on trapping

Killing trapped animals

If you lose the card that certifies your successful completion of a

Illinois Trapper Education Manual

Knowing and obeying trapping laws.

Assisting in enforcement of trapping laws by reporting violations.

Consideringanimal welfare in your choice of capture, release and killing methods.

waste by caringfor fur properly and marketingother usefulproducts.

Checking traps daily as required by law, preferably early in the morning.

AssistingIllinois' Trapper EducationProgramby becominga certified instructor.

Helping landowners to reduce property damage caused by furbearers.

Your success as a trapper isn't measured by numbers alone

Illinois Trapper Education Manual

The Illinois Department of Natural Resources

Any trap or similar device which is not placed or

LICENSE, STAMP, TRAPPER EDUCATION

Any person who traps fur-bearingmammalsin

Obtain a current edition of the Digest of

If required to purchase a trapping license, you must

bag limits. A Digest can be obtained from stores

Trapping licenses expire annually on March 31

Non-resident trapping licensesare available.

Fourteenspeciesare definedas fur-bearing

Any personwho traps fur-bearingmammalsin

Illinois Trapper Education Manual

under 16yearsof agemust present

TRAP TAGS REQUIRED

written permission from a parent or legal guardian

pelts by January 25.

BLAZE ORANGE CLOTHING REQUIRED

Traps must be tagged or inscribed with your name

the trap chain will help to reduce accidentallosses.

TRAPPING ON PUBLIC ROADS AND

DAMAGING OR DESTROYING DENS AND

Illinois Trapper Education Manual

GENERAL TRAPPING LAWS

For any person at any time to take, possess,

restriction does not applyto water sets (you

To fail to visit and remove all animals from

To use a foothold trap on land that has a jaw

To usea foothold trap in water that hasa jaw

Using traps with toothed, spiked or serrated jaws is

To determine the jaw spread of a trap, measure the

To use any trap with saw-toothed, spiked or