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    Chapter Three: Operation of Auto Recloser and Sectionalizer 3.1.

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    Umar Wijaksono
    This chapter discusses auto reclosers and sectionalizers used on overhead power lines. Auto reclosers are circuit breakers that can automatically reclose to re-energize a line after a fault. They are useful as most faults are transient in nature. Sectionalizers work with auto reclosers to isolate faulty line sections during reclosing dead times. The chapter covers how they operate, factors influencing their design, benefits like improved reliability, and applications on distribution networks. It also describes different fault types and how reclosers and sectionalizers coordinate tripping sequences to clear temporary and permanent faults.

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    Chapter Three: Operation of Auto Recloser and Sectionalizer 3.1.

    Uploaded by

    Umar Wijaksono
    411 views14 pages
    This chapter discusses auto reclosers and sectionalizers used on overhead power lines. Auto reclosers are circuit breakers that can automatically reclose to re-energize a line after a fault. They are useful as most faults are transient in nature. Sectionalizers work with auto reclosers to isolate faulty line sections during reclosing dead times. The chapter covers how they operate, factors influencing their design, benefits like improved reliability, and applications on distribution networks. It also describes different fault types and how reclosers and sectionalizers coordinate tripping sequences to clear temporary and permanent faults.

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    This chapter discusses auto reclosers and sectionalizers used on overhead power lines. Auto reclosers are circuit breakers that can automatically reclose to re-energize a line after a fault. They are useful as most faults are transient in nature. Sectionalizers work with auto reclosers to isolate faulty line sections during reclosing dead times. The chapter covers how they operate, factors influencing their design, benefits like improved reliability, and applications on distribution networks. It also describes different fault types and how reclosers and sectionalizers coordinate tripping sequences to clear temporary and permanent faults.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    411 views14 pages

    Chapter Three: Operation of Auto Recloser and Sectionalizer 3.1.

    Uploaded by

    Umar Wijaksono
    This chapter discusses auto reclosers and sectionalizers used on overhead power lines. Auto reclosers are circuit breakers that can automatically reclose to re-energize a line after a fault. They are useful as most faults are transient in nature. Sectionalizers work with auto reclosers to isolate faulty line sections during reclosing dead times. The chapter covers how they operate, factors influencing their design, benefits like improved reliability, and applications on distribution networks. It also describes different fault types and how reclosers and sectionalizers coordinate tripping sequences to clear temporary and permanent faults.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14

    CHAPTER THREE:

    OPERATION OF AUTO RECLOSER AND


    SECTIONALIZER

    3.1. Introduction:
    Faults on overhead lines fall into one of three categories:
    Transient.
    Semi-permanent.
    Permanent.
    80-90% of faults on any overhead line network are transient in nature. The
    remaining 10%-20% of faults are either semi-permanent or permanent. Transient
    faults are commonly caused by lightning and temporary contact with foreign
    objects. The immediate tripping of one or more circuit breakers clears the fault.
    Subsequent re-energization of the line is usually successful. A small tree branch
    falling on the line could cause a semi-permanent fault. The cause of the fault would
    not be removed by the immediate tripping of the circuit, but could be burnt away
    during a time-delayed trip. HV overhead lines in forest areas are prone to this type
    of fault. Permanent faults, such as broken conductors, and faults on underground
    cable sections, must be located and repaired before the supply can be restored. Use
    of an auto-reclose scheme to re-energize the line after a fault trip permits
    successful re-energization of the line. Sufficient time must be allowed after
    tripping for the fault arc to de-energize prior to reclosing otherwise the arc will re-
    strike. Such schemes have been the cause of a substantial improvement in
    continuity of supply. A typical single-shot auto-reclose scheme is shown in Figures
    3.1 and 3.2. Figure 3.1 shows a successful reclosure in the event of a transient
    fault, and Figure 3.2 an unsuccessful reclosure followed by lockout of the circuit
    breaker if the fault is permanent. [6]

    15
    3.1.1. Application of Auto-Reclosing:

    The most important parameters of an auto-reclose scheme are:


    Dead time.
    Reclaim time.
    Single or multi-shot.
    These parameters are influenced by:
    a. Type of protection.
    b. Type of switchgear.
    c. Possible stability problems.
    d. Effects on the various types of consumer loads.

    Figure 3.1: Single-shot auto-reclose scheme operation for a transient fault

    16
    Figure 3.2: Operation of single-shot auto-reclose scheme on a permanent fault

    3.2. Auto-Reclosing on HV distribution networks:

    On HV distribution networks, auto-reclosing is applied mainly to radial


    feeders where problems of system stability do not arise, and the main advantages
    to be derived from its use can be summarized as follows:
    I. Reduction to a minimum of the interruptions of supply to the consumer.
    II. Instantaneous fault clearance can be introduced, with the accompanying
    benefits of shorter fault duration, less fault damage, and fewer permanent
    faults As 80% of overhead line faults are transient, elimination of loss of
    supply from this cause by the introduction of auto-reclosing gives obvious
    benefits through:
    1. Improved supply continuity.
    2. Reduction of substation visits.

    17
    Instantaneous tripping reduces the duration of the power arc resulting from an
    overhead line fault to a minimum. The chance of permanent damage occurring to
    the line is reduced. The application of instantaneous protection may result in non-
    selective tripping of a number of circuit breakers and an ensuing loss of supply to a
    number of healthy sections. Auto-reclosing allows these circuit breakers to be
    reclosed within a few seconds. With transient faults, the overall effect would be
    loss of supply for a very short time but affecting a larger number of consumers.
    When instantaneous protection is used with autoreclosing, the scheme is normally
    arranged to inhibit the instantaneous protection after the first trip. For a permanent
    fault, the time-graded protection will give discriminative tripping after reclosure,
    resulting in the isolation of the faulted section. Some schemes allow a number of
    reclosures and time-graded trips after the first instantaneous trip, which may result
    in the burning out and clearance of semi-permanent faults. A further benefit of
    instantaneous tripping is a reduction in circuit breaker maintenance by reducing
    pre-arc heating when clearing transient faults. [6]

    3.3. Factors Influencing Hv Auto-Reclose Schemes:

    The factors that influence the choice of dead time reclaim time, and the numbers of
    shots.Several factors affect the selection of system dead time as follows:
    System stability and synchronism.
    Type of load.
    CB characteristics.
    Fault path de-ionization time.
    Protection reset time.

    18
    3.4. Auto Recloser:

    Recloser is a Circuit Breaker along with protection system for overhead


    power lines & designed to reclose on to a fault. It is detect a fault and open for a
    pre-programmed time, before closing again automatically. This cycle can be
    repeated 4 times. And lockout typically on the fifth trip as shown in figure 3.3.
    Reclosed can be used anywhere on a system where Recloser ratings are
    adequate for the system requirements logical location are:
    In substation as the primary feeder protection Devices.
    On the lines at a distance from a substation, to sectionalize Long feeders
    and thus prevent outage of the entire feeder when a permanent fault
    occurs near the end of the feeder.
    On the taps of main feeders to protect the main feeder from interruption
    and outages due to faults on the taps. [7]

    Figure 3.3: Auto Recloser

    19
    3.5. SECTIONALIZER:

    Sectionalizer is a switch along with control unit.It is used in conjunction


    with an upstream Recloser or circuit breaker.It counts the interruption
    created by a recloser during a fault sequence & trips during the dead time of the
    upstream recloser isolates a faulty network section as shown in figure 3.4 [7].

    Figure 3.4.: Sectionalizer

    3.6. Auto Recloser & Sectionalizer Control Unit Main Features:


    Auto reloser & sectionalizer control unit has a very important Features which
    are:
    Measurement.
    Protection.
    History and recording.
    Communications.

    20
    3.7. Benefits of using Auto Recloser & Sectionalizer:
    There are two benefits of using Auto Recloser & Sectionalizer: benefit
    to the distribution company and benefit to the customer.
    3.7.1. Benefit to the DISTRIBUTION COMPANY:
    Continuity of power supply for the consumers resulting in less complaints
    from citizens.
    Reduce the time of power supply disconnection in cases of transient faults.
    Reduce the unsold energy due to faults.
    Reduce the cost of manpower operating in managing disconnected lines.
    Maximum utilization of the network components.
    Raising operators efficiency and using Hi-Tech in networks.
    Ability to connect to SCADA system.
    Event Log and Remote control.
    Reduce cost of fault finding.
    Better knowledge of the network.[7]
    3.7.2. Benefit to the Customer:
    Improved reliability of power supply.
    Quality of supply.
    Automatic - Recloser function - supply restoration after temporary faults.
    Reduced outage time.
    Minimise revenue loss.
    Reduction in the number of customer complaints.[7]

    3.8. Feeder Selection to install sectionalizing devices:


    The selection of feeder which wanted to install sectionalizing devices based on:
    Number of faults During a Year.
    The Average interruption time per fault.

    21
    Unserved Energy and unsold Energy due to tripping of the line .
    Length of the line / as well as the laterals and nature of its right of way.
    Weather Condition.[7]

    3.9. Various Types of Distribution Line Faults:


    There are two types of faults in distribution system which are transient
    faults & permanent faults as shown in figure 3.5

    Figure 3.5: Various Types of Distribution Line Faults

    Almost 80% of faults occurring on distribution lines are of transient


    (temporary) nature. Hence the importance of automated autoreclosers and
    sectionalizers installed in selected locations.
    Examples of Transient Faults:
    Conductors clashing in the wind.
    Tree branches falling on overhead conductors.

    22
    Animals or birds getting curious.
    Lightning strikes.
    Examples of Permanent Faults:
    Careless motor vehicle drivers.
    Operating error: leaving earths connected etc.
    Equipments Failure.

    3.9.1. Trip Sequence Arrangements:


    The following example show how the autorecloser and the sectionalizer
    coordinate to deal with the various types of faults as listed above. For our
    example, we have used the following time settings:
    A. Autorecloser Number of operations before lock out R.OP = 3.
    B. Autoreclosers Dead Time one = 0.5 sec. Autorecloser will open for a short
    time of 0.5seconds allowing the downstream sectionalizers to count.
    C. Autoreclosers Dead Time two = 10 sec. Autorecloser will open now for a
    longer time to allow the sectionalizer to trip in case of permanent fault.
    D. Sectionalizer Counter S.OP = 2 (R.OP -1). Having counted 2 times, the
    sectionalizer will trip if the downstream fault is permanent.
    E. Sectionalizer opening time = 1.05 sec. If the sectionalizer has counted 2
    down times, it will trip 1.05 seconds after the autoreclosers opening.

    23
    3.9.2. Connection of one autorecloser and 3 sectionalizers:

    There is two configurations of connections of autoreclosers and


    sectionalizers which are Parallel configuration and series configuration.
    Parallel configuration:
    It can install indefinite number of sectionalizers. The sectionalizers
    opening time can be selected freely as long as it does not exceed the second
    dead time of the autorecloser. As shown in figure 3.6.

    1
    S

    2
    S

    3
    S
    R: Autorecloser
    S: Sectionalizer

    Figure: 3.6: parallel configuration of one autorecloser and 3 sectionalizers

    In our example of one autorecloser and 3 sectionalizers, the settings can


    be as follows:
    A. Autorecloser number of operations before lock out R.OP = 3
    B. Autoreclosers Dead Time one = 0.5 sec. Autorecloser will open for a short
    time of 0.5seconds allowing the downstream sectionalizers to count.
    C. Autoreclosers Dead Time two = 10 sec. Autorecloser will open now for a
    longer time to allow the sectionalizer to trip in case of permanent fault.
    D. Sectionalizer Counter S.OP = 2 (R.OP -1). Having counted 2 times, the
    sectionalizer will trip if the downstream fault is permanent.
    E. Sectionalizer opening time = 1.05 sec. If the sectionalizer has counted 2
    down times, it will trip 1.05 seconds after the autoreclosers opening. This
    falls within the autorecloser second dead time of 10 seconds.
    The line trip sequence will be as shown in figure 3.7.
    24
    Figure 3.7: Example of one autorecloser and 3 sectionalizers In parallel connection.

    25
    series configuration:
    In series configurations, we can install only 2 numbers of
    sectionalizers to ensure proper coordination. This is because the lock out
    counter of the autorecloser is limited to 4. As shown in figure 3.8.

    S1 S2

    R
    R: Autorecloser
    S: Sectionalizer

    Figure: 3.8: series configurations of one autorecloser and 2 sectionalizers.

    In our example of one autorecloser and 2 sectionalizers, the settings can


    be as follows:
    A. Autorecloser Number of operations before lock out R.OP = 4
    B. Autoreclosers Dead Time one = 0.5 sec. Autorecloser will open for a short
    time of 0.5seconds allowing the downstream sectionalizers to count.
    C. Autoreclosers Dead Time two = 10 sec. Autorecloser will open now for a
    longer and second time to allow sectionalizers S2 to trip in case of
    permanent fault.
    D. Autoreclosers Dead Time three = 10 sec. Autorecloser will open now for a
    third time to allow sectionalizers S1 to trip.
    E. Sectionalizer S1 Counter S.OP = 3 (R.OP -1). Having counted 3 times, the
    sectionalizer will trip if the downstream fault is permanent.
    F. Sectionalizer S2 Counter S.OP = 2 (R.OP -2). Having counted 2 times, the
    sectionalizer will trip if the downstream fault is permanent.
    G. Sectionalizers opening time = 1.05 sec. If the sectionalizer has counted 2
    down times, it will trip 1.05 seconds after the autoreclosers opening. This
    falls within the autorecloser second dead time of 10 seconds [7].The line trip
    sequence will be as shown in figures 3.9 & 3.10.
    26
    Figure 3.9: Example of one autorecloser and 2 sectionalizers In series connection(fault after s2).

    27
    Figure 3.10: Example of one autorecloser and 2 sectionalizers In series connection(fault after s1).

    28

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