6/9/2017

CHAPTER 2 DIODE
CIRCUITS

BY AZRUL GHAZALI

CONTENT
1. RECTIFIERS
Half-wave Rectifier
Full-wave Rectifier
Bridge Rectifier
Rectifiers with Capacitor Filter
2. VOLTAGE REGULATORS
3. CLIPPERS & CLAMPERS
Series-based Diode Clippers
Parallel-based Diode Clippers
Clamping Circuits

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ELECTRONIC POWER SUPPLY BLOCK DIAGRAM

Rectification: a
process of converting
an alternating
voltage into one that
is limited to one
polarity

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HAVE YOU SEEN A TRANSFORMER?

Transformers are used to increase or decrease the voltages of alternating current in
electrical power applications.

+
vS
+ + -
vI
vS +
vI vS
-
- -
Transformer turn ratio = N1/N2 = VI / VS Center-tapped transformer

RECTIFIERS PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES

Determine the Determine the input

input voltage voltage condition
condition that will that will make diode
make diode turns turns off (cut-off or
on (conducting). non-conducting).
Then, find its Then, find its output
output voltage. voltage.

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HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
Ideal
When vS is positive (vS > 0), diode is
forward biased and conducting. Output
vO = vS .
When vS is negative(vS < 0), diode is
reverse biased and cut-off. Output vO =
0.

Can you determine the output V VDC = VAVG = Vm /

again, this time assuming CVD vS = Vm sin t
diode model with V = 0.7V.
Vrms = Vm /2
When vS is greater than V (vS > V),
diode is conducting. Output vO = vS - V
When vS is smaller than V (vS < V),
diode is cut0off. Output vO = 0.

FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER USING CENTER-

TAPPED TRANSFORMER IDEAL DIODE
During positive half of input cycle,
diode D1 is forward biased and
conducting, while diode D2 is
D1
reverse biased and non-
conducting. Hence, output vO = vS . D2

During negative half of input cycle,

diode D1 is reverse biased and non-
conducting, while diode D2 is
forward biased and conducting.
VDC = VAVG = 2 Vm /
Hence, output vO = -vS .
VAC = VRMS = Vm / 2

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FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER USING CENTER-

TAPPED TRANSFORMER PWL DIODE
During positive half of input cycle, diode D1 is conducting when vS
Can you draw the output
is greater than V (vS > V). Diode D2 is cut-off. Hence, output vO = vS
waveform of full wave rectifier,
- V . assuming PWL diode model with
During negative
V =half of input cycle, diode D2 is conducting
0.7V.
when vS is smaller than -V (vS < -V). Diode D1 is cut-off. Hence,
output vO = -vS - V .

FULL-WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER IDEAL DIODE

The bridge rectifier requires four
diodes, instead of two in the
previous circuit.
During positive half of input cycle,
diodes D1 and D2 are forward
biased and conducting, while
diodes D3 and D4 are reverse
biased and cut-off. Hence,
output vO = vS .
During negative half of input
cycle, diodes D1 and D2 are
reverse biased and cut-off, while
diodes D3 and D4 are forward
biased and conducting. Hence,
output vO = -vS .

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FULL-WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER PWL DIODE

During positive half of input cycle, diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased and
conducting, while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and cut-off. Hence,
output vO = vS - 2V .
During negative half of input cycle, diodes D1 and D2 are reverse biased and
cut-off, while diodes D3 and D4 are forward biased and conducting. Hence,
output vO = -vS - 2V .

SOME TERMINONOLOGIES
Diode Rating or Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV), or Peak Reverse Voltage
(PRV) = maximum voltage that a diode can withstand in the reverse
bias without breaking down.
Vm - V (half wave rectifier)
PIV = |vR(max)| = 2Vm - V (center-tapped full wave rectifier)
Vm 2V (bridge rectifier)

Rectifiers efficiency () is the ratio of DC output power to the AC input

power, ie,

()
Efficiency, = x 100% = x100%
()

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HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH CAPACITOR

FILTER (FILTER CAPACITOR)
A capacitor is added in parallel
with RL of half-wave rectifier to
form a simple filter circuit.
During positive half of input cycle,
diode D1 will conduct and
capacitor charges rapidly.
As the input starts to go negative,
D1 is in reverse bias and turns off.
The capacitor discharges through
the load.

FILTER CAPACITOR OUTPUT WAVEFORM

The ripple effect is present in the output voltage. The ripple voltage, Vr is
the voltage difference between maximum and minimum voltages.

Vr

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FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH CAPACITOR

FILTER (FILTER CAPACITOR)

Ripple voltage, Vr of full-wave

rectifier with capacitor is smaller
compared to half-wave.

Example 1
Consider the battery charger circuit below. Determine peak diode current,
iD(peak), Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) of the diode and total conduction angle
of which diode is conducting. Given V = 0.7V

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Example 2
For the full-wave rectifier circuit below, determine peak output voltage
(vo), peak diode current (iD(peak)), and Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) of the
diode. Given Vrms of voltage source, vs is 12V and V = 0.7V

Example 3
Consider a bridge rectifier circuit with a filter capacitor C placed across the
load resistor R. The transformer primary receives an input line of 120V (rms)
having 60Hz frequency. The filter circuit produces a peak output voltage of
12V, delivers 120mA to the load, and produces a ripple voltage of not more
than 5%. Given V = 0.7V. Determine transformer turns ratio, load resistance
RL and filter capacitance, C.

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REVISITING ZENER DIODE

Zener diode consists of a silicon PN junction. When forward biased, it behaves like a
normal diode. When reverse biased, as soon as its reverse voltage exceeds the
breakdown voltage (VZ), current starts to flow through the diode. In this region, the
voltage across diode remains nearly constant while the current varies (small internal
resistance).

Important!!!!
Zener diode operates in reverse
biased region.

ZENER DIODE MODEL & DIODE APPLICATIONS

In most circuit analysis, the

small internal resistance, rZ
can be neglected, ie, assume
rZ = 0 .

Zener diode applications:

(1) Voltage regulation
(2) Voltage overload
protection

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VOLTAGE REGULATOR
VS VZ
RS
IZ IL

I L (max) VS (max) VZ I L (min) VS (min) VZ

I Z (max)
VS (min) 0.9VZ 0.1VS (max)

VOLTAGE REGULATOR FIGURE OF MERITS

Source Regulation
Measure of change in output voltage with a change in source
voltage
VO
Source regulation x 100%
Vs

Load regulation
Measure of change in output voltage with a change in load
current
vO ( no load ) vO ( full load )
Load regulation x 100%
vO ( full load )
As source regulation and load regulation factors approach zero,
the circuit reaches ideality.

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Example 4
The voltage regulator is to power up a car radio at VL= 9V from an
automobile battery whose voltage may vary from 11V to 13.6V. The
current in the radio will vary between 0 (off) to 100mA (full volume). A 9V
Zener diode is used, and assume IZ(min) = 0.1IZ(max). Find the series resistance,
Ri and minimum power of the diode, PZ.

Example 5
From example 4, assume non-ideal Zener diode with Zener resistance, rZ = 2
. Determine the source regulation and load regulation of the circuit.

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CHOOSING THE CORRECT DIODE AND RESISTOR

FOR A KNOWN LOAD BEING PRACTICAL
Let say, as an example, the input is unregulated 12V supply with 0.5V variation, and you
need a stable regulated output of 8V to power a 100mA device (load).

STEP 1: Choose the right Zener diode.

There are many Zener diodes in the market with different
standard Zener Voltages (2.4V, 3.3V, 6.8V, 7.5V, 8.2V,
9.1V, 10V, etc) and with different diode power rating
(500mW, 1.3W, etc). In this example, 8.2V Zener diode is
chosen since it is close enough to the target voltage of
8V.

STEP 2: Estimate maximum current in the circuit, I S

We know that I S = I L + IZ. The load current is100mA. You
can assume I Z to be 10% of I L. This will give a maximum
current of 110mA for I S.

CHOOSING THE CORRECT DIODE AND RESISTOR

FOR A KNOWN LOAD BEING PRACTICAL
STEP 3: Select the Power Rating of Zener diode
We can use the maximum current in the circuit to calculate the power lost in the diode.
P = 110mA x 8.2V = 0.9W. Therefore, 1.3W power rated Zener diode should be sufficient to
be used in the circuit.

STEP 2: Select Resistor RS

The maximum voltage drop across the resistor, VRs = 12.5 8 = 4.5V, and therefore,
according to Ohms law, RS = VRs/IS = 4.5V/110mA = 40.9. So, a 43 resistor is selected.

STEP 2: Select the Power Rating of Resistor RS

The power rating in the resistor, PRs = VRs x IS = 4.5V x 110mA = 0.495W. Choosing 0.5W 43
resistor is too risky, especially if supply voltage fluctuates even higher. Therefore, to be safe,
a 1W 43 resistor is selected for RS.

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CLIPPER & CLAMPING CIRCUITS

?
Negative
Parallel
Biased
Positive Clamping
PositiveClipping
Negative Clipping
Clipping
Clamping
(Single Limiter)
(Double Limiter)

Circuit
Clampingclippers or limiter
circuits circuits
shifts the entireeliminates portion
signal voltage byof
aa signal
dc level,that
ie,
are signal
the aboveisor below a specified
clamped level.dc level.
to a different

SERIES AND SHUNT CLIPPER CIRCUITS

Clippers may be classified into two types, based on the
positioning of the diode.
Series Clippers, where diode is in series with RL

Shunt (Parallel) Clippers, where diode is shunted across RL

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BASIC SHUNT CLIPPER CIRCUIT

Diode D1 is OFF when VS < VB + V. No current flow through

diode. Hence, Vout = VS.
Diode DI is ON when VS > VB + V. Current flow through diode.
Voltage across diode is V. Hence, Vout = V + VB

CLIPPER CIRCUIT PARALLEL CLIPPING

During positive cycle of input, D1 is ON while D2 is OFF. Output

voltage is limited by V + VB1
During negative cycle of input, D2 is ON while D1 is OFF. Output
voltage is limited by V + VB2 in the negative (reverse bias)
direction.

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MODIFIED CLIPPER CIRCUIT - BIASED CLIPPING

Diode is OFF when VB VS < V , or

simply VS > VB - V . No current flow
through diode. Hence, Vout = VS
Diode is ON when VB VS > V , or
simply VS < VB + V . Current flows
through diode. Voltage across
diode is V . Hence, Vout = V - VB

VOLTAGE TRANSFER FUNCTION

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CLIPPER CIRCUIT USING ZENER DIODE

Single Zener Diode Clipping
During +ve cycle of input, Zener
diode is in reverse bias. When VS
> VZ, output across diode is fixed
or limited at VZ. In other words,
Vout = VZ when VS > VZ in the +ve
cycle.
During ve cyle of input, Zener
diode is in forward bias. Diode
will turned on when VS > V .
Output across diode is then fixed
or limited at V . In other words, Can you explain the
Vout = V when VS > V in the ve operation of double Zener
cycle. diode clipper circuit?

Example 6

Find the steady-state output of the clipper circuit below.

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CLAMPING CIRCUIT (DC LEVEL RESTORER)

Capacitor in clamping circuit provides the DC offset from the stored
charge.
Important!!!
The capacitor forms the circuit time constant with the load resistor,
which determines the range of frequencies Output
whichswing of output
clamper will be
effective. In general, RC time constant must(VO,pp
be)made
must equal
10 times to input
waveform (V
larger than the period of the input signal, ie, Tin > 10RC.I,pp ) .

Vpp

Vpp

Assume capacitor is
initially uncharged.

OPERATION OF CLAMPING CIRCUIT IDEAL

DIODE
During +ve cycle of input, diode is ON. Assuming RC is very small,
capacitor charges to peak voltage of input voltage very quickly.
Voltage across the capacitor, vC = Vm.
During ve cycle of input, diode is OFF. From KVL, output voltage,
vout = vin vC , where vC is the dc offset which equals to Vm.

Vm
+ -

ON
OFF

Negative CycleofofInput
Positive Cycle Input
KVL: -vin + vc + vout = 0 where vc = Vm

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OPERATION OF CLAMPING CIRCUIT WITH BIAS

SUPPLY VOLTAGE
The operation is similar to the unbiased clamping circuit.
During +ve cycle of input, diode is ON. Assuming RC is very small,
capacitor charges to peak voltage of input voltage very quickly.
From KVL, voltage across the capacitor, vC = Vm - VBias.
During ve cycle of input, diode is OFF. From KVL, output voltage,
vout = vin vC , where vC is the dc offset which equals to Vm.
Vm - Vbias
+ -

ON
OFF

Negative Cycle of
Positive Cycle of Input
Input
KVL: -vin + vc + vout = 0, where vc = Vm - Vbias

Example 7

Find the steady-state output of the diode clamper circuit shown

below.

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Example 8

Find the steady-state output of the diode clamper circuit shown

below.

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