Creep Part 1
Creep Part 1
Creep Part 1
CREEP OF METALS
Lecturer:
Norhayati Ahmad
High temperature applications
Called
Creep
MECHANICAL FAILURE -
CREEP
MECHANICAL FAILURE CREEP
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
Creep curve
Revisit dislocations
Revisit diffusion
Creep testing
Creep failure
Larson-Miller parameter
Many engineering components are exposed to high
temperature for a long period of time.
Changes within the component due to this (at constant
stress) is called Creep.
e.g. Turbine blade within a jet engine, steam generator.
21
WHAT IS CREEP?
Time dependent permanent plastic deformation, which generally occurs at
high temperatures (T > 0.4Tm), under a constant load or stress
stress..
tertiary
0 t
primary secondary
Strain rate
Strain rate decreases as strain increases.
increases.
Resistance to plastic deformation:
deformation: strain
hardening
2. Stage II:
II: Secondary (steady-
(steady-state) Creep
(used as design tool)
Strain rate minimum and constant
Balance between recovery = strain
hardening.. Fracture will not occur.
hardening occur. Stage I Stage III
Stage II
3. Stage III:
III: Tertiary Creep (failure
(failure--rupture)
Strain rate increases.
increases. reduction in cross-
cross-
sectional area due to voids, necking
reduce
2. Stage II
II:: Secondary (steady
(steady--state) Creep (used as design tool)
Strain rate minimum and constant
Balance between recovery = strain hardening
hardening.. Fracture will not occur
occur.. The
materials become softer and retains its ability to experience deformation
3. Stage III
III:: Tertiary Creep (failure
(failure--rupture)
Strain rate increases.
increases. reduction in cross
cross--sectional
sectional..
Failure, due to microstructure and/or metallurgical changes e.g. grain
boundary separation and the formation of internal cracks, cavities and voids
voids..
Specimen geometry:
Creep test is conducted in uniaxial tension using
specimen having the same geometry as for
tensile test.
For short life application: e.g. turbine blade in military aircraft and rocket
motor nozzles
- time to rupture or the rupture lifetime, tr is the dominant design
consideration
- Thus, creep characteristics of a material allow the design engineer to
choose right materials to suit a specific application.
Stress and temperature effects
Q
2. Stress Constant
d RT
dt = Ae
Steady--state creep follows
Steady follows::
d
= K n (e )
Q
RT
dt
Structural changes during creep
Principal deformation process at elevated temperature:
1.Slip
2.Sub-grain formation
3.Grain boundary sliding
In large grains specimens, local region may undergo lattice
rotations ----- produce misorientation
Zn, Mg HCP
may undergoes non basal plane slip
d
= (d / dt ) i
dt i
The fastest mechanism will control the creep behavior, the slowest
mechanism will control the creep deformation
Mechanisms for creep in metals (1)
1. Dislocation Slip and Dislocation Climb
d s r / t
=
dt h /
E d = E m + E f = e(-Em/RT) = e(-Ef/RT)
Mechanism of self-
Vacancy V A diffusion: Atom A jumps
into the vacancy, V
The left-
left-hand dislocation must climb down and the right-
right-hand one must climb up until they both
reach a common slip plane.
plane. They then move towards one another by slip and annihilate one another
(because they are of opposite sign).
sign).
Mechanism of
recovery due to
- movement of positive
and negative edge
dislocations
+
In positive climb (vacancy diffusion)
Atoms are removed from the extra half plane of atoms at a positive edge
dislocation, so that this extra half plane moves up one atom spacing.
In negative climb
A row of atoms is added below the extra half plane so that the dislocation
lines moves down one spacing.
Dislocation climb requires:
For very large superjog, step size ~ 200, the distance between
the two dislocation segments is large enough to prevent
mutual interaction. The dislocations behave as separate
single-ended sources.
When the whole line of atoms have diffused away, the dislocation will have
climbed normal to its slip plane by one atomic spacing
Ec = Ed + E j
Sources of Jogs are from thermal activation (Ej) and dislocation interaction
The steady-
steady-state creep is based on a balance between the strain hardening
and the recovery which occurs during creep.
creep. The mechanism of recovery is the
climb of edge dislocations which occurs by the movement of jogs along
dislocations.. Since dislocation intersections produce a large number of jogs,
dislocations
the rate-
rate-controlling step for climb is self-
self-diffusion.
diffusion.
Why climb is not possible with screw dislocations ?
Because there is no extra half plane of atoms for
screw dislocations
Burgers vector of screw dislocation is parallel to the
dislocation line.
No diffusion atoms is needed to allow the screw
dislocation to move on to another slip plane.
However, a higher stress or activation energy may be
needed since the resolved shear stress may not be as
high as on the original slip plane.
At room temperature
more grain boundaries or smaller grains size is gives
good strength to materials.
Boundary become barrier
At high temperature
Smaller grains size reduce the creep strength
Because it can create more triple site which leads to
formation of cracks
Thus, creep resistance can be improved by increasing the
grain size or developing a elongated grain structure through
directional solidification
Mechanisms for creep in metals (3)
The creep rate is established whereby the dislocations are impeded by obstacles e.g.
precipitates, solute atoms and other dislocation.
This model predicts an equation for creep rate in which stress is raised to the third
power. But experimentally, for metal, the value of n is varies from 3-8, and 5 is
most common.
Then the steady state creep rate power-law relation can be written as ( for
intermediate to high stress level and temperature above 0.5Tm)
Where:
n
A and n are material constant
ADvGb
G = shear modulus &s =
Dv= bulk or lattice self-diffusion coefficient kT G
b = burgers vector of dislocation
= applied stress
k= Boltzmanns constant
T = absolute temperature
Dv = Do exp(Q / kT )
Diffusion creep is caused by the migration of crystalline defects through the grains
such that when a crystal is subjected to a greater degree of compression in one
direction relative to another, defects migrate to the grains along the direction of
compression, causing a net mass transfer that shortens the crystal in the direction
of maximum compression.
When vacancies move through the grains (surface of grains), this is called Nabarro
and Herring creep.
References:
Callister W.D., Materials Science and Engineering
An introduction, 7th edition, Wiley, 2007.