WATER

DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

GROUP 1
 SOURCES OF WATER
• Water is a valuable natural resource that
is found in different forms in the
environment
• Known as “Universal Solvent”
• Plays an important part in the plumbing
system.

3 SOURCES OF WATER
Rain Water - A vital natural resource. water cycle

Ground Water - Can reach the

surface naturally via springs or
artificially via wells.

Surface Water - It is water that

acquires on the ground's surface. WATER CYCLE
 WATER IN ARCHITECTURE

Water as an architectural The use of water as

aesthetic element a building material
 CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Water must flow at the proper rate to each user in order for the distribution to be effective. It is essential
that there be pressure in the pipe, which should compel the water to reach every location.

Distribution System are classified as:

1. Gravity System- Water is delivered by 2. Pumping System- Pumps are 3. Dual System- It is a
gravity flow when the distribution reservoir is used in the pumping water combination of a gravity and a
located at a higher elevation than the target distribution system to provide pumping mechanism. As a result,
community. A system like this is known as a water to users. it is known as the Dual System.
Gravity Flow Water Distribution System.
 WHAT IS PLUMBING?
The practice of putting pipes, fixtures,
and other equipment in structures in
order to bring in and remove water
supplies, liquids, chemicals, and other
wastes that are hazardous to life and
property as well as to cleanliness and
health.
PLUMBING SYSTEM
A plumbing system is the system of pipes and fixtures which
includes the water supply liquids, substances and or ingredients
distributing pipes.
 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
• It is a component of the water supply
network, a water distribution system
transports drinkable water through a
centrally located treatment plant or
wells to users to meet their needs for
residential, commercial, industrial, and
firefighting purposes.

• The process of distributing treated

water to the consumers.

• A pumping station, a water tower,

pumps, water mains, fire hydrants,
valves, pipe fitting, reservoirs,
treatment plant and service lines are
all examples of water distribution
systems.
 PARTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. Service Pipe 3. Distribution Pipe 5. Fixture Branch

The pipe connecting the building's water Pipe located inside or outside the The water supply pipe between
distribution system to the water main or building that transports water from the the fixture supply pipe & the
other source of potable water supply. water service pipe or meter to the point of water
use. distributing pipe.

2. Water Meter 4. Riser 6. Fixture Supply

Instrument used to calculate the Water supply pipe that rises one Connecting the fixture and the fixture
volume of water that flows story or more in order to supply branch with a water supply pipe
through the water system in liters water to fixtures or branches.
or gallons.
 COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Many business buildings use this type of system. A
rising main brings cold water into the building, which is
kept in an intermediate cold water tank. The cold water
is gravity delivered from the tank to the sites of use,
with no recirculation.

Cold Water system provides water

system for the following purposes:
• Cooking purpose
• Drinking purpose
• Sanitary purpose
• Washing purpose
• Gardening
TYPES OF COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Direct or Non-storage In-direct or Storage
All plumbing fixtures receive cold Water flows into an overhead tank
water directly from the mains. and is subsequently gravity-fed to
Water is delivered directly from different floors.
the mains to the fixtures.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES OF DIRECT DISADVANTAGES OF DIRECT
• Savings on pipe work, particularly • There is a risk that dirty water from
in multistory buildings. sanitary connections will be sucked
• Fresh drinking water is available at back into the main water supply.
all times. • There is a tendency for pressure to
• ·A smaller cistern can be installed fall at peak periods.
beneath the ceiling.

ADVANTAGES OF INDIRECT DISADVANTAGES OF INDIRECT

• With this technique, there is no • Longer pipe runs are needed.
possibility of back siphon aging. • A larger storage cistern is required.
• Because of the low pressure in pipe • Only the kitchen sink has fresh drinking
work, there is no risk of pipe busting. water.
• In the event of a power outage, there
is a sufficient supply of water.
 HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Hot water serves as a fundamental building utility, serving various purposes such as
washing, cleaning, drinking, cooking, and heating. Heating water demands energy,
and the specific type of hot water system integrated into a structure significantly
influences its energy consumption.

MAIN DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

• type of fuel to be utilized,
• whether the hot water production will
be localized or centralized,
• and if it will be stored or generated
instantly.
TYPES OF HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
UP-FEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM
• COMMONLY USED IN SMALL
RESIDENTIAL AND INDUSTRIAL
INSTALLATIONS
• does not use pumps for circulation
• constant circulation of hot water
• eliminate waste of water
• provides economical circulating return of
unused hot water.
• Larger pipe is installed at the top of the riser
& the diminishing sizes passes through the
lower floors of the building
TYPES OF HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
OVERHEAD FEED AND GRAVITY RETURN
SYSTEM
• AN EFFICIENT TYPE OF HOT WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM GENERALLY
USED IN BUILDINGS OF EXTREME
HEIGHTS.
• Deliver fluids from a high point.
• uses using closed pipe system.
• Water distribution is dependent o the
expansion of hot water and gravity
• Larger pipe is installed at the bottom of the
riser & the diminishing sizes passes through
the upper floors of the building
TYPES OF HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

PUMP CIRCUIT SYSTEM

• SYSTEM USED TO PRODUCE A MORE EFFICIENT CIRCULATION OF HOT
WATER TO THE UPPER FLOOR LEVELS OF A MULTI STOREY BUILDING
• circulation of hot water by means of mechanical device
TYPES OF HOT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
 TYPES OF WATER HEATERS
RANGE BOILER STORAGE TANK TYPES
• VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL • STORAGE TANK-TYPE
HOT WATER SYSTEMS WATER HEATERS RAISE AND
WHOSE WATER IS HEATED MAINTAIN THE WATER
BY CIRCULATING THE WATER TEMPERATURE TO THE
FROM WITHIN A WATER TEMPERATURE SETTING ON
STORAGE TANK THE TANK (USUALLY
BETWEEN 120°–140°F).
 TYPES OF WATER HEATERS

TANKLESS TYPES
• TANKLESS WATER HEATERS, ALSO
KNOWN AS DEMAND-TYPE OR
INSTANTANEOUS WATER HEATERS,
PROVIDE HOT WATER ONLY AS IT IS
NEEDED.
 SIZE OF HOT WATER TANK
DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING CONSIDERATIONS:
• TYPE OF STRUCTURE BEING UTILIZED
• ANTICIPATED QUANTITY OF INDIVIDUALS INHABITING THE SPACE
• HEAT OUTPUT CAPACITY OF HEATING EQUIPMENT
 CLASSIFICATION OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

DIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION INDIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

• NO ELEVATED STORAGE IS PROVIDED; • IT IS WHEN THE WATER IS DRAWN FROM A
THE REQUIRED DISTRIBUTION DRILLED GROUND WATER SOURCE
PRESSURES ARE MAINTAINED ONLY BY DISTRIBUTION BY INDIRECT PRESSURE
PUMPING FACILITIES. • A TURBINE PUMP IS MOUNTED ON TOP OF
• WATER IS DRAWN DIRECTLY FROM A THE STANDPIPE DOWN THE WELL BELOW
SURFACE WATER SOURCE TO A THE WATER TABLE
RECEIVING WELL BY FORCE OF GRAVITY,
PASSING THROUGH THE FILTRATION
PLANT
• THE WATER INSIDE THE RESERVOIR IS
PUMPED BY A CENTRIFUGAL, OR PISTON
PUMP INTO THE WATER MAIN WITH
SUFFICIENT PRESSURE TO SERVE THE
SPECIFIC NEEDS
CLASSIFICATION OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
DEFECTS IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

• Un-accounted for water (Leakage and Wastage of water),

• Degradation of quality of water,
• Reduction in carrying capacity, and
• Inadequate pressures at tail ends of the system

UN-ACCOUNTED FOR WATER

• Un-accounted for water (UFW) is the quantity of water, which is
not actually billed for and water charges for the same are not
realized from the consumers.
• The UFW water can be of two types:
• Physical loss and
• Nonphysical loss.
 DEFECTS IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
PHYSICAL LOSS NONPHYSICAL LOSS
• Physical loss is the water actually lost through leakage and • Nonphysical loss is the quantity of water lost due to the
wastage. Leakage is the water lost from storage reservoir, mechanical errors in meters at the source, at various points in
transmission main, service reservoirs, and distribution system the water supply system and at the consumers’ connections,
and house service connections through leaks from cracks, which are recording lesser quantity of water than the actual
holes or joints of pipe lines and due to corroded pipes, and quantity of flow.
fittings in house service connections. Wastage is the • Human errors in reading or recording the meter reading lesser
operational loss and the wasteful use and misuse of water by than the actual quantity, and Flow through illegal connections,
the consumers. which are not accounted and billed for Nonphysical loss of
• Wastage of water can also occur due to discarding of stored water is considered as the loss of revenue.
water when fresh water supply comes in the case of intermittent
water supply system.
• Operational loss is the water used in the system for cleaning
of filter beds by back washing, sludge removal from clarifiers,
periodic cleaning of the service reservoirs, periodic flushing of
the deposits in the transmission mains and distribution pipes
and water lost during attending bursts, leaks and other repair
works.
 DEFECTS IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

The causes for the leakage in the pipeline could be attributed to various The causes for the leakage in pipeline are due to the following aspects
factors as shown in: also.
• Imperfect jointing; causing leakage in joints.
• Selection of pipe material; corrosion of the pipes and fittings.
• Lack of quality control; settlement of the supporting soil.
• Non-conducting or improper conducting of hydraulic pressure
testing of pipeline and joints at the time of installation.
• Soil movement; swelling soils like clay, due to change of
moisture content, which may cause disturbance to the pipes and
joints ultimately resulting in leakage.
• Water hammer pressure disturbs the joints resulting in leakage.
• Not detecting and rectifying the badly leaking joints regularly.
Even in a properly maintained system, at any time 10% of the
joints will be seeping joints (with the loss of water of 1 to 3 Lph /
joint) and 1% of the total joints will be badly leaking joints (with the
loss of water of 90 to 200 Lph / joint).
 FRICTION IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

FLUID FLOW IS CLASSIFIED AS EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL, DEPENDING ON

WHETHER THE FLUID IS FORCED TO FLOW OVER A SURFACE OR IN A
CONDUIT. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FLOWS EXHIBIT VERY DIFFERENT
CHARACTERISTICS. FRICTION REFERS TO THE RESISTANCE PRODUCED BY
THE FLOWING WATER WITH THE PIPE FITTINGS AND THE INTERIOR SURFACE
OF THE PIPE.

FRICTION CAN BE MINIMIZED IF:

• WATER PIPES ARE INSTALLED STRAIGHT AND DIRECT AS MUCH AS
POSSIBLE
• Use of turns, offsets, traps, stops, fittings and other devices connected to the
distribution lines is avoided
• PIPES WITH PLAIN AND SMOOTH INTERIOR SURFACES ARE INSTALLED
• FITTINGS AND JOINTS ARE CONNECTED PROPERLY
 PRESSURE IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Pressure management in urban water distribution networks is one of the options that can significantly reduce water
loss. The pressure-reducing valve (PRV) and the variable speed pump (VSP) are two devices that are most used
in WDS’s pressure management.

Pressure Loss (or Gain) are variations in pressure between the water main and the outlet end of the water service.
• Critical pressure is the maximum and minimum pressure at which proper function of the water supply system is
maintained.

CAUSES OF PRESSURE LOSS:

• Simultaneous draw or use of water
• Height or distance to which water must flow
• Fluctuation of pressure in the water main
• Presence of mineral elements in water that adhere to the interior surface of the pipe, thus, reducing its
diameter
• Inadequate size of the pipe
• Excessive pressure causes pipe hammering or bursting at pipe joints.
 PRESSURE IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

4 REASONS TO MONITOR PRESSURE IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

• Preventing Pipe Failure and Major Bursts
High fluctuations in pressure levels can put stress on pipes throughout the distribution system. Many utilities throughout the
country deal with aging infrastructure. These events can put more strain on what is already frail.

• Preserving Water Quality

Low-pressure surges can allow ground water to seep into pipes located below the water table. The sudden loss in pressure can
also allow viruses and chemicals to seep in from soil. A drop in pressure below minimum standards can require utilities to issue
“boil water” notices to protect public health.

• Reducing Operational Costs

Pressure monitoring can help reduce energy costs, system maintenance and water leakage. The data can improve pump
management, helping to reduce power use. Mitigating pressure variants can result in less water loss while lowering the potential
for pipe fractures and main breaks. Limiting water loss results in less overall production, easing demands on system infrastructure.

• Reduce the Frequency of Pressure Variants

Continual data collection can identify the impact of infrastructure failures and routine operational practices on pressure variants.
System failures like valve closure, pipe fracture or pump stoppage disrupt flow and can result in a high- or low-pressure surge.
Other procedures like pump start-up and shut-down and hydrant operations can also contribute to the problem.
 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

WELL WATER SYSTEM (WATER FROM A WELL)

MOST WELL WATER IS PUMPED OUT OF THE

GROUND AUTOMATICALLY USING A SUBMERSIBLE
PUMP OR A JET PUMP THAT SITS ON TOP OF THE
GROUND AND DRAWS WATER OUT OF THE
GROUND TO CREATE WATER PRESSURE FOR THE
HOME.
SOME WELL WATER SYSTEMS USE A LARGE
STORAGE TANK TO STORE THE WATER BEFORE
BEING PUMPED AGAIN TO THE HOUSE. OTHER
WELL WATER SYSTEMS ARE GRAVITY FED AND
USE GRAVITY TO PROVIDE WATER PRESSURE TO
THE HOUSE.

A HOME WATER SYSTEM HAS TWO IMPORTANT

COMPONENTS BESIDES THE WELL ITSELF – A
PUMP AND A PRESSURE TANK.
 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

MUNICIPAL WATER SYSTEM

Municipal water supply systems

include facilities for storage,
transmission, treatment, and
distribution. The design of these
facilities depends on the quality of
the water, on the particular needs of
the user or consumer, and on the
quantities of water that must be
processed.
 WATER DISTRIBUTION PLANNING
• The system must provide adequate supply of water, with adequate pressure up to the extremities of the system.

• The safety and quality of water must be guarded against contamination and should not be impaired by defects in the
system.
⚬ It should be provided with sufficient valves and blow-offs to allow repair work without undue interruption of service to
some areas, and to allow flushing of the system.

• There should be no unprotected open reservoir, or cross connection with inferior water systems to enter the distribution
system.

• The water system should be tight against leakage.

⚬ The main and branches connection should not be submerged in surface water, or subjected to any source of
contamination.

• The water system design should have effective circulation of water with minimum number of dead end mains.

• As much as possible, water main should be laid above the elevation of concrete sanitary sewers, or crossover points,
and at least 3 meters horizontally from such sanitary sewer when they are parallel.
⚬ Should this be impossible for some reasons, the sewer main must be encased in concrete.
WATER DISTRIBUTION PLANNING
REQUIREMENTS OF A WATER SYSTEM
REQUIREMENTS OF A WATER SYSTEM

• It needs to deliver adequate

amounts of water to meet
consumer consumption
requirements plus needed fire
flow requirements.

• The water system needs to be

reliable; the required amount of
water needs to be available 24
hours a day, 365 days a year.
 PUMPS

Water well pumps use pressure or suction to help raise the water from a low level to a high level. The
pump usually refers to both the pump itself and an electric motor, which together make up the
pumping unit.

Selecting or sizing the well pump is a critical step in the construction of water wells. It is determined by
the yield of the well and the needs of the system.

• The general rule is to never install a pump that has a greater capacity than the well.
• In the best and most economical water system, the needs of the system are less than the rate at
which water can be drawn from the well.
• If the peak demand exceeds the maximum rate of water available, the peak demand must be met
through added storage capacity.
TYPES OF PUMPS
 TYPES OF PUMPS
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

• POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS "CONSTANT

FLOW MACHINES" BECAUSE THEY PRODUCE SAME FLOW AT A GIVEN
SPEED (RPM) NO MATTER HOW MUCH IS THE DISCHARGE PRESSURE.
• A POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP HAS A LARGE CAVITY ON THE
SUCTION SIDE AND A SMALL CAVITY ON THE DISCHARGE SIDE. LIQUID
FLOWS INTO THE PUMP AS THE CAVITY ON THE SUCTION SIDE EXPANDS
AND THE LIQUID FLOWS OUT OF THE DISCHARGE AS THE CAVITY
COLLAPSES. THUS A CONSTANT FLOW IS MAINTAINED BY THE PUMP.

RECIPROCATING PUMPS

• In reciprocating pumps, a plunger moves back and forth within a cylinder

equipped with check valves
• The cylinder is located near or below the groundwater level
• Water enters the cylinder through an initial check valve
• As the plunger moves toward this check valve, water is forced through a 2nd
check valve located within the plunger itself
• As the piston returns to its original position, water is forced upward toward the
surface
 TYPES OF PUMPS
ROTARY PUMPS

• ROTARY PUMPS FALL INTO ANY OF THESE CATEGORIES; GEAR

PUMPS, SCREW PUMPS, VANE PUMPS ETC.
• ROTARY PUMPS DERIVE THEIR OPERATION FROM A ROTARY SHAFT.
THE ROTARY PUMP CONSISTS OF A FIXED CASING CONTAINING
GEARS, SCREWS, VANES OR SIMILAR ELEMENTS ATTACHED TO AND
ACTUATED BY ROTATION OF THE DRIVE SHAFT. THE VACUUM
CREATED BY THE ROTATION OF THE PUMP CAPTURES AND DRAWS IN
THE LIQUID.

DYNAMIC PUMPS

• This type of pump imparts centrifugal force on the liquid by rotation of an

impeller. The impeller causes the liquid to move outwards from the center to
beyond the circumference of the impeller along its blades. The liquid can be
projected out to the casing only if the casing filled with liquid is displaced out.
The displaced liquid comes to the discharge pipe and thus the flow
continues.
 TYPES OF PUMPS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

• THIS TYPE CONTAINS AN IMPELLER MOUNTED ON A ROTATING SHAFT;

THE ROTATING IMPELLER INCREASES THE WATER’S VELOCITY WHILE
FORCING THE WATER INTO THE CASING, CONVERTING THE WATER’S
VELOCITY INTO HIGHER PRESSURE.
• EACH IMPELLER IS CALLED A STAGE; THE NUMBER OF STAGES
DEPENDS UPON THE PRESSURE NEEDED TO OPERATE THE WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEM, AS WELL AS THE HEIGHT TO WHICH THE WATER MUST
BE RAISED.
• THERE ARE 2 PRINCIPAL TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS: TURBINE
AND SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS

TURBINE PUMP

• Has a vertical turbine located below groundwater level and a driving motor
located higher up, usually over the well casing at grade; a long shaft is thus
required between the motor and the turbine
• This pump is usually used for high-capacity deep wells, up to 450m deep. The
capacity and pressure depend on design, diameter, and number of impellers.
• The pump produces smooth, even flow; the disadvantage is that the pump
 TYPES OF PUMPS
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

• THEY ARE DESIGNED SO THAT THE MOTOR CAN BE SUBMERGED ALONG

WITH THE TURBINE BELOW THE WATER LEVEL.
• SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS CAN LIFT FROM UP TO 300M DEEP. THE PUMP
CAPACITY AND PRESSURE DEPENDS ON DIAMETER, SPEED, AND
NUMBER OF IMPELLERS.
• THE ADVANTAGES TO A SUBMERSIBLE MULTISTAGE PUMP IS THAT THEY
PRODUCE A SMOOTH AND EVEN FLOW.THEY ALSO HAVE A SHORT PUMP
SHAFT TO THE MOTOR.
• THE DISADVANTAGE TO THIS TYPE OF PUMP IS THAT THEY ARE EASILY
DAMAGED BY SAND IN THE WATER, AND REPAIR REQUIRES PULLING THE
PUMP OUT OF THE WELL.

piston pump
• A piston pump is a class of positive displacement pump where the high-pressure
seal reciprocates with the piston. Piston pumps use a piston (also called a
plunger) for moving liquids. The plunger is driven into the cylinder by a wheel or
revolving shaft where it displaces a volume of fluid.
 TYPES OF PUMPS
JET (EJECTOR) PUMP

• EJECTORS, OR JET PUMPS, UTILIZE THE PRESSURE ENERGY OF A

HIGH-PRESSURE FLUID STREAM TO BOOST THE PRESSURE AND/OR
FLOW OF A LOW-PRESSURE SOURCE. THEY CAN OPERATE WITH
EITHER INCOMPRESSIBLE OR COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS AS THE PRIMARY
(DRIVING) AND SECONDARY (DRIVEN) FLOWS.
• The primary fluid is passed through a nozzle where the pressure energy is
converted into kinetic energy. The high-velocity jet entrains the secondary fluid.
The two streams mix in the mixing tube, leading to pressure recovery. Further
static pressure is recovered in a narrow-angle diffuser downstream of the mixing
tube.

sump pump
• A DEVICE THAT MOVES WATER FROM YOUR BASEMENT TO THE
OUTSIDE OF YOUR HOME. A SUMP IS A NATURALLY CONSTRUCTED PIT,
USUALLY A HOLE CARVED BELOW THE MAIN SURFACE OF YOUR
BASEMENT FLOOR. THIS PIT, KNOWN AS A BASIN, HOLDS THE SUMP
PUMP. THE PUMP IS EQUIPPED WITH VALVES THAT SENSE ESCALATING
WATER LEVELS OR PRESSURE. WHEN THE WATER GETS TOO HIGH,
SUMP PUMPS AUTOMATICALLY PUMP EXCESS WATER OUT OF THE
TYPES OF WELLS BASED ON WATER LEVEL
 TYPES OF WELLS BASED ON WATER LEVEL

Water Table Well

• These are wells that are dug up

below the water table and are
not confined in the impermeable
layer.

• These wells can also be hand

dug if the water table is near the
surface

Water Table
The level of groundwater below the surface
 TYPES OF WELLS BASED ON WATER LEVEL

Artesian
wells
• Artesian wells don’t require a pump to draw
water out; instead, their design means that
water naturally rises to the surface.

• In a confined aquifers where porous rocks and

water are trapped, pressures build up.

• Internal pressure pushes the water up the well

without the aid of a pump.
 3 Steps in Constructing Wells

1.While drilling a well, all construction requirements should be

followed.

2.To connect the well to the system, a trench is dug.

3. A well pump is chosen to draw water up from the well, transport it to

a water treatment facility, and then store it in a tank under pressure
until it is needed.
TYPES OF WELLS BASED ON CONSTRUCTION
 TYPES OF WELLS BASED ON CONSTRUCTION

Bored wells (or dug

wells)
These are typically dug with shovels or simple
hand tools they'll only be possible in places with
high water tables and soft ground once a digger
reaches the water table the hole is typically lined
with stone to stabilize it.

This type of well is usually dug with a large

diameter and is shallow
 TYPES OF WELLS BASED ON CONSTRUCTION

Driven
wells
The simplest and least expensive type of well.

Drawbacks:

Driven wells are continually cased, and they are

shallow waters. (between 30 and 50 feet deep).

Despite being cased, driven wells are easily

contaminated since they draw water from aquifers
close to the surface.
 TYPES OF WELLS BASED ON CONSTRUCTION

Jetted wells

These are similar to driven point wells in that a

pipe is forced into the soil and connected
(most often) to a single line jet pump.

This type of well requires a source of water and

pressure pump. it uses the pressure pump to
excavate the area where the well is being
constructed.
 TYPES OF WELLS BASED ON CONSTRUCTION

Drilled wells

Most common type of well we are using

today but its also the most complicated
and expensive to do.

This type of well requires an equipement

of several types. Also can only be dug by
2 options:

Percussion method
or
Rotary method
Rotary Method
The rotary drilling system is primarily designed for
drilling and consolidated formations, offering good
penetration rates and quick cuttings removal. This
system usually consists of a truck mounted drill and
separate support vehicle, which carry supplies
required for the drilling process, such as water in
welding equipment.
DTH drilling
The difference between the down the hole drilling is
that primarily the cutting action and the resulting
cuttings. The down-the-hole hammer uses the rotary
percussion cutting action through the use of a button
bit.
Pneumatic hammer method
This method which combines the percussion and
effect with a rotary drill bit
Percussion drilling

Percussion drilling is the most common and

convenient drilling technique for surface exploration.
A temporary casing of steel is used to prevent the
hole from collapsing. When the permanent well
screen and case are installed, operators remove
the temporary casing, allowing it to deepen the
boreholes

It uses a heavy hammering or a cable with a

serious cutting bit attached to a rope.It is repeatedly
lifted and dropped; thus, the cutting loses the soil,
which gets extracted later by using a bailer.
WELL PUMP
The pumping unit of the system is both
the motor and the pump itself , which
makes it critical to select the proper
motor and what pump to use in various
situation of the construction of the well.

For a wide range of applications, pumps are available in a variety of sizes. They can be categorized as
dynamic or positive displacement pumps based on their fundamental working principle. In theory, any of the
pump designs can handle any liquid.

Cost?

The least effective but typically most affordable pump is the centrifugal one.
Positive displacement pumps have greater maintenance costs but are often more effective than centrifugal
pumps.
 DESIGNERS’S
CONCERNS
Fundamental considerations for both designing and evaluating
water supply systems.
• Most important is to match the quality of water to the task it
will perform
• The quantity of water required and provision for the
recycling of water
• Specify plumbing fixtures that use less water
 PHYSICAL QUALITY OF WATER
• Turbidity
⚬ easy to see and a likely source of dissatisfaction for
consumers
⚬ caused by presence of suspended materials such as clay,
silt, other inorganic material, plankton, or finely divided
organic material
⚬ even those materials that do not adversely affect health are
usually aesthetically objectionable
• Color
⚬ another visible alteration
⚬ caused by dissolved organic matter, as from decaying
vegetation
⚬ some inorganic materials also color water, as do
microorganisms
⚬ usually do not threaten health, but they are often
psychologically objectionable
 PHYSICAL QUALITY OF WATER
• Taste and Odor
⚬ can be caused by organic compounds, inorganic salts, or
dissolved gasses
⚬ can be treated only after a chemical analysis has identified
the source
• Temperature
⚬ people expect drinking water to be cool
⚬ water supplied between 10O and 16OC is preferred
• Foamability
⚬ Caused by concentrations of detergents
⚬ Foam presence may not pose threat, but may indicate that
other more dangerous pollutants associated with domestic
waste are also present
 CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER

• Alkalinity
⚬ caused by bicarbonate, carbonate, or hydroxide
components
⚬ testing for these components is a key to determining which
treatment to use
• Hardness
⚬ caused by calcium and magnesium salts
⚬ Temporary hardness can be removed by heating the water;
permanent hardness cannot be removed by simple heating
⚬ Inhibits the cleaning action of soaps and detergents
⚬ It deposits scale on the inside of hot water pipes and
cooking utensils
 CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER

• pH
⚬ pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free
hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water, as well as its
relative acidity and alkalinity
⚬ a pH of 7 is neutral
• Toxic substances
⚬ occasionally present in water supplies
⚬ knowledge of acceptable concentrations of such substances
are a must (chlorides, copper, iron, manganese, nitrates,
pesticides, sodium, sulfates, zinc)
 HOW DRINKING WATER IS TREATED
Step 1: Screening
• Water passes through a series of screens designed to remove debris such as
twigs, leaves, paper, stones, and other foreign matter.
• Screens are frequently removed for cleaning or are back-washed from high-
pressure pumps to prevent clogging.

Step 2: Pre-sedimentation
• While the water moves slowly through each reservoir, much of the sand and silt
settles to the bottom.
• Treatment lines and basins are shut down periodically during times of minimum
domestic consumption for cleaning.
 HOW DRINKING WATER IS TREATED
Step 3: Coagulation
• A coagulant, aluminum sulfate, is added to the water as it flows to
sedimentation basins.
• Coagulants aid in the removal of suspended particles in the water by causing
them to consolidate and settle.

Step 4: Flocculation
• The water is gently stirred with large paddles to distribute the coagulant.
• This takes approximately 25 minutes.

Step 5: Sedimentation
• The water flows into sedimentation basins where particles settle to the bottom.
• After about 4 hours, roughly 85 percent of the suspended material settles
down.
 HOW DRINKING WATER IS TREATED
Step 6: Filtration
• Water at the top of the basins flow to large gravity filters, traveling through
layers of small pieces of hard coal, sand, and gravel.
• The filters help remove smaller particles from the water.

Step 7: Disinfection
• This may be accomplished by these methods:
⚬ Chlorine is added to kill bacteria and viruses.
⚬ Ammonia also is added.
⚬ The chlorine and ammonia combine to form chloramines compounds.

Step 8: Additives
• Depending on the quality of the water at this point, the following additives may
be injected into the water stream to accomplish the stated benefits:
⚬ Fluoride is added to reduce tooth decay.
⚬ Calcium hydroxide is added to reduce corrosion in the pipes and equipment
of the distribution system.
 WATER STORAGE
An extremely important element in a water distribution system is water
storage.

• System storage facilities are a MUST HAVE to provide adequate

consumer consumption during periods of high demand.
• Required water storage capacity in a distribution system is met by
use of elevated or ground level storage.
⚬ Elevated storage, feeds the water distribution system by gravity
flow. Water pumped into the system is generally in ground level
storage tanks.
 TYPES OF WATER STORAGE
Ground storage
• Types of ground storage tanks or reservoirs are: below ground, partially below
ground, or constructed above ground level in the distribution system.
• is usually located remote from the treatment plant but within the distribution
system.
• is used to reduce treatment plant peak production rates and also as a source of
supply for pumping to a higher pressure level.
• such storage for pumping is common in distribution systems covering a large
area, because the outlying service areas are beyond the range of the primary
pumping facilities.
• may be accompanied by pump stations if not built at elevations. If the terrain
permits, ground tanks at elevation sufficient for gravity flow is preferred.
• Concrete reservoirs are generally built no deeper than 6-7.5 meters (20-25
feet) below ground surface.
Ground Storage or Reservoir
 TYPES OF WATER STORAGE
Elevated storage
• is provided within distribution system that have the lowest system pressures
and flows during periods of peak water demand. Elevating the water tank
creates pressure at the tank outlet of 1 psi per 2.31 feet of elevation.
• Elevated tanks are built on the highest available ground, to achieve static
pressures of 520 kPa (75 psi) in the system, so as to minimize the required
construction cost and heights.
• In general, elevated storage is more effective and economical than ground
storage because of the reduced pumping requirements, and can also be a
source of supply when pumps are out of service.
• The most common types of elevated storage are elevated steel tanks and Standpipe
standpipes.
• A standpipe is a tall cylindrical tank normally constructed of steel or reinforced
concrete.
• They are ground supported, flat bottom, cylindrical tanks with heights greater
than their diameter. Elevated Water
Tank
TYPES OF PIPES
 TYPES OF
Galvanized Steel Pipe PIPES
Galvanized pipe is mainly used for carrying water to supply
home and commercial buildings; it may also serve as scaffolding
frames because of its rust prevention. Galvanized pipe fittings
are used for countless outdoor and industrial applications
because of the material's ability to protect against corrosion and Galvanized Steel Pipe
salt.

Copper Pipe
Copper pipes are commonly used in the construction industry for
residential water supply lines and sometimes for drain and vent
lines. Copper pipes can be manufactured as soft or rigid copper
and they offer excellent corrosion resistance and reliable
Copper Pipe
connections.
 TYPES OF
Plastic Piping / Plastic Pipes PIPES
Plastic pipework is used for the conveyance of drinking water,
waste water, chemicals, heating fluid and cooling fluids,
foodstuffs, ultra-pure liquids, slurries, gases, compressed air,
irrigation, plastic pressure pipe systems, and vacuum system
applications.

Plastic Piping / Plastic Pipes

 TYPES OF
Polyethylene
PIPES
Polyethylene is a member of the important family of polyolefin
resins. It is the most widely used plastic in the world, being
made into products ranging from clear food wrap and shopping
bags to detergent bottles and automobile fuel tanks.
Polyethylene

Polyvinyl Chloride
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC or Vinyl) is a high-strength
thermoplastic material. It is widely used in applications such as
pipes, medical devices, and wire & cable insulation...the list is
endless. It is the world's third-most widely produced synthetic
plastic polymer

Polyvinyl Chloride
 TYPES OF
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
PIPES
CPVC is a high-temperature plastic pressure piping system
introduced for potable plumbing in 1959. It has also been used
extensively in fire sprinkler systems since 1985. This material is
also used for many industrial and process piping applications. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride

Polybutylene
Polybutylene pipes are a type of plastic piping that was once
widely used for potable water supply lines in residential homes
from the late 1970s to the mid-1990s. The pipes are made of a
flexible plastic material that breaks down easily with water
chlorination and can flake chemical residue into the water
supply.
Polybutylene
 TYPES OF
Acrylonitrile Butandene Styrene
PIPES
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, or ABS, is a common
thermoplastic used to make light, rigid, molded products such as
pipe, automotive body parts, wheel covers, enclosures, and
protective head gear.
Acrylonitrile Butandene Styrene
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
uPVC stands for unplasticized polyvinyl chloride and is PVC
without plasticizing (flexibility) agents added. PVC and uPVC is
often used to refer to the same product and most standard PVC
pipe is actually uPVC pipe.

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride

Pipe Fittings
Application
Pipe fittings, also known as pipe
connectors, attach one pipe to another in
order to lengthen the run or change the
flow direction in a plumbing system.
These are used to combine, divert or
reduce the flow of the water supply, and
they come in a variety of sizes to fit the
pipe they will connect.
CATEGORY OF FITTINGS
PIPE FITTINGS BY
MATERIALS
Common materials of construction for pipe fittings include
metals like aluminum, brass, bronze, carbon , stainless
steel, cast iron, titanium, zirconium, rubber and plastic
like EPDM, CPVC, elastomer, nylon, polyethylene (PE),
polypropylene (PP), PTFE or PTFE lined, polyvinyl
chloride (PVC), and other materials like ceramic or
ceramic lined, clay or vitrified clay, concrete, fiberglass
or composite, glass or glass lined etc.
Pipe Fittings
by Types
There are different kinds of pipe fittings
used in piping systems. The main and
most commonly sought are: elbows,
tees, reducers, unions, couplings,
crosses, caps, swage nipples, plugs,
bushings, adapters, outlets, valves &
flanges.
 PIPE FITTINGS BY TYPES
Pipe Adapters
A fitting or adapter is used in pipe systems to connect straight
sections of pipe or tube, adapt to different sizes or shapes, and
for other purposes such as regulating (or measuring) fluid flow.

Compression Fittings Pipe Adapters

Compression fittings are used to create plumbing systems by

connecting lengths of copper or plastic tubing and pipework to
each other or threaded components such as valves.

Compression Fittings
 PIPE FITTINGS BY TYPES
Pipe Plug Fittings
Pipe plugs are cylindrical metal fittings with a taper-threaded
shaft at one end and a drive section at the other. Tapered
threads have a slight cone profile, causing the male and female
threads to compress against each other to form a tight seal.
Pipe Plug Fittings
Pipe Reducer Fittings
A pipe reducer is a pipe fitting that connects a larger pipe to a
smaller pipe. Thus, it reduces the size of the pipe in the pipe
system, from one size to another. Pipe reducers may frequently
be used to connect pipes of different sizes.

Pipe Reducer Fittings

 PIPE FITTINGS BY TYPES
Pipe Union Fittings
A union is a threaded fitting which allows the pipe work to be
separated and reconnected without any horizontal movement in
the pipe. It can be a standalone pipe fitting connecting two
pieces of pipe, or an integral part of another fitting (such as a
Pipe Union Fittings
ball valve) which allows it to be separated.

Pipe Tee Fittings

Pipe tee fitting is a fitting that has a T shape. It has two outlets at
an angle of 90° each and one main connection line. It is a pipe
that has adjacent outlets and used to connect pipes at 90°
angle.

Pipe Tee Fittings

 PIPE FITTINGS BY TYPES
Pipe Wye Fittings
Pipe wyes are used to to allow one pipe to join another pipe at
some degree or angle. As the name suggests, the pipe wyes are
Y-shaped pipe fitting devices. They are a popular type of pipe
fitting used in various industrial applications.

Pipe Wye Fittings

PIPE JOINT TYPES
 PIPE JOINT TYPES
Pipe Joint
Pipe joints are connections at pipe ends that ensure that two
pipe sections can be joined to each other to install a pipeline of
any length. Joints give strength to the pipeline because longer
pipeline sections tend to bend.
Pipe Joint
Caulked Joint
Caulk joints are generally used for filling holes and cracks to
prevent air, water and insects from entering a building. Caulking
is therefore usually done around windows, doors, pipes and
plumbing.

Caulked Joint
 PIPE JOINT TYPES
Compression Gasket Joint
A compression gasket is a ringed device that can be made of
several types of material, in a variety of cross sections, which
serves to secure a tight seal between two pipe sections (e.g.,
“O” rings). Compression gaskets are used to seal a joint
between two mating surfaces.
Compression Gasket Joint

Compression Coupling Joint

A compression gasket is a ringed device that can be made of
several types of material, in a variety of cross sections, which
serves to secure a tight seal between two pipe sections (e.g.,
“O” rings). Compression gaskets are used to seal a joint Compression Coupling Joint
between two mating surfaces.
 PIPE JOINT TYPES
Threaded Joint
Threaded joints are made up of two separable parts which are
used to hold the machine parts together by means of threaded
fastening such as bolt and nut. Hence, they are also called as
sepearble joints.
Threaded Joint
Solvent Cement Joint
Solvent cement is a fast, easy installation process that uses
solvents and CPVC resin to chemically fuse the pipe and fitting
together at the molecular level. In the end, using solvent cement
doesn't just adhere two pieces together–it creates one
continuous piece of thermoplastic.
Solvent Cement Joint
 PIPE JOINT TYPES
Soldered and Brazed Joint
Brazing is a process that joins two or more metal surfaces by
letting molten metal flow into the joint.
Solder joint formation is governed by wetting and spreading
processes of molten solder metal on substrate surfaces.

The only difference between soldering and brazing is the

temperature at which each process takes place. Soldering takes
place at a temperature below 840°F (450°C), and brazing occurs
Soldered and Brazed Joint
at a temperature above 840°F (450°C).
 PIPE JOINT TYPES
Flared Joint
A joint that connects expanded copper pipes to equipment and
devices. Remove the nuts, run through copper pipes, expand
the tip of the tube with a flare ring tool, then clamp to the main
body to tighten.
Flared Joint

Welded Joint
A welding joint is a point or edge where two or more pieces of
metal or plastic are joined together. They are formed by welding
two or more workpieces according to a particular geometry.
There are five types of welded joints : butt, corner, edge, lap,
and tee.

Welded Joint
 PIPE JOINT TYPES
Flanged Joint
A flange joint is a connection of pipes, where the connecting
pieces have flanges by which the parts are bolted together.
Although the word 'flange' generally refers to the actual raised
rim or lip of a fitting, many flanged plumbing fittings are
themselves known as flanges.
Flanged Joint

Heat-Fused Joint
Heat fusion (sometimes called heat welding, butt welding or
simply fusion) is a welding process used to join two different
pieces of a thermoplastic. This process involves heating both
pieces simultaneously and pressing them together. The two
pieces then cool together and form a permanent bond. Heat-Fused Joint
 WATER SERVICE FITTINGS AND DEVICES
Water fittings are an integral part of the internal water supply
system. The reliability of their work under operating conditions largely
influence on the continuity of water supply to the population.
Types of service fittings and devices
• Valves - a type of fitting that allows for regulation, control, and direction of fluids
passing through a pipe.

• Gate Valves - represents a linear-motion isolation valve and has a function to stop or
allow the flow.

• Globe Valves -an instrument used to regulate the flow of fluids in a pipeline, usually
two halves of the body within the globe valve that are separated by an internal baffle.

• Check Valves - a one-way valve, the flow can run freely one way, but if the flow turns,
the valve will close to protect the piping, other valves, pumps etc.

• Lift Check Valves - a valve which prevents the suction line from running empty, e. g.
after the pump has been stopped.
 Types of service fittings and devices
• Swing Check Valve - mounted with a disc that swings on a hinge or shaft. The disc
swings off the seat to allow forward flow and when the flow is stopped, the disc swings
back onto the seat to block reverse flow.

• Angle Valves - has an inlet and an outlet port which are perpendicular to each other. It is
sorted as the manual valves and it is usually used to prevent or control the flow of a
liquid in a pipe and this is the reason for it is sometimes called simply as stop valve.

• Pressure Regulators - a device that prevents high water pressure from damaging your
home's plumbing.

• Relief Valves - used in piping systems that service liquid commodities and are designed
to open proportionally, that is, as pressure from the commodity increases so does the
opening of the valve.
 Types of service fittings and devices

• Fuller Pattern Faucets - A very good type of faucet for low pressure work is quick
closing and closes with the pressure, a rubber packing, effecting the seal.

• Ground Key Cocks - allows the water to be shut off at the inlet to the meter.

• Compression Cocks - A cock with a rubber tube which collapses when pressed by the
end of a screw-plug wound by the key, thus preventing the flow of the liquid.

• Non-Compression Cocks - won't add to your electricity bill because they rely on
gravity and water weight to provide pressure.

• Self-Closing Faucets - designed to automatically shut off the flow of water after a pre-
set time,
Thank you For Listening

[Group # 1]
• ABELEDA, STEPHEN LUKE
• ACURANTES, HAZEL LOUISE
• AGRAVANTE, AYESA KRISHNA
• ALEJANDRO, CARMINA ISABEL
• ANDRADA, PRISCILLA MAE
• ARCIAGA, VINCE DANIELLE
• ARQUIZA, ARTEM