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    I. Logarithmic Functions

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    mohammed ali
    This document discusses logarithmic functions. It covers: 1) The definition and basic properties of logarithmic functions including the logarithmic and exponential forms being inverses. 2) Common (base 10) and natural (base e) logarithms. 3) Properties of logarithms including the product, quotient, power, one-to-one, and logarithm-of-each-side properties. 4) The graph of a logarithmic function f(x) = loga x has a domain of (0, ∞), range of (-∞, ∞), x-intercept of (1, 0), and is asymptotic to the y-axis. It is increasing if

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    I. Logarithmic Functions

    Uploaded by

    mohammed ali
    39 views3 pages
    This document discusses logarithmic functions. It covers: 1) The definition and basic properties of logarithmic functions including the logarithmic and exponential forms being inverses. 2) Common (base 10) and natural (base e) logarithms. 3) Properties of logarithms including the product, quotient, power, one-to-one, and logarithm-of-each-side properties. 4) The graph of a logarithmic function f(x) = loga x has a domain of (0, ∞), range of (-∞, ∞), x-intercept of (1, 0), and is asymptotic to the y-axis. It is increasing if

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    Logarithmic functions explanation

    Original Title

    Sec4.3

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    This document discusses logarithmic functions. It covers: 1) The definition and basic properties of logarithmic functions including the logarithmic and exponential forms being inverses. 2) Common (base 10) and natural (base e) logarithms. 3) Properties of logarithms including the product, quotient, power, one-to-one, and logarithm-of-each-side properties. 4) The graph of a logarithmic function f(x) = loga x has a domain of (0, ∞), range of (-∞, ∞), x-intercept of (1, 0), and is asymptotic to the y-axis. It is increasing if

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    39 views3 pages

    I. Logarithmic Functions

    Uploaded by

    mohammed ali
    This document discusses logarithmic functions. It covers: 1) The definition and basic properties of logarithmic functions including the logarithmic and exponential forms being inverses. 2) Common (base 10) and natural (base e) logarithms. 3) Properties of logarithms including the product, quotient, power, one-to-one, and logarithm-of-each-side properties. 4) The graph of a logarithmic function f(x) = loga x has a domain of (0, ∞), range of (-∞, ∞), x-intercept of (1, 0), and is asymptotic to the y-axis. It is increasing if

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    4.3: Logarithmic Functions Abujiya M.R.

    4.3: LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

    Objective: In this Section, you will become familiar with logarithmic functions. You will learn how to quickly
    sketch and recognize their graphs.

    I. Logarithmic Functions

    A function of the form f ( x ) = log a x , where a > 0 , a 1 , and x > 0 is called a logarithmic function
    with base a.

    Basic Logarithmic Properties


    (a) log a 1 = 0 (b) log a a = 1 (c) log a a x = x (d) a log a x = x

    Composition of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions


    Since f ( x ) = log a x and g ( x ) = a x are inverses of each other, this implies that
    ( g D f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) = a loga x = x and ( f D g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) = log a a x = x .

    Logarithmic form Exponential form


    Equivalent Forms
    y = log a x if and only if x = ay .
    For example, the exponential form of log 2 8 = 3 is 23 = 8 and the logarithmic form of
    (1 2 )
    4
    = 16 is log1 2 16 = 4 .

    16 3
    Example 1: Solve each equation: (a) log x = 2 (b) log16 x = (c) log 36 6 = x
    9 4
    3
    16 1000
    Example 2: Evaluate each logarithm: (a) log 0.5 8 (b) log 4 (c) log 0.3
    4 27
    Example 3: Let f ( x ) = log a x such that f ( 2 ) = 3 . Find the value of f ( 4 )

    II. Common and Natural Logarithms


    The common logarithmic function is defined by f ( x ) = log10 x or simply f ( x ) = log x .

    The natural logarithmic function is defined by f ( x ) = log e x or simply f ( x ) = ln x .

    III. Properties of Logarithms

    For x > 0, y > 0, a > 0, a 1 , and any real number r then

    1
    4.3: Logarithmic Functions Abujiya M.R.

    1. Product property log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y


    x
    2. Quotient property log a = log a x log a y
    y
    3. Power property log a x r = r log a x

    4. One-to-one property log a x = log a y x = y

    5. Logarithm-of-each-side property x = y log a x = log a y

    Example 4: If f ( x ) = e x e x then find the value of f ( 2 ln 3)

    Example 5: If log b 2 = 0.5 and log b 3 = 0.8 , evaluate log b 72

    Example 6: If ln 2 = x and ln10 = y , then write ln16000 + ln 5 in terms x and y.


    2 a 3b 2 e y
    Example 7: Expand each logarithm (a) log 5 (b) ln (c) log 3 x 2 y
    c4 z3
    Example 8: Write each expression as a single logarithm with a coefficient of 1.

    (b) 1 + ln ( x 2 y 2 ) ln ( x y )
    1
    (a) log8 z 2 log8 ( x + 5 ) 3log8 y
    2

    IV. Graphs of Logarithmic Functions


    For a > 0, a 1, the logarithmic function f ( x ) = log a x have the following geometric properties:

    1. f has the set of positive real numbers as its domain. i.e. ( 0, )


    2. f has the set of real numbers as its range. i.e. ( , )

    3. f has a graph with an x intercept of (1, 0)

    4. f has a graph with no y intercept.

    5. f is a one-to-one function.

    6. f has a graph asymptotic to the y axis. i.e. y axis is Vertical Asymptote


    a) If a > 1, as x 0, f ( x ) .
    b) If 0 < a < 1, as x 0, f ( x) .
    7. f is an increasing function if a > 1 and f is a decreasing function if 0 < a < 1.

    2
    4.3: Logarithmic Functions Abujiya M.R.

    Domain of Logarithmic Functions: The domain of y = log a g ( x ) is the set of all x for which
    g ( x) > 0 .

    Example 9: Find the domain of each of the following functions.


    x2
    (a) f ( x ) = log 6 ( 4 x 2 ) (b) g ( x ) = log 2 x + 5 (c) h ( x ) = ln
    3 x

    Example 10: Use the translations to graph each of the following logarithmic function. Also, find the
    domain, range, x intercept, y intercept and the asymptote(s), if any.

    (a) f ( x ) = log 1 ( 2 x ) (b) g ( x ) = log 5 ( x + 2 ) (c) h ( x ) = ln ( x + 3) 1


    2 2

    Example 11: Find the equation for the given graphs. Assume each is a logarithmic function f .

    (a) (b) (c)

    Example 12: For x > 0, y > 0 , determine which statement is TRUE or FALSE. (Checking Concepts)

    (a) log a ( x y ) = log a x log a y (b) log a ( xy ) = log a x log a y

    (c) log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y (d) log a x log a y = log a x + log a y

    x log a x log a x
    (e) log a = (f) = log a x log a y
    y log a y log a y

    (g) log a x n = n log a x ( log a x ) = n log a x


    n
    (h)

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