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Pharma Science Monitor 6(2), Apr-Jun 2015

PHARMA SCIENCE MONITOR

AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Journal home page: http://www.pharmasm.com

VARIOUS EXTRACTION METHOD AND STANDARDIZATION PARAMETER OF

AMLA AND DURVA
Prashant L. Kapure*, Kalpesh P. Makade, Mahesh D. Sanap, Sanket J. Gandhi, R.A. Ahirrao,
S.P. Pawar
P.S.G.V.P.Ms College of Pharmacy Shahada Dist Nandurbar

ABSTRACT
The different extraction method such as, maceration, percolation and soxhlet apparatus was
studies on Amla and Durva plants respectivelyand the extractive value or both plants Amla &
Durva was found to be 29.5%, 35.15% & 42.85& respectively & 20.45%, 31.85% & 58.05%
respectively.From the result. it was conclude that Soxhlet. apparatus shows better extractive
value of capable for other method.
KEYWORDS: Extraction, Maceration, Percolation, Soxhlet apparatus.

INTRODUCTION
1) Amla
Synonym:-
Common Name : Indian Gooseberry
Hindi Name : Amla
Sanskrit Name : Amalaki, Dhatri
Biological Source: It consist of dried as well as fresh fruit of plant known as Emblica officinalis
Gaertn. family eupharbiaceae

fig.1 Amla Fruit

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Chemical Constituents:-
Amla is highly nutritious and is an importantdietary source of Vitamin C, minerals and
aminoacids. The edible fruit tissue contains proteinconcentration 3-fold and ascorbic acid
concentration. The fruit also contains considerably higher concentration of most minerals and
amino acids.
The pulpy portion of fruit, dried and freed fromthe nuts contains: gallic acid 1.32%, tannin,
gum13.75%; albumin 13.08%; crude cellulose17.08%; mineral matter 4.12% andmoisture3.83%.
Amla fruit ash contains chromium, 2.5ppm; zinc 4 ppm; and copper, 3 ppm.4
2)Durva
Synonyms:
Durva grass, Bermuda grass, Dog's Tooth grass, Bahama grass, Devil's grass,
English Name : Bermuda grass, Bahama grass.
Hindi : Doob
Sanskrit : Durva
Biological source: It consist of dried fibrous roots of Cynodon Dactylon linn
Family: PoaceaeCynodon N. 4,6

fig.2 of Durva Leaves

Chemical composition of Doob Grass
It contains essential oil triticin 12.4%. The other chemical constituents are glycosides, saponins,
tannins, flavonoids and carbohydrates. It also contains agropyrene, arunodin, furfural, furfural
alcohol, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy benzoic acid, phytol, -sitosterol-D-glucoside, stigmasterol
acetate, phago -stimulant phytone (6,10-14-trimethyl pentadecane-2-one).
Part Used-Whole plant and its root stalk is used for medicinal purpose.
Traditional uses

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Cynodon dactylon is used as a folk remedy for diarrhea, bronchitis, anasarca, calculus,
dropsy, hemorrhage, urogenital disorders, cough, headache, sores, cancer, carbuncles,
convulsions, cramps, cystitis, dysentery, epilepsy, hemorrhoids, leucoderma,
hypertension, hysteria, asthma, tumors, measles, rubella, snakebite, stones, tumors,
warts, wounds, eye disorders weak vision and Dandruff.
It is also useful against pains, inflammations, toothache and grippe in children.
The expressed juice of plant act as astringent and is applied to bleeding cuts and wounds
to stop bleeding .
The paste made of the plant mixed with honey is used in epitaxis.4

DEFINATION OF EXTRACTION,
Extraction, as the term is used pharmaceutically, involves the separation of medicinally
active portions of plant or animal tissues from the inactive or inert components by using selective
solvents in standard extraction procedures. The products so obtained from plants are relatively
impure liquids, semisolids or powders intended only for oral or external use.5,2
1) Maceration
In this process, the whole or coarsely powdered crude drug is placed in a stopperedcontainer with
the solvent and allowed to stand at room temperature for a period of at least 3days with frequent
agitation until the soluble matter has dissolved. The mixture then is strained,the marc (the damp
solid material) is pressed, and the combined liquids are clarified by filtrationor decantation after
standing.5,2

Fig. 3 Maceration Process

1.1)General ProcedurePlant Material

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1. Crushed or cut small or Moderately coarse powder

2. Placed in a closed vesselsWhole of the selected solvent
3. (Menstruum) addedAllowed to stand for seven days shaking occasionallyLiquid strained
off Solid residue (mark) pressed (Recover as much asoccluded solution) (Strained and
expressedliquids mixed) Clarified by subsidenceor filtration Evaporation and
Concentration.
2. Percolation
Process
Organized vegetable drug in a suitably powdered form.
Uniform moistening of the powdered vegetable drugs with menstruum for a period of
4hours in a separable vessel (Imbibition). Packed evenly into the percolator.
A piece of filter paper is placed on surface followed by a layer of cleansand so that top
layers of drugs are not disturbed.
Sufficient menstruum is poured over the drug slowly and evenly tosaturate it, keeping the
tap at bottom open for passing of occluded gasto pass out.
Sufficient menstruum is also added to maintain a small layer above thedrug and allowed
to stand for 24 hours.
After maceration, the outlet is opened and solvent is percolated at a controlrate with
continuous addition of fresh volume.75% of the volume of the finished product is
collected.
Marc is pressed and expressed liquid is added to the percolate giving 80%to 90% of the
final volume.
Volume is adjusted with calculated quantities of fresh menstruum. Evaporation and
concentration to get finished products by applying suitable techniques and apparatus.
3) Soxhlet Apparatus
Hot Continuous Extraction
In this method, the finely ground crude drug is placed in a porous bag or thimble madeof
strong filter paper, which is placed in chamber E of the Soxhlet apparatus .Theextracting solvent
in flask A is heated, and its vapors condense in condenser D. The condensedextractant drips into
the thimble containing the crude drug, and extracts it by contact. When thelevel of liquid in
chamber E rises to the top of siphon tube C, the liquid contents of chamber Esiphon into fl ask A.
This process is continuous and is carried out until a drop of solvent from thesiphon tube does not
leave residue when evaporated. The advantage of this method, compared topreviously described

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methods, is that large amounts of drug can be extracted with a muchsmaller quantity of solvent.
This effects tremendous economy in terms of time, energy andconsequently financial inputs. At
small scale, it is employed as a batch process only, but itbecomes much more economical and
viable when converted into a continuous extractionprocedure on medium or large scale.3,2

Fig. 4 Soxhlet Apparatus

4) Infusion
Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the crude drug for a short period of time with cold or
boiling water. These are dilute solutions of the readily soluble constituents of crude drugs.
5) Ultrasound Extraction (Sonication)
The procedure involves the use of ultrasound with frequencies ranging from 20 kHz to2000 kHz;
this increases the permeability of cell walls and produces cavitation. Although theprocess is
useful in some cases, like extraction of rauwolfia root, its large-scale application islimited due to
the higher costs. One disadvantage of the procedure is the occasional but knowndeleterious effect
of ultrasound energy (more than 20 kHz) on the active constituents of medicinal plants through
formation of free radicals and consequently undesirable changes in thedrug molecules.
6) Digestion
This is a form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the process of extraction. It is
used when moderately elevated temperature is not objectionable. The solvent efficiency of the
menstruum is thereby increased.
7) Decoction

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In this process, the crude drug is boiled in a specified volume of water for a defined time; it is
then cooled and strained or filtered. This procedure is suitable for extracting water-soluble,
heatstable constituents. This process is typically used in preparation of Ayurvedic extracts called
quath or kawath. The starting ratio of crude drug to water is fixed, e.g. 1:4 or 1:16; the
volume is then brought down to one-fourth its original volume by boiling during the extraction
procedure. Then, the concentrated extract is filtered and used as such or processed further.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Emblica officinalis (amla)
Collection of plant material
The leaves of Emblica officinalis were collected from the pharmacy garden of constitute of
Pharmacy, shahada Dist.- nandurbar, India in january 2015, cleaned and dried at room
temperature in shade and away from direct sunlight. The plant authenticated by Dr. S.K. Tayde,
HOD, Dept. of Botany, P.S.G.V.P. Mandal's Arts, commerce, science, college, shahada, by
comparing morphological features.
Preparation of extract
The leaves of Emblica officinalis were collected and dried in the shade and then pulverized in a
grinder. The powdered drug was utilized for extraction. Material was passed through 120 meshes
to remove fine powders and coarse powder was used for extraction. A method was used for
extraction of powdered material . Extraction was done by using distilled water solvent.
Preliminary phytochemical screening
Phytochemical screening was carried out according to standard methods. Extracts shows the
presence of , glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, , tannins, Inorganic constituents
present in selected plant Emblica officinalis are calcium, magnesium, chloride, iron & sulphur.
Chemical test of various extracts of Emblica officinalis has confirmed the presence of Secondary
metabolites like: alkaloids, glycosides, saponins.tannins & flavonoids as the colour of spots &
their Rf value of standard21 matches to that of sample (Khandelwal 2005).
Calculation
Weight of given drug powder(amla) = 20 gm
Quantity of solvent is taken(water) = 500 ml
Weight of empty beaker = 110.35 gm
Weight of beaker and extract obtaine = 116.25 gm
Weight of extract obtaine =5.9 gm
Percentage of extractive value =

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20 gm of drug=gives 5.9gm of extract

100gm of drug=gives x gm of extract
100*5.9/20=
=29.5 %
Procedure for Soxhelt Apparatus2,6
A Emblica officinalis drug is usually placed in a thimble made of filter paper and
inserted into the wide central tube of the extractor.
Alternatively the drug, after imbibitions with the menstruum may be packed into the
extractor taking care to see that the bottom outlet for the extract is not blocked.
700ml water as Solvent is placed in the flask and brought to its boiling point.
Its vapour passes up the larger right hand tube into the upper part of the drug and then to
the condenser where it condenses and drops back on to the drug.
When the level of the extracts reaches the top level of syphon tube,the whole of the
percolates syphon over into the flask.
The process is continued until the drug is completely extracted and the extract in the flask
is then processed.
Calculation
Weight of given drug powder(amla) = 20 gm
Quantity of solvent is taken(water) = 700 ml
Weight of empty beaker = 75.15 gm
Weight of beaker and extract obtaine = 83.72gm
Weight of extract obtaine = gm
Percentage of extractive value
20 gm of drug=gives 8.57gm of extract
100gm of drug=gives x gm of extract=
100*8.57 /20 = 42.85%
Cynodon dactylon (durva)
Collection of plant material
The leaves plant of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. were collected from the pharmacy garden of
constitute of Pharmacy, shahada Dist.- nandurbar, India in january 2015, cleaned and dried at
room temperature in shade and away from direct sunlight. The plant authenticated by Dr. S.K.
Tayde, HOD, Dept. of Botany. P.S,G.V.P. Mandal's Arts, commerce, and science, College
Shahada, by comparing morphological features.

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Preparation of extract
The leaves plant of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. were collected and dried in the shade and then
pulverized in a grinder. The powdered drug was utilized for extraction. Material was passed
through 120 meshes to remove fine powders and coarse powder was used for extraction. A
method was used for extraction of powdered material .Extraction was done by using distilled
water solvent.
Procedure for maceration
Placed the solid material of custard of Cynodon dactylon leaves with the whole of the menstrum
(500 ml water) in a closed vessel and allow standing for 7 days, shaking occasionally ,and
strained, pressing the marc and mixing the liquid obtained. clarify by the filtration. 7 days are
considered to be an adequate period of time to bring about equilibrium between solute & solvent.
Closed vessel is preferred to avoid undue loss of solvent due to evaporation and contamination.
Calculation
Weight of given drug powder(amla) = 20 gm
Quantity of solvent is taken(water) = 500 ml
Weight of empty beaker = 54.32 gm
Weight of beaker and extract obtaine = 58.41 gm
Weight of extract obtaine = 4.09 gm
Percentage of extractive value =
20 gm of drug=gives 4.09gm of extract
100gm of drug=gives x gm of extract
100*4.09/20= 20.45 %
Procedure for percolation
Moisten the of Cynodon dactylon leaves with 500ml qty of menstrum (water), allow to stand for
4 hrs in a welled closed vessel, packed in a percolator, and add sufficient of water to saturate the
material. When the liquid commences to drop from the percolator ,closed the outlet, add
sufficient amt of the water to leave a layer above the drug &allowed it to stand for 24 hr. allow
percolation to proceed slowly until the percolate measure about 3 quarters of the volume required
for the finish tincture. pressed the marc, mixed the expressed liquid with the percolate, &
sufficient of water to the required volume. clarified by filtration.
Calculation
Weight of given drug powder (amla) = 20 gm
Quantity of solvent is taken(water) = 500 ml

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Weight of empty beaker = 55.74 gm

Weight of beaker and extract obtain = 62.11gm
Weight of extract obtain = 6.37gm
Percentage of extractive value =
20 gm of drug=gives 6.37 gm of extract
100gm of drug=gives x gm of extract
100*6.37/20= 31.85 %
Procedure for soxhelt apparatus
ACynodon dactylondrug is usually placed in a thimble made of filter paper and inserted into the
wide central tube of the extractor.
Alternatively the drug, after imbibitions with the menstruum may be packed into the
extractor taking care to see that the bottom outlet for the extract is not blocked.
700ml water as Solvent is placed in the flask and brought to its boiling point.
Its vapour passes up the larger right hand tube into the upper part of the drug and then to
the condenser where it condenses and drops back on to the drug.
During its percolation, it extracts the soluble constituents.
When the level of the extracts reaches the top level of syphon tube, the whole of the
percolates syphon over into the flask.
The process is continued until the drug is completely extracted and the extract in the flask
is then processed.
This extraction is series of short maceration.
Calculation
Weight of given drug powder amla) = 20 gm
Quantity of solvent is taken(water) = 750 ml
Weight of empty beaker = 110.23 gm
Weight of beaker and extract obtain = 121.84gm
Weight of extract obtain = 11.61gm
Percentage of extractive value
20 gm of drug=gives 11.61gm of extract
100gm of drug=gives x gm of extract
100*11.61/20= 58.05%
Sr.no. Drug Method of extraction Extractive value

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1 Amla Maceration 29.5 %

2 Amla Percolation 35.15 %
3 Amla Soxhelt apparatus 42.85%
4 Durva Maceration 20.45 %
5 Durva Percolation 31.85 %
6 Durva Soxhelt apparatus 58.05%
Table: 1 Extractive values of Amla and Durva plants
RESULT
A)The extraction of amla was perform by maceration, percolation and soxhelt apparatus and
there extractive value as follows:
1. The extractive value of given sample amla was found to be 29.5 % by maceration
process.
2. The extractive value of given sample amla was found to be 35.15% by percolation
process.
3. The extractive value of given sample amla was found to be 42.85% by soxhelt apparatus.

B) The extraction of durva was perform by maceration, percolation and soxhelt apparatus and
there extractive value as follows:
1. The extractive value of given sample durva was found to be20.45% by maceration
process.
2. The extractive value of given sample durva was found to be31.85 % by percolation
process.
3. The extractive value of given sample durva was found to be58.05 % by soxhelt apparatus.
DISCUSSION
The different extracts of the plant were subjected to the preliminary tests showed the presence of
various constituents like Carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, phenols and alkaloids .The present
finding reveals that Emblica officinalis fruits efficiently inhibits alphaglycosidase enzyme in
vitro. The water macerated extract showed high inhibition and the range of inhibition ranges
from 61.66-23.26%. Emblica officinalis can also be attributed due to the presence of vitamin c on
alpha-glycosidase inhibitory activity.
The different extracts of the plant were subjected to the preliminary tests showed the presence of
various constituents like Carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, phenols and alkaloids .. The water

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macerated extract showed high inhibition and the range of inhibition ranges from 52.16 - 56.29
%.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of result we conclude that, The different methods of extraction was perform
on herbal plants (Amla and Durva) and from which, soxhelt apparatus is a better method of
extraction than other methods like maceration and percolation.
The aqueous extract of Amla can be investigated by chemical test, the extract contain
phyto constituents such as alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids.
The aqueous extract of Durva contain Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins.
In future, there are some. pharmacological & Isolation can also be done on both plants.
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For Correspondence
Prashant L. Kapure
Email: msanap01@gmail.com

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