NORTHERNI

NDI
AENGI
NEERI
NGCOLLEGE
NEW DELHI

POWERPLANTENGI
NEERI
NG
Papercode:
ETME-405
Sessi
on:
Aug-Dec2017

Submi
tt
edBy
: Submi
tt
edTo:
Hi
teshbhakuni Mr
.Neer
ajKumar
00515603614. Headofdepar
tment
MAE
F-
7
 I
ntr
oduct
ion

Athermalpower st ationi
s a power st ati
on
in whi ch heat ener gyis conv erted
toel
ectricpower .Inmostoft hepl acesi nthewor l
dt het
ur bi
ne i
ssteam- dri
ven.
Wat er is heat ed,t urns i nto steam and spi ns a steam t urbinewhi ch drives
anelectr
ical gener ator. Af ter it passes t hrough t he t urbine, t he st eam
i
scondensed i
na condenser
andr ecycledtowher eitwasheat ed;thisi sknownas
aRankinecy cle.Thegr eatestv ari
ati
oni nthedesignoft her mal powerst ationsisdue
tot he differentheatsour ces;
fossi
lf uel
dominatesher e,although nucl earheat
energyandsol arheatener gyar ealsoused.Somepr efertouset het er menergy
center because such f acili
ti
es conv er
tf orms of
heatenergy
into el ectri
cal
[
1]
energy .
Certaint hermalpowerst ati
onsal soar edesignedt opr oduceheatener gy
forindust r
ialpur poses,or distr
ictheating,or
desalinationofwat er,inaddi t
iont o
gener at
ingelect r
ical power .

Topv
iewofat
her
mal
powerpl
ant
Ty
pesoft
her
malpowerpl
ant

Al
mostal
l,Coal,pet
rol
eum,
nucl
ear
,
geot
her
mal
,
sol
art
her
malel
ect
ri
c,and
wast
e
i
nci
ner
ati
onplantsaret
hermal
Aswel
lasmanynat
ural
gaspowerst
ati
onsar
ether
mal
.

Nat uralgas i
sf requentl
ycombustedi
ngast urbines
aswel las boi
lers.The waste
heatfr
om agast ur
bine,intheform ofhotexhaustgas,canbeusedt oraisest eam,
bypassi ngt hisgast hroughaHeatRecov erySt eam Generator(HRSG)t hest eam is
thenusedt odr iveast eam tur
bineina combi nedcy cl
epl
antt hatimpr ovesov eral
l
effi
ciency.Powerst at
ionsburningcoal,
fueloil
, ornatur
algasar eof t
encal ledf
ossil
-
fuelpowerst ations.Some bi
omass- f
ueledt hermalpowerst ationshav eappear ed
also.Non- nuclearthermalpowerst ati
ons,par ti
cularl
yfossil
-fueledplants,whi chdo
notuse co-generati
onaresomet i
mesr efer
redt oasconventi
onalpowerst ations.
Commer cial
electricutili
ty
powerst ationsar eusual l
yconst r
uct edonal argescal e
anddesi gnedf orcont inuousoper at i
on.Vi r
tual l
yal lEl
ectricpowerst ati
onsuse t
hree-
phaseelectri
calgener atorsto produceal ter natingcur rent( AC)el ect r
icpowerat
afr
equency of50 Hzor60 Hz.Lar gecompani esori nstituti
onsmayhav et heirown
powerst ationst osuppl yheat i
ngorel ect r
icitytot heirfacil
iti
es, especiall
yifst eam is
createdany wayf orotherpur poses.St eam- drivenpowerst ationshav ebeenusedt o
drivemostshi psinmostoft he20t hcent uryunt i
lrecently.Steam powerst ati
onsar e
nowonl yusedi nl argenucl earnavalshi ps.Shi pboar dpowerst ationsusual lydirectly
couplethet urbinet otheshi p'spropel l
er sthr oughgear boxes.Powerst at
ionsi nsuch
shipsalsopr ovidest eam t osmal l
ert urbinesdr ivi
ngel ectri
cgener atorst osuppl y
electr
ici
ty.
Nucl earmar inepr opulsionis,wi thf ew except ions,usedonl yi nnav al
vessels.Ther ehav ebeenmany
turbo- electricshipsinwhi chast eam- dri
vent urbine
drivesanel ectri
cgener atorwhi chpower san elect r
icmot orf
or
propulsion.
Combined heatand power( CH&P)faci
l
iti
es,of
ten cal
l
edcogener
ati
on
plant
s,
pr
oducebothelectr
icpowerandheatf
orprocessheatorspaceheati
ng,suchas
st
eam andhotwater.
Coalbasedpl
ant
s:-Thesepl
ant
susecoal
ast
hef
uel
.Powder
edcoal
isbur
ntt
oheat
l
argeboil
ersf
orgener
ati
onofst
eam.
Petr
oleum basedpl
ant
s:-Thesepl
ant
sbur
nfuell
i
kepet
rolordi
eself
orgener
ati
on
ofel
ectri
cit
y.
Nucl
earenergyt
hermalplants:-Insuchpl
ant
sener
gygener
ated f
rom nucl
ear
pr
ocessesi
susedforst
eam gener
ati
on.
Wor
kingoft
her
malpowerpl
ant

Wor kingoft hermalpowerst ati

on
isver
ysi mple.A
powergener at
ionplantmai
nly
consistsof
alt
ernatorr
unswi thhelpofsteam turbi
ne.Thesteam isobtainedfrom
hi
ghpr essureboilers.GenerallyinI
ndi
a,bituminouscoal,br
owncoalandpeatar e
usedasf uelof
boiler.Thebituminouscoalisusedasboi l
erfuelhasvolati
lematter
fr
om 8t o33%andashcont ent5t o16%.Toi ncr
easethether
malef f
ici
ency,thecoal
i
susedi ntheboilerinpowderf or
m.
In
coalt hermalpowerpl ant,thest eam ispr oducedi nhi ghpr essurei nthest
eam
boiler
duetobur ningoff uel(pulverizedcoal )inboilerf ur naces.Thi ssteam isfurt
her
supperheat edi nasuperheat er.Thissupperheat edst eam t henent ersintothe
turbineandr otat est het urbineblades.Thet urbinei smechani call
ysocoupl edwith
alt
er nat
orthati t
sr otorwi l
lrotatewi thther otati
onoft ur binebl ades.Af terenteri
ngin
turbinethest eam pr essur esuddenl yfal
lsandcor respondi ngv olumeoft hesteam
i
ncr eases.Afteri mpar t
ingener gyt othet urbiner otort hest eam passesoutoft he
turbinebladesi ntot hecondenser .Inthecondensert hecol dwat eriscircul
atedwith
thehel pofpumpwhi chcondensest hel ow pr essur ewetst eam.Thi scondensed
wat erisfurt
hersuppl iedt olowpr essurewat erheaterwher et hel owpr essuresteam
i
ncr easesthet emper atureoft hisf eedwat er,iti
sagai nheat edi nhi ghpressure.
Forbet terunder standingwef urnishev eryst epoff unct ionofat her malpower
stationasfoll
ows,

1.Firstthepul veri
zedcoal i
sbur nti ntot hefur naceofst eam boi ler.
2.Highpr essurest eam ispr oducedi nt heboi ler.
3.Thi ssteam i st henpassedt hrought hesuperheat er ,wher eitfurtherheated
up.
4.Thi ssupperheat edst eam ist henent eredi ntoat urbineathi ghspeed.
5.Int urbinethisst eam f orcerot atest het urbi nebl adest hatmeansher einthe
turbinet hest oredpot ent i
alener gyoft hehi ghpr essur edsteam i sconv ert
ed
i
nt omechani cal energy .
6.Afterr otati
ngt het ur
bi neblades, thest eam hasl osti tshighpr essure,passes
outoft urbi
nebl adesandent ersi ntoacondenser .
7.Int he condensert he col d wat eri sci rcul ated wi th help ofpump whi ch
condensest hel owpr essur ewetst eam.
8.Thi scondensedwat eri st henf urthersuppl iedt ol ow pr essurewat erheater
wher et helowpr essurest eam i ncr easest het emper at ureofthisfeedwat er
, i
t
i
st henagai nheat edi nahi ghpr essur eheat erwher et hehi ghpr essureof
steam i susedf orheat i
ng.
9.Thet ur bi
neint hermal powerst at ionact sasapr imemov eroft healternator
.
Ov
erv
iewofTher
mal
PowerPl
ant

At
ypi
cal
Ther
mal
PowerSt
ati
onOper
atesonaCy
clewhi
chi
sshownbel
ow.

Theworkingflui
diswaterandst
eam.Thisi
scall
edfeedwaterandst
eam cy
cle.The
i
deal Ther modynami
c Cy cl
e to which the oper
ati
on of aTher
mal Power
Stat
ion
closel
yresembl
esisthe
RANKI
NECYCLE.I nst
eam boi
ler
,
A
Ranki
necy
cle
wit
hat
wo-
stage
steam t
urbi
ne
andasi
ngl
efeedwat
erheat
er.

Thewat eri sheatedupbybur ningt hef uelinai rint hef urnace&t hefuncti
on
oftheboi l
eristogi v
edrysuper -
heatedst eam atr equiredt emper ature.
Thest eam sopr oducedisusedi ndrivi
ngt hest eam Tur bines.
Thist ur bine is coupled tosynchronous gener ator(usuallyt hree phase
synchronousal t
ernator
),whichgener atesel ectricalenergy .
The exhaustst eam from the turbine isal lowed t o condense i nto wat
er
i
nsteam condenseroft urbi
ne,whichcr eat essuct i
onatv erylowpr essureand
al
lowst heexpansi onofthesteam int het urbinet oav eryl owpr essure.

Thepr
inci
pleadv
ant
agesofcondensi
ngoper
ati
onar
e:

Thei ncreasedamountofenergyextract
edperkgofsteam andtherebyincreasi
ng
eff
iciencyandthecondensat
ewhi chisfedi
ntotheboi
l
eragainreducestheamount
offreshf eedwater
.
Thecondensat ealongwithsomef reshmakeupf eedwaterisagainfedi ntothe
boi
lerbypump( cal
ledt
heboi
lerfeedpump).

Incondensert hest eam iscondensedbycool i

ngwat er.Cooli
ngwat errecycl
es
throughcoolingt ower.Thisconst i
tut
escool i
ngwat erci r
cuit
.Theambi entairis
all
owedt oenterint heboil
erafterdustfi
ltr
ati
on.Al sothef l
uegascomesoutoft he
boilerandexhaust edint
oat mospherethroughst acks.Theseconst i
tut
eairandf l
ue
gasci r
cui
t.Thef l
owofai randalsothestati
cpr essureinsidethesteam boi
l
er(call
ed
draught)ismai ntainedbyt wof anscal l
edForcedDr aught(FD)f
anandInduced
Draught(ID)
fan.

tot
alschemeofat
ypi
calt
her
malpowerst
ati
onal
ongwi
thdi
ff
erentci
rcui
tsi
s
i
l
lust
rat
edbel
ow:
Insidetheboi l
ertherear evar i
ousheatexchangers,vi
z .
Economiser,

Evaporator
(not
shown i nt he fig abov e,iti s basi
call
yt he watert ubes,i.
e.downcomerr iser
circuit
),
SuperHeat er
(somet imesReheat
er,
airpr
eheaterar
ealsopresent
).
InEconomi serthef eedwat erisheatedtoconsi der
abl eamountbyt heremai ning
heatoff luegas.
TheBoi lerDrum act uall
ymai ntai
nsaheadf ornaturalcir
culat
ionoftwophase
mi xtur
e( st
eam +wat er)throught hewatertubes.
Ther eisal soSuperHeat erwhi chalsotakesheatf r
om f l
uegasandr aisest he
temper atureofsteam asperr equir
ement.

FLOW CHARTofCOALTOELECTRI
CITY
Basicstepsinthegenerat
ionofel
ect
ri
cit
yfr
om coali
ncoal
basedthermalpowerpl
ant

Coalt
osteam
St
eam tomechanical
power
Mechani
calpowertoelect
ri
cal
power
Coalt
oSt
eam
Coalf rom thecoalwagonsi sunloadedi nt hecoalhandl i
ngpl ant.ThisCoali s
transpor tedupt other aw coalbunker swi ththehel pofbel tconv eyors.Coali s
transpor tedtoBowlmi l
lsbyCoalFeeder s.Thecoali spulverizedint heBowlMi l
l
,
wher ei tisgr oundt opowderf orm.Themi llconsist
sofar oundmet all
ictableon
whi chcoalpar ti
clesfall.Thistableisrotatedwi t
hthehel pofamot or.Therear e
threel argest eelrol
lers,whicharespaced120apar t.Whent her eisnocoal ,these
roll
ersdonotr otatebutwhent hecoali sfedt ot hetableitpackupbet weenr oll
er
andt het ableandt hisforcesther oll
erstor otate.Coaliscr ushedbyt hecr ushing
actionbet weent herol
lersandt herotati
ngt able.Thiscrushedcoali st akenawayt o
thef urnacet hroughcoal pipeswiththehelpofhotandcol dairmi xt
urefrom P. AFan.
P.
A.Fantakesat
mosphericai
r,apartofwhi
chissenttoAir-
Preheat
ersforheat
ing
whi
leapartgoesdir
ectl
ytothemi l
lfort
emper
atur
econt r
ol.Atmospheri
cairfr
om
F.
D.Fani
sheatedintheai
rheater
sandsentt
othefurnaceascombustionair
.

Wat erfr
om theboil
erfeedpumppassest hrougheconomizerandr eachestheboil
er
drum.Wat erfrom t
hedr um passesthroughdowncomer sandgoest ot
hebottom
ri
ngheader .Waterfr
om thebottom r
ingheaderi sdiv
idedtoallthefoursidesofthe
furnace.Duet oheatanddensi tydi
fference,thewat err
isesupi nt hewaterwall
tubes.Waterispart
lyconver
tedtosteam asi tr
isesupinthefurnace.
Thisst
eam andwatermi
xtur
eisagai
ntakent
otheboi
l
erdr
um wher
ethest
eam i
s
separ
atedf
rom wat
er.

Waterfol
lows the same path whi
let he steam i s sentt o superheat
ersf or
super
heat
ing.Thesuperheat
ersarelocatedinsidethef urnaceandt hest eam is
super
heat
ed(540C)andf i
nal
lyi
tgoestotheturbine.

Fl
uegasesf r
om thef ur
naceareextractedbyi nduceddr aftf
an,whichmai nt
ains
bal
ancedraf
tinthefurnace(-
5to10mm ofwcl )withforceddraf
tfan.Theseflue
gasesemitt
heirheatenergytovar
ioussuperheat ersinthepenthouseandf i
nall
y
passthr
oughair-
preheater
sandgoest oelect
rostati
cpr eci
pit
ator
swher etheash
parti
clesareext
racted.El
ectr
ostati
cPrecipi
tatorconsistsofmetalpl
ates,whi
chare
el
ectri
call
ycharged.Ashpar t
icl
esar eattr
actedont ot heseplat
es,sothattheydo
notpass t hr
ough the chimneyt o pol
lutet he at
mospher e.Regularmechanical
hammerbl ows cause the accumulati
on ofash t of alltothe bottom ofthe
preci
pitat
orwheretheyarecoll
ectedinahopperf ordisposal.

St
eam t
oMechani
calPower

Fr
om t
heboi
l
er,
ast
eam pi
peconv
eysst
eam t
othet
urbi
net
hroughast
opv
alv
e
(Whi chcanbeusedt oshut -
offt
hesteam incaseofemer gency)andt hroughcontrol
valvest hatautomatical
lyregul
atethesupplyofsteam t
ot heturbi
ne.St opvalveand
contr olval
vesar elocatedinast eam chestandagov ernor,driv
enf r
om themai n
turbineshaf t
,operatest hecontrolval
vestor egul
atetheamountofst eam used.
(Thisdependsupont hespeedoft heturbi
neandt heamountofel ectr
ici
tyrequi
red
from t hegenerat
or)
.

Steam f rom t hecontrolv alvesent er

st hehighpr essurecy li
nderoft het urbine,
wher eitpassest hr
oughar i
ngofst ati
onarybladesfixedtot hecy l
i
nderwal l
.These
actasnozzl esanddi rectthest eam intoasecondr ingofmov i
ngbladesmount ed
onadi scsecur edtothet urbineshaf t
.Thesecondr ingturnst heshaftsasar esul t
oft hef orceofst eam.Thest at
ionaryandmov ingbladest ogetherconst i
tutea
stageoft urbineandi npr acti
cemanyst agesar enecessar y
,sot hatthecy l
inder
containsa numberofr i
ngsofst at
ionar
ybl adeswi t
hr ingsofmov ing blades
arrangedbet weent hem.Thest eam passest hr
ougheachst ageint urnunt ilit
reachest heendoft hehi gh-pressurecy l
i
nderandinitspassagesomeofi tsh

Mechani
calPowert
oEl
ect
ri
calPower

Asthebl adesofturbi
ner otate,t
heshaftofthegener
ator
,whichiscoupl
edtothat
oftheturbine,al
sorotates.Itresul
tsinrot
ati
onofthecoilofthegener
ator
,which
causesinducedelectr
ici
tytobepr oduced.
Var
iouscomponent
sandauxi
li
arysy
stemsofat
her
malpower
pl
ant

1.



WAGONTIPPLER:
I
tisthemachi
newhi chisusedt oti
pthecoalf
rom t
hewagon.Thecoalt
ippedi
s
di
rect
lyf
eedt
oconv
ey or
bel
t.I
tscapaci
tyi
s12wagonperhour
.

2.



CRUSHER:

I
t
crushes
thecoal
int
osmal
lpi
eces.

3.



COALMILLS:
I
nitsmallpi
ecesofcoal
areconv
ert
edi
ntopul
ver
izedf
rom.Theyar
e6i
nnumber
.

4.



FURNACE:

I
tist
hechamberi
nwhi
chf
uel
bur
ns&f
ir
ebl
ows.

5.



BOILERDRUM:

I
tcontai
nswat
erf
orboi
l
ing.

6.



ELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATOR:
I
nthiswehav eel
ect
rodeswhichattr
actf
lyashand
ext
ract
i
tfr
om f
luegasessot
hat
i
tcannotenterat
mosphere.

7.



CHIMENY:

I
tisusedt
orel
easef
luegasesi
ntot
heat
mospher
e.

8.


TURBINE:
Turbineisthepartwhichrevolvesduetosteam pr
essur
e.I
tisoft
hreet
ypes.
a)




Highpressureturbi
ne.
b)




Int
ermediatepressuretur
bine.
c)




Lowpressureturbine.

9.



TURBOGENERATOR:
I
tisthemai nmachinewhi
chpr oduces250MW el ect
ri
cit
y.Iti
s(H2O)wat
erand
H2
(Hydrogen)gascool
edt
heref
oreitiscont
ainedi
ncyli
ndr
ical
chamber.
10.


CONDENSER:
I
tcondensessteam comingfrom low pr
essur
et ur
bine(L.
P.T.
)tohotwater.By
removingai
randothernon-
condensabl
egasesfrom steam whi
lepassi
ngt
hrough
them.

11.


COOLINGWATER(
C.W.)PUMP:

Thi
spumpsendwaterf
rom cool
i
ngt
owert
ocondenser
.

12.


COOLI NGTOWER:
I
tisusedtocoal t
hewat erit
sheightisnearabout143.5mtrs.Thehotwat eri
sledto
thetowertopandf all
sdownt hroughthetowerandi sbrokeni nt
osmal lpart
icl
es
whil
epassingov erthebaf fi
ngdev i
ces.Air
ent
ersthetowerf rom thebottom and
fl
ow upwar ds.The airv apori
zes a smallpercent
age ofwat er
,t her
eby
cooli
ng
water
fal
l
s down i ntot ank bel ow the tower fr
om wher ei tis pumped t o
the
condenser
andcycl
ei srepeated.

13.


RAW WATERPUMPHOUSE:

I
tsuppl
i
esrawwat
ert
otheboi
l
er.

14.


CLARI
FIERPUMPHOUSE:
Thewat erf
rom raw isclearatcl
ari
fi
erbyput
ti
ngal
um i
nit&f
il
ter
ingi
t&t
hen
suppli
edtot
hecondenser
.

15.

CONDENSATEEXTRACTI ONPUMP:
C.E.P.pumpisusedt oext
ract
thecondensewaterf
rom t
hehotwellandsuppl
yto
thedeaerat
orafterpassingthr
oughL. P.heat
er&Economi
zer
,sothathighpr
essur
e
steam int
hecyl
indercanbecr eated.

16.


LOW PRESSUREHEATER:
I
tisusedt oincreaset
hetemper
atur
eofwat
er,i
nthi
swayef
fi
ciencyofsy
stem
i
ncreases.

17.


DEAREATER:
I
tisusedtor emoveairfr
om wat
erwhichi
sentrappedinthewatermol
ecul
es.I
tis
ver
yimportantpar
tbecauset
heentr
appedai
ref
fectairdr
um badl
y.

18.


BOI
LERFEEDPUM ( B.
F.P.)
:
I
tistheheav
iestdr
ivei
ntheplant&suppl
ywat
ert
oboi
l
erdr
um f
rom dear
ator
.
19.


HIGHPRESSUREHEATER( H.
P.):
I
nthistemper
atur
eofwat
erincr
eases.Thusef
fi
ciencyf
urt
heri
ncr
eases.

20.


ECONOMI SER:
Int
hisfluegasesexchangeheattothewat ert
oi ncreasesystem
effi
ciency,causes
sav
inginfuelconsumpti
on(5to10%) .Economizert ubesaremadeupofst eeleit
her
smoothorcoveredwithfi
nstoincr
easetheheattr ansfersur
facearea.

Tr
ansf
ormer
s

TheTr ansformeristhemostconv enient&economi caldevicef

ortr
ansferofpower
fr
om one
voltaget oanothervolt
ageatt hesamef r
equency.Itworksonthepr
inci
pleof
electromagnet i
cinduction.Therei shar dl
yanyi nstal
l
ationwit
houtat ransf
ormer
.
Duet othis
equi pmenti thasbeenpossi bletotransmitbulkpowert oloadcenter
sfrom farof
f
power
housesandt ovar
iousmachiner i
esandswi tchgearsofthepowerpl
ant.

Tr
ansf
ormer
sar
eoft
wot
ypes:
-

STEP-UPTRANSFORMER
Whichstep-
upt
hevol
tageatsecondar
ysi
decal
l
edst
epupt
ransf
ormer
.

STEP-DOWNTRANSFORMER
Whichstep-
downt
hev
olt
ageatsecondar
ysi
dear
ecal
l
edst
ep-
downt
ransf
ormer
.

Mai
npart
sofpowert ransf
ormer
s
Primarywi nding
Secondar ywi nding
Oiltank
Draincoke
Conserv ator
Breather
Tubesf orcool i
ng
Transformeroi l
Earthpoi nt
Explosionv ent
Temper aturegauge
Buchhol zrelay
 Pri
marytermi
nal
s
Secondar
yter
minal
s

Auxi
li
arysy
stems

Boi
lermake-
upwat
ert
reat
mentpl
antandst
orage
Since t her e i s cont i
nuous wi thdrawal of st eam and cont inuous r eturn
ofcondensat e t
ot heboiler,lossesduet o bl
owdown andl eakageshav et obemade
upt omai ntainadesi redwat erlevelintheboi l
erst eam dr um.Fort his,continuous
make- upwat eri saddedt ot heboi lerwat ersy stem.I mpur i
ti
esi nt herawwat eri nput
to t he pl ant gener all
y consi st of calcium andmagnesi umsalts whi ch
i
mpar t
hardness tot hewat er.Har dnessi nt hemake- upwat ertot heboi lerwillfor m
deposi t
sont het ubewat ersur faceswhi chwi lll
eadt oov erheat i
ngandf ailur
eoft he
tubes.Thus,t hesal tshav et ober emov edf rom t hewat er,andt hati sdonebya
wat erdemi ner ali
singt r
eat mentpl ant( DM) .ADM pl antgener al l
yconsi stsofcat ion,
anion,andmi xedbedexchanger s.Anyi onsi nt hef i
nalwat erf rom thispr ocess
consistessent i
allyofhy drogeni onsandhy droxidei ons,whi chr ecombi net of or m
pur ewat er.Ver ypur eDM wat erbecomeshi ghlycor rosiveoncei tabsor bsoxy gen
from theat mospher ebecauseofi tsveryhi ghaf finit
yf oroxy gen.
Thecapaci t
yoft heDM pl antisdictat
edbyt hetypeandquant i
tyofsal t
sintheraw
waterinput.Howev er
,somest orageisessent ialast heDM pl antmaybedownf or
maintenance.Forthispur pose,ast oragetanki sinstall
edf rom whi chDM wat eris
conti
nuouslywi t
hdrawnf orboilermake- up.Thest oraget ankf orDM wat eri
smade
from material
snotaffectedbycor r
osivewat er,suchas PVC.Thepi pingandv alves
aregener al
lyofst ai
nlessst eel.Somet imes,ast eam bl anketingar rangementor
stai
nlesssteeldoughnutf l
oatispr ovi
dedont opoft hewat eri nthet anktoav oid
contactwi t
hai r
.DM wat ermake- upi sgener al
lyaddedatt hest eam spaceof
the
surfacecondenser(i
.e.,t
hev acuum side).Thisar r
angementnotonl yspray
st he
waterbutalsoDM wat erget sdeaerated, wi
ththedi ssolvedgasesbei ngr emovedby
ade-aeratorthr
oughanej ect
orattachedt othecondenser .
Fuelpr
epar
ati
onsy
stem

Incoal-f
ir
edpowerst ati
ons,ther aw f
eedcoalf r
om thecoalst or
agear
eaisfirst
crushedintosmallpi
ecesandt henconv ey
edt othecoalfeedhoppersatt
heboil
ers.
Thecoalisnext
pulver
ized
int
oav er
yfinepowder .Thepulver
izer
smaybebal
lmil
ls,
rotat
ingdrumgr
inder
s,orothertypesofgrinder
s.
Somepowerstati
onsbur n
fueloi
l
rat
herthancoal.Theoi lmustkeptwarm( above
i
ts
pourpoi
nt)inthefueloilstor
agetankst opreventtheoilfr
om congeal
ingand
becomi
ng unpumpable.Theoi lisusuallyheated to about100
C befor
ebei ng
pumpedthr
oughthefurnacefueloi
lspraynozzl
es.
Boil
ersi
nsomepowerst ati
onsusepr
ocessednatur
algas
ast hei
rmainf
uel.Other
powerstat
ionsmayusepr ocessednatur
algasasauxi
li
aryf
uelintheev
entthatthei
r
mainfuelsuppl
y(coaloroil
)isint
err
upted.I
nsuchcases,separat
egasburnersare
provi
dedontheboil
erfur
naces.

Bar
ri
nggear
Bar r
inggear (
or" turni
nggear "
)ist hemechani sm provi
dedt orotatet het ur
bine
gener atorshaftatav erylow speedaf t
erunitstoppages.Oncetheuni tis"tri
pped"
(i
.e.,thest eam inletv al
vei sclosed),theturbi
necoast sdownt owardsst andstil
l
.
Wheni tstopscompl etel
y,therei
sat endencyfortheturbi
neshafttodeflectorbend
i
fal lowedt or emai ninoneposi t
iontool ong.Thisisbecausetheheati nsi
det he
turbinecasingt endst oconcent r
ateinthetophalfofthecasing,makingthet ophalf
portionoft heshaf thot t
ert hanthebottom half
.Theshaf tther
eforecoul dwarpor
bendbymi l
li
onthsofi nches.
Thissmal lshaftdef
lect
ion,onl
ydetect
abl
ebyeccent r
ici
tymeter
s,wouldbeenough
tocausedamagi ngv i
brat
ionstotheenti
resteam t
urbinegener
atorunitwhenitis
restar
ted.Theshaf ti stheref
oreautomati
call
yturned atlow speed (aboutone
percentratedspeed)byt hebarri
nggearunti
lithascooledsuffi
cient
lytopermita
compl et
est op.

Oi
lsy
stem
Anauxi l
iaryoilsyst
em pumpi susedt osuppl yoi
latthest ar
t-upofthesteam tur
bine
generator.Itsuppli
est hehy
drauli
coilsystem requi
redf orsteam tur
bine'
smai ninl
et
steam stopv alve,t
hegov er
ningcontrolvalves,t
hebear ingandsealoilsystems,the
rel
evanthy drauli
crelaysandothermechani sms.Apr esetspeedoft heturbi
nedur i
ng
start
-ups,apumpdr iv
enbyt heturbi
nemai nshaftt akesov ert
hef uncti
onsoft he
auxil
iarysystem.

Gener
atorcool
ing
Whi l
esmal lgenerat
orsmaybecool edbyairdr awnt hroughf i
lt
er sattheinlet,lar
ger
unitsgenerall
yrequir
especialcooli
ngar r
angement s.
Hy drogengascooling,inanoi l
-
sealedcasing,isusedbecausei thasthehi ghestknown heattransf
ercoeff i
cient
of
any gas and f oritsl ow
viscosi
ty
which reduces windagel
osses.Thi s sy st
em
requiresspecialhandli
ngdur ingstar
t-up,withairint hegener atorenclosuref ir
st
displaced by
carbon dioxi
debefor
ef i
lli
ng with hydrogen.Thi s ensur
es t hatt he
highlyf
lammablehy
drogendoesnotmi xwit
hoxygenint heair.
The hy dr ogen pr essure i nsi
de the casi
ng i s maint
ained sli
ghtl
y higher
thanat
mospher ic pressuret
o avoi
d out
side ai
ringr
ess.The hydrogen mustbe
sealed agai nstout wardl eakage wher
et he shaftemerges fr
om t he casi
ng.
Mechani calsealsar oundt heshaftarei
nstal
ledwithaverysmallannulargapt o
av
oidrubbi
ngbetweentheshaftandt
heseal
s.Sealoi
lisusedt
opr
eventt
he
hy
drogengasl
eakaget
oatmospher
e.
Thegeneratoral
souseswat ercooli
ng.Si
ncethegenerat
orcoilsareatapot ent
ialof
about22kV,aninsul
ati
ngbar r
iersuchasTeflonisusedt ointer
connectthewat er
l
ine and t he gener
ator high-v
olt
age windings. Deminer
ali
zed wat er of low
conduct
ivit
yisused.

Gener
atorhi
gh-
vol
tagesy
stem
Thegener atorvol t
agef ormoder nutil
i
ty-connectedgener atorsrangesf r
om 11kV i
n
small
eruni tsto30kV inlargeruni
ts.Thegener atorhigh-voltageleadsar enor mally
l
argealumi nium channel sbecauseoft heirhi
ghcur r
entascompar edt othecabl es
usedinsmal l
ermachi nes.Theyareencl osedinwel l
-groundedal umi nium busduct s
and aresuppor ted on sui t
ableinsul
at or
s.Thegener at
orhi gh-voltagel eadsar e
connected t o st ep-upt
ransfor
mer s
for connecting t o a hi gh-v olt
ageelectr
ical
substat
ion(usuallyinther angeof115kVt o765kV)f orfurthertransmi ssi
onbyt he
l
ocalpowergr i
d.
Thenecessary
protect
ion
andmet eringdev i
cesareincl
udedforthehigh-
vol
tage
l
eads.Thus,t
hest eam tur
binegeneratorandthet
ransf
ormerfor
m oneunit
.Small
er
unit
smayshar eacommongener atorstep-upt
ransf
ormerwithindi
vi
dualci
rcui
t
breaker
stoconnectthegenerator
stoacommonbus.

Moni
tor
ingandal
arm sy
stem
Mostoft hepowerst at
ionoper
ationalcont
rol
sareautomati
c.However,atti
mes,
manualinter
venti
onmayber equir
ed.Thus,thepl
anti
sprovi
dedwi t
hmonitorsand
al
arm systemsthatal
ertthepl
antoperator
swhencert
ainoperat
ingpar
amet er
sare
ser
iousl
ydev i
ati
ngfr
om thei
rnormalrange.

Bat
ter
y-suppl
iedemer
gencyl
ight
ingandcommuni
cat
ion
A centralbat
t er
ysy stem consi
sti
ngof l
eadacidcel l
unit
sispr ovidedtosupply
emer gencyelectr
icpower ,whenneeded,t o essent i
alit
emssuchast hepower
stati
on'scont
rolsy st
ems,communicationsystems, gener
atorhydrogensealsy
stem,
turbi
nelubeoilpumps, andemergencyl i
ghti
ng.Thisisessenti
alforasafe,damage-
freeshutdownoft heunit
sinanemer gencysituat
ion.

Ci
rcul
ati
ngwat
ersy
stem
Todissi
patethether
malloadofmainturbi
neexhauststeam,condensat
efrom gland
steam condenser,and condensat
efrom Low Pr essure Heat
erby providing a
conti
nuous suppl
yofcool ing wat
ertot he mai
n condensert her
ebyleading to
condensat
ion.
Ef
fi
ciencyofTher
mal
PowerSt
ati
onorPl
ant

Overal
leff
ici
encyofsteam powerplanti
sdefinedastherat
ioofheatequiv
alentof
el
ectri
caloutputtothe heatofcombust ion ofcoal.The overal
leff
ici
encyof
at
hermalpowerstati
onorplantv
ariesf
rom20%t
o26%anditdependsuponplant
capaci
ty.
Eff
ici
encyofThermal
:30%

Wind: 40%
Nuclear:35%
PetrolEngi
ne:20%
DieselEngi
ne:25%
Now,
letscheckhowt heeff
ici
encyoft
heuni
tiscal
cul
ated

Uni
tEffi
ciency=(Boi
lerEf
fi
ciency
)X(
Tur
bineEf
fi
ciency
)X(
Gener
atorEf
fi
ciency
)X
(Cy
cleEff
iciency
)

I
ngener
alwehav
e,

Boi
l
erEf
fi
ciency=8090%

Tur
bineEf
fi
ci
ency=9092%

Gener
atorEf
fi
ciency=9899%

Cy
cleEf
fi
ciency=4555%

Fi
nal
Par
tis,

Sub-
Cri
ti
cal
:3538%

Super
cri
ti
cal
:upt
o42%

Ul
tr
aSuper
cri
ti
cal
:4548%
 Ther
malPowerPl
antLocat
ion

At hermalpowerst ation ort hermalpowerpl anthas ul t

imatet argett o make
busi nesspr of i
t.Hencef oroptimi zi
ngt hepr ofi
t,thel ocat
ionofthest ati
oni smuch
i
mpor tantf actor.
Powergener at i
onpl antl
ocationpl aysanopt imizingpar tint he
economyoft hestat ion.
Themosteconomi cal,l ocationofpowerpl antcanbedet erminedbygr aphical
met hodasdescr i
bedbel ow,
Themosteconomi calandi dealpowerpl antlocat ionisthecenterofgr avityoft he
l
oad because f or such a power gener at
ionplant the length of t hepower
transmi ssionnetwor kwi l
lbe mi nimum,t hus the capi t
alcostt ot he sy stem i s
reduced.
Letsexpl ainthegr aphi cal method, say,XandYbet wor ef
erenceaxes.
LetsQ1( x1,y1),Q2(x2,y 2),Q3(x3,y 3)
,Q4(x4,y4)
,. andQn( xn,yn)are
nnumber sofl oadcent ers.From t heabov egraphweget ,thecoor dinatesoft he
cent erofgr av i
tyoft hel oad,Q(x, y)wher e

Obviousl
ythel
ocati
onoft
hermalpowerstat
ionisbestatt
hecent erofgravi
tyofthe
l
oad,butmanyt i
mesiti
snotpossibl
etoestabl
ishathermalpowerpl antattheCG
oftheload.Si
ncenormal
l
yCGpoi ntoftheloadmaybeatt heheartofthecity
.So
ot
herpointsar
etobeconsider
edtodeci
dethebestoptimizedlocati
onofthepower
pl
ant
.

1. The elect ri
cpowergener ationpl ant mustbeconst r
uctedatsuchapl ace
wher et hecostofl andisquitereasonabl e.
2. Thel andshoul dbesucht hatt heacqui si
ti
onofpr i
vatepr opertymustbe
minimum.
3. Al argequant i
tyofcoolingwat erisrequiredf orthecondenser set cof
thermal
powergener ationpl ant,hencet hepl antshoul dpreferablysituatedbesidebi g
sourceofnat uralwatersourcesuchasbi gr i
v er.
4. Avai l
abi li
tyofhugeamountoff uelatr easonablecosti soneoft hemaj or
cri
teri
onf orchoosi ngplantlocat i
on.
5. Thepl antshoul dbeestablishedonpl anel and.
6. Thesoi lshoul dbesucht hati tshoul dpr ovi
degoodandf irmf oundationof
pl
antandbui ldings.
7. The ther malpowerpl ant
locat ionshoul dnotbev erynear ertodensel ocalit
y
asther ear esmoke, noisesteam, waterv aporset c.
8. Ther emustbeampl escopeofdev el
opmentoff uturedemand.
9. Place f orash handl i
ng pl antf ort her
malpowerst ati
on shoul d also be
avail
abl ev erynearby .
10. Ver yt allchimneyofpowerst ationshoul dnotobst ructthetraffi
csofairships.

Sel
ect
ionofgeogr
aphi
call
ocat
ionf
orapl
antsi
te

Selecting apr opersit

ef orat hermalpowerpl antisv i
talforit
sl ong ter
m
effi
ciencyandal otmanyf act
orscomei nt
opl aywhendeci dingwheretoi nst
all
theplant .Ofcourseitmaynotbepossibletogetev eryt
hingwhichi
sdesi r
ableat
asi nglepl acebutst i
llthelocati
on should contai
n an optimum mi xoft he
requirement sfortheset
ti
ngst obefeasibl
eforlongt erm economi
cjustif
icati
on
ofthepl ant.

TheRequi
rement
sfort
heSi
te

Ast henamei mpl i

est hepowerpl antismeantf orgener ati
ng powerwhi ch
obviousl
ymeanst hatitwil
lconsumehugequant it
iesoff uel.Theexactquant it
y
woulddependont hesizeoftheplantandi tscapaci t
ybuti tisagener alfactt
hat
ampl equanti
ti
esoff uelmustbeav ail
abl
eei therint hev i
cinit
yori tshouldbe
reasonablyeconomi caltotransportt hefuelt i
llthepowerpl ant.Si ncemost
thermalpowerpl antsusecoal( t
heycanuseot herf uel
saswel l
)i tmustbe
ensuredthatsuffi
cientcoali
sav ai
lableroundt heclock.Justt ogi v
ey ouar ough
i
deaapowerpl antwi t
h1000MW capaci t
yappr oxi
mat elywoul dr equiremor e
thantenthousandt onsofcoalperdayhencet henecessi tyforcontinuoussuppl y
andst or
agecapabi l
it
yofcoalinthepowerst ation.
Ashifthemainbyproductofcombust
ionandsi
ncetheamountofcoalusedis
huge,y
oucanintui
ti
velyimagi
netheamountofashgener
atedanditi
scert
ainl
y
i
nt heregi
onoft
housandt onsperday
.Ashismuchmor edif
fi
cul
ttohandleas
comparedtocoalsi
ncei
tcomesouthotfrom t
heboil
erandi
sv erycor
rosi
vei
n
nat
ure.Disposi
ngofsuchhugequanti
ti
esofashr equi
resalargeamountof
emptyspacewherei
tcanbesaf
elydumped.
Theremustbeampl espacef orthest or
ageofcoal ,di
sposalofash,buildingof
the powerpl ant,resi
denti
alcolony ofwor kers,markets and so forth.An
approximateanalysi
ssuggeststhatforev er
yMW ofpowergener at
edther emust
beatl east3acresoflandav ai
l
ablef orthepurpose.Hencethepowerpl antsite
needst ohavegoodamountofl andandt hi
slandshouldhav egoodbear i
ng
capacityinor
dertosurvivethestaticanddy namicloadsduri
ngtheoper ationof
theplant.

Ther
malpoweri
nIndi
a

Tot
ali
nst
all
edt
her
mal
capaci
tyi
nIndi
aasofj
une,
2016(I
nMW)
SECTOR COAL GAS DI
E0SEL SUB-
TOTAL
OFTHERMAL
CENTRE 7,
490.
83 0.
00 61,
825.
83
54,
335.
00

STATE 64,
685.
50 363.
93
7,
257.
95 72,
307.
38

PRI
VATE 73,
142.
38 473.
70 84,
196.
68
10,
580.
60

ALLI
NDI
A 192,
168.
88 25,
329.
38 837.
63 218,
329.
88

PERCENTAGE 60.
13 7.
95 0.
26 68.
31
Li
stofTher
malPowerPl
ant
s/St
ati
onsi
nIndi
a

St
ate/
UT NameofTher
malPowerPl
ant
/St
ati
on

Andhr
aPr
adesh Si
mhadr
iSuperTher
mal
PowerPl
ant

BarauniThermalPowerSt
ation
KahalgaonSuperThermalPowerSt at
ion
Bi
har
Muz aff
arpurTher
malPowerPl ant

Bhi
lai
Expansi
onPowerPlant
Kor
baSuperThermalPowerPlant

Chhat
ti
sgar
h
Si
patTher
mal PowerPl
ant
DrShyamaPrakashMukharj
eeThermal
PowerPl
ant

BadarpurTher
malPowerPlant

Del
hi I
ndraprasht
aPowerStat
ion
Raj
ghatPowerStat
ion

GandhinagarTher malPowerSt ati

on
Jhanor-GandharThermal PowerSt at
ion
KawasTher mal PowerSt ati
on
KutchLignit
eTher malPowerSt ati
on
Mundr aThermal PowerPl ant

Guj
arat
Sabarmat i
Thermal PowerSt at
ion
SikkaThermal PowerSt ati
on
SuratLigni
teThermal PowerSt at
ion
UkaiThermal PowerSt ati
on
Wanakbor iThermalPowerSt ati
on

BokaroThermal
PowerStati
on
Jhar
khand Chandrapur
aThermalPowerSt
ati
on
Patr
atuThermalPowerSt
ati
on

Bel
lar
yThermal PowerStat
ion
Kar
nat
aka Rai
churSuperThermalPowerStat
ion
UdupiTher
mal PowerPlant

Amar kant
akTher malPowerStati
on
SanjayGandhi ThermalPowerStati
on
Madhy
aPr
adesh SantSingaji
Ther malPowerPlant
SatpuraThermal PowerStat
ion
VindhyachalSuperThermalPowerSt at
ion
 Amr avatiThermal PowerPlant
Bhusawal ThermalPowerSt at
ion
Chandr apurSuperThermal PowerPl ant

Khaper khedaTher malPowerSt at
ion
Mahar
asht
ra Koradi Thermal PowerStat
ion
Nashi kTher malPowerStati
on
ParasTher mal PowerStati
on
Parl
i Thermal PowerStati
on
Ti
roraTher malPowerPlant

I
BThermal PowerPl
ant

Odi
sha Hir
akudCaptiv
ePowerPlant

Tal
cherSuperTher
malPowerSt
ati
on

AntaTher malPowerStat
ion
Barsi
ngsarLigni
tPowerPl ant

ChhabraThermal PowerPlant
Raj
ast
han Gir
alLignit
eThermalPowerSt ati
on
Raj
westLi gni
tePowerPlant
Surat
garhSuperThermal PowerSt at
ion
VSLignitePowerPlant

EnnoreTher
mal PowerStati
on
MetturTher
alPowerStati
on
Tami
lNadu Neyveli
ThermalPowerStati
on
Nort
hChennai ThermalPowerStat
ion
Tuti
cori
nThermal PowerSt
ation

Anpar aThermal PowerSt ation

AuraiyaThermal PowerSt ati
on
FerozGandhi UnchaharTher mal PowerPlant

Harduaganj Ther malPowerSt at
ion
NationalCapital Ther
mal PowerPl ant

ObraTher mal PowerSt ation
Ut
tarPr
adesh
Panki Thermal PowerSt at i
on
ParicchaThermal PowerSt ati
on
RihandTher mal PowerSt ation
RosaTher mal PowerSt at ion
Singrauli
SuperTher malPowerSt ati
on
TandaTher mal PowerPl ant

BakreswarThermalPowerStati
on
BandelThermalPowerStati
on
DurgapurThermalPowerPlant
WestBengal DurgapurThermalPowerStati
on
FarakkaSuperThermalPowerStati
on
KolaghatTher
mal PowerStat
ion
MejiaThermalPowerStati
on
 Sagardi
ghiThermalPowerStati
on
Santal
dihThermalPowerStati
on

Env
ironment
ali
mpactoft
her
mal
powerpl
ant
s

Powergener at
ingunitsar emegapr oj
ect,whichrequirenotonlyhugecapi t
al
i
nv estmentbutalsov ari
ousnat ur
alresourcesli
ke,fossi
lfuelsandwat er,t
hus
createanimmeasur able&ev erl
asti
ngimpact sontheenv i
ronmentandgener ate
tr
emendousst ressi nt helocaleco-system inspit
eofst ri
ngentgovernment
normst ocontrolandmi t
igatethedamagest otheenv ir
onmentbyt hepower
pl
ant s.
Duet ocontinuous&longl astingemi ssi
onofSOx&NOx,whi charethepri
nci pal
poll
utantscoalbasedpl ant s,surr
oundingst r
uctures,buil
dings,monument sof
hist
oricimpor t
ance& met all
icstructur
est ooar eaf f
ectedv erybadlyduet o
corrosi
ve( Acidrai
n)reactions.Wel lknownexampl eoft hisisthev i
cti
mi zed
TajmahalofAgr awhichisbei ngdeteri
orat
edduet ot hesetoxicgases.Iti
sal so
wortht onotethatver
yhi ghamountofcar bondi oxide(CO2)emi ssi
on( 0.
9-0.95
kg/kwh)f r
om t her
malpowerpl antscontribut
et o globalwar mingleadi
ngt o
cl
imat echange.

I
mpactonwat
er
Ashponddecantcont ai
nsharmfulheavymet al
sl i
keB,As,Hgwhi chhav ea
tendencytoleachoutoveraper i
odoft i
me.Duet ot hi
st hegroundwat erget
s
poll
uted and becomes unsui
tabl
ef ordomestic use.AtRamagundam STPS
l
eakageoft heashponddecantswasnot i
cedint
oasmal lnaturalchannel
.Thisi
s
harmfultothefi
sheri
esandotheraquat
icbiot
ainthewat erbody.
Bi
ologi
cal&t
her
mali
mpact
Theef fectonbi
ologicalenvi
ronmentcanbedividedi
ntot
woparts,
viz.t
heeffect
onfloraandtheeffectonf auna.Ef
fectonflor
aisduetotwomainreasons,l
and
acquisi
tionandduet of l
uegasemi ssi
ons.Landacqui
sit
ionl
eadst olossof
habi
tatofmanyspeci es.
Thewast e-waterbeingathighertemperat
ure(by4- 5oC)whendi schargedcan
harmt helocalaquaticbiot
a.Theprimaryeff
ect softhermalpolluti
onaredirect
thermalshocks,changesindissol
vedoxygen,andt her
edistri
buti
onoforganisms
i
nt helocalcommuni ty
.Becausewatercanabsor bther
mal energywithonlysmall
changes int emperature,mostaquat i
c organisms hav e developed enzyme
systemst hatoperat
ei nonl
ynar r
owrangesoft emperature.Thesestenothermic
organi
smscanbeki l
ledbysuddent emperatur echanges214W.K.Pokal e:
 Ef
fectsofTher
malPowerPlanton.thatarebeyondthetol
erancel
imit
soft hei
r
metabol
icsyst
ems.Peri
odi
cheatt r
eatmentsusedt okeept hecooli
ngsystem
cl
earoffoul
i
ngorgani
smsthatcl
ogthei nt
akepipescancausefishmort
ali
ty.

ThermalPowerPl antaff
ect
senv ir
onment alsegment soft hesur roundi
ngregion
verybadly.LargeamountofSOx,NOx&SPM ar egener at edwhi chdamaget he
envir
onmentandar ehighl
yr esponsibl
ef ordeteriorat
ionofheal thofhuman
beings,animalkingdom aswel laspl ants.Emi ssionofSPM &RSPM di sperse
over25Kmsr adi
usl andandcauser espiratoryandr el
at edal i
ment st
ohuman
beingsandani malkingdom.SPM get sdeposi t
edont hepl antswhichaffect
photosynthesi
s.Becauseofcont i
nuous&l onglasti
ngemi ssi
onofSOx&NOx,
which aret he princi
palpoll
utants emitted from a coalbased powerpl ant
,
str
uctures&bui l
dingsgetaff
ectedduet ocor r
osiv
er eacti
ons.

Adv
ant
agesandDi
sadv
ant
agesofTher
malPowerSt
ati
on

Adv
ant
ages:

1. Economi calf
orlowiniti
alcostotherthananygenerat
ingpl
ant.
2. Landr equiredlessthanhy
dropowerpl ant.
3. Sincecoali smai nf uelandi t
scosti squi techeapthanpetrol
/di
eselso
gener
ationcosti seconomi cal
.
4. Mai ntenanceiseasier.
5. Ther malpowerpl antcanbei nst
alledinanylocat
ionwheret
ranspor
tat
ionand
bul
kofwat erareav ai
l
able.

Di
sadv
ant
ages:

1. Therunningcostf orat hermalpowerstat

ioniscompar ati
vel
yhi
ghduetofuel
,
maintainenceetc.
2. Lar
geamountofsmokecausesai rpoll
ution.
Thet hermalpowerstat
ionis
responsibl
eforGl obalwar ming.
3. Theheatedwat erthatcomesf rom t
hermalpowerpl anthasanadv
erseeff
ect
ont heaquati
cl i
vesi nthewat eranddist
urbstheecology.
4. Overal
leffi
ciencyoft hermalpowerplanti
slowlikeless30%.