Space Modulation

Civil Aviation Training Center

Jeong-il Moon 1
Introduction
Overview

A. In this chapter, we will study the combining of carrier energy

with separately radiated sideband energy to form a modulated
RF wave.
B. The importance of RF phase relationships will also be studied
when combining carrier and sideband energy in space to
produce space modulation.

2
Introduction
Objectives

A. Calculate the effective space modulation by combining the

carrier and the sideband voltages in phase
B. Calculate the effective space modulation by combining the
carrier and sideband voltage with various amounts of misphasing.
C. Determine the results of quadrature phasing the ILS.

3
Importance of Phase Relationship

The total sideband component, radiated separately, will combine

with the carrier in space:
• exactly in-phase
• 180° out-of-phase
• or at some phase angle f (phi)

4
Importance of Phase Relationship

Causes of misphasing
• Relative phase of currents in the antennas, due to Transmission
line length.
• Carrier and total sideband components travel unequal distances,
could be due to reflections.
• Components traveling different distances from radiating antennas.

5
RF Phase
Phasor Representation

FIGURE 8 - 1 : Phasors of Transmitter and Space Modulation

6
RF Phase
Phasor Representation

FIGURE 8 - 1 : Phasors of Transmitter and Space Modulation

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RF Phase
Phasor Representation
Transmitter Modulation Factor: Ecsm
m =
carrier to sideband phasing as Ecm
shown and cannot be changed.
Ecm

- Ecsm Ecsm

Essm
s =
Space Modulation Factor: if no Ecm
carrier to sideband misphasing is
present. Ecm

- Essm Essm

FIGURE 8 - 1 : Phasors of Transmitter and Space Modulation

8
RF Phase
Space Modulation Factor


 =
 Equation 8 -1

  ∅
 = Equation 8 -2


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RF Phase
Space Modulation Factor

FIGURE 8 - 2 : Effective Space Modulation Phasors

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RF Phase
Space Modulation Factor
Example 8 -1

Ecm = 100 volts

Essm = 30 volts
Find Sf if relative phase of Essm to Ecsm is:
a. 0°
Carrier Transmitter
b. 30°
Generator
c. 45° 45°
60° 30°
Sideband
d. 60° 90° 0°
Generator
e. 90° Phasor
FIGURE 8 - 2. Effective Space Modulation Phasors
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RF Phase
Space Modulation Factor
Solution 8 -1
Solution f = 0°

Essm cos f
sf =
Ecm
30 cos 0°
Transmitter = = .3
Carrier 100
Generator
45° Ecm f = 0°
60° 30°
Sideband - Essm Essm
90° 0°
Generator
Phasor

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RF Phase
Space Modulation Factor
Solution 8 -1 Solution f = 30°

Essm cos f
sf =
Ecm
30 cos 30°
= = .26
Transmitter 100
Carrier Essm
Generator
45° Ecm f = 30°
60° 30°
Sideband
90° 0°
Generator - Essm
Phasor
Essm cos f
RF Phase
Space Modulation Factor
Solution 8 -1 Solution f = 45°

Essm cos f
sf =
Ecm
30 cos 45°
= = .21
Transmitter 100
Carrier Essm
Generator
45° Ecm f = 45°
60° 30°
Sideband
90° 0°
Generator
Phasor - Essm
Essm cos f
RF Phase
Space Modulation Factor
Solution 8 -1 Solution f = 60°

Essm cos f
sf =
Ecm
30 cos 60°
= = .15
Transmitter 100
Carrier Essm
Generator
45° Ecm f = 60°
60° 30°
Sideband
90° 0°
Generator
Phasor
- Essm
Essm cos f
RF Phase
Space Modulation Factor
Solution 8 -1 Solution f = 90°

Essm cos f
sf =
Ecm
30 cos 90°
= = .00
Transmitter 100
Carrier
Essm
Generator
45°
60° 30°
Sideband f = 90°
90° 0° Ecm
Generator
Phasor
Essm cos f
- Essm
Analysis of Combining Essm and Ecm at a
Phase Angle ∅
Effective Space Modulation Envelope

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FIGURE 8 - 3 : (a), (b) & (c) : Effective Space Modulation Envelope.
Analysis of Combining Essm and Ecm at a
Phase Angle ∅
Effective Space Modulation Envelope

FIGURE 8 - 4 : Time Plot of Misphased Essm Versus Ecm.

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Analysis of Combining Essm and Ecm at a
Phase Angle ∅
Effective Space Modulation Envelope

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FIGURE 8 - 5 : Envelope of Space Modulated RF Wave Showing Apparent Modulation.
Analysis of Combining Essm and Ecm at a
Phase Angle ∅
Effective Space Modulation Envelope

FIGURE 8 - 6 : Portion of Envelope Effective in Recovering Fundamental Audio.20

Analysis of Combining Essm and Ecm at a
Phase Angle ∅
Effective Space Modulation Envelope
Point on Degrees of Ecm ess =100sin2pf at Value of Et Magnitude
Fig. 4-4 Audio Cycle Fig. 4-4 Envelope
(2pf a t) Fig. 4-5

O’ 0° 100 0° 0 E cm=100 0° Ecm= 100

A 30° 100 0° 50 45° E ta =140 14.7° E ta= 140

B 60° 100 0° 86.6 45° E tb =172 20.8° Etb = 172

C 90° 100 0° 100 45° Etc =185 22.5° Etc = 185

B’ 120° 100 0° 86.6 45° E’tb =172 20.8° E’tb= 172

A’ 150° 100 0° 50 45° E’ta =140 14.7° E’ta = 140
O’ 180° 100 0° 0 E cm=100 0° Ecm= 100
D 210° 100 0° 50 225° Etd =73.5 -28.75° Etd = 73.5

E 240° 100 0° 86.6 225° E te =72.8 -57.6° Etc = 72.8

F 270° 100 0° 100 225° E tf =76.5 -67.5° Etf = 76.5

E’ 300° 100 0° 86.6 225° E’te =72.8 -57.6° E’tc = 72.8

D’ 330° 100 0° 50 225° E’td=73.5 -28.75° E’td = 73.5

O’ 360° 100 0° 0 E cm=100 0° Ecm = 100

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Table 1 : Figure 8 -4, 8 -5 and 8 -6 Summary
RF Phase
Space Modulation Factor
Example 8 -1-1

Ecm = 100 volts

Essm = 30 volts and misphased 45°
Calculate:
a. EMAX
b. EMIN
c. Sa
d. average envelope
e. Sf FIGURE 8 - 2. Effective Space Modulation Phasors
RF Phase
Space Modulation Factor
Solution 8 -1-1 In-phase condition
200V
for reference
100V 45°
100V
123V
0V

EMAX = 100 Ð 0° + 30 Ð 45°

= (100 + j0) + (21.2 + j21.2)
= 121.2 + j21.2
= 123 Ð 10°
RF Phase
Space Modulation Factor
Solution 8 -1-1
In-phase condition
200V
for reference
100V 45°
100V
123V
81.6V
0V

EMIN = 100 Ð 0° + 30 Ð 225°

= (100 + j0) + (-21.2 - j21.2)
= 78.8 - j21.2
= 81.6 Ð -15°
RF Phase
Space Modulation Factor
Solution 8 -1-1 200V

avg envf = 45°

100V 45° 100V
123V
81.6V
0V
EMAX - EMIN 123 – 81.6
sa = = = .20
EMAX + EMIN 123 + 81.6
Essm cos f 30 cos 45°
sf = = = .21
Ecm 100
|EMAX| + |EMIN| 130 + 70
avg envf = 0° = = = 100V = Ecm
2 2
|EMAX| + |EMIN|
avg envf = 45° = = 123 + 81.6 = 102.3V > Ecm
2 2
RF Phase
Space Modulation Factor
Solution 8 -1-1 200V
100V 45° avg envf = 45°
a 100V
c b 123V
±Ess cos f 81.6
m 0V V
±Ess sin f
m
EMAX - EMIN 123 – 81.6
sa = = = .20
EMAX + EMIN 123 + 81.6
Essm cos f 30 cos 45°
sf = = = .21
Ecm 100
|EMAX| + |EMIN| 130 + 70
avg envf = 0° = = = 100V = Ecm
2 2
|E | + |EMIN| 123 + 81.6
avg envf = 45° = MAX = = 102.3V > Ecm
2 2
RF Phase
Space Modulation Factor
Example 8 -1-2

Continuing with the previous example, increase sideband misphasing

to 90° and recalculate:
a. EMAX

50V
b. EMIN 90°
100V
c. Sa
d. average envelope
e. Sf
RF Phase
Space Modulation Factor
Solution 8 -1-2
200V

100V
100V
EMIN = Ecm EMAX EMIN
0V

EMAX = 100 Ð 0° + 50 Ð 90°

= 111.8V Ð 26.6°
EMIN = Ecm
= 100V
RF Phase
Space Modulation Factor
Solution 8 -1-2
200V
avg envf = 90°
100V 100V
EMAX
EMIN = Ecm EMIN
0V

EMAX - EMIN 111.8 – 100

sa = = = .056
EMAX + EMIN 111.8 + 100
Essm cos f 50 cos 90°
sf = = = 0.00
Ecm 100
|EMAX| + |EMIN|
avg envf = 90° = = 111.8 + 100 = 105.9V > Ecm
2 2
Analysis of Combining Essm and Ecm at a
Phase Angle ∅
Effective Space Modulation Envelope

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FIGURE 8 - 7 : Oscilloscope Presentations of AM Envelope.
Analysis of Combining Essm and Ecm at a
Phase Angle ∅
Effective Space Modulation Envelope

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FIGURE 8 - 8 : Oscilloscope Presentation of Sidebands and Carrier Combined Out-of-phase.
Quadrature Phasing
Special Use of the Quadrature Condition

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FIGURE 8 - 9 : Phasor Conditions for Essm, Given a 90° Phase Shift.
Quadrature Phasing
Special Use of the Quadrature Condition

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FIGURE 8 - 10 : Composite Envelope for Space Modulated RF Wave.
Combination of Space and Transmitter
Modulation
“m” and “ ” In Phase

M = m + sf
Ecsm Essm cosf
M= +
Ecm Ecm

40 30 cos 0
M= +
100 100
M = .4 + .3 = .7

FIGURE 8 - 11 (a) & (b) : Transmitter and Space Modulation Combined In Phase.34
Combination of Space and Transmitter
Modulation
“m” and “ ” Opposite Phase

M = m + sf
Ecsm Essm cosf
M= +
Ecm Ecm

40 30 cos 180
M= +
100 100
M = .4 + (-.3) = .1

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FIGURE 8 - 12 (a) & (b) : Transmitter and Space Modulation Combined in Opposite Phase.
Combination of Space and Transmitter
Modulation
“m” and “ ” Opposite Phase
Example 8 -2
Combining of Transmitter and Space Modulation with >0° misphasing.
At a certain point in the radiation pattern of a ILS facility, measurements of
relative field intensity indicates the following:
Ecm = 100v, Ecsm = 40v, Essm = 30v
Assuming that the separately radiated sideband component is misphased by
45°, determine the following
a. sf, space modulation factor.
b. m, transmitter modulation factor.
c. M, total modulation factor.
d. Emax, maximum amplitude of envelope.
e. Emin, minimum amplitude of envelope.
f. Average envelope amplitude.
g. Mapparent, total apparent modulation factor.
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Combination of Space and Transmitter
Modulation
“m” and “ ” Opposite Phase

37
FIGURE 8 - 13 : Phasors of m and sf Misphased 45°.
Combination of Space and Transmitter
Modulation
“m” and “ ” Opposite Phase

40
m= = .4 M = .4 + .2121 = .6121
100

30 cos 45
sf = = .2121
100
Ecm = 100V Ecsm = 40V Essm = 30V

45°

38
Combination of Space and Transmitter
Modulation
“m” and “ ” Opposite Phase

EMAX = 100 Ð 0° + 40 Ð 0° + 30 Ð 45°

= 100 + j0 + 40 + j0 + 21.21 + j 21.21
= 161.2 + j21.21
= 162.6V Ð 7.5°

Ecm = 100V Ecsm = 40V Essm = 30V

45°

39
Combination of Space and Transmitter
Modulation
“m” and “ ” Opposite Phase

EMIN = 100 Ð 0° + 40 Ð 180° + 30 Ð 225°

= 100 + j0 + (- 40) + j0+ (- 21.21) + (- j 21.21)
= 38.79 + (- j21.21)
= 44.2 Ð - 28.7°

Ecm = 100V Ecsm = 40V Essm = 30V

45°

40
Combination of Space and Transmitter
Modulation
“m” and “ ” Opposite Phase

|EMAX| + |EMIN| 162.6 + 44.2

avg envf = 45° = = = 103.4V > Ecm
2 2
EMAX - EMIN 162.6 – 44.2
Sapparent = = = .573
EMAX + EMIN 162.6 + 44.2

Ecm = 100V Ecsm = 40V Essm = 30V

45°

41
Summary
Key Points
• Space modulation is that process by which separately radiated
sidebands combine in space with a carrier. The period of the
carrier RF must be the same as the period of the RF contained in
the composite total sideband waveform.

• As the phase of separately radiated sidebands departs from 0°,

(with respect to the carrier) in either a positive or negative
direction, the effective space modulation factor (sf) decreases in
proportion to the cosine of the angle of misphasing and reaches
0 at ± 90°. If the phase of the separately radiated sideband
energy exceeds ± 90°, the phase of the detected audio
component will be reversed with respect to that normally
produced by transmitter modulation.
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Summary
Key Points
• Second harmonic energy is introduced into the detected audio
whenever misphasing is introduced between the sidebands and
carrier. The amount of second harmonic energy increased as the
angle of misphasing increases reaching a maximum at the
quadrature phase condition. The amount of fundamental audio
recovered decreases as the angle of misphasing increases
reaching 0 at the quadrature phase condition.

• With misphasing between the sidebands and carrier a small

amount of phase modulation exists; however, since the receiver
second detector is sensitive only to amplitude changes, this
condition has no effect upon the useful output of the receiver.

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Summary
Key Points
• Space modulation of a carrier along with transmitter modulation
of the same carrier is the mechanism by which courses for the ILS
and VOR are formed.

44
Thank You
^.^

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