High-Rise Buildings en

ArcelorMittal Europe - Long Products
Sections and Merchant Bars
High-rise buildings
© Chuck Choi - Architect: Foster + Partners
5
Electric arc furnace Rolling process Quenching and Self-Tempering (QST)
process for HISTAR® steel
© Antony Wood / CTBUH
Agence d'architecture Anthony Béchu - Tom Sheehan; © Pierre-Élie de Pibrac
Shanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai, China D2 Tower, Courbevoie, France

Dear Customer,
We are delighted to present to you the high-rise buildings brochure. It features

suggestions and advices about the optimal use of hot-rolled shapes in tall buildings.
:HRIIHUWKHZLGHVWUDQJHRIVWUXFWXUDOVKDSHVL]HV VWHHOJUDGHVDQGKHUH\RXZLOOùQGD
comprehensive information about their properties as well as their advantages and applications
in high-rise buildings.
Since we operate a policy of continuous product development, this brochure will be subject to
changes. In order to remain up-to-date with our latest developments, we invite you to regularly
consult our website: sections.arcelormittal.com.
In addition to this brochure, our commercial teams and technical advisory are at your
disposal to answer any question you may have: sections.tecom@arcelormittal.com.
Kind regards,
Tapas Rajderkar

CEO Sections and Merchant Bars
3
Dear Reader,
This ArcelorMittal publication, focusing on high-rise buildings, was produced with the assistance and
guidance of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), the world’s leading resource for
professionals focused on the inception, design, construction and operation of tall buildings and future
cities. The Council’s research department is spearheading the investigation of the next generation of tall
buildings by aiding original research on sustainability and key development issues. Part of this research
includes examining the optimal structural solutions for tall buildings.
This ArcelorMittal publication highlights how structural steel can be used in tall buildings and directly
references the Outrigger Design for High-Rise Buildings and Recommendations for Seismic Design
Technical Guides developed by CTBUH Working Groups. The Life Cycle Assessment of Tall Building
Structural Systems and Composite Megacolumns Research Reports, which were made possible
through research grants provided by ArcelorMittal, are also discussed in this publication.
Furthermore, CTBUH hosts the world’s premier free database on tall buildings, The Skyscraper Center
(skyscrapercenter.com), which is updated daily with detailed information, images, data and news.
This database houses information on more than 25 000 buildings, with ArcelorMittal providing
steel services for over 150 of the buildings featured on this site.
We hope this publication provides you with useful information on the application of steel in tall structures.
Sincerely,
Antony Wood
CTBUH Executive Director
4
Table of contents
1. Steel advantages ..................................................................................... 09
2. Steel grades for high-rise buildings .....................................................11
3. Columns ......................................................................................................14
4. Bracing systems........................................................................................29
5. Beams and floor systems .......................................................................35
6. Connections ...............................................................................................43
7. Foundations for high loads .....................................................................47
8. Fire resistance............................................................................................49
9. Robustness .................................................................................................51
10. Earthquake design ...................................................................................52
11. Sustainability .............................................................................................56
12. Future developments: pre-qualified joints ........................................60
13. Reference projects...................................................................................62
14. ArcelorMittal services.............................................................................86
The term ˝high-rise building˝ refers in this brochure to buildings with a minimum height (height understood as height to tip) of about
150m including super tall buildings (300 metres high) and mega tall buildings (600 metres high). The number of floors is understood
as the number of floors above ground.
Brochure values expression: decimal separator: comma; thousands separator: thin space.
Photography: ArcelorMittal Library; Non-contractual document - All rights reserved for all countries. cannot be disclosed,
used or reproduced without prior written specific authorisation of ArcelorMittal. Copyright 2017 ArcelorMittal.
5
Sections & Merchant Bars production centres
Belval
Differdange Dąbrowa
Rodange
Eurostructures
Ostrava
Bergara Hunedoara
Olaberría
Sections
ns an
and
nd M
Merchant Bars
Sections Merchant Bars
Beams Columnss Bearing Piles Chann
Chan
Channels
HE 100 - 1000 HD 260

6 - 400 HP 200 - 400 UPE 80 - 400 L 35 x 35 - 300 x 300
HL 920 - 1100 / HLZ UC 152
52 x 152 - 356 x 406 UBP 203 x 203 - 356 x 368 PFC 100 - 430 L 100 x 65 - 250 x 90
IPE 80 - 750 W 4 x 4 .. 14 x 16 HP 8 - 14 UPN 50
50 - 400 L 13/4 - 12
UB 127 x 76 - 1100 x 400 GOST 20K
20K1 - 40K5 C 8 - 12 FL 20 - 180
W 6 x 4 - 44 x 16 MC 6 - 18 SQ 90 x 90 - 160 x 160
GOST 10B1 -50B3 G0ST
ST 8Y - 30Y R 10 - 150
IPN 80 - 600
J 76 - 152
S 3 - 24
6
Introduction
ArcelorMittal
ArcelorMittal is the world’s leading steel and mining company,

with around 199 000 employees in more than 60 countries.
ArcelorMittal is the leader in all major global steel markets,
including automotive, construction, household appliances
and packaging, with leading R&D and technology, as well as
sizeable captive supplies of raw materials and outstanding
distribution networks. An industrial presence on four continents
exposes the company to all major markets, from emerging
to developed. We are the largest producer of steel in the EU,
North & South America and Africa, a significant steel producer
in the CIS region, and have a growing presence in Asia,
including investments in China and India.
ArcelorMittal Europe – Long Products Electric arc furnace, Luxembourg
Long Products operates at 15 integrated and mini-mill sites We are the largest recycler of steel in the world notably
in 10 countries. Long products include sections, merchant thanks to the electric arc furnace technology.
bars, wire rod, special ArcelorMittal’s facilities of Differdange can provide sections
quality bars, rebar, with unique dimensions in the world, including finishing
rails, sheet piles, special from Eurostructures if requested.
sections, billets, and
blooms. ArcelorMittal Technical support
Europe – Long Products ArcelorMittal provides free technical advice to assist
is a leader in sections, designers in using its unique products and materials to
sheet piles, rails and their full potential. The technical advisory team is available
quality wire rod. to answer questions about structural shapes, merchant bars,
It offers the widest design of structural elements, construction details,
range from small surface protection, fire safety and welding.
sections to jumbo
beams according to The team of technical specialists is readily available
many standards and to support projects throughout the world.
covering the full range
of applications. ArcelorMittal also offers free software and technical
ArcelorMittal office building documents to support designers. These tools can
(AOB), Esch-sur-Alzette, be downloaded at: sections.arcelormittal.com
Luxembourg or upon request at sections.tecom@arcelormittal.com
7
Sections Merchant Bars
Beams Columns Bearing Piles Channels
HE 100 - 1000 HD 260 - 400 HP 200 - 400 UPE 80 - 400 L 35 x 35 - 300 x 300
HL 920 - 1100 / HLZ UC 152 x 152 - 356 x 406 UBP 203 x 203-356 x 368 PFC 100 - 430 L 100 x 65 - 250 x 90
IPE 80 - 750 W 4 x 4 .. 14 x 16 HP 8 - 14 UPN 50 - 400 L 13/4 - 12
UB 127 x 76 - 1100 x 400 GOST 20K1 - 40K5 C 8 - 12 FL 20 - 180
W 6 x 4 - 44 x 16 MC 6 - 18 SQ 90 x 90 - 160 x 160
GOST 10B1 -50B3 G0ST 8Y - 30Y R 10 - 150
IPN 80 - 600
J 76 - 152
S 3 - 24
Sheet Piles
AZ®-Section U-Section Combi-wall HZ®-M/AZ® Flat Sheet Pile AS 500®
AZ 18 - 800 - AZ 27 - 800 AU™ 14 - AU™ 25 HZ 680M LT - HZ 880M A - C AS 500 9.5-13

AZ 28 -750 - AZ 32 - 750 PU 12 - PU 32 HZ 1080M A - D - HZ 1180M A - D I.S. max = 6000 kN/m
AZ 12-770 - AZ 52-700 GU 6N - GU 33N
AZ 18 - AZ 50
Rails
Transport Rails and Rails for Crossovers Crane & Light rail
Vignole Type Grooved & Block Type GI Rails for Crossovers Crane rails Girder Crane rails Conductors Light Rails
EN 13674-1, EN 13674-2, EN 14811, 2006 +A1, EN 13674-3 DIN 536, ASTM, MRS, GCRD42, STR40, DIN 5901,
AS 1085. 1, GOST P51685, ArcelorMittal Specifications AS, CR, CRS, JKL, SP, GCRD45, STR74, DIN 17100,
ASCE, IRS, ArcelorMittal RG, ArcelorMittal GCRD108, ArcelorMittal EN 13674-4,
Specifications, AREMA Specifications GCRD183 Specifications DIN 20501,
PN-79/H,
ASTM, BS11,
ZN 2004
Special Sections
Mining Other special sections
Cathode bars Track Shoes Mining sections Mining Accessories Rail Accessories Flanges
Square Single grouser TH 16.5 - TH 44, GTHN 29, Ribbed baseplates, Rectangular
Rectangular Double grousers P 28, J21 - J36, Tie plates standard, L shape
Triple grousers SV 29, A 36 CLAMP, Tie plates Type Pandrol, T shape
K 21 - K 24, E 74 V.S Guiding bar for Metro
V 25 - V 36 Cross hearts
Fishplates
Bars and Rods

Rebars Wire Rod SBQ Semis
Bars : ø 8 - 50 mm Round : ø 5 - 52 mm Round : ø 15 - 170 mm Round billets: ø 130 - 400 mm

Coils : ø 6 - 20 mm Hexagon : ø 14,3 - 42,5 mm Hexagon : ø 14,3 - 70,4 mm Square billets : 1152 - 3202 mm
Round corner square : 63 - 200 mm2 Rectangular billets: 190 x 220;
Mesh, Low and High carbon steels, Leaf Spring: up to 56 x 100 265 x 385; 280 x 300; 400 x 280
Cold heading, Welding,
Free-cutting, Spring,
Steel cord, Bearing
Sections & Merchant Bars: sections.arcelormittal.com

Rebars, Mesh & Pre-Stressed concrete: barsandrods.arcelormittal.com
Steel Decks: ds.arcelormittal.com/construction
Visit us on: Facades & Claddings: industry.arcelormittal.com/steelenvelope
Partitions: ds.arcelormittal.com/construction
Sheet piles and Bearing piles: sheetpiling.arcelormittal.com
All products for construction: constructalia.arcelormittal.com
8
1. Steel advantages
The main advantages of steel are: It is widely acknowledged that steel structures
- stiffness, ductility and resistance inherently offer superior performance in earthquakes
- prefabrication and speed of construction compared to masonry or reinforced concrete.
- flexibility
- sustainability (reusability & indefinitely recyclable)
- reliability
y Stiffness
& resistance
Steel is the most
efficient material for
columns thanks to its
stiffness and resistance.
Steel solutions are 5 to
8 times stiffer and about
10 times more resistant
© Pierre-Élie de Pibrac
than concrete.
Steel has a very high

strength to weight
Figure 1.1: Tour D2, half of the ratio, leading to :
weight is carried by exterior - minimum construction
© Dario Trabucco / CTBUH
steel diagrid, Courbevoie, France dimensions

- increased usable “carpet” area (the footprint of a column is
approximatively 10 times smaller in steel than in concrete)
- lighter columns (about 3 to 6 times lighter than concrete columns)
- lower loads transferred to foundations (total building
weight is more than 2 times lighter in steel than in concrete) Figure 1.2: Broad J57 Tower,19 days for 57 storeys, Changsha, China
- long span
y Fabrication and speed
Example: Comparison between concrete and steel columns Fabrication of steel elements is carried out in a workshop, leading to:
Load = 15000kN (| 25 floors), Buckling length = 4m - less material and waste on-site
- minimum disruptions to the surroundings (e.g. less noise)
Class / Grade Concrete C60 HISTAR® 460 - ease of construction
- reduced workforce on-site
Dimensions / Section 650 x 650mm HD 400 x 314
- higher level of safety for the workers
Weight 1060kg/m 314kg/m - reduced management costs on-site
- optimised construction time
Column area 0,42m2 0,04m2
- earlier pay-back of investments
9
W
Dimensions in mm W HL g: metric weight [kg/m]: 4,5 Æ
1377
HE UB
UB 400-473
100-314
920-1100
W W
IPE/IPN HD
100-1000
9,5-140
UB UC
46-268 260-476
260-600
80-750
g: 4,5 Æ
220 g: 12 Æ
584 g: 296 Æ
1377 g: 54,1 Æ
1299
ArcelorMittal offers the widest range of beams – also available with fabrication
y Flexibility y Sustainability
Structural steel can be combined with other materials to It is ArcelorMittal’s corporate approach to produce safe and
achieve the desired look, properties or functionalities. Steel sustainable steel reflecting our commitment to protect and
is the material “par excellence” when it comes to inventing new improve the environment in which we live and work. We
structures and forms. All solutions are possible, from the very constantly work to develop clean practices in steel production.
simplest to the most challenging ones. No other material More than 1400 research engineers are constantly trying to
is used to make structures which are so slender, light and develop cleaner and greener processes to produce steel.
transparent. Forms can be created using different structural
effects and envelopes with pure or finely sculpted curves. One example is the development of the modern high strength
steel HISTAR®. By increasing the strength of the steel, less
material is needed. For example, HISTAR® which has been
© Marshall Gerometta / CTBUH
used in buildings such as One World Trade Center in New York

and Emirates Tower One in Dubai, can reduce CO2 emissions
during construction phase by as much as 30%.
Steel is an especially sustainable material as it can indefinitively

be recycled, without quality loss. Thanks to this property,
it surpasses other materials and saves millions of tonnes
of ressources worldwide.
Figure 1.3: Emirates Tower One, Dubai, UAE Figure 1.4: Scrap yard, Belval, Luxembourg
Steel provides the flexibility needed to enable a building y Reliability

to evolve throughout its working life. The building can be All structural steel products made by ArcelorMittal are
initially designed in order to facilitate future evolutions: manufactured using automated and computerised industrial
- modification of applied loads due to change processes. Finished products are subjected to high levels
of the building’s usage of quality controls to ensure the best finished quality.
- floor plan layout
- possibility to create new openings in façade or slab.
10
2. Steel grades for high-rise buildings
In order to classify various steels by their composition and will be available as soon as it will be included in the
physical properties, a number of standards organisations have EN product standard.
created specific steel grades. ArcelorMittal offers a large
number of the grades specified by standards. y HISTAR®/ASTM A913 & products standards
In addition to conventional steel, ArcelorMittal offers HISTAR®
y Conventional steel 355 & 460, HISTAR®/ASTM A913 Grade 50, Grade 65 and
ArcelorMittal manufactures I-sections, H-sections, channels, Grade 70 steels, which exceed standard requirements.
steel angles and bars. The product range includes all dimensions HISTAR® steels are advanced thermo-mechanical structural
for European standards, and a large number of dimensions from steels that are manufactured with the in-line QST (Quenching
the American and Russian standards. Upon request, sections and Self-Tempering) process. They are low-alloyed,
can also be produced according to custom dimensions and high-strength thermo-mechanical fine-grained construction
geometries (Figure 2.1). steels with excellent weldability and good toughness values.
An outstanding feature of these high strength steels is their
Rolled sections are delivered in grades complying with European, low-carbon equivalent values, allowing easier processing for
American, Russian and Chinese standards. Other grades fabricators. As such, preheating before welding can usually
(e.g. Canadian CSA standards) can be supplied upon request. be avoided and lead to substantial time and cost savings.
In Europe, ArcelorMittal offers conventional S235, S355, S460 HISTAR® grade steel products are available for multiple
and S500 steel (see table below). S355 is becoming the base European, British and American dimensions standards
grade for all kinds of applications for steel. S500 is feasible and (see table on the following page).
1100 Depth (mm)

1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Figure 2.1: Range of dimensions

Figure 2.2: HISTAR® in Shanghai World Financial Center
Product standards for steel grades
Class / Grade Europe USA China
Yield Strength [MPa] HISTAR® EN10025 - 2 EN10025 - 4 ASTM A913 ASTM A992 ASTM A572 GB/T 33968-2017
355 355 S355 J0/JR/J2/K2 S355M/ML Grade 50 Grade 50 Grade 50 Q345QST
460 460 S450J0/JR/J2/K2 S460M/ML Grade 65 Grade 60 Q460QST
500 S500 J0/J2 S500M/ML Grade 70 Q485QST
11
Dimensions standards for HISTAR® grades
Class / Grade European Standards British Standards American Standards
Parallel flange beams IPE 550 on request, IPE 600 - IPE 750
UB 610 x 229 – UB 838 x 292 W 24 - W 36
Wide flange beams HE 260 - HE 280 on request, HE 300 - HE 1000
Extra wide flange beams HL 920 - HL 1100 UB 914 x 305 - UB 1016 x 305 W 36 - W 44
Wide flange columns HD 260 - HD 400 UC 152 x 152 - UC 356 x 406 W 10 - W 14
Wide flange bearing piles HP 200 - HP 400 UBP 203 x 203 - UBP 356 x 268 HP 10 - HP 14
— Benefits of HISTAR®
The yield strengths of HISTAR® grades are superior across - Less weld deposits as smaller sections are used.
the entire range of material thickness compared to standard
structural steels (Table 2.3). Engineers around the world are - Less surface to protect against corrosion and fire.
taking advantage of HISTAR® steel in elements such as gravity
columns, long span trusses, belt trusses and outriggers. - Less CO2 emissions: it reduces carbon emissions by about 30%.
HISTAR® is the steel “par excellence” for the high-rise
buildings columns even in severe earthquake conditions, - Lightness: due to the high yield strength, the steel tonnage
as seen in the Shanghai World Financial Center (Figure 2.2). of any element designed by stress can be reduced by around
There are countless advantages to using HISTAR® steel 30% - in some cases even more. Thanks to the lighter construction
products, notably: process, transportation costs are automatically lowered.
Depending on the location and availability of equipment on
- material savings: HISTAR® steels with higher strength values the construction site, smaller cranes or hoists can also be used.
can significantly reduce the amount of materials used.
This results is up to 30% savings in total cost when So, HISTAR® steel solutions are always more economic.
compared to S355 construction elements.
480
Grade 70
460 460 HISTAR® 460
450 S500M/ML
Grade 65
440
Minimum yield strength (MPa)
430
410
400
385 S460M/ML
355 HISTAR® 355

345
Grade 50 335
325 320 S355M/ML
315
295 S355 J0/JR/J2/K2
Material
thickness
(mm)
Table 2.3: Minimum yield strength according to material thickness for HISTAR® steels and European grades
12
— Welding CEV [%] Thickness [mm]
Provided that the general rules of welding and fabrication are 140 Preheating
respected (see EN1090-2, EN1011-2 or local codes), HISTAR® 0,7 temperature [˚C]
grades also offer good weldability for all manual and automatic
80
processes. Due to their low carbon equivalent content, it is generally 0,6 es
ad
l gr
not necessary to preheat under the following conditions (Figure 2.4): ee 40
l st
- Heat input Q ranges 10-60kJ/cm 0,5 na 12
ntio 140
- Temperature of the product is > 5°C ve nve
0,4 Co 12
- Electrodes with low carbon equivalent and low hydrogen content,
typically with a diffusible hydrogen content ≤ H10 for HISTAR® 355 TAR
0,3 HIS
and ≤H5 for HISTAR® 460, are used. This is illustrated in Figure 2.5,
where the welding of a Jumbo beam of 140mm flange thickness
0,2
in HISTAR® 460 was welded without preheating with a filler metal
235 275 355 420 460 500
with low hydrogen content ≤ H5. Yield strength Re [MPa]
Additional cost savings can be achieved using HISTAR®. The Figure 2.4: Preheating temperatures for conventional
volume to be welded can significantly be reduced by 35-40% in structural steel grades and HISTAR® grades.
function of the groove detail. This induces a total welding time
No preheat conditions* for HISTAR® grades :
saving by 40% to 50% in function of the welding process and • For Re < 460: H2 ≤ 10ml /100g
the preheating. Energy consumption can also be further saved. • For Re ≥ 460: H2 ≤ 5ml /100g
Moreover, under normal conditions, fabrication such as machining, • Q > 10 kJ/cm
thermal cutting, stress relieving, flame straightening and cold
CEV (%) = C + Mn + (Cr+Mo+V) + (Cu+Ni)
forming can be performed under the same conditions as structural 6 5 15
steels with the same level of tensile strength.
For the American steel grades ASTM A913 Gr 50, 65 and 70,
minimum preheat temperature to use it as prequalified steel
grades are given in Table 3.3 of AWS D1.1:2015. In particular,
preheating can be avoided for Grade 50 and 65 when
maximum H8 filler metals are used. For Grade 70, a
minimum preheat temperature as defined in the table 3.3
shall be applied according to the material thickness.
Nevertheless, some preheating* may be required in case of:

- ambient T°< 5°C
- high hydrogen content
- high restraint conditions Figure 2.5: Welding of HISTAR® structural steel grades
(leading, for example, to high tri-axial shrinkage stresses) without preheating* (CJP_Complete Joint Penetration_
- low heat input splice of HD400 x 1299 in HISTAR® 460)
- special applications. * More information can be found within the ArcelorMittal HISTAR®
brochure, and for further questions, contact
sections.tecom@arcelormittal.com.
13
3. Columns
HD 400x287 hi
Steel is the most efficient material for slender columns W14x193
thanks to its stiffness and resistance. Compared to
concrete, steel is 5 to 8 times stiffer and 10 times
more resistant in compression. This makes steel
sections the ideal material for columns in tall buildings.
y Steel sections
The example in Figure 3.1 shows how a typical
HD 400x592
185m high office building of 50 storeys, with a W14x358
reinforced concrete core, can use HISTAR® columns
for the majority of the internal and façade columns hi
(HISTAR® 460 in this case). In this example, the
floor’s dead and live loads are 5kN/m2 and 3kN/m2,
respectively, and the span between the columns
is between 10 and 12 meters.
Combined with the high-strength steel HISTAR® 460,

HD 400 / UC 356 / W14 x 16 series enable coverage
of almost the whole height of the building. Sizes for hi
an internal column are shown in Figure 3.2. HD/W/UC
steel columns have the advantage of having the same
distance hi between the flanges. In this way two
HD/UC/W columns can be piled up on each other
HD 400x1299
so that they can easily be spliced (Figure 3.2). W14x873
y Jumbos and SuperJumbos

HD Box
To accommodate additional loads, Jumbo and
Super Jumbo sections can be used. Jumbos
Figure 3.2: Stacking
(G > 500 kg/m) and Super Jumbos (G > 1000kg/m)
up HD 400 columns.
are very heavy rolled wide flange sections, due to a
significant increase in flange thickness. The example hi is constant within
(Figure 3.2) shows HD 400 with flange thickness up to a family of sections
140mm (5.5in.) and with weight up to 1299kg/m
(873lbs/ft). In larger sections, such as the HL 920 series,
the weight can go up to 1377kg/m (925lbs/ft). Actually,
ArcelorMittal has the record of the heaviest and the thickest
rolled shape in the world (see page 10). When loads are too
heavy for the strongest single Super Jumbo such as in the
first three floors of the example (Figure 3.2), optimised
section such as HD Box can be used (Figure 3.3). Figure 3.1: 185m high office building
14
y Optimised built-up sections
Optimised sections can provide more design flexibility. several different welded sections (Figure 3.6). Pages 24
ArcelorMittal supplies numerous varieties of these welded and 25 show design tables for specific HD Box & cruciform
sections, such as HD Box (Figure 3.3), cruciform section sections made of HD/HL/W sections to which two tees,
(Figure 3.4), sections with cover plates (Figure 3.5) and split from the same sections, are welded.
Figure 3.3: HD Box Figure 3.4: Cruciform section
Figure 3.5: Rolled section with coverplates Figure 3.6: Welded sections,
Two heavy sections welded together
15
© Antony Wood / CTBUH
See optimised solution Megacolumn below
Wide flange beam

Box section welded from two sections boxed with two plates
Composite column: wide flange

Composite column: box section welded from beam boxed with two plates
two sections section with concrete filling filled with concrete
Box HD section made out of one

Composite column: box section welded rolled section and two T sections
from three sections encased in concrete
Cruciform section made out of one Partially encased composite

rolled section and two T-sections beam or column
Composite column: cruciform Composite column: wide flange

beam with concrete filling sections encased in concrete
filled steel tube
Mega column built up from

6 wide flange beams and
4 connection plates
Megacolumn without connection plates

16
Relative weight
Relative
material costs
y Using HISTAR® grade steel for columns

100 %
Thanks to the high yield strength of HISTAR® beams, it is a 70 %
great advantage to substitute most heavy and complicated, 68 %
built-up columns with these hot rolled beams. Combining

Jumbos & Super Jumbos with the high strength steel
HISTAR® 460 also allows to:
Steel grade S 355 JR HISTAR® 460
Section HD 400 x 677 HD 400 x 463
1- Reduce weight
Ultimate load (kN) 24580 25200
- less material, transportation, erection and fabrication costs
Buckling length: 3.5m
- lower construction weight
• lower stabilisation efforts Figure 3.7: Economical use of HISTAR®: heavy columns
• lower foundation loads
- smaller sections or less columns Heavy columns:
• less surface to treat Gains, when using HISTAR® 460 instead of S355 JR steel:
• lighter connections - 32% weight savings
• smaller footprint - 30% costs savings
• gain in usable surface area
Weight 130 115 125
2- Save time Fabrication costs 90 35

- shorter fabrication time
- shorter execution time
- quicker return on investment.
120 %
102 % 100 %
Significant reductions in weight not only lead to economic
82 %
savings in the production process but also in the 62 %
construction process (see below).
For example: Instead of using two UC356x406x509 in

S355M for plunge columns (= king post piles) applications Steel grade S 355 S 355 JR HISTAR® 460
Section Box column HD 400 x 990 HD 400 x 1086
+plates
Ultimate load (kN) 47463 46568 50544
Weight (kg/m) 1342 1320 1086
Buckling length: 4.5m
Figure 3.8: Economical use of HISTAR®: built-up sections
Built-up sections:
only one UC356x406x1299 in HISTAR® 460 is used, which
Gains, when using S355 cover plated
column compared to S355 Box column:
2% weight savings -> 20% costs savings
Gains, when using HISTAR® 460 Super Jumbo

compared to cover plated S355 JR Jumbo:
18% weight savings -> 38% costs savings
allows a weight reduction of 20% and easier assembly.
17
download from sections.arcelormittal.com:
ArcelorMittal Europe - Long products
HISTAR®
Innovative high strength steels
for economical steel structures
y Predesign tools, design tables:

Different design tables exist according to different standards
(European, British, American etc.). Here are some examples.
Buckling length [m]

Axis
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Nb,y,Rd 74300 74300 74300 74300 74100 73600 73000 71800 70500 69000 67400 65500 63300 60800 57900 54700 51200
HD 400 x 1299
Nb,z,Rd 74300 74300 73300 71700 70000 68300 66500 62400 57700 52400 46700 41200 36000 31500 27600 24300 21500
Nb,y,Rd 68900 68900 68900 68900 68700 68100 67600 66400 65100 63700 62100 60300 58100 55600 52800 49600 46300
HD 400 x 1202
Nb,z,Rd 68900 68900 67800 66300 64800 63200 61400 57500 53000 48000 42700 37500 32700 28600 25000 21900 19400
Nb,y,Rd 62400 62400 62400 62400 62200 61700 61200 60100 59000 57700 56200 54500 52600 50300 47700 44800 41700
HD 400 x 1086
Nb,z,Rd 62400 62400 61300 59900 58500 56900 55300 51600 47300 42600 37600 32800 28500 24800 21700 19000 16800
Nb,y,Rd 56800 56800 56800 56800 56600 56100 55600 54600 53600 52300 50900 49300 47400 45200 42700 40000 37100
HD 400 x 990
Nb,z,Rd 56800 56800 55800 54500 53100 51700 50100 46700 42700 38300 33700 29300 25500 22100 19300 16900 14900
Nb,y,Rd 51700 51700 51700 51700 51400 51000 50600 49600 48600 47400 46100 44500 42700 40600 38200 35600 32900
HD 400 x 900
Nb,z,Rd 51700 51700 50700 49500 48200 46900 45500 42300 38500 34400 30200 26200 22700 19700 17100 15000 13200
Nb,y,Rd 48000 48000 48000 48000 47700 47200 46800 45900 44900 43800 42400 40900 39000 36900 34500 32000 29400
HD 400 x 818
Nb,z,Rd 48000 48000 47300 46600 45800 45000 44000 41700 38600 34700 30400 26200 22400 19200 16600 14400 12600
Nb,y,Rd 43600 43600 43600 43600 43300 42900 42500 41600 40700 39600 38300 36900 35100 33100 30800 28400 26100
HD 400 x 744
Nb,z,Rd 43600 43600 43000 42300 41600 40800 39900 37700 34800 31200 27200 23300 19900 17100 14700 12800 11200
Nb,y,Rd 39700 39700 39700 39700 39400 39000 38600 37800 37000 35900 34700 33300 31600 29700 27500 25300 23100
HD 400 x 677
Nb,z,Rd 39700 39700 39100 38500 37800 37100 36300 34200 31500 28200 24500 20900 17800 15300 13100 11400 9970
Nb,y,Rd 37200 37200 37200 37200 36800 36500 36100 35400 34500 33500 32400 31000 29400 27500 25500 23400 21300
HD 400 x 634
Nb,z,Rd 37200 37100 36600 36000 35400 34700 33900 31900 29300 26100 22600 19300 16500 14100 12100 10500 9180
Nb,y,Rd 34700 34700 34700 34700 34400 34100 33700 33000 32200 31300 30100 28800 27300 25500 23500 21600 19600
HD 400 x 592
Nb,z,Rd 34700 34700 34200 33600 33000 32300 31600 29700 27300 24200 20900 17800 15200 12900 11100 9650 8440
Nb,y,Rd 32300 32300 32300 32200 31900 31600 31300 30600 29800 28900 27900 26600 25100 23400 21600 19700 17900
HD 400 x 551
Nb,z,Rd 32300 32200 31700 31200 30600 30000 29300 27500 25200 22300 19300 16400 13900 11900 10200 8840 7730
Nb,y,Rd 29900 29900 29900 29800 29500 29200 28900 28300 27600 26700 25700 24500 23100 21500 19700 18000 16300
HD 400 x 509
Nb,z,Rd 29900 29800 29300 28900 28300 27700 27100 25400 23200 20500 17700 15000 12700 10900 9340 8090 7070
Nb,y,Rd 27100 27100 27100 27000 26800 26500 26200 25600 25000 24200 23200 22100 20700 19200 17600 16000 14500
HD 400 x 463
Nb,z,Rd 27100 27100 26600 26200 25700 25200 24500 23000 21000 18500 15800 13400 11400 9690 8320 7210 6300
Nb,y,Rd 24700 24700 24700 24600 24400 24100 23900 23300 22700 21900 21000 20000 18700 17300 15800 14300 12900
HD 400 x 421
Nb,z,Rd 24700 24600 24300 23800 23400 22900 22300 20900 19000 16700 14300 12100 10200 8700 7470 6470 5650
Nb,y,Rd 22400 22400 22400 22300 22100 21900 21600 21100 20500 19800 19000 18000 16800 15500 14100 12800 11500
HD 400 x 382
Nb,z,Rd 22400 22300 22000 21600 21200 20700 20200 18900 17100 15000 12800 10800 9150 7790 6680 5780 5050
Nb,y,Rd 20300 20300 20300 20200 20000 19800 19600 19100 18600 17900 17100 16200 15100 13900 12600 11400 10300
HD 400 x 347
Nb,z,Rd 20300 20300 19900 19600 19200 18800 18300 17100 15500 13500 11500 9730 8220 6990 6000 5190 4530
Nb,y,Rd 18400 18400 18400 18300 18100 17900 17700 17300 16700 16100 15400 14500 13500 12400 11200 10100 9110
HD 400 x 314
Nb,z,Rd 18400 18300 18000 17700 17300 16900 16500 15400 13900 12100 10300 8660 7310 6210 5330 4610 4020
Nb,y,Rd 16800 16800 16800 16800 16600 16400 16200 15800 15300 14800 14100 13300 12300 11300 10200 9210 8270
HD 400 x 287
Nb,z,Rd 16800 16800 16500 16200 15900 15500 15100 14100 12700 11100 9380 7900 6660 5660 4850 4200 3660
Nb,y,Rd 15400 15400 15400 15300 15100 15000 14800 14400 14000 13500 12800 12100 11200 10200 9240 8310 7450
HD 400 x 262
Nb,z,Rd 15400 15300 15100 14800 14500 14200 13800 12800 11600 10000 8500 7150 6030 5120 4390 3800 3310
Nb,y,Rd 13800 13800 13800 13700 13600 13500 13300 13000 12600 12100 11500 10800 9970 9090 8200 7360 6600
HD 400 x 237
Nb,z,Rd 13800 13800 13600 13300 13000 12700 12400 11500 10300 8950 7570 6360 5350 4550 3890 3370 2940
Nb,y,Rd 12700 12700 12700 12600 12500 12300 12200 11900 11500 11000 10500 9830 9070 8260 7450 6680 5980
HD 400 x 216
Nb,z,Rd 12700 12600 12400 12200 11900 11700 11300 10500 9440 8170 6900 5790 4880 4140 3550 3070 2680
Table 3.1: Eurocode (EN 1993-1-1: 2005) design buckling resistance [kN] of strong and weak axis of HD columns
sections in HISTAR® 460.
18
http://orangebook.arcelormittal.com/
Buckling length [m]

Axis
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Nb,y,Rd 10900 10900 10900 10800 10700 10600 10500 10200 9880 9480 9000 8420 7760 7050 6340 5680 5080
HD 400 x 187
Nb,z,Rd 10900 10900 10700 10500 10300 10000 9750 9040 8090 6970 5880 4920 4140 3510 3010 2600 2270
Nb,y,Rd 11500 11500 11500 11400 11300 11200 11000 10800 10400 10000 9490 8880 8190 7440 6700 6000 5360
HD 360 x 196
Nb,z,Rd 11500 11400 11200 11000 10800 10500 10100 9290 8180 6930 5770 4790 4010 3390 2900 2500 2180
Nb,y,Rd 10500 10500 10500 10400 10300 10200 10100 9800 9490 9100 8640 8070 7430 6750 6070 5430 4850
HD 360 x 179
Nb,z,Rd 10500 10400 10200 10000 9800 9540 9240 8460 7430 6290 5230 4340 3640 3070 2630 2270 1970
Nb,y,Rd 9490 9490 9490 9420 9310 9210 9100 8850 8570 8220 7790 7280 6690 6070 5460 4880 4360
HD 360 x 162
Nb,z,Rd 9490 9420 9240 9060 8850 8620 8340 7630 6690 5660 4700 3900 3270 2760 2360 2040 1770
Nb,y,Rd 8640 8640 8640 8570 8480 8380 8280 8060 7790 7470 7070 6600 6060 5490 4920 4400 3930
HD 360 x 147
Nb,z,Rd 8640 8570 8420 8250 8060 7840 7590 6930 6070 5120 4250 3520 2950 2490 2130 1840 1600
Nb,y,Rd 7850 7850 7850 7780 7700 7610 7510 7310 7060 6760 6400 5960 5470 4950 4430 3960 3530
HD 360 x 134
Nb,z,Rd 7850 7780 7640 7490 7310 7110 6880 6280 5490 4630 3840 3180 2660 2250 1920 1660 1440
Nb,y,Rd 17600 17600 17600 17400 17200 17000 16800 16300 15700 15000 14100 13000 11800 10600 9480 8420 7490
HD 320 x 300
Nb,z,Rd 17600 17300 16900 16400 15900 15300 14500 12600 10300 8270 6660 5430 4490 3770 3200 2760 2390
Nb,y,Rd 14400 14400 14300 14200 14000 13800 13700 13200 12700 12100 11400 10500 9470 8470 7520 6670 5920
HD 320 x 245
Nb,z,Rd 14400 14100 13800 13400 13000 12400 11800 10200 8310 6650 5350 4360 3600 3020 2570 2210 1920
Nb,y,Rd 11600 11600 11600 11500 11300 11200 11000 10700 10200 9690 9020 8250 7410 6580 5820 5140 4550
HD 320 x 198
Nb,z,Rd 11600 11400 11100 10800 10400 10000 9460 8080 6550 5210 4180 3400 2810 2360 2000 1720 1490
Nb,y,Rd 9260 9260 9230 9120 9010 8890 8760 8460 8100 7650 7090 6450 5760 5100 4490 3960 3500
HD 320 x 158
Nb,z,Rd 9260 9070 8850 8600 8300 7930 7480 6350 5110 4060 3250 2640 2180 1830 1550 1330 1160
Nb,y,Rd 7420 7420 7390 7310 7210 7110 7010 6770 6470 6090 5630 5090 4540 4000 3520 3100 2740
HD 320 x 127
Nb,z,Rd 7420 7260 7080 6880 6630 6330 5960 5020 4020 3180 2540 2060 1700 1430 1210 1040 904
Nb,y,Rd 5720 5720 5700 5630 5550 5480 5390 5200 4960 4650 4280 3860 3420 3010 2640 2320 2050
HD 320 x 97,6
Nb,z,Rd 5720 5600 5460 5290 5100 4860 4570 3830 3060 2410 1930 1560 1290 1080 917 788 684
Nb,y,Rd 4220 4220 4200 4150 4090 4030 3970 3820 3640 3410 3120 2800 2480 2170 1900 1670 1470
HD 320 x 74,2*
Nb,z,Rd 4220 4120 4010 3890 3740 3560 3330 2770 2190 1730 1370 1110 918 769 653 561 487
Nb,y,Rd 17500 17500 17400 17200 16900 16700 16400 15700 14900 13900 12600 11300 9880 8620 7520 6590 5800
HD 260 x 299
Nb,z,Rd 17500 17100 16600 16100 15400 14600 13700 11200 8840 6930 5510 4460 3670 3070 2610 2240 1940
Nb,y,Rd 13200 13200 13100 12900 12700 12500 12300 11700 11000 10100 9100 7990 6940 6010 5220 4550 4000
HD 260 x 225
Nb,z,Rd 13100 12800 12500 12000 11500 10900 10100 8160 6350 4950 3920 3170 2610 2180 1850 1590 1380
Nb,y,Rd 10100 10100 9990 9850 9690 9520 9340 8900 8320 7590 6740 5860 5060 4360 3770 3290 2880
HD 260 x 172
Nb,z,Rd 10100 9820 9540 9210 8800 8280 7650 6160 4780 3710 2940 2370 1950 1630 1380 1190 1030
Nb,y,Rd 8290 8290 8190 8070 7940 7790 7630 7250 6740 6100 5370 4640 3980 3420 2960 2570 2250
HD 260 x 142
Nb,z,Rd 8260 8050 7810 7530 7180 6730 6190 4930 3800 2940 2330 1880 1540 1290 1090 938 814
Nb,y,Rd 6700 6700 6610 6510 6400 6280 6150 5820 5390 4850 4240 3650 3120 2680 2310 2010 1760
HD 260 x 114
Nb,z,Rd 6670 6490 6300 6060 5770 5400 4940 3910 3000 2320 1830 1470 1210 1010 858 736 638
Nb,y,Rd 5450 5450 5370 5280 5190 5090 4980 4710 4350 3890 3390 2910 2480 2120 1830 1590 1390
HD 260 x 93,0
Nb,z,Rd 5410 5270 5110 4920 4670 4360 3980 3130 2390 1850 1460 1170 965 806 683 586 508
Nb,y,Rd 3990 3990 3930 3870 3800 3720 3630 3420 3140 2790 2420 2060 1750 1500 1290 1120 977
HD 260 x 68,2
Nb,z,Rd 3970 3860 3740 3590 3410 3170 2890 2260 1720 1320 1040 841 690 577 489 419 363
Nb,y,Rd 3080 3070 3030 2980 2920 2860 2800 2630 2410 2140 1850 1580 1340 1150 985 854 747
HD 260 x 54,1*
Nb,z,Rd 3050 2970 2880 2760 2620 2430 2210 1720 1310 1010 794 640 525 439 372 319 276
Table 3.1 (continued): Eurocode (EN 1993-1-1: 2005) design buckling resistance [kN] of strong and weak axis of HD
columns sections in HISTAR® 460.
* Only available in S460M.
19
Buckling length [m]
Axis
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Nb,y,Rd 74500 74500 74500 74500 74400 73800 73200 72000 70700 69200 67600 65700 63500 60900 58000 54800 51300
UC 356 x 406 x 1299
Nb,z,Rd 74500 74500 73500 71900 70200 68500 66600 62500 57800 52500 46800 41200 36100 31500 27600 24300 21500
Nb,y,Rd 68900 68900 68900 68900 68700 68200 67600 66400 65200 63800 62200 60300 58100 55600 52800 49600 46300
UC 356 x 406 x 1202
Nb,z,Rd 68900 68900 67900 66400 64800 63200 61400 57600 53100 48000 42700 37500 32700 28500 25000 21900 19400
Nb,y,Rd 62400 62400 62400 62400 62200 61700 61200 60100 59000 57700 56200 54500 52500 50300 47600 44800 41700
UC 356 x 406 x 1086
Nb,z,Rd 62400 62400 61300 59900 58400 56900 55300 51600 47300 42600 37600 32800 28500 24800 21700 19000 16800
Nb,y,Rd 56800 56800 56800 56800 56600 56100 55700 54700 53600 52300 50900 49300 47400 45200 42700 40000 37100
UC 356 x 406 x 990
Nb,z,Rd 56800 56800 55800 54500 53100 51700 50200 46700 42700 38300 33700 29300 25400 22100 19300 16900 14900
Nb,y,Rd 51700 51700 51700 51700 51400 51000 50600 49600 48600 47400 46100 44500 42700 40600 38200 35600 32900
UC 356 x 406 x 900
Nb,z,Rd 51700 51700 50700 49500 48200 46900 45500 42300 38600 34400 30200 26200 22700 19700 17100 15000 13200
Nb,y,Rd 48000 48000 48000 48000 47700 47300 46800 45900 44900 43800 42400 40900 39000 36900 34500 32000 29400
UC 356 x 406 x 818
Nb,z,Rd 48000 48000 47300 46600 45800 45000 44000 41700 38600 34700 30400 26200 22400 19200 16600 14400 12600
Nb,y,Rd 43600 43600 43600 43600 43300 42900 42500 41600 40700 39600 38300 36900 35100 33100 30800 28400 26100
UC 356 x 406 x 744
Nb,z,Rd 43600 43600 43000 42300 41600 40800 39900 37700 34800 31200 27200 23300 19900 17100 14700 12800 11200
Nb,y,Rd 39700 39700 39700 39700 39400 39000 38600 37800 36900 35900 34700 33300 31600 29700 27500 25300 23100
UC 356 x 406 x 677
Nb,z,Rd 39700 39700 39100 38500 37800 37100 36300 34200 31500 28200 24500 20900 17800 15300 13100 11400 9970
Nb,y,Rd 37100 37100 37100 37100 36800 36500 36100 35400 34500 33500 32400 31000 29400 27500 25500 23400 21400
UC 356 x 406 x 634
Nb,z,Rd 37100 37100 36600 36000 35300 34600 33800 31900 29300 26100 22600 19300 16400 14000 12100 10500 9160
Nb,y,Rd 34700 34700 34700 34700 34400 34100 33700 33000 32200 31200 30100 28800 27300 25500 23500 21600 19600
UC 356 x 406 x 592
Nb,z,Rd 34700 34700 34200 33600 33000 32300 31600 29700 27300 24200 20900 17800 15200 12900 11100 9650 8440
Nb,y,Rd 32300 32300 32300 32200 31900 31600 31300 30600 29900 29000 27900 26600 25100 23400 21600 19700 17900
UC 356 x 406 x 551
Nb,z,Rd 32300 32200 31800 31200 30700 30000 29300 27600 25200 22400 19300 16400 13900 11900 10200 8860 7740
Nb,y,Rd 29900 29900 29900 29800 29500 29200 28900 28300 27600 26700 25700 24500 23100 21400 19700 18000 16300
UC 356 x 406 x 509
Nb,z,Rd 29900 29800 29300 28900 28300 27700 27100 25400 23200 20500 17700 15000 12700 10900 9340 8090 7070
Nb,y,Rd 27400 27400 27400 27300 27000 26800 26500 25900 25200 24400 23500 22300 21000 19500 17800 16200 14700
UC 356 x 406 x 467
Nb,z,Rd 27400 27300 26900 26400 25900 25400 24800 23200 21200 18700 16000 13600 11500 9800 8420 7300 6370
Nb,y,Rd 23000 23000 23000 22900 22700 22500 22200 21700 21100 20400 19600 18500 17300 16000 14600 13200 11900
UC 356 x 406 x 393
Nb,z,Rd 23000 23000 22600 22200 21800 21300 20800 19400 17600 15500 13200 11200 9440 8040 6900 5970 5220
Nb,y,Rd 19900 19900 19900 19800 19600 19400 19200 18700 18200 17600 16800 15900 14800 13600 12400 11200 10100
UC 356 x 406 x 340
Nb,z,Rd 19900 19900 19500 19200 18800 18400 17900 16700 15100 13200 11300 9490 8010 6820 5850 5060 4420
Nb,y,Rd 16100 16100 16100 16000 15900 15700 15500 15200 14700 14200 13600 12900 12000 11000 10100 9090 8190
UC 356 x 406 x 287
Nb,z,Rd 16100 16000 15800 15500 15200 14900 14500 13600 12300 10800 9220 7790 6590 5610 4810 4170 3640
Nb,y,Rd 13200 13200 13200 13100 13000 12800 12700 12400 12000 11600 11000 10400 9680 8880 8060 7260 6530
UC 356 x 406 x 235
Nb,z,Rd 13200 13100 12900 12700 12400 12200 11800 11100 10000 8760 7460 6290 5320 4520 3880 3360 2930
Table 3.2: Eurocode (EN 1993-1-1: 2005) design buckling resistances [kN] of strong and weak axis of UC columns
sections in HISTAR® 460.
20
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Buckling length [m]

Axis
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Nb,y,Rd 11300 11300 11300 11200 11100 11000 10900 10600 10300 9910 9450 8890 8250 7540 6830 6140 5510
UC 356 x 368 x 202
Nb,z,Rd 11300 11200 11100 10800 10600 10300 10000 9260 8220 7040 5900 4920 4130 3500 2990 2590 2250
Nb,y,Rd 9920 9920 9920 9860 9760 9650 9540 9300 9010 8670 8250 7750 7180 6550 5920 5320 4770
UC 356 x 368 x 177
Nb,z,Rd 9920 9860 9690 9500 9300 9060 8790 8090 7170 6120 5120 4270 3580 3030 2600 2240 1950
Nb,y,Rd 8570 8570 8570 8510 8420 8330 8240 8020 7770 7470 7110 6670 6160 5610 5060 4540 4070
UC 356 x 368 x 153
Nb,z,Rd 8570 8510 8360 8200 8020 7820 7580 6970 6170 5260 4390 3660 3070 2600 2220 1920 1670
Nb,y,Rd 7230 7230 7230 7180 7100 7020 6940 6760 6540 6280 5970 5590 5160 4690 4220 3780 3390
UC 356 x 368 x 129
Nb,z,Rd 7230 7180 7050 6910 6760 6590 6380 5860 5180 4400 3670 3050 2560 2160 1850 1600 1390
Nb,y,Rd 16600 16600 16600 16400 16200 16000 15800 15300 14700 14000 13100 12100 10900 9790 8690 7710 6840
UC 305 x 305 x 283
Nb,z,Rd 16600 16300 16000 15600 15100 14600 13900 12200 10100 8170 6600 5400 4470 3760 3200 2750 2390
Nb,y,Rd 13500 13500 13500 13300 13100 13000 12800 12400 12000 11400 10700 9830 8900 7960 7070 6270 5570
UC 305 x 305 x 240
Nb,z,Rd 13500 13300 13000 12600 12300 11800 11300 9930 8270 6700 5430 4440 3680 3090 2630 2260 1970
Nb,y,Rd 11100 11100 11100 11000 10800 10700 10600 10200 9820 9320 8700 7980 7190 6400 5670 5020 4450
UC 305 x 305 x 198
Nb,z,Rd 11100 10900 10700 10400 10100 9730 9280 8100 6720 5420 4380 3580 2960 2490 2120 1820 1580
Nb,y,Rd 8860 8860 8840 8740 8630 8520 8400 8120 7780 7360 6840 6230 5580 4950 4370 3860 3410
UC 305 x 305 x 158
Nb,z,Rd 8860 8710 8510 8290 8040 7730 7350 6370 5240 4210 3390 2770 2290 1920 1640 1410 1220
Nb,y,Rd 7670 7670 7650 7560 7470 7370 7260 7020 6720 6340 5880 5340 4770 4220 3720 3280 2900
UC 305 x 305 x 137
Nb,z,Rd 7670 7540 7370 7170 6950 6670 6340 5480 4490 3600 2890 2360 1950 1640 1390 1200 1040
Nb,y,Rd 6610 6610 6590 6510 6420 6340 6240 6030 5760 5430 5020 4550 4060 3580 3150 2780 2450
UC 305 x 305 x 118
Nb,z,Rd 6610 6490 6340 6170 5970 5730 5440 4680 3820 3060 2460 2000 1660 1390 1180 1020 883
Nb,y,Rd 5680 5680 5650 5580 5500 5420 5340 5140 4900 4590 4210 3780 3340 2930 2570 2260 1990
UC 305 x 305 x 97
Nb,z,Rd 5680 5560 5430 5270 5090 4870 4600 3900 3140 2500 2000 1620 1340 1120 955 821 713
Nb,y,Rd 9370 9370 9270 9140 9000 8850 8680 8290 7770 7120 6350 5550 4800 4150 3600 3140 2750
UC 254 x 254 x 167
Nb,z,Rd 9340 9110 8860 8550 8180 7720 7140 5780 4490 3500 2770 2240 1840 1540 1310 1120 973
Nb,y,Rd 7400 7400 7310 7200 7090 6970 6830 6500 6070 5520 4890 4240 3660 3150 2720 2370 2080
UC 254 x 254 x 132
Nb,z,Rd 7370 7180 6980 6730 6420 6040 5570 4460 3450 2680 2120 1710 1410 1180 997 856 742
Nb,y,Rd 6000 6000 5920 5840 5740 5640 5520 5240 4870 4400 3870 3340 2870 2460 2130 1850 1620
UC 254 x 254 x 107
Nb,z,Rd 5970 5820 5650 5440 5190 4860 4470 3550 2730 2120 1670 1350 1110 927 786 675 585
Nb,y,Rd 4980 4980 4920 4840 4760 4680 4580 4340 4020 3630 3180 2740 2350 2020 1740 1510 1320
UC 254 x 254 x 89
Nb,z,Rd 4960 4830 4690 4520 4300 4030 3690 2930 2250 1740 1380 1110 911 762 645 554 480
Nb,y,Rd 4280 4280 4220 4150 4080 4000 3900 3680 3390 3020 2620 2240 1910 1630 1400 1220 1060
UC 254 x 254 x 73
Nb,z,Rd 4250 4140 4010 3850 3650 3400 3090 2410 1830 1410 1110 896 736 615 521 447 387
Table 3.2 (continued): Eurocode (EN 1993-1-1: 2005) design buckling resistances [kN] of strong and weak axis
of UC columns sections in HISTAR® 460.
21
Shape W14 x 16
lb/ 873h 808h 730h 665h 605h 550h 500h
Design ASD LRFD ASD LRFD ASD LRFD ASD LRFD ASD LRFD ASD LRFD ASD LRFD
0 10000 15030 9260 13920 8370 12580 7630 11470 6930 10410 6310 9480 5720 8600
11 9340 14030 8630 12970 7760 11670 7060 10610 6400 9610 5810 8730 5260 7900
12 9210 13850 8510 12790 7650 11500 6960 10450 6300 9470 5720 8590 5170 7780
13 9080 13650 8390 12610 7530 11320 6850 10290 6200 9310 5620 8450 5090 7640
Effecve length, KL (), with respect to least radius of gyraon, ry
14 8950 13450 8260 12410 7410 11130 6730 10110 6090 9150 5520 8300 4990 7500
15 8800 13220 8120 12200 7270 10930 6600 9930 5970 8970 5410 8130 4890 7350
16 8640 12990 7970 11980 7140 10730 6470 9730 5850 8790 5300 7970 4790 7190
17 8480 12750 7820 11750 6990 10510 6340 9530 5720 8600 5180 7790 4680 7030
18 8320 12500 7660 11510 6840 10280 6200 9310 5590 8410 5060 7610 4560 6860
19 8140 12240 7500 11270 6680 10050 6050 9100 5460 8200 4930 7420 4450 6690
20 7960 11970 7330 11010 6520 9810 5900 8870 5320 7990 4810 7220 4330 6510
22 7590 11410 6970 10480 6190 9310 5590 8410 5030 7560 4540 6820 4080 6140
24 7200 10830 6610 9930 5850 8790 5270 7920 4730 7120 4260 6410 3830 5750
26 6800 10230 6230 9360 5490 8260 4950 7430 4430 6660 3980 5990 3570 5370
28 6400 9620 5850 8790 5140 7720 4610 6940 4130 6200 3700 5570 3310 4980
30 5990 9000 5460 8210 4780 7180 4280 6440 3820 5740 3420 5140 3050 4590
32 5580 8390 5080 7630 4420 6650 3960 5950 3520 5290 3150 4730 2800 4210
34 5180 7780 4700 7070 4080 6130 3640 5460 3230 4850 2880 4320 2550 3840
36 4780 7180 4330 6510 3740 5620 3320 4990 2940 4420 2620 3930 2320 3480
38 4390 6600 3970 5970 3410 5120 3020 4540 2660 4000 2360 3550 2090 3130
40 4020 6040 3620 5450 3090 4640 2730 4100 2400 3610 2130 3200 1880 2830
42 3650 5490 3290 4940 2800 4210 2480 3720 2180 3280 1930 2900 1710 2570
44 3330 5000 2990 4500 2550 3830 2260 3390 1990 2990 1760 2650 1560 2340
46 3040 4570 2740 4120 2330 3510 2060 3100 1820 2730 1610 2420 1420 2140
48 2800 4200 2520 3780 2140 3220 1900 2850 1670 2510 1480 2220 1310 1960
50 2580 3870 2320 3480 1970 2970 1750 2630 1540 2310 1360 2050 1200 1810
Shape W14 x 16
lb/ 455h 426h 398h 370h 342h 311h 283h
0 5220 7840 4870 7310 4550 6840 4240 6380 3930 5910 3560 5350 3240 4870
11 4780 7190 4460 6700 4170 6260 3870 5820 3590 5390 3240 4870 2950 4430
12 4710 7070 4380 6590 4100 6160 3810 5720 3520 5290 3180 4780 2890 4350
13 4620 6950 4300 6470 4020 6040 3740 5620 3460 5200 3120 4690 2840 4270
14 4530 6820 4220 6340 3940 5920 3660 5500 3390 5090 3060 4590 2780 4180
15 4440 6680 4130 6210 3860 5800 3580 5390 3310 4980 2990 4490 2720 4080
16 4340 6530 4040 6070 3770 5670 3500 5260 3230 4860 2920 4380 2650 3980
17 4240 6380 3940 5930 3680 5530 3420 5130 3150 4740 2840 4270 2580 3880
18 4140 6220 3840 5780 3590 5390 3330 5000 3070 4620 2770 4160 2510 3780
19 4030 6060 3740 5630 3490 5250 3240 4860 2990 4490 2690 4040 2440 3670
20 3920 5890 3640 5470 3390 5100 3140 4720 2900 4360 2610 3920 2370 3560
22 3690 5550 3420 5140 3190 4790 2950 4430 2720 4090 2440 3670 2220 3330
24 3460 5200 3200 4810 2980 4480 2750 4140 2540 3810 2280 3420 2060 3100
26 3220 4840 2980 4470 2770 4160 2550 3840 2350 3530 2110 3160 1900 2860
28 2980 4480 2750 4140 2560 3840 2360 3540 2160 3250 1940 2910 1750 2630
30 2740 4120 2530 3800 2350 3530 2160 3240 1980 2980 1770 2660 1600 2400
32 2510 3780 2310 3470 2140 3220 1970 2960 1800 2710 1610 2420 1450 2180
34 2290 3440 2100 3160 1940 2920 1780 2680 1630 2450 1450 2180 1310 1960
36 2070 3110 1900 2850 1750 2630 1600 2410 1460 2200 1300 1950 1170 1750
38 1860 2790 1700 2560 1570 2360 1440 2160 1310 1970 1170 1750 1050 1570
40 1680 2520 1540 2310 1420 2130 1300 1950 1180 1780 1050 1580 944 1420
42 1520 2290 1390 2090 1290 1930 1180 1770 1070 1610 954 1430 857 1290
44 1390 2080 1270 1910 1170 1760 1070 1610 978 1470 869 1310 780 1170
46 1270 1910 1160 1750 1070 1610 980 1470 895 1350 795 1200 714 1070
48 1160 1750 1070 1600 984 1480 900 1350 822 1240 730 1100 656 986
50 1070 1610 983 1480 907 1360 829 1250 758 1140 673 1010 604 908
Table 3.3: American Standard (ANSI/AISC 360-16) design buckling resistance [kips] of W columns in Grade 65.
h
Flange thickness is greater than 2 in. Special requirements may apply per AISC Specification Section A3.1c.
22
Shape W14 x 16
lb/ 257 233 211 193 176 159 145
0 2940 4420 2670 4010 2410 3630 2210 3320 2020 3030 1820 2730 1660 2500
11 2670 4010 2420 3630 2180 3280 2000 3000 1820 2740 1640 2460 1500 2250
12 2620 3940 2370 3560 2140 3220 1960 2950 1780 2680 1610 2420 1470 2210
13 2570 3860 2320 3490 2100 3150 1920 2890 1750 2630 1570 2360 1440 2160
14 2510 3780 2270 3420 2050 3080 1880 2820 1710 2570 1540 2310 1400 2110
15 2460 3690 2220 3340 2000 3010 1830 2750 1670 2500 1500 2250 1370 2060
16 2400 3600 2160 3250 1950 2940 1790 2680 1620 2440 1460 2190 1330 2000
17 2330 3510 2110 3170 1900 2860 1740 2610 1580 2370 1420 2130 1290 1950
18 2270 3410 2050 3080 1850 2780 1690 2540 1530 2300 1380 2070 1260 1890
19 2200 3310 1990 2990 1790 2690 1640 2460 1490 2230 1330 2010 1220 1830
20 2130 3210 1930 2890 1730 2610 1580 2380 1440 2160 1290 1940 1180 1770
22 2000 3000 1800 2700 1620 2430 1480 2220 1340 2010 1200 1810 1090 1640
24 1850 2790 1670 2510 1500 2250 1370 2050 1240 1860 1110 1670 1010 1520
26 1710 2570 1540 2310 1380 2070 1260 1890 1140 1710 1020 1530 926 1390
28 1570 2360 1410 2120 1260 1900 1150 1730 1040 1560 929 1400 844 1270
30 1430 2150 1280 1930 1150 1720 1040 1570 940 1410 841 1270 763 1150
32 1290 1940 1160 1740 1040 1560 940 1410 846 1270 756 1140 686 1030
34 1160 1750 1040 1560 927 1390 841 1260 755 1140 674 1010 610 917
36 1040 1560 927 1390 827 1240 750 1130 674 1010 601 904 544 818
38 932 1400 832 1250 742 1120 673 1010 605 909 540 811 488 734
40 841 1260 751 1130 670 1010 607 913 546 820 487 732 441 663
42 763 1150 681 1020 607 913 551 828 495 744 442 664 400 601
44 695 1040 620 933 553 832 502 754 451 678 402 605 364 548
46 636 956 568 853 506 761 459 690 412 620 368 553 333 501
48 584 878 521 784 465 699 422 634 379 570 338 508 306 460
50 538 809 480 722 428 644 388 584 349 525 311 468 282 424
Table 3.3 (continued): American Standard (ANSI/AISC 360-16) design buckling resistance [kips] of W columns in
Grade 65.
23
Buckling length [m]
Axis
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Nb,y,Rd 74 204 70653 66891 62958 58793 54402 49863 45315 40913 36791 33029 29661 26680
Box HD 400 x 634
Nb,z,Rd 74 204 72557 69487 66346 63079 59652 56064 52348 48568 44813 41170 37715 34499
Nb,y,Rd 79 291 77676 71647 67498 63109 58480 53688 48873 44196 39799 35773 32157 28948
Box HD 400 x 677
Nb,z,Rd 79 291 75620 74446 71145 67720 64129 60370 56471 52497 48533 44671 40993 37554
Nb,y,Rd 85178 81587 77451 73146 68603 63811 58832 53793 48855 44165 39829 35902 32393
Box HD 400 x 744
Nb,z,Rd 85178 83767 80409 76990 73450 69748 65875 61851 57729 53584 49521 45609 41920
Nb,y,Rd 93706 90006 85548 80920 76043 70900 65545 60105 54740 49613 44844 40499 36598
Box HD 400 x 818
Nb,z,Rd 93706 92414 88808 85146 81363 77415 73287 68992 64581 60130 55729 51469 47424
Nb,y,Rd 103232 99424 94614 89629 84385 78857 73093 67213 61384 55779 50532 45724 41386
Box HD 400 x 900
Nb,z,Rd 103232 102099 98225 94300 90255 86042 81641 77059 72341 67558 62803 58169 53738
Nb,y,Rd 113385 109542 104380 99046 93446 87546 81384 75074 68783 62690 56945 51645 46836
Box HD 400 x 990
Nb,z,Rd 113385 112462 108314 104121 99810 95331 90656 85788 80764 75652 70541 65527 60700
Nb,y,Rd 124529 120647 115100 109381 103390 97082 90487 83712 76923 70305 64023 58193 52872
Box HD 400 x 1086
Nb,z,Rd 124529 123878 119443 114970 110384 105629 100673 95513 90178 84729 79253 73847 68605
Nb,y,Rd 137443 133346 127291 121056 114530 107663 100480 93090 85665 78408 71494 65056 59165
Box HD 400 x 1202
Nb,z,Rd 137443 137162 132412 127633 122746 117693 112435 106963 101297 95491 89624 83795 78099
Nb,y,Rd 148230 144267 137898 131358 124528 117350 109837 102084 94254 86547 79151 72214 65824
Box HD 400 x 1299
Nb,z,Rd 148230 148230 143333 138320 133207 127930 122449 116749 110842 104775 98620 92471 86427
Table 3.4: Eurocode (EN 1993-1-1: 2005) design buckling resistance [kN] of strong and weak axis of HD Box
columns sections in HISTAR® 460.
Buckling length [m]

Axis
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Nb,y,Rd 71039 71039 71039 70020 68374 66721 65046 63342 61598 59807 57967 56077 54139
Cruciform HL 1100 x 607
Nb,z,Rd 71039 71039 71039 70221 68615 67004 65375 63719 62027 60292 58511 56682 54806
Nb,y,Rd 75125 75125 75125 73441 71578 69699 67788 65835 63828 61762 59635 57450 55214
Nb,z,Rd 75125 75125 75125 73708 71899 70078 68229 66343 64408 62419 60373 58270 56116
Nb,y,Rd 76752 76752 76752 74586 72590 70571 68513 66402 64227 61986 59677 57306 54887
Nb,z,Rd 76752 76752 76752 74891 72958 71008 69022 66991 64901 62750 60534 58258 55931
Nb,y,Rd 84801 84801 84801 82472 80280 78064 75805 73489 71105 68647 66116 63517 60863
Nb,z,Rd 84801 84801 84801 82846 80731 78598 76429 74210 71929 69581 67164 64681 62141
Nb,y,Rd 87605 87605 87605 85771 83624 81461 79264 77019 74713 72342 69901 67393 64826
Nb,z,Rd 87605 87605 87605 86129 84054 81969 79854 77698 75489 73220 70886 68488 66031
Nb,y,Rd 92071 92071 92071 89638 87278 84893 82464 79975 77413 74773 72054 69262 66410
Nb,z,Rd 92071 92071 92071 90069 87798 85508 83181 80803 78360 75846 73258 70600 67878
Nb,y,Rd 103402 103402 103402 101400 98899 96381 93826 91216 88540 85787 82955 80045 77065
Nb,z,Rd 103402 103402 103402 101891 99489 97076 94634 92146 89599 86986 84299 81540 78711
Nb,y,Rd 111159 111159 111159 108615 105847 103055 100215 97311 94327 91255 88092 84843 81519
Nb,z,Rd 111159 111159 111159 109238 106597 103940 101246 98498 95683 92790 89814 86757 83625
Nb,y,Rd 111735 111735 111735 109818 107165 104498 101793 99035 96208 93304 90317 87248 84104
Nb,z,Rd 111735 111735 111735 110389 107851 105305 102730 100111 97434 94689 91870 88975 86007
Nb,y,Rd 123331 123331 123331 120665 117625 114562 111448 108266 104997 101634 98172 94616 90975
Nb,z,Rd 123331 123331 123331 121410 118522 115618 112677 109681 106612 103461 100222 96894 93483
Nb,y,Rd 136816 136816 136816 134043 130710 127351 123940 120457 116881 113204 109419 105531 101549
Nb,z,Rd 136816 136816 136816 134941 131789 128622 125418 122156 118819 115395 111878 108264 104559
Nb,y,Rd 145357 145357 145357 142531 139014 135471 131876 128205 124438 120566 116581 112487 108294
Nb,z,Rd 145357 145357 145357 143525 140208 136878 133510 130084 126580 122987 119297 115506 111620
Nb,y,Rd 157652 157652 157652 154264 150383 146471 142495 138432 134260 129966 125547 121007 116359
Nb,z,Rd 157652 157652 157652 155601 151990 148364 144697 140965 137148 133233 129211 125080 120845
Table 3.5: Eurocode (EN 1993-1-1: 2005) design buckling resistance [kN] of strong and weak axis of Cruciform
24 sections in HISTAR® 460.
Tables
Buckling length [m]
Axis
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Nb,y,Rd 64259 62945 61150 58917 56299 53354 50147 46745 43215 39623 36030 32494 29063
Box W 360 x 410 x 634
Nb,z,Rd 63684 63684 62432 60859 58990 56855 54488 51923 49200 46356 43429 40457 37475
Nb,y,Rd 68691 67315 65435 63094 60347 57254 53882 50299 46576 42781 38979 35228 31581
Box W 360 x 410 x 677
Nb,z,Rd 68104 68104 66805 65170 63227 61004 58537 55861 53015 50038 46968 43845 40705
Nb,y,Rd 75469 74008 72010 69521 66595 63295 59690 55852 51854 47767 43660 39595 35628
Box W 360 x 410 x 744
Nb,z,Rd 74858 74858 73487 71761 69706 67354 64738 61896 58867 55691 52410 49061 45685
Nb,y,Rd 83100 81550 79428 76781 73664 70144 66291 62180 57885 53483 49045 44638 40321
Box W 360 x 410 x 818
Nb,z,Rd 82471 82471 81030 79213 77049 74567 71802 68793 65578 62199 58699 55116 51493
Nb,y,Rd 91586 89940 87685 84868 81548 77792 73672 69265 64652 59910 55114 50335 45639
Box W 360 x 410 x 900
Nb,z,Rd 90942 90942 89429 87520 85243 82628 79710 76527 73120 69531 65802 61974 58091
Nb,y,Rd 100672 98939 96562 93589 90080 86103 81731 77044 72122 67048 61899 56750 51669
Box W 360 x 410 x 990
Nb,z,Rd 100009 100009 98426 96428 94041 91296 88229 84876 81280 77482 73526 69454 65310
Nb,y,Rd 110572 108744 106236 103096 99383 95168 90526 85538 80288 74859 69333 63789 58298
Box W 360 x 410 x 1086
Nb,z,Rd 109901 109901 108253 106171 103680 100811 97599 94083 90303 86301 82122 77808 73403
Nb,y,Rd 122094 120116 117401 114000 109977 105405 100365 94944 89231 83316 77286 71226 65214
Box W 360 x 410 x 1202
Nb,z,Rd 121458 121458 119742 117572 114972 111975 108613 104924 100950 96732 92315 87741 83057
Nb,y,Rd 132150 130102 127287 123757 119576 114816 109559 103891 97903 91685 85327 78915 72531
Box W 360 x 410 x 1299
Nb,z,Rd 131503 131503 129734 127495 124810 121711 118230 114405 110276 105886 101278 96496 91585
Table 3.6: American Standard (ANSI/AISC 360-16) design buckling resistance [kN] of W Box columns in Grade 65.
Buckling length [m]

Axis
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Cruciform W Nb,y,Rd 62322 62044 61656 61161 60562 59861 59062 58170 57189 56127 57189 56127 57189
1100 x 400 x 607 Nb,z,Rd 62333 62068 61699 61227 60656 59988 59226 58374 57436 56417 57436 56417 57436
1000 x 400 x 642 Nb,z,Rd 65888 65571 65129 65571 65129 65571 65129 65571 65129 65571 65129 65571 65129
920 x 420 x 656 Nb,z,Rd 67291 66937 66445 65817 66445 65817 66445 65817 66445 65817 66445 65817 66445
920 x 420 x 725 Nb,z,Rd 74354 73971 73437 72756 73437 72756 73437 72756 73437 72756 73437 72756 73437
1000 x 400 x 748 Nb,z,Rd 76843 76485 75986 76485 75986 76485 75986 76485 75986 76485 75986 76485 75986
920 x 420 x 787 Nb,z,Rd 80735 80327 79759 79035 79759 79035 79759 79035 79759 79035 79759 79035 79759
1000 x 400 x 883 Nb,z,Rd 90712 90305 89738 90305 89738 90305 89738 90305 89738 90305 89738 90305 89738
920 x 420 x 970 Nb,z,Rd 99659 99181 98515 97666 98515 97666 98515 97666 98515 97666 98515 97666 98515
1000 x 400 x 976 Nb,z,Rd 100209 99769 99157 99769 99157 99769 99157 99769 99157 99769 99157 99769 99157
920 x 420 x 1077 Nb,z,Rd 110585 110069 109351 108435 109351 108435 109351 108435 109351 108435 109351 108435 109351
920 x 420 x 1194 Nb,z,Rd 122690 122136 121365 120380 121365 120380 121365 120380 121365 120380 121365 120380 121365
920 x 420 x 1269 Nb,z,Rd 130358 129781 128977 127950 128977 127950 128977 127950 128977 127950 128977 127950 128977
920 x 420 x 1377 Nb,z,Rd 141381 140751 139872 138751 139872 138751 139872 138751 139872 138751 139872 138751 139872
Table 3.7: American Standard (ANSI/AISC 360-16) design buckling resistance [kN] of cruciform columns in Grade 65.
25
y Megacolumns y Experimental Testing of Composite Megacolumns
High-rise buildings have been built in recent years all around Experimental performance tests on composite megacolumns
the world and the majority of their structures are built using with encased hot rolled steel sections, which were supported
reinforced concrete as the core and structural steel as and founded by ArcelorMittal, were carried out between
the surrounding frame. February and September 2015 at the China Academy of
Building Research Technologies (CABR) Laboratories and
Minimising the size of the vertical structural elements, the Laboratories of Tsinghua University, Beijing.
without compromising the economic feasibility of projects
and limiting their impact on tall buildings’ floor plans, is a The design office, Magnusson Klemencic Associates,
constant challenge. The use of composite structural elements provided background studies on comparative composite
combining high grade concrete and steel is a viable solution. megacolumn construction projects, both within China
and other international markets and the Council on
Currently, concrete filled tubes (CFT) or concrete filled Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) assumed
continuous caissons built-up by welding heavy plates are the role of project coordinator.
common structural solutions. Their main drawbacks include
high costs, the need for skilled labour, complex connections,
and requiring welding conditions for heavy plates, such
as preheating and repairing.
Megacolumns are composed of more than one structural

steel wide flange shape with longitudinal rebar and ties
embedded in concrete. These are believed to be a convenient
solution in terms of structural behaviour, cost and constructability
for the design of tall buildings (incl. towers over 300m). They
serve to support gravity loads, as well as axial loads from wind
and seismic overturning, and the reinforced concrete surrounding

the megacolumns is not only for structural stability, but
also protects the steel column from corrosion and fire.
This technical solution brings several advantages:
- smaller footprint of the column
- lower prices thanks to the simplicity of the system itself
- safe and reliable (i.e. minimal welding is necessary on Figure 3.9 Mega-Column scaled (1:4) Specimen tested
site and, fire protection can be achieved utilising to failure
the surrounding concrete)
- construction times are decreased dramatically The composite megacolumns considered in this testing were
due to off-site fabrication and faster erection defined as vertical structural systems with four hot-rolled
- optimisation of the section using composite action steel sections embedded in concrete and subjected to
decreases significantly the environmental significant vertical loads and secondary bending
footprint of the structural system. moments from wind and seismic actions.
26
Buy at https://store.ctbuh.org/:
© Magnusson Klementic Associates
ctbuh.org/megacolumns
Although codes and specifications do consider composite The experimental campaign

structural elements, they do not offer specific provisions on consisted of two sets of tests
the design of composite sections with two or more encased that attempt to define the
steel sections (American Institute of Steel Construction AISC axial load and moment (P-M)
2010 Specifications for instance). The lack of knowledge on interaction curves of the
the axial, bending and shear behaviour of composite mega- representative columns at
columns, along with the resulting lack of clarity in the codes, failure. Static tests were
is what led to the need for experimental performance tests. accomplished by applying 0%,
10% and 15% eccentricity

The column specimens’ overall layout and geometry were axial loads, on six 1:4 scaled
based on suggestions from Magnusson Klemencic Associates specimens, until failure
and others, with the ultimate goal to be representative of full (Figure 3.9). Quasi-static
scale composite columns considered for high-rise buildings. tests were accomplished by
Overall dimensions of the representative full scale columns applying 10% and 15%
considered for this testing program are 1800 x 1800mm, eccentricity axial loads with
with a height of 9m at the lobby level (base of the tower) horizontal forces on four 1:6
and 4,5m at the typical floor. Figure 3.11: Scaled (1:6) scaled specimens, until
Specimen tested to failure failure (Figure 3.11).
y The results of the tests were used to investigate the

specimens’ maximum capacity, displacements, stress
bs3 bc4 bs bc3 distribution, ductility and stiffness. The experimental results
were further validated by the finite element method (FEM)
models developed by CABR and ArcelorMittal with Abaqus
and Safir software. FEM models also allow for a deeper insight
on steel-concrete interaction forces and stress distribution.
x
y Design rules
Then simplified design methods based on European, Chinese,
and US codes were suggested and the results were compared
to the numerical and experimental values (Figure 3.10).
This proved the simplified structural design methods
to be an effective and useful design tool.
Section bc4
Section bs A complete description of the research programme, design
methods, design examples including all information and
Section bc3 data of the experimental campaign can be found at
Figure 3.10: Section layout of reinforcement sections.arcelormittal.com or at ctbuh.org/megacolumns.
Example of the Eurocode 4 Design Method
27
Figure 3.12:
pre-designed
software available on
sections.arcelormittal.com
y Predesign tools, software

A3C – Verification of steel and composite (partially or
totally encased) columns in cold and fire conditions
A3C Software: This software is available for free at sections.arcelormittal.com in the download centre. The A3C software
allows the designer to perform a detailed verification of a single steel member or a composite steel-concrete column (partially
encased, fully encased in concrete or in a concrete filled tube) subjected to axial force and/or bending moments according
to the rules of the Eurocodes.
Above, an example of a 6m column under a design axial load of 29000kN is shown. A3C software can define the loads,
their combinations as well as the other design parameters such as the fire resistance, the steel sections (i.e. HD 400 x 634)
and their steel grade (i.e. HISTAR® 460). With a single click, a resistance check can be performed (see below), additionally
the fire protection thickness can also be provided.
28
4. Bracing systems
Jumbo sections
Number of Storey
Jumbo sections
Source: M. M. Ali & K. S. Moon

(2007); Redrawn by CTBUH
Structures that can

Jumbo sections
utilise Jumbo beams
Other structures
Figure 4.1: Interior

Structural Systems for
Tall Buildings including (a)
moment-resisting frames,
(b) shear truss (brace
frame)/shear walls,
(c) rigid diaphragms,and
(d) outrigger systems
y Structural Systems for Tall Buildings

As height and slenderness of buildings increase, lateral drifts Lateral forces are usually the driving parameter for the design
start to control the design of the structure and the stiffness of a tall building’s structural system, and strength, stiffness
of the components become the dominant factor instead of and damping are the main parameters controlling the limiting
their strength. Therefore, the need for appropriate structural factors of displacements (e.g. Building Height/250) and
systems, beyond the simple rigid frame, must be properly accelerations (e.g. 18 milli-g per 10 year wind return period).
addressed in the design of tall buildings, accounting for Therefore, the ideal structure to withstand the effects of
the prominent loads and forces that differ depending bending, shear and vibrations is a system in which the vertical
on a building’s height. elements are located at the farthest extremity from the
29
Jumbo sections
160
140
Jumbo sections
120
Number of Storey
100
Jumbo sections
80 Source: M. M. Ali & K. S. Moon

(2007); Redrawn by CTBUH
60
40
Structures that can
20 utilise Jumbo beams
Other structures
Figure 4.2: Exterior

Concrete Steel Tube Concrete Steel Steel Exo- Steel Concrete Steel Braced Space Super
Structural Systems
Framed Framed in Tube Braced Braced Diagrid Skeleton Bundled Bundled Tube w/o Truss Frame for Tall Buildings
Interior
Tube Tube Tube Tube Tube Tube
columns
Source: M. M. Ali & K. S. Moon (2007), redrawn by CTBUH

geometric center of the building, such as in a hollow tube.
Here, the parameters that control the efficiency of the
structural element’s layout are bending and shear rigidity.
From the bending rigidity standpoints, the best solution would
be to maximise the total moment of inertia of the overall
structure, positioning columns at the corners along the
+ =
outermost perimeter of the building. As far as shear
efficiency is concerned, the ideal solution would be
a continuous wall without openings.
Figure 4.3: Shear Wall-Rigid Frame Interaction
The existing structural systems used in contemporary tall
buildings stem from the basic principles described above. Another alternative solution, becoming popular today for
During the last 50 years, rigid frame systems adopted in older super tall buildings, is the so called outrigger system (Figure
tall buildings evolved into different structural families that 4.1d) that can reach up to 150 storeys or more. The major
are used depending on a number of parameters including the benefits are to reduce the core overturning moment, storey
size of the building, the magnitude of the external forces, drifts and floor accelerations (i.e. increasing building comfort).
the availability and cost of materials, and labour and stylistic The basis of this structural system is that the overturning
decisions made by the architect and the developer. A common moment resistance of the building core is countered through
classification of tall buildings structural systems was given coupling of the compression-tension of the external columns
by Ali and Moon [2007]* that propose two main categories: through the help of stiff headers (steel trusses or shear
interior (Figure 4.1) and exterior (Figure 4.2) (depending walls, Figure 4.4). This increases the structure flexural rigidity
if the main lateral resisting system is at the perimeter or not). without enhancing the shear rigidity. This system is becoming
Each system has a wide variety of application height that less efficient if utilised for tube in tube dual systems since the
depends on several factors (e.g. building stability, aspect
Source: Taranath (1998) Redrawn by CTBUH
ratio (height/width), architectural functions, etc.).
Interior structures (Figure 4.1) are composed of two main

systems: moment-resisting frames (Figure 4.1a) and shear
truss (braced frame)/shear wall (Figure 4.1b). These systems
alone can provide resistance up to 30 storeys, since higher
Moment in core with
buildings would require deeper elements that are not outrigger bracing
architecturally and economically feasible. An alternative Moment in core
Leeward columns without outrigger
system is to combine rigid frames with shear truss/shear in compression bracing
wall through a rigid diaphragm (Figure 4.1c) and this could
Windward columns
lead to buildings up to 70 storeys. The different sway in tension
behaviour of the two systems permit the movement to be
constrained, making the whole system more rigid (Figure 4.3). Figure 4.4: Outrigger structural system principles
30 *Ali, M.M., and Moon, K.S., 2007. Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Architectural Science Review, 50(3), 205-233.
CONCRETE CONCRETE
MEGA CORE WALL
COLUMN
STEEL
BELT TRUSS
STEEL
OUTRIGGER
TRUSS
© (CC BY) Hu Totya

STEEL AXIAL LOADED
PERIMETER FLOOR BEAM
COLUMN
Figure 4.5: New York Times Tower, New York City, USA Figure 4.7: Outriggers trusses and belt trusses
lateral response of the two systems is very similar. Outrigger y Outriggers and Belt Trusses (Figure 4.7)
performance is a function of the location through the Outriggers connect the core to the outer columns through
building height, the presence of belt trusses (to help a rigid system (e.g. truss). In addition, at the same outrigger
engaging perimeter columns) or single megacolumns and level belt trusses can be utilised to distribute the axial forces
their structural depth. One of the major issues of outriggers in the exterior frames and to provide additional torsional
is the differential deformation of core and columns that can resistance (Figure 4.8). Moreover, belt trusses are efficient in
create additional forces in the outriggers. For this reason, differential elongation and shortening of columns. A gain of
an alternative solution could be belt trusses in conjunction 25-30% stiffness can be achieved by combining belt trusses
with rigid diaphragms. and outriggers trusses, as well as a column-free space leading
to an increasing functional efficiency of the building.
Exterior structures (Figure 4.2) are based on the typical tube
Source: Khanorkar et al. (2016)
structure in which the whole perimeter is designed to resist Redrawn by CTBUH
the lateral loads. This structural system has shear lag problems
in which corner columns have larger axial forces due to the Outrigger
intrinsic nature of the system (Figure 4.6), in which shear is Trusses
carried through columns and beams bending. To overcome Belts
these problems different structural solutions have been
adopted: braced tube, bundle tube, tube-in-tube systems Outrigger
and diagrids. Particularly, diagrid systems are considered Trusses
Belts
advantageous since they provide both shear and bending Figure 4.8
rigidity to the building. Alternative solutions, in the exterior Outrigger and
category are: space trusses, super frames and exoskeletons. belt trusses
location scheme
Axial stress Stress in column Actual stress
in column due due to true due to shear lag in a tall building
to wind only cantilever
The design principles of outriggers, virtual outriggers

Actual and belt trusses are based on the conversion of the core
stress due overturning moment into a couple of horizontal forces and
to shear lag
then into axial forces in the exterior columns (Figure 4.9).
True cantilever
stress
Additional information can be found in the CTBUH Technical
Guide “Outrigger Design for High-Rise Buildings” (see p.29).
Wind Force
Figure 4.6: Shear lag principles
y Trusses Figure 4.9: shear wall /
A truss is essentially a triangulated system of straight Force braced frame
interconnected structural elements and they are utilised transfer

to increase the lateral stiffness. In high-rise buildings, using an
trusses serve as bracing systems (e.g. belt truss and outrigger
outriggers) as well as super floors. system
Transfer of forces from core to
outrigger columns
31
© (CC BY-SA) MusikAnimal
© Magnusson Klementic Associates

Figure 4.10: 300 North
LaSalle, Chicago, USA
The major benefits of this outrigger-belt truss system are: y Super Floors
- deformation reduction due to increased stiffness There are ideal locations for outriggers and belt trusses but
- efficiency in structural usage, lower demands in realities of space planning to suit architectural, mechanical
the core with uniform exterior columns utilisation and leasing criteria leave such consideration to be purely
- reduction in foundation forces underneath the core academic. Then outriggers are located typically to some of
- enhanced torsional stiffness due to belt truss the mechanical or refuge floors (i.e. super floors), which are
- enhanced progressive collapse resistance due composed of belt trusses and located at regular intervals in
to the presence of an alternative load path the building. Super floors serve also as alternative load path
- architectural flexibility since it permits wide spaced in case of building partial collapse and as a consequence
perimeter columns and lower spandrel beam depth. increase building robustness.
Instead, the major shortcomings are: y Connections

- differential deformation between core and columns that Particular care needs to be considered for the outrigger and
can create additional forces in the outriggers. For this belt connection since they need to transfer high loads between
reason, an alternative solution can be belt trusses in the core and the exterior columns. There are mainly two
conjunction with rigid diaphragms (“Virtual” outriggers Source: Choi et al. (2016); Redrawn by CTBUH
(Figure 4.11) [Nair, 1998]*).
- usability of occupied spaces since outriggers interfere
with the space usage at the floor they are allocated.
In alternative, outriggers can be allocated in mechanical Top Chord
floors or they can serve as super floors for safety Diagonal
Outrigger
and evacuation purposes. Bracing
- floor diaphragms stiffness is important since it allows

transferring the forces from the core to the exterior
column. This is particular relevant for the “virtual” Bottom Chord
outrigger system (Figure 4.11).

- foundation dishing due to core and perimeter
column differential settlement
- change in stiffness between outrigger and adjacent Figure 4.12: Outrigger connection with embedded
storeys. This can create a sort of “soft” storey behaviour. plates and bar anchors [Choi, 2012] **
Figure 4.11: floor diaphragms
Force floor diaphragms
transfer shear wall /
using braced frame
a belt
truss floor diaphragms
and a
floor diaphragms
virtual
outrigger
a. Transfer of forces from core to b. Transfer of forces from floor diaphrams to
floor diaphragms columns through belt truss
32 *Nair, R., 1998. Belt Trusses and Basement as ‘Virtual’ Outriggers for Tall Buildings. Engineering Journal, Fourth Quarter, 140-146.
Height 421 meter
above grade
© (CC BY) cdschock
(CC BY-SA) anders pearson

Base of spire
Structural steel cap truss
Level 88
Level 87
Level 85
Structural steel outrigger truss
Architectural finish
Composite mega column
Hollow octagon shaped

mega-reinforced concrete
shear wall core
Level 53
Level 51 Structural steel outrigger truss
Octagon (with web) shaped

mega-reinforced concrete shear
wall core
Level 26
Structural steel outrigger truss
Level 24
Structural steel composite

Floor framing typical Figure 4.13:
Jin Mao Tower,
Reinforced concrete mat
Foundation
Foundation with piles Shanghai, China
Top Chord Top Chord
g Di
in ag
rac on
al
lB Br
ona ac
ag in
Di g
Bottom Chord Bottom Chord
Figure 4.14: Outrigger connections with continuous steel members [Choi, 2012]**
possible connections: continuous steel members (Figure 4.14)

Weight
and steel to concrete with embedded plates and anchors relative to grade S 355
(Figure 4.12).
Material costs
Weld volume
y Steel Profiles
Outriggers and belt trusses require large member sizes due to 100 %
78 %
the high axial load. This is caused by the large portion of the 73 %
53%
building overturning that they need to resist, since they are
provided only in few location throughout the building height.
Therefore, ArcelorMittal Jumbo profiles are ideal for such
applications. In particular, HISTAR®/ASTM A913 steels
Steel grade S 355 JR HISTAR 460
develop their full potential in the design of tension members Section HD 400 x 634 HD 400 x 463
in trusses. Here, they allow saving material costs by taking full Ultimate load (kN) 26260 27117
advantage of the high yield strength and, therefore, also thinner
sections and smaller welds, which leads to savings in fabrication Figure 4.15: HISTAR® in trusses
costs. Using HISTAR® 460 in truss design will result in direct
tonnage savings. Truss compression and tension members and amplitude of sway (the resonance of building motions can
will achieve 20-25% weight savings (Figure 4.15). create problems with an elevator’s hoist rope). Additionally,
wind can also affect the surroundings of a building. There can
y Wind Design be wind acceleration nearby or annoying acoustic disturbances
Many aspects should be carefully considered when that can be heard from far distances. Overall, it is necessary to
addressing lateral loads, especially in the case of wind: consider wind loads when determining the required strength
strength and stability, excessive lateral deflections, frequency and stiffness of building frames.
**Choi, H.S., Ho, G., Joseph, L., and Mathias, N., 2012. Outrigger Design for High-Rise Buildings: Am Output of the CTBUH Outrigger Working Group. Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat: Chicago. 33
© (CC BY-SA) TheDarkCurrent
Figure 4.16: Shanghai tower, Shanghai, China
The effect of wind on a building can be described as two In particular, steel is an ideal material for seismic design since it
mechanisms: buffeting and vortex-shedding. The bufetting is very ductile and it has a great plastic deformation ability that
component acts in the along-wind direction and it is can allows the dissipation of seismic energy. In addition, several
be easily estimated from code approaches. The vortex- solutions have been adopted to enhance the seismic performance
shedding component acts mainly in perpendicular direction to of steel structures, which is further discussed in Chapter 10.
the downstream flow and it less predictable since it induces
dynamic loads that are a function of the building forms and y Applications
relative surrounding. Therefore, in addition to a building’s Several applications of outriggers and belt trusses systems
superstructure, information on local wind conditions is required are applied to tall buildings worldwide. Some examples are:
in order to determine the necessary strength and stiffness of - Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, China (Figure 4.16)
wall elements, roof elements and their fastenings. Particularly, - New York Times Tower, New York City, USA (Figure 4.5)
for tall buildings one of the critical design aspects is the - 300 North LaSalle, Chicago, USA (Figure 4.10)
resonant behaviour to vortex-shedding excitation. This is - Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai, China (Figure 4.13)
usually related to vortex-shedding with return periods of - Ref. projects detailed in chap.13 and summarised in Fig. 4.17.
50-100 years that refers to ultimate limit states design wind
loads. However, for super tall and slender buildings, this Nb of floors
110
resonant effect is more related to serviceability performance
Shanghai World
of building that has a critical design return periods between 100 Financial Center
One World
1-10 years [ASCE, 2015]*. This induces problems with 90
Trade Center
occupancy comfort rather than strength design. Lakhta Center
80
y Seismic Design 70
Looking at the seismic design of superstructures, as their Naberezhnaya
60 Tower (Block C)
degree-of-freedom increases, there is a higher number of J57 Mini Sky City
150 North Riverside
The Bow
Emirates
Tower One
significant modes to be taken into consideration and the 50
Bay-Adelaide
Center (West)
Hearst Tower
response to seismic excitement becomes more complex. Bay-Adelaide
Center (East)
40
Tall buildings appear to be more flexible than low-rise D2 Tower
buildings and thus generally experience lower accelerations 30 Diamantone

DoubleTree by
Hilton, Avcılar
(despite bigger displacements demands). On the other hand, Poly Corporation
20 Headquarters Composite Structure
when the attenuation of seismic waves is taken into account,
Steel Structure
long-period components are not attenuated as fast as short- 10
period components with the distance from a fault. Thus, taller 0

buildings can experience more severe seismic loads than low-
rise buildings while located at the same distance from a fault.
Overall, from a seismic design perspective, while members
designed for vertical loads are able to provide the resistance
required for the vertical aspect of the seismic loads, a Prefabricated Core + Frame Diagonalised Core + Outrigger Hybrid
dedicated lateral load-resisting system has to be designed
to withstand the inertial forces caused by ground motion. Figure 4.17: Bracing systems of the reference projects
34 *ASCE, 2015. Wind-Induced Motion of Tall Buildings: Design for Habitability. American Society of Civil Engineers.
ArcelorMittal Europe - Long products
ACB® and Angelina™ beams

A new generation of castellated beams
5. Beams and floor systems
y Introduction
Floor systems are generally made of a steel beam supporting
Concrete slabs
a metal deck filled with a poured concrete slab. This is called Joist beam
a composite slab (Figure 5.1). Composite slabs act as a Reinforcement
diaphragm, allowing the shear forces between the steel beams

and the horizontal load forces on the concrete slabs to transfer
to the bracing elements. A range of floor systems are Studs
suitable for different spans, but there are specific systems Secondary beam
that are suitable for high-rise buildings (Table 5.2).

Primary beam
Figure 5.1: Composite floor system
Slab span
Span (m) 9m
6 8 10 13 16 20
Reinforced concrete flat slab
Integrated beams and deep composite slab

®
Integrated beams with precast slabs
™
Composite beams and slab
Fabricated beams with web openings
Cellular composite beams
Composite trusses
Table 5.2: Slab depending on the span Beam span
y Floor systems specific for high-rise buildings

In high-rise buildings, floor systems must be light and slim in
order to minimise the weight and maximise the usable height
of the building. Both requirements can be achieved using
castellated beams, which enable an easy integration of
building services within the floor system. Another solution
which provides minimal floor thickness is the Slim-Floor
system, which integrates the slab between the flanges
of the steel beam.
35
- lighter
- smaller
- cheaper for long spans
Cellular beam
y Castellated beams
The use of castellated beams allows a new architectural
expression. Structures are lighter and spans are increased,
allowing for more open spaces in buildings. These beams are
created by subjecting a hot rolled section to longitudinal cuts
along its web, following a specific pattern (Figure 5.3). Once
divided, the beam can be reassembled with a longer web, taking
advantage of the cutting pattern. These cutting patterns can
© BOBST
produce a number of different castellated beams, including

sinusoidal cut (Figure 5.4), cellular (see above) and octagonal.
Figure 5.4: Angelina™ beams
The cutting pattern also allows openings for technical
installations to be integrated within the structure instead of Web openings on castellated sizes are typically 60 to 80%
below it, which reduces floor-to-ceiling heights. The reduced of the beam depth. Stiffeners may be required for elongated
castellated beams weight, combined with their high strength, openings and large openings should be located in areas with
can inspire architects to create new structural forms: low shear forces. Shear or buckling of the web posts can
- Angelina™ (sinusoidal cut) occur between openings, particularly near high point loads
- cellular or adjacent to elongated openings. In this case, the spacing
- octagonal. between openings should be increased or heavier sections
should be used.
Angelina™ beams and cellular beams are fabricated in modern

workshops at ArcelorMittal’s rolling mill for heavy sections in
Differdange, Luxembourg. The proximity of these manufacturing
plants limits transport, maximises responsiveness, and
contributes to the competitiveness of the manufacturing costs.
Beam spacing is function of the floor used.

- For composite floor slabs (steel decks), the distance should be:
• 2,5 to 3m without propping
• 3 to 5m with propping.
Figure 5.3: Flame cutting table for hot rolled sections
- With pre-stressed concrete floor elements:
The use of castellated beams now provides effective solutions • 2,7 to 7m with propping when required.
to the demands of project owners. This solution allows large
column-free floor areas over a distance from 12 to 18 meters. ArcelorMittal’s flooring Cofradal 200/230/260 and
Additionally, the total floor thickness is 25 to 40cm less than Cofraplus 220 are suitable for 5 to 7m spans.
conventional solutions, the beams are about 30% lighter,
which allows for more efficient transportation and Typical chord sizes for cellular secondary beams with a
installation of the beams, and the costs are reduced 12 to 18m span, a 130mm slab depth, and 3m spacing
for spans larger than 10m. are presented in Figure 5.5.
36
Angelina™ beam with filled openings at support
Design table:
Typical spans of cellular beam (m) - S355

Cellular beam parameter
12m 13,5m 15m 16,5m 18m
Opening diameter (mm) 300 350 400 450 500
Beam depth (mm) 460 525 570 630 675
Top chord IPE 360 IPE 400 IPE 400 IPE 450 IPE 500
Bottom chord HE 260 A HE 300A HE 340B HE 360B HE 400M
Variable action = 3kN/m2 plus 1kN/m2 for partitions

Slab depth = 130mm; Beam spacing = 3m Figure 5.5: Sizes of composite cellular beams as secondary beams
y Slim-Floor systems
The “Slim-Floor” system is a fast, innovative and
economical solution, which combines precast slabs,
such as prestressed hollow core slabs with specific
steel beams (see Figures 5.6 and 5.7).
Figure 5.7: Slim-Floor (Eich Clinic, Luxembourg)
The Integrated Floor Beam (IFB) replaces the lower flange

with a wider plate (Figure 5.8), while the Slim-Floor Beam
Figure 5.6: Slim-Floor for parking in IFB (Nantes, France) (SFB) attaches a plate wider than the lower flange
directly to the bottom of a beam element (Figure 5.9).
The beam is characterised by a lower flange
which is wider than the upper flange. This
allows the floor slab elements to be put directly
onto the lower flange plate of the beam, avoiding
downstanding beams and offering working spans
of up to 8 meters (Figure 5.8).
ArcelorMittal offers two varieties of Slim-Floor

elements, which offer similar advantages.
Figure 5.8: IFB system Figure 5.9: SFB system
37
1.20m
Advantages of the Slim-Floor (IFB/SFB):
• floor thickness reduction
• lower floor-to-floor height
• lighter structure
• built-in fire resistance
• easy to build
• competitive pricing
• environmentally-sustainable
• easier integration of under-floor technical equipment
• possible solution for constructing floors of variable thickness.
Height advantage with Slim-Floor
Typical beam size for Slim-Floor beam span - S355

Span of slab (m)
5m 6m 7m 8m
5 HE 200 A HE 240 A HE 280 A HE 300 A
6 HE 240 A HE 280 A HE 300 A HE 280 A
7 HE 280 A HE 300 A HE 280 B HE 300 B
8 HE 280 A HE 280 B HE 300 B HE 320 B
Typical beam size for Slim-Floor beam span - S355

Span of slab (m)
5m 6m 7m 8m
5 IPE 400 IPE 500 IPE 550 IPE 600
6 IPE 500 IPE 550 IPE 600 HE 500 A
7 IPE 550 IPE 600 HE 500 A HE 600 A
8 IPE 600 HE 500 A HE 600 A HE 600 B
Figure 5.10: Design tables: - S355 - for office buildings; A welded plate - 20mm thick and 150mm
wider than the section is used in all cases.
38
c ≥ 40mm An -cracking mesh hc.l ≥ CoSFB - 250mm < Slab thickness ≤ 300mm
130mm Steel S355
Δc
ci
Design load qed [Kn/m]

HE 200 C* + 350 x 20 (hc = 130)
CoS B
HE 200 M + 350 x 20 (hc = 135)
c re
HE 220 B + 400 x 20 (hc = 125)
HE 220 C* + 400 x 25 (hc = 130)
HE 220 M + 400 x 25 (hc = 135)
HE 240 A + 400 x 20 (hc = 125)
HE 240 B + 400 x 20 (hc = 130)
bef f
* Minimum tonnage and delivery
Longitudinal shear conditions upon agreement
˝Concrete Dowel˝ Span length L [m]
of the concrete slab
CoSFB made up with “concrete dowel” and Slim-Floor beam
y SFB
Application range of SFB : Figure 5.13). Composite action is ensured by the so-called
Typical non-composite Slim-Floor Beams have a limited inertia “concrete dowel” (see Figure above) composed of holes in the
and stiffness because of their slim construction height. web with adequate reinforcement. This system is referred as
- the design is mainly driven by the SLS (deflection + vibration) Composite Slim-Floor Beam or CoSFB systems.
- typical beam spans are up to | 7m.
A typical non-composite Slim-Floor beam can only span up to
y CoSFB 8m, as their reduced construction height limits the inertia and
The CoSFB is a Slim-Floor beam system where the floor stiffness of the system. Once a Slim-Floor beam is integrated
acts compositely with the steel beam. Due to the wider into a composite system, beams can span from 6 to 14m
lower flange of Slim Beam systems, it allows a seamless (even up to 16m in some cases). It also allows for an overall
integration with hollow core slabs, concrete plants, or construction height of only 40cm combined with an
prefabricated slab elements produced by ArcelorMittal, integrated fire resistance for up to 90 minutes.
such as Cofraplus and Cofradal systems (Figure 5.11 to
Application range of CoSFB:
- beam span from 6m up to | 14m (16m possible in some cases)
- beam spacing from 5m to 10m
Figure 5.11: CoSFB and Cofraplus 220
Figure 5.12: CoSFB and Cofradal 260 Figure 5.13: CoSFB
39
Determine dynamic floor characteristics:

- Natural Frequency
- Modal Mass
- Damping
Read off OS-RMS90 – Value
Determine Acceptance Class
Design procedure for vibrations
y Vibration
Floor structures are designed for ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state criteria:
- ultimate limit states are those related to strength and stability;
- serviceability limit states are mainly related to vibrations and hence are
governed by stiffness, masses, damping and the excitation mechanisms.
When developing these floor systems for tall buildings, the ultimate limit states, such as strength and stability, are not the
only thing that needs to be taken into account. Serviceability limit states, which are related to floor vibrations, a common trait
of tall buildings, must take stiffness, massing, damping and excitation mechanisms into account. The serviceability criteria
and required comfort of occupants are likely to govern the design.
The perception of vibrations and the individual’s feeling of annoyance depends on several aspects, such as:
- the direction of the vibration,
- the posture of people such as standing, lying or sitting,
- the daily activity of the occupants (persons working in the production of a factory
perceive vibrations differently from those working in an office or a surgery),
- age and health of occupants.
Thus the perception of vibrations is a very individual problem that can only be described in a way that fulfills the
acceptance of comfort (A Æ F) of the majority. The design procedure is summarised by the following diagrams:
OS-RMS90 Diagram OS-RMS90 Function of Floor

A
Critical Workspace
B
Lower Limit
Upper Limit
Residential
Education
Industrial
Meeting
C
Health
Frequency of the floor [Hz]
Office
Sport
Retail
Hotel
Class
A 0.0 0.1
F
B 0.1 0.2
C 0.2 0.8
D 0.8 3.2
E 3.2 12.8
Recommended
Modal Mass of the floor [kg]

F 12.8 51.2 Critical
Not recommended
The OS-RMS values correspond to the harmonic vibration caused by one relevant step onto the floor. As the dynamic effect of
people walking on a floor depends on several boundary conditions, such as weight and walking speed, their shoes, flooring, etc.,
the 90% OS-RMS (One Step-Root Mean Square90) value is recommended as assessment value. It represents an effective step
velocity of 90% of people walking normally. Detailed description of the methodology is given in the Arcelormittal brochure
“Design guide for Floor Vibrations” available on sections.arcelormittal.com. A summary is provided at the top left of the page.
40
y Predesign tools
Software and design tables, as well as design guidance are available on sections.arcelormittal.com for
all of the floor systems, including castellated beams, Angelina™ beams, Slim-Floor and CoSFB systems.
Predesign chart: Composite Angelina™ based on HEB, S355 with COFRAPLUS 60

100
90
K
80
I
J
70
G H
Ultimate load qu (kN/m)
E
60
F
C
D
50 A
B
qdim = 41 kN/m
40
30
20 L = 16 m
10
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Span (m)
Dimensions (mm) Ultimate load qu (kN/m) according to the span (m)

Sections
a w s e Ht 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 28 32
0
A HE 300 B 315 250 315 1130 457,5 129,3 87,5 71,0 56,6 47,4 40,4 33,5 27,7 22,9
B HE 320 B 335 250 335 1170 487,5 138,5 105,6 79,3 62,6 53,3 45,4 37,5 31,1 25,9 21,7
C HE 360 B 380 300 380 1360 550 120,6 86,2 70,8 58,0 50,3 43,8 37,0 31,0 26,2
D HE 400 B 420 300 420 1440 610 137,9 106,4 81,9 69,1 57,7 51,4 43,3 36,4 30,7
E HE 450 B 475 300 475 1550 687,5 151,5 120,9 98,1 76,2 68,8 60,4 51,3 43,3 36,7
F HE 500 B 525 300 525 1650 762,5 132,4 111,1 94,3 80,4 70,5 56,4 51,1 43,2
G HE 550 B 580 300 580 1760 840 130,6 107,7 88,4 78,1 65,7 58,1 49,4 12,6
H HE 650 B 680 300 680 1960 990 153,2 125,4 104,8 89,5 78,3 69,6 61,0 16,2 11,0
I HE 700 B 730 300 730 2060 1065 154,9 130,7 109,8 94,0 82,0 70,9 20,2 13,7
J HE 800 B 780 300 780 2160 1190 136,3 112,6 96,3 83,9 74,4 25,2 17,1
K HE 900 B 830 350 830 2360 1315 155,9 128,6 109,9 95,2 31,9 21,8
41
Slim-Floor IFB - Slab thickness < 200 mm
CoSFB - 300mm ≤ Slab thickness ≤ 350mm - Steel S460
260
HE 260 M + 400 x 20 (hc=150)
HE 300 B + 450 x 20 (hc=140)
220
HE 240 M + 400 x 20 (hc=145)
HE 280 B + 400 x 20 (hc=135)
180 HE 260 B + 380 x 15 (hc=135)
140
100
60
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
42
6. Connections
Steel connections are the structural elements used to hold a steel structure together. The selection of connection depends on
many aspects, including the type of loading required, the strength and stiffness required, economy and the level of difficulty for
construction. The connection choice can have a direct influence on the cost of a steel structure. For the structural members in
previous sections, they are generally more efficient if they adequately serve the structural requirements with less weight and less
material, which is not always the case for steel connections. Some connections, although efficient in material use, may still be
expensive to erect. Furthermore, additional cost saving can be made if the structural design uses many similar connections,
instead of many custom-made connections. Thus, it is imperative that connections are considered early in the structural design
process as a means to be economically and structurally efficient, and ArcelorMittal sections offers a number of options for
efficient steel connections.
y Columns
In high-rise buildings, gravity columns must be perfectly spliced to each other to ensure that the axial load is correctly transmitted
between the end of the columns section and not through the splice plate. Columns sections from ArcelorMittal of the same series
have the same distance between the flanges, or an equal chamber size, so that they can easily be stacked on each other.
ArcelorMittal also offers the possibility to mill the end of sections to ensure that they will perfectly sit down on each other.
Two types of connections are available for gravity columns:
- Bolted Connections: - Welded Connections:

Column splices (Figure 6.1) are designed assuming they must Jumbo and Super Jumbo columns can be connected
resist both the axial compression and, where appropriate, together by welding (Figure 6.2). The joint detail and joint
a nominal moment from the connection to the beams. preparation are two of the most important factors which
The plates provide the splice with adequate stiffness and will affect the quality and cost of the completed weld.
tying resistance to ensure that the two ends of the Welding offers a number of advantages:
columns are always in compression. • smaller connection footprint
• no additional connection elements such as bolts, nuts, washes, etc.
• no reduced cross section resistance due to holes
• continuity of the structural element at the joint ensuring
higher stiffness and clear load path transmission
• high reliability through adequate quality control procedure
(procedure for beveling, welding, control during and after welding)
Figure 6.1: Bolted connection of two HD/UC/W columns Figure 6.2: Column joint before welding
43
Figure 6.3: CJP butt weld preparation for Jumbo column Figure 6.5: Gusset plates connection in S355 (Gr .50)
with S460 (Gr. 65) beams at Mariner Stadium (Seattle)
Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) welde connections are - Bolted Connections:

recommended for gravity columns unless conditions Unlike columns, bracing systems use a web based connection,
occur which would require Complete Joint Penetration (CJP). and through the use of gusset plates and stiffeners, forces
PJP welds are groove welds that do not extend completely from trusses can be adequately transmitted to beams and
through the thickness of a column section and are more columns. This can be seen in Figure 6.4 to 6.7, with the
typical, while CJP (Figure 6.3) welds extend completely I-sections oriented in such a way, through the use of gusset
through the section and are used when the column is plates, that bending moments are avoided. Widely used
subjected to tension, seismic activity, etc. in belt and outrigger trusses, this type of connection is
- Fit of column compression joints and base plates: well adapted for big trusses supporting the high loads
Lack of contact bearing shall not exceed a gap of 2mm, of skyscrapers.
regardless of the type of splice used. If the gap exceeds 2mm
and is less than 6mm, it shall be filled with non-tapered steel
shims. Shims need not be other than mild steel, regardless
of the grade of the column material.
y Truss connections
When designing bracing systems for tall buildings,
connection geometries should be designed in order to achieve
intersections at the nodal points of sections, which avoid
bending moments being introduced into the chord. A truss
girder system using I-sections is an efficient and commercially
viable alternative to existing solutions, due to the great range Figure 6.6: Gusset plates connection (cross-sectional view)
of cross sections available. It is a flexible system which allows - Welded Connections:
for large clear span structures without internal columns. By changing the orientation of the I-sections, additional
Like columns, these connections can be achieved using constructional elements (like plates) are no longer required.
two different strategies: The function of the gusset plates and stiffeners is taken over
by the flanges of the chord and the brace members with
the result of a simple and clear-cut form. It is obvious that
this solution is more economical than using gusset plates.
This statement is supported also by a quantitative
comparison: since stiffeners and gusset plates are no
longer required, the amount of welding is reduced by
77% and an overall 19% cost reduction. With this method,
different shapes can be welded together as long as
they have the same chamber* size (See Figure 6.8 to 6.11).
HD series sections, especially HD 360 and HD 400, are
also suitable. For instance, the 22 sections from the
HD 400 series have the same chamber size of 290mm.
Figure 6.4: Gusset plates connection A truss girder system using I-sections is an interesting
and commercially viable alternative to existing solutions,
44
Figure 6.7: Mariner Stadium close up on gusset plates Figure 6.9: Equal chamber* size
connection in S355 (Gr. 50) with S460 (Gr. 65) beams
due to the great range of cross sections available. It is a flexible system

which allows for large clear span structures without internal columns.
Area Chamber* Depth Width

European shape size
cm2 % (mm) (mm) (mm)
IPE 300 53,8 17 278,6 300 150
IPE 0 300 62,8 20 278,6 304 152
HE 320 A 94,6 30 279,0 301 300
HP 305 x 88 112,1 35 277,1 301,7 307,8
HP 320 x 88,5 112,7 36 279,0 303 304
HP 305 x 95 121 39 277,1 303,7 308,7
HP 320 A 124,4 40 279,0 310 300
HP 320 x 103 131,0 42 279,0 307 306
HP 305 x 110 140,1 44 277,1 307,9 310,7
HP 320 x 117 149,5 47 279,0 311 308
HE 320 B 161,3 51 279,0 320 300 Figure 6.10: Various shapes

with equal chamber* size
HP 305 x 126 160,6 51 277,1 312,3 312,9
HP 320 x 147 186,9 59 279,0 319 312
HP 305 x 149 189,9 60 277,1 318,5 316
HD 320 x 158 201,2 64 279,0 330 303
HP 305 x 180 229,3 73 277,1 326,7 319,7
HP 320x184 234,5 75 279,0 329 317

hi
HP 305 x 186 236,9 76 277,1 328,3 320,9
HD 320 x 198 252,3 80 279,0 343 306
HP 305 x 223 284 91 277,1 337,9 325,7
HE 320 M 312,0 100 279,0 359 309 Figure 6.11: Equal chamber* size
Figure 6.8: Selection of shape according to the rolling programme *inner distance between flanges
45
Figure 6.12: Bevel preparation on Jumbo Figure 6.14: Mistral Residential Tower, Izmir, Turkey
y Beam Finishing Centre The height (h) of the access hole (Figure 6.13) shall be
The Beam Finishing Centre, in collaboration with the adequate for deposition of sound weld metal in the adjacent
Commercial Sections Technical Advisory, manufactures plates and provide clearance for weld tabs for the weld in
customs joints for steel sections. The Beam Finishing Centre the material in which the hole is made, but not less than the
offers a complete range of fabrication and finishing operations thickness of the material.
to improve the technical capabilities for steel sections,
including cold sawing, drilling, cambering, bending, In structural shapes all beam copes and weld access holes
oxyacetylene cutting, flame cutting, milling and shall be shaped free of notches or sharp reentrant corners.
plasma cutting.
The main structure of the Mistral Tower in Izmir (Figure 6.14),
One of the main fabrication capabilities of the finishing centre a 200m high building is composed of the HD beams, ranging
is bevel preparation, which allows joints of steel sections to be from 400 x 262 to 400 x 1086. In total, 1 485 tonnes of
ready for welding, including PJP and CJP welds (Figure 6.12). steel with chamfers, which were flame cut in the ArcelorMittal
The joint design and the joint preparation are two of the most Beam Finishing Centre, were delivered on time.
important factors which affects the quality and cost of the
completed weld. Time spent in preparing the joint properly is - Delivery conditions:
more than compensated by higher welding speeds and better • weld preparation of steel sections with flange
quality welds. Correct and accurate edge preparation is thickness up to 140mm
essential for the production of quality welds. Edge • surface quality according EN 1090-2 / ISO 9013
preparations are required to achieve full penetration to the or AISC 303
root of the joint helping the welder to produce quality joints. • the thermally cut surfaces of beam copes and
weld access holes are ground to bright metal and
All weld access holes required to facilitate welding operations inspected by either magnetic particle or
shall have a length (1) from the toe of the weld preparation dye penetrant methods, if specified.
no less than 1,5 times the thickness of the material in
which the hole is made.
y Pre-qualified connections
Jumbo profiles can be very appropriate for use in seismic
design of high-rise buildings. Amongst other requirements,
these structures must be able to develop certain rotation
capacity at beam-to-column joints.
In countries such as the US, some combinations of beams and

columns, as well as the components in the connection, have
been defined such that the joints formed by them are already
prequalified as satisfactory to meet the requirements.
For future developments, please refer to chapter 12.

Figure 6.13: Weld access hole geometry
(1) Length: Greater of 1.5 x tw or 11/2 in. (38 mm). Tolerance is ± 1/4 in. (6 mm).
(2) Height: Greater of 1.5 x tw or 1 in. (25 mm) but need not exceed 2 in. (50 mm).
46 (3) R: 3/8 in. min. (8 mm). Grind the thermally cut surfaces of access holes in heavvy shapes.
7. Foundations for high loads
For decades, steel bearing piles, plunge columns, and king- the steel means that HP piles can be used in various soil
post piles have been used as a cost efficient solution for deep conditions, and as it is a finished product, the quality
foundations, especially when high vertical loads need to be can be tested in advance.
transferred into the foundation soil, which is a common trait
of tall buildings. All wide-flange beams are suitable for this Additionally, the piles can be subject to loads immediately
and HP steel piles are optimised for this type of application. after their installation and do not require any time to settle.
Compared to normal beams, the radii of gyration of these Once installed, there are various methods for predicting the
special, wide-flange beams, which have identical flange and bearing capacity of the piles. For high-rise projects, static
web thicknesses, are distributed more evenly around the tests or PDA tests (Pile Driving Analyser tests) can be carried
two main axes. out on site to immediately determine the possible bearing
capacity and define the safety factor more accurately than
y Steel foundation properties when empirical calculation methods are used.
Thanks to the large range of standard sections and HP piles,
the design engineer is able to find the ideal solution in terms Steel piles generally obtain their bearing capacity through
of bearing capacity and pile driving properties for their tall skin friction. In suitable soils, the point bearing pressure can
building project. In addition, high-strength steel grades, such also be considered in addition to the skin friction capacity.
as HISTAR®, can be used to reduce the required amount of There are various ways to further increase the skin friction
steel and maintain the bearing capacity, which will optimise and point-bearing pressure, including, but not limited to,
costs. The specific shape of the pile and the properties of cased piles with specially designed tips. Also, reinforcement
can be added to the base of driven piles to increase the
cone friction resistance and provide additional support
for high-rise buildings (Figure 7.1).
Rolled sections can be supplied within lengths up to

40 meters, as seen in the Wilhelmshaven Power Plant,
which uses HE 800 B sections between 33,8 and 38,8m
(Figure 7.2). If required, sections over 40 meters can be
achieved by means of special fasteners or by welding.
As the soil conditions can only be estimated during the
initial phases of the project, using steel sections is
a great advantage, as it allows to flexibly respond
to soil layers and conditions during construction.
y Installation of steel piles

Piles are normally installed using pile hammers, which are so
strong and flexible that they can drive piles into extremely
compact soils without negatively affecting the surrounding
Figure 7.1: Driven piles with reinforcement at the base area. Any vibrations and noise can be controlled through
to increase the cone friction resistance and thus provide various control systems.
support for high loads.
47
There are also other sheet pile driving systems, such as
vibratory pile driver or sheet pile presses, which allows
for further flexibility in the installation process.
Piles can be used in almost all types of soil. Even if soft layers
of soil lie above the compacted, load-bearing soil, piles are
still reliable and economic since the soft layers have neither a
negative effect on the installation nor on the bearing capacity
of the piles. For high-rise projects that require minimal soil
movements, a top-down construction method can be used,
which can also reduce construction time (Figure 7.3).
Furthermore, examinations of steel piles that have been
removed from the soil after 50 to 80 years have shown that the
total reduction in steel thickness due to corrosion is so minimal
that no impairment of their bearing capacity is to be expected.
y Advantages of using steel piles

Finally, it should be mentioned that because of the inherent
properties of steel, the piles can be subjected to both
compressive and tensile loads. This ability makes them
particularly useful for construction that, depending on the
load cases (earthquake, water level, etc.), requires the piles
to resist to both compressive and tensile forces. Tension piles
Figure 7.3: 26-metre long foundations for the top down
construction method with no splicing required.
often present a more optimised and cost-efficient solution,

when compared to injection or bored piles. Ultimately, even
if high tensions occur (e.g., during pile driving), especially in
compact soils, no threat to the stability of the piles occurs.
Bending stress caused by the lateral pressure of soft layers

of soil or horizontal loads above the foundation plate can be
transferred by the bending capacity of the steel sections. The
same is true for horizontal movements caused by earthquakes.
In conclusion, steel piles can be used for a large number of

Figure 7.2: Use of HE 800 B with lengths ranging foundation applications in high rise buildings, as they are
from 33,80 to 38,80m for foundations
ideally suited for high vertical loads in most soil conditions.
(Wilhelmshaven power plant).
48
8. Fire resistance
High-rise buildings present several unique safety challenges It is a reactive paint coating that expands under high
that are not found in traditional low-rise buildings; longer temperature to provide adequate insulation to the steel member
egress times and distance, evacuation strategies, fire (Figure 8.1). As a paint coating, it offers a number of benefits:
department accessibility, smoke movement and fire control. - no augmentation of exterior dimensions
Due to advanced structural technologies, buildings are - easy and quick application
constantly being built taller, which means a greater number - application possible on complex structural details
of occupants need to travel greater distance in order to - some coatings have a fire resistance up to
evacuate a building during an emergency. During a fire event, 120 minutes and are resistant to corrosion.
the structural members of a building need to be able to
withstand heat and open flames long enough to allow all The required Dry Film Thickness (DFT) of the paint depends on
occupants to exit. Steel structural elements, particularly the critical temperature and on the section factor (Ap/V value).
gravity columns, can withstand excessive heating for Small steel beams require a high DFT, and the relative cost of
90 to 120 minutes, so it is an optimal solution when the coating to the cost of the steel sections can be comparable.
taking fire safety concerns into account. Several ways In Jumbo size steel sections, the DFT can be quite small due
to provide steel fire safe solutions exist: to the very low section factor, therefore the reactive coating
- thermal insulation products (reactive coatings, cost could be less than 10% of the cost of the steel.
spray, boards) which delay the time needed
for steel to reach the critical temperature y Spray
- composite steel-concrete solutions Spray protection is generally used on non-visible structural
- fire engineering solutions. elements, located above suspended ceiling, or on complex
structural elements like trusses etc. Although not as visually
Thermal insulation products
y Intumescent coatings
Intumescent “painting” is a fire protection strategy that is
typically used for exposed structural steel elements and
can resist high temperatures for 30 to 120 minutes.
before fire after fire
Figure 8.2: Protection by spraying on ACB® beam
appealing as intumescent paint, it offers the same benefits

at significantly lower costs, which makes it an ideal (and
economic) solution for non-visible structural elements
(Figure 8.2). There are two kinds of spray products available,
depending on the required fire resistance: low density
products, which is made with mineral fibres, and high density
Figure 8.1: Intumescent coating layer products, which are composed of cement, plaster, etc.
49
y Boards
Board fire protection is generally applied for visible beams
and columns. Board protection advantages are:
- the structural elements can remain visible
- boards have a well defined guaranteed thickness
- no steel preparation needed
- a plaster layer can be applied to improve aesthetics aspects.
Board fire protection generally does not suit complex

structures (truss), castellated beams or external
elements subjected to humidity.
They are either low density products made from mineral fibres
or high density products made of plaster, vermiculite and
calcium silicate. Boards are fixed with staples, glue, nails or
screws. The thickness of the boards depends on the required
fire protection and the section factor of the element.
Composite steel/concrete solutions (Figure 8.3, 8.4)

Composite structural solutions that use both steel and
concrete are ideal solutions that inherently provide fire
protection. Systems, such as optimised composite sections ,
partially encased (for the top levels; not adequate for heavy
sections), fully encased, megacolumns, CoSFB (Chapter 3
Figure 8.4: Fully encased
and 5) are all exemplar examples of composite structural
systems. The fire resistance is built into the system itself,
which can save valuable floor area, if composite columns Fire safety engineering studies
are used, and increase the floor-to-ceiling heights, Adequate fire protection can be achieved for a reduced cost
if composite floor systems are used. by applying a number of advanced fire engineering methods,
which can optimise or, in some cases, completely avoid
Even a combination of protection solutions can be used, passive fire protection. One of the options available is the
i.e. partially encased columns and sprayed beams. FRACOF (Fire Resistance Assessment of Partially Protected
Composite Floors)/membrane effect. This method avoids any
passive fire protection measures on secondary beams. Only
beams linked to columns require protections (Figure 8.5).
Details regarding this method can be found at: macsfire.eu.
Simulation of the fire itself combined with structural
calculations can also be used to optimised fire protection.
For further information, ArcelorMittal has developed a
“Secure with Steel Network”, which is an international group
of structural fire safety engineering experts, who can provide
information regarding the most state-of-the-art practices.
Information on this network of professionals can be found at:
sections.arcelormittal.com.
Figure 8.3: Partially encased Figure 8.5: Fire test on unprotected cellular beams (FRACOF)
50
Progressive collapse resisted through Belt truss redistribute induced
tensile forces in adjacent beams forced due to column loss
Figure 9.1 Column loss scenarios with and without belt

truss systems [Eltobgy, 2013](1) redrawn by CTBUH.
9. Robustness
y Introduction ductile fracture, the capacity to work either in tension or in

Robustness is the capacity for a building to avoid damage compression, the ability to redistribute the loads through
that is disproportionate to the original cause of failure; such plastic behaviour. All these properties make steel one of
as: fire, explosion, impact or due to human errors (Eurocode 1 the best structural material for tall buildings.
[CEN, 2006*]). This design philosophy became even more
prominent after the 9/11 disaster which increased the y Alternative load path method
awareness about robustness of structures. One of the most widely used methods to test robustness is
a scenario-based approach that consists in the removal of a
Progressive collapse is a type of disproportionate collapse key element in the structure to check its vulnerability. In most
related with the progressive collapse of different members of the cases, column removal scenario is considered in order
as a consequence of the load redistribution coming from the to provide an alternate load path. Critical columns should be
failure of a single element or a limited part of a structure. identified and analysed with this approach. Columns are
In light of these considerations, the term robustness can be removed one by one and then the structure is analysed
considered as a property of a structure, independent from the both statically and dynamically.
type of events that cause the collapse [Val and Val, 2006**].
y Superfloor systems
Structural system reliability is one of the most important Progressive collapse resistance capacity of structures with
concepts for building design since the scope is to minimise megacolumns and core walls (typical of tall building systems)
the probability of failure. However, this a probabilistic value can be enhanced with the utilisation of outrigger and belt
since the properties and the environmental conditions are not trusses (superfloors). The utilisation of this system can be
deterministic. For these reasons risk based methodologies are considered as a mean for increasing robustness in a building.
utilised [CEN, 2006*]. Therefore, the main scope is to Outriggers and belt trusses improve continuity and
limit the consequences of local failure due to expected interconnect with the structure, creating alternative load
and unexpected causes. path to resist progressive collapse problems. Moreover, this
will add redundancy to key elements, such as megacolumns.
The main design criteria for structural robustness are that, These floors will allow the distribution of the loads to all of the
after an event, the structural system residual capacity has to structure in the case there is a partial collapse of an element.
be bigger that the residual demand. Some of the most utilised The connection between the core and the columns is critical
robustness measures are: redundant elements, ductile detailing, in order to increase the robustness of the whole building. This
ties, etc. [ASCE, 2010***; CEN, 2006*]. will produce an extra-tie consideration in the building performance.
That means alternative load paths are to be provided in case
of a member failure (e.g. column and supported beam removal Belt truss locations can then be determined based progressive
or section of load bearing wall [CEN, 2006*]). collapse requirements (as well as drifts). The idea is to locate
the belt truss in a specific floor in such a way the load is
Among all the conventional structural materials, steel can distributed from the damaged area to adjacent elements.
be ideal to provide robustness. Steel has several advantages The ideal location of the belt truss is as close as possible
compared to other structural material: very high yield strength, to the removed column as shown by Figure 9.1.
* CEN, 2006. Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures – Part 1-7: General Actions – Accidental Actions. ENV 1991-1-7:2006. European Committee for Standardisation.
** Val, D.V., and Val, E.G., 2006. Robustness of Frame Structures. Structural Engineering Internations, 16(2), 108-112.
*** ASCE, 2010. ASCE 7-10: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. American Society of Civil Engineers.
(1)
Eltbology, 2013: Eltobgy Hanan, Optimum belt truss locations to enhance the structural performance of high-rise steel buildings, WULFENIA Journal, Klagenfurt, Austria, Vol 20, No. 6, Jun 2013. 51
“It is widely acknowledged that steel structures inherently offer superior performance
in earthquakes compared to masonry or reinforced concrete.”
Georges Axmann
Sections and Merchant bars
Head of Technical Advisory and Product Development
10. Earthquake design
Earthquake refers to the earth shaking with a sudden release The action applied to a structure by an earthquake is a
of energy that creates seismic waves. These events are mainly ground movement/acceleration with horizontal and vertical
cause by the rupture of geological faults, but other possible components (Figure 10.2). The vertical component of
sources are volcanoes and landslides. The point of rupture is the earthquake is usually about 50% of the horizontal
called the hypocenter and the point directly above it on the component, except in the vicinity of the epicenter where it
ground is called the epicenter. Usually, the most significant can be of the same order. Today, minimum building requirements
earthquakes are located close to the borders of the main are that structures are designed to withstand these loads
tectonic plates which cover the surface of the globe (Figure without collapse. However, stringent criteria are usually taken
10.1). These plates tend to move relative to one another into considerations in order to reduce damage to the building
but are prevented from doing so by friction until the stresses thus reducing injuries. This approach is called performance-
between plates under the epicenter point become so high that based design and requires a structure to be designed to
a move suddenly takes place. The local shock generates waves achieve higher performance objectives (Figure 10.3).
in the ground which propagate over the earth’s surface, Performance-based design also allows projects to overcome
creating movement at the bases (foundations) of structures. code limitations and to utilise structural systems that are
The size of the waves reduce with the distance from the not prescribed by code (such as outriggers and belt trusses,
epicenter. Therefore, there are regions of the world with more see CTBUH Performance Based Seismic Design Technical
or less high seismic risk, mainly depending on their proximity Guide for more details). Three different levels of intensity are
to the boundaries of the main tectonic plates. considered by this method: Maximum considered Earthquake
continental oceanic con er ent boundary a te Sea 14
continental rift boundary oceanic s readin rid e Eurasia (EU) 14 16

las a u on
continetal oceanic transform fault

subduction one
30 elocity it res ect to frica mm y 14 13
Eurasia (EU)
19 15
18
l s oro eny Okhotsk (OK)
estern leutians
8
10 18
11 13 Amur (AM) 59
Eurasia (EU)
7 Pacific (PA) North America (NA)
10
26 JF
l s
Anatolia Juan de Fuca
orda 19 5
21AT California
92
Pacific (PA) e ada
Persia ibet Burma 22
14
AS
37
Aegean Sea
10 69 ATLANTIC
15 48
Yangtze (YA)
PACIFIC
15
29 ON
54 25 24
36 Okinawa
20 India (IN) 51
76 Africa (AF)
71 14 est central tlantic
RI
Arabia (AR) 17 MA
Rivera
69 Ri era
Africa (AF) Caribbean (CA)
Mariana 90 Cocos 10 11
26 Burma Philippine Sea (PS) 39 Panama
102 27
46 P ili ines 84 PA
23
19 ND
6 Sunda (SU) 67
14
Cocos (CO)
BU Pacific (PA) North Andes
87 Galápagos (GP)
Somalia (SO) Caroline (CL) Manus (MN) Equator
BH NB
92 95
MS MO
70 96
96 32
58 WL 26SB 40 32
inety ast Sumatra 11 15 BS 57
86 Peru
TI SS South America (SA)
44 83 100
103
70 FT
BR Pacific (PA) Altiplano
e Hebrides ii 62 Nazca (NZ)
119
INDIAN NH
CR
NI
26 AP
TO
51
OCEAN
59
Australia (AU) 55
Tonga OCEAN Easter
51
OCEAN 68 69 44
EA 34
34
Puna
Sierras
KE 102
51 Pam eanas
83
13 Kermadec Juan Fernandez JZ
62
53
78
Antarctica (AN)
14
Pacific (PA)
70
31
13 31
10
12 56
82 Sandwich
14 Antarctica (AN)
Scotia (SC) SW
25 47
14
14
66
Shetland
Antarctica (AN) SL
AUSTRAL OCEAN 12 AUSTRAL OCEAN Antarctica (AN)
13
Figure 10.1: World map showing the main tectonic plates. From Bristol University website: www.ideers.bris.ac.uk
52
Figure 10.2: Global seismic hazard map, 1999

[produced by the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP), a demonstration project of the UN/International Decade of Natural Disaster
Reduction, conducted by the International Lithosphere Program. Global map assembled by D. Giardini, G. Grünthal, K. Shedlock and P. Zhang.]
(MCER), Design Earthquake (DE) and Service Level life safety and collapse prevention. The possible relationship
Earthquake (SLE). Furthermore, the acceptable performance between performance level and earthquake intensity at
levels are defined as: operational, immediate occupancy, various risk category levels as given in Figure 10.4.
Performace Levels
Frequent Earthquake
Life Safety (LS)
Force Parameter
Collapse Prevention (CP)

Design Earthquake (DE)
Immediate Occupancy (IO)
Maximum Considered
Total Collapse Earthquake (MCE)
Operational
Displacement Parameter Figure 10.4. Performance Levels of Code-Based

Figure 10.3 Structural Performance Objectives Buildings at Various Risk Category Levels
53
Means to resist earthquake actions are commonly based plastic deformations without failure, and the structure as a
on two different approaches: whole is designed such that only those selected zones (plastic
- Option 1: structures made of sufficiently large sections hinges) will be plastically deformed (as shown in Figure 10.6).
that they are subject to only elastic stresses. The structure’s global behaviour is ‘ductile’ and in this way
- Option 2: structures made of smaller sections, designed for it can dissipate a significant amount of energy through the
ductility (i.e. for inelastic behaviour without strength degradation). formation of globally distributed plastic hinges (as shown in
In this case, the designer accepts some level of damages to “Concept b” in Figure 10.5). For these reasons, the two design
occur in the structural and non-structural elements. options are said to lead to ‘dissipative’ and ‘non-dissipative’
structures, respectively.
A structure designed to option 1 will be heavier and may not
provide a safety margin to cover earthquake actions that are Experience shows that steel structures subjected to
higher than expected, as element failure is not ductile (i.e. low earthquakes behave well. Severe damages and collapses
robustness). In this case, the structure’s global behaviour is are mostly associated with structures made from other
‘brittle’. One example could be a “soft” first storey as shown in materials. This may be explained by some of the specific
‘Concept a’ in Figure 10.5. In this case, the building response features of steel structures, such as: high ductile and stable
is not safe since the first inelastic deformations due to the hysteretic behaviour under cyclic loading. One of the most
seismic demands are developing on the first floor columns. common solutions to obtain a ductile behaviour is the
However, these columns are not designed to undergo these utilisation of the strong column – weak beam concept.
inelastic deformations (no energy dissipation due to cyclic If this solution is adopted, the inelastic deformations are
behaviour), and therefore, as the demands increase, the forced to happen in the beam and not in the column. This
deformations also increase accordingly. This would lead to first would lead to a more ductile behaviour reducing the risk of
floor column failure inducing generally total building collapse. collapse. The idea of this concept was at the base on the work
conducted in 1989 by ArcelorMittal that developed (and
In a structure designed according to option 2, selected parts patented) a Reduced Beam Section (RBS) or “dog-bone”
of the structure are intentionally designed to undergo cyclic connection (Figure 10.6 to 10.8). This connection can be
du du
Concept aa Concept b
Concept
Figure 10.5: Examples of ‘Dissipative’ and ‘Non Dissipative’ global behaviours of structures.
”Non-dissipative” structure fails in a soft single storey mechanism
54
Figure 10.6: RBS: Reduced Beam Section Plasticisation Figure 10.7: Reduced beam
easily developed in the fabrication shop and results in the

“Strong column - weak beam”
removal of a portion of the beam’s flange material at its
concept Column: A913 Grade 65
connection to supports. Design of such a connection became Beam: ASTM A913 Grade 50 -
more critical after the 1994 Northridge earthquake, which ASTM A992, A913/65 reinforces
exposed several seismic design deficiencies. A number of the beam to column connection
steel moment frame buildings experienced brittle fractures => fewer stiffeners.
of beam-to-column connections as a result of the earthquake.
The SAC Joint Venture, under contract by FEMA, studied the
“strong column – weak beam” design concept (Figure 10.8).
When used in conjunction with ArcelorMittal’s RBS
connection, which was released from patent in 1995, this
design concept can facilitate a shift of the plastic deformation
from the column to the beam during an earthquake,
thereby preventing the connection between the column
and the beam from experiencing inelastic deformations.
The method was successfully tested by AISC and
was included in the FEMA 350 and 353 documents.
Figure 10.8: RBS connection
As a result of these research projects, the construction
industry shifted away from ASTM A36 to Grade 50 steel.
Moreover, for ductility purposes, it is often necessary to use yield A913 can lower material weight and cost, strengthen
higher strength steel in the design of columns. Using ASTM connections, reduce or eliminate stiffeners in the panel zone
A913 Grades 65 or 70 for column shapes and A913 Grade 50 and reduce or eliminate the need for double plates (Figure 10.8).
(with a maximum yield point of 65 ksi) for beams, coupled Prequalified joints for earthquake resistance as defined
with the RBS, offers the most economical solution to seismic in the American code cover almost the whole range
design available today. In addition, replacing A992 with higher of ArcelorMittal sections (see chapter 12).
55
download Environmental Product Declaration from sections.arcelormittal.com:
11. Sustainability
Figure 11.1: 1,2 tonnes of steel recycled by ArcelorMittal each second
Steel can be indefinitely recycled without any loss in quality. efficient steel industries in the world. European steelmakers
This means that the amount of scrap material from job sites or have reduced energy consumption and CO2 emissions per
manufacturing plants, in addition to steel elements recovered tonne of steel by 50% since 1960 and are now close to the
from demolished building and structures, contribute to the technically feasible minimum**. ArcelorMittal production sites
majority of the steel material used in new high-rise structures of beams have all reached ISO 14001 certification, the
(Figure 11.1). Steel is the most recycled material in the world. international standard for environmental management systems.
About 65-70% of all steel needed for reinforcement bars has In addition, these sites are BES 6001 certified (Responsible
come from recycled material and 99% of steel beams are Sourcing). ArcelorMittal is also a proponent for a dry steel
developed from recycled steel (approximately 88% recycled construction system and using prefabricated steel elements
and 11% can be reused)*. Recycled steel represents currently during construction. This can lead to a shortened total
about 40% of the steel industry's ferrous resource in the construction time and reduce various risks during the
world. With 33 million tonnes of CO2 saved each year, construction phase, as assembly is simpler and less labour
ArcelorMittal is the world’s largest recycler of steel. is required. Using prefabricated elements also reduces
physical environmental impacts to the surrounding land
Furthermore, ArcelorMittal is striving to reduce the overall and neighbourhood nuisance. Water use, waste generation,
environmental impact in the manufacturing process. Waste dust emission, traffic, and noise are considerably lower
generation, water use and air emissions are continually than in traditional construction. Work site management
decreasing, as are energy consumption and greenhouse gas is largely facilitated. All these advantages are especially
emissions. The European steel industry is one of the most valuable for congested urban areas.
56 * see at the top of the page: Environmental Product Declaration **www.eurofer.org (EUROFER Sustainability Vision Paper)
Buy Life Cycle Assessment at https://store.ctbuh.org/:
“It is important to identify the ‘good’ material producers,

independently from their distance to the construction site.”
Nicoleta Popa
ArcelorMittal Global R&D - Long Products
Head of Structural Products
y Life Cycle Assessment y Global Warming Potential and Embodied Energy

Developed during the 1990’s, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Due to climate changes that have occurred in recent years as
is a methodology aimed at assessing the environmental a result of greenhouse gas emissions, many efforts in the tall
consequences of human actions, particularly in the production building industry are focused on reversing this trend. Global
of goods. In the past two decades, LCA analysis has become Warming Potential (GWP) and Embodied Energy (EE) are seen
more and more popular in all disciplines, especially in as indicators to give a general sense of the consequences
architecture and engineering. LCA has been used for thousands building materials can have on environmental sustainability.
of research projects analysing the environmental characteristics
of materials, components and even entire buildings. Energy is the driving force of life on earth, and the cause
of many political, military, and strategic decisions
Based on the International Reference Life Cycle Data System internationally. Acknowledging the importance of energy
Handbook (JRC, 2010)*, a handbook released by the European broadens the definition of “sustainability” to account
Union’s Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and for the social and economic implications of energy
Sustainability, The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban consumption beyond purely environmental considerations.
Habitat, in collaboration with ArcelorMittal, produced Life
Cycle Assessment of Tall Building Structural Systems, which However, energy is profoundly linked to environmental
analysed tall building structures from their inception to aspects too, as the use of fossil fuels and other non-
demolition. Steel buildings were analysed for their emissions renewable resources induces large emissions of CO2
during initial manufacturing, transportation on-site, assembly and other greenhouse gasses (Trabucco, et al., 2015)**.
of structures, and ultimately to the demolition and recycling
of the products, which are discussed further in this section.
* JRC, E. C. J. R. C. (2010) “ILCD Handbook: International Reference Life Cycle Data System” (First Edition)
** Trabucco, D., Wood, A., Popa, N., Vassart, O. & Davies, D. (2015) Life Cycle Assessment of Tall Building Structural Systems. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat: Chicago.
57
GWP EE Building Height
Short description Scenario Number
[kg CO2 Eq/m2] [GJ/m2] [storey]
Normal steel + Concrete Core 1a 222 2,4 60
High Strength + Concrete Core 1b 219 2,4 60
Concrete Core and Composite Frame 1c 216 2,3 60
All Concrete Wide and Shallow Beams 2a 241 2,2 60
All Concrete Narrow and Deep Beams 2b 209 2,0 60
All Steel Diagrid Normal Steel 3a 243 3,0 60
All Steel Diagrid High Strength Steel 3b 226 2,7 60
Composite Diagrid 3c 228 2,6 60
Figure 11.2: 60-Storey Tower scenarios
y Steel structure performances

In order to verify the sustainability of steel as a structural the recycling potential of the majority of the structural
product, 60-storey tower scenarios were developed for material, including steel sections, rebar, steel decks, etc.
different structural arrangements (Figure 11.2).
In this analysis, all-concrete solutions performed worse Following the in-depth analysis, it was found that some of
(on average) than the other scenarios that used steel, the environmental impacts occur during the final delivery
in terms of GWP (Figure 11.3). of the materials to the construction site. The majority of the
environmental impact comes from the direct delivery of the
Consequently, each tall building scenario can benefit from the structural materials to the constructions site through the
recyclability of the steel at the end of the building life cycle use of diesel-powered trucks. When structural materials are
along varying magnitudes: concrete scenarios benefit from shipped internationally, they are traditionally shipped in bulk
the recyclability of rebar, while steel buildings benefit from with ships, barges, trains, etc. This method, although over a
60-storey equivalent scenario - GWP (A1-D beyond the system boundary in EN 15978)
25,000
169 %
20,000
GWP [ tonnes equivalent CO2]
117 %
15,000
109 %
100 %
10,000
Steel Composite
Steel Concrete
diagrid diagrid
5,000
1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 3a 3b 3c
Normal steel High strength Concrete core All concrete wide All concrete wide All steel Diagrid All steel Composite diagrid
+concrete core steel +composite frame and shallow beams and deep beams Normal Steel Diagrid HS Steel
+concrete core
Figure 11.3: LCA of the 60-storey Scenarios Global Warming Potential (CO2)
58
versus
avg1.7% in terms of GWP avg 5% in terms of GWP

avg1.9% in terms of EE avg 6.3% in terms of EE
Figure 11.4: Environmental effect of transport
larger distance, does not contribute to significantly more total the best material production process, as the same material
GWP and EE, when compared the manufacturers that may can have profoundly different environmental properties,
be closer to the construction site itself (Figure 11.4). depending on the source. For example, steel products
produced in ArcelorMittal’s Differdange location, such as
Furthermore, transportation of both construction materials to ASTM A913 profiles are made with predominantly recycled
the site and transportation of demolition material and waste steel scrap, using electric arc furnaces. The environmental
off sites does not account for a significant amount of the total properties of such products are less impactful than other
GWP (between 1 and 2,5%) or the total EE (between 0,9 and conventional building materials (see EPD leaflet for Histar®
3,2%). This means that, in some cases, it is more important steel page 56: Environmental Product Declaration).
to find producers of high-quality, efficient structural material
for a successful project, regardless of their distance from the Also, the structures designed with these materials have a
construction site. significantly lower GWP and EE than structures designed with
the average environmental values published by WorldSteel
Significant environmental benefits can be realised by choosing (WorldSteel Association 2011)* (Hammond & Jones 2011)**.
Steel Frame with Concrete Core Steel Diagrid Structure
Concrete Structure
Composite Structure Composite Diagrid Structure
* Worldsteel Association (2011) “Life Cycle assessment methodology report” Worldsteel Association, Brussels, Belgium.
** Hammond, G. & Jones, C. (2011), “Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) Version 2.0”, Claverton Down: University of Bath.
59
12. Future developments: pre-qualified joints
Figure 12.1: Reduced Beam Section type connections being tested
Jumbo profiles can be very beneficial for use in seismic design The research focuses on Reduced Beam Section (RBS) type
of high rise buildings. Amongst other requirements these connections (also known as Dog Bone) made of Grade 65
structures must be able to develop certain rotation capacity at columns and Grade 50 beams and plates (see Figure 12.1).
beam to column joints, in order to avoid the soft storey failure.
Four full-scale tests have been designed to cover
In countries such as the US some combinations of beams and the full range of Jumbo profiles:
columns, as well as the components in the connection, have
been defined such that the joints formed by them are already • SP1: W36 × 652 beam / W14 × 873 column
prequalified as satisfactory to meet this requirement. • SP2: W44 × 230 beam / W14 × 233 column
• SP3: W36 × 925 beam / W14 × 873 column
ArcelorMittal is currently working on a project to • SP4: W44 × 408 beam / W40 × 593 column.
demonstrate that joints connecting Jumbo profiles satisfy
the conditions to be prequalified. To achieve this goal The test frame will be placed horizontally and its layout is
numerical and experimental analyses will be performed shown in Figure 12.2. The forces will be applied by four large
and are expected to confirm appropriate behaviour deformation/high capacity actuators as rotations of at least
of the joints in accordance with AISC-358. 4% are expected. These activators will apply cyclic forces in
60
Figure 12.2: Layout of the test frame and specimen in VirginiaTec.
accordance with AISC 341, which are shown in Fig. 12.3.

in
In order to ensure the appropriateness of the selected in
specimens and foresee the possible results of the tests, in
Story Drift Ratio (rad)
all joints have been previously numerically analysed. in

These analyses show the adequate behaviour of the in
joints as they provide enough rotation capacity after in
a number of cyclic forces.
Figures 12.4 and 12.5 show the final stage of the

yielding process for one of the connections which
confirms the formation of the plastic hinge at the
desired location, i.e. the Reduced Beam Section,
while the panel zone and reinforcing doubler
Cycle number
plates remain in the elastic range.
Figure 12.3: Cyclic loading
Some tests have already been successfully performed.
These results will facilitate the prequalification of
beams up to W44 (currently limited to W30) and
columns up to W40 (currently limited to W36).
Figure 12.4: Numerical simulation of the specimens Figure 12.5: Specimen after test
61
13. Reference projects
D2 Tower
Diamantone
DoubleTree by Hilton
150 North Riverside
Lakhta Tower
Bay-Adelaide Centre
One World Trade Centre Naberezhnaya Towers Poly Corporation Headquarters

The Bow Hearst Tower
Shanghai World
Financial Center
J57 Mini sky city
Emirates Tower One
Europe Asia
- D2 Tower – Paris, France - Emirates Tower One – Dubai, UAE
- Naberezhnaya Towers – Moscow, Russia - J57 Mini sky city – Changsha, China
- Diamantone – Milan, Italia - Poly Corporation Headquarters – Beijing, China
- DoubleTree by Hilton – Istanbul, Turkey - Shanghai World Financial Center – Shanghai, China
- Lakhta Center – St. Peterburg, Russia
America
- Hearst Tower – New York, USA
- The Bow – Calgary, Canada
- One World Trade Center – New York, USA The following case studies are outstanding skyscrapers
- 150 North Riverside – Chicago, USA where ArcelorMittal products and solutions have been used
- Bay-Adelaide Centre – Toronto, Canada and have contributed to an optimum structural efficiency.
62
ArcelorMittal on the Skyscraper Center:
http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/company/7007
Some high-rise buildings with HISTAR® or ASTM A913 steel grades
Project America Location Project Europe Location
33 ARCH STREET BOSTON, MA REMBRANDT TOWER AMSTERDAM (NL)
111 HUNTINGTON BOSTON, MA TORRE MAPFRE BARCELONA (ES)
EIGHTH AVENUE PLACE CALGARY, AB THE PINNACLE LONDON (UK)
THE BOW CALGARY, AB 25 CHURCHILL PLACE LONDON (UK)
MANULIFE TOWER* CALGARY, AB DIAMOND OF ISTANBUL ISTANBUL (TR)
111 SOUTH WACKER CHICAGO, IL HILTON DOUBLETREE HOTEL ISTANBUL (TR)
ONE SOUTH DEARBORN CHICAGO, IL PUERTA DE EUROPA MADRID (ES)
300 NORTH LASALLE CHICAGO, IL TORRE REPSOL MADRID (ES)
150 NORTH RIVERSIDE* CHICAGO, IL TORRE DE CRISTAL MADRID (ES)
155 WACKER CHICAGO, IL TORRE BANKIA MADRID (ES)
LURIE HOSPITAL CHICAGO, IL DIAMANTONE MILANO (IT)
HARTFORD 21 / TOWN SQUARE HARTFORD, CT DESIO TOWER MILANO (IT)
LAS VEGAS CLUB TOWER LAS VEGAS, NV NABEREZHNAYA TOWER MOSCOW (RU)
COSMOPOLITAN LAS VEGAS, NV FEDERATION COMPLEX MOSCOW (RU)
BRICKELL CITY CENTER MIAMI, FL EMBANKMENT TOWER MOSCOW (RU)
250 WEST 55th STREET NEW YORK, NY EURASIA TOWER MOSCOW (RU)
ONE WORLD TRADE CENTER NEW YORK, NY IMMEUBLE BASALTE PARIS (FR)
THREE WORLD TRADE CENTER NEW YORK, NY D2 TOWER PARIS (FR)
FOUR WORLD TRADE CENTER NEW YORK, NY LAKHTA TOWER ST PETERSBURG (RU)
217 WEST 57TH STREET* NEW YORK, NY DAEWOO TOWER WARSAW (PL)
425 PARK AVNENUE* NEW YORK, NY
HUDSON YARDS NEW YORK, NY
4 TIMES SQUARE NEW YORK, NY

Project Asia Location
HEARST TOWER NEW YORK, NY
STANDARD HOTEL NEW YORK, NY POLY CORPORATION HEADQUARTERS BEIJING (CN)
300 MADISON AVENUE NEW YORK, NY J57 MINI SKY CITY CHANGSHA (CN)
TORRE REFORMA 509 MEXICO, ME EMIRATES TOWER ONE DUBAI (UAE)
PHELPS DODGE TOWER PHOENIX, CA PENTOMINIUM TOWER DUBAI (UAE)
ADVANCED EQUITIES PLAZA SAN DIEGO, CA TRUMP TOWER MUMBAI (IN)
BROADWAY 655 SAN DIEGO, CA CMA TOWER RIYADH (SA)
555 MISSION STREET SAN FRANCISCO, CA SHANGHAI WFC SHANGHAI (CN)
RUSSEL INVESTMENTS CENTER SEATTLE, WA POLY CORPORATION HEADQUARTERS BEIJING (CN)
TH
5 & COLUMBIA SEATTLE, WA
BAY ADELAIDE CENTER* TORONTO, ON
BROOKFIELD PLACE* TORONTO, ON *using ASTM A913 Grade 70

63
Facts:
Height: 171m (561ft)
Number of Floors: 36
Gross floor area: 54 500m2
Building Function: Office
Europe Structural material: Steel columns and beams with composite floors and a reinforced concrete core
Completion: 2014
Architect: Agence d’architecture Anthony Béchu - Tom Sheehan
Structural Engineer: DVVD; Setec TPI
General Contractor: GTM Bâtiment (Vinci group)
ArcelorMittal Steel: 3 000 tonnes of HD 400 sections in HISTAR® 460 and 1 200 tonnes of ACB® beams
D2 Tower (Paris, France)
Located in La Défense, a major business district, in the west

of Paris, the D2 Tower is the first high-rise building in France
to employ the use of an external steel grid structure. It would
have been difficult to adapt a conventional, rectangular floor
plan in these dense surroundings so a rounded shape was
chosen for the design. To adapt to this design constraint,
an external steel diagrid structure was chosen to provide
adequate structural stability. This decision proved effective,
as the total amount of structural material was 30% less than
for a conventional tower design. Not only did this allow the
design to take advantage of additional interior floor area,
but also comply with the French green buildings standard,
achieving a “Certification NF-HQE Bâtiments Tertiaires,
Passeport Excellent” rating.
In addition to office space, the D2 Tower houses a fitness

centre, a panoramic restaurant, a cafeteria and meeting
rooms, with the aim of creating a comfortable and functional

professional environment. At the top floor, the tower shelters
two levels of top management offices and the “Jardin des
nuages” (a garden of clouds), including a 45m2 putting-green
and a “Zen” walk in the middle of trees, offering an exceptional
view of the capital and a spot of green foliage accessible to
the tower occupants. y Steel structure
From the beginning, the choice of the material for the structure
of the D2 Tower was clear. Steel was chosen for its flexibility
and sustainability advantages. The external diagrid structure,
which supports half of the horizontal and vertical loads, is
connected to a central concrete core through long cellular
beams. Through the combination of the diagrid structure with
a system of composite floors and cellular beams, the useable
total floor area is increased, which creates flexible and modern
workspaces, and the structural materials are considerably
reduced. The reduction of 30% of the material consumption
guarantees a fast construction process, with all steel stock
being incorporated into the structure within 3 days of delivery
on-site. The ease and speed of construction allowed the

project to be built according to the original timetable
estimate and meet a consistent, regular cycle of
approximately 3 storeys built every 3 weeks.
64
Steel ArcelorMittal Solutions
Building Solutions Fire resistance
systems Heavies High strength steel Finished beams
Bracing diagrid HISTAR® 460 sprayed + protective metal coating
Columns internal columns HISTAR® 460 sprayed/Intumescent coating
Floor solutions cellular beams cellular beams sprayed
45m2 putting-green Spray fire-protected diagrid Spray fire-protected beams
y ArcelorMittal Steel
ArcelorMittal supplied 4200 tonnes of steel for the structure:
3 000 tonnes of HISTAR® 460 sections for the external diagrid
and 1 200 tonnes of ACB® beams for the floors.
The bracing façade consists of massive hot-rolled steel

profiles, mainly HD 400 in the high-strength steel grade
HISTAR® 460 sections. These 12-meter-long profiles were
pre-fabricated on-site in the shape of a “V”, with each
element weighting approximately 14 tonnes. Due to the
elliptical shape of the tower, the radius of curvature varies
and the angles of inclination range from 3 to 15 degrees.
Every V-shape is wrapped in an aluminium shell and is
integrated with the glazing to compose the curtain wall system.
The use of this construction method and the HISTAR® grade
steel is what largely contributed to reducing the construction
time and the amount of structure material (by 30%).
The ACB® cellular floor beams were selected because the

openings in the web simplify the installation of technical
equipment and building services and increase the usable floor
height. Additionally, these beams were based on IPE 450 and
HE 450 A profiles, and due to their excellent strength-to-
weight ratio, longer spans than conventional beams can be
achieved, which creates open office spaces without column

obstructions further reducing the total structural weight.
y Fire Resistance
In order to address fire safety concerns, the entire diagrid
structure and cellular beams are protected by a cement spray. through a metallic cowling that covers the diagrid, the
This is an effective solution in terms of cost and labour and desired aesthetics for the exterior structure are achieved.
65
Facts:
Height: 268,4m (881ft)
Europe Structural material: Steel perimeter framing and outriggers with composite floors a reinforced concrete core
Completion: 2007
Architect: ENKA Design; RTKL
Structural Engineer: ENKA Design; Thornton Tomasetti
General Contractor: ENKA
ArcelorMittal Steel: 13 500 tonnes in HISTAR® 460 for Russian weather conditions
Naberezhnaya Towers (Moscow, Russia)

Bracing outriggers trusses with concrete core HISTAR® 460 sprayed
for Russian weather
Columns perimeter columns conditions 4 hours concrete encasement
Floor solutions composite beams sprayed
Located on plot 10 of the Moscow International Business

Centre (MIBC), the Naberezhnaya Towers are an office
complex consisting of 3 individual office buildings,
interconnected at the basement levels. Block C, the tallest
of the three towers at a height of 268,4 meters, achieved
the status of the “Tallest Building in Europe” at the time of
completion in 2007, before being surpassed by the
Capital City Moscow Tower in 2010.
The complex includes shops, a restaurant and the connecting
central core public area. Vestibules, reception groups and
administrative rooms are on the ground and mezzanine floors.
Open-plan offices extend from the 2nd to the 58th floors.
y Steel structure
The majority of the structure consists of steel perimeter
© (CC BY-SA) BpbAlonka
columns and composite floor systems with a cast-in-place

reinforced-concrete central core. Built-up steel box columns
are arranged at the tower's perimeter to resist only vertical
loads, and avoid directly transferring lateral loads. At the
26th and 59th floors, outrigger and belt trusses were installed;
the outriggers were designed between the core and
perimeter columns to restrict lateral displacement of the
core under wind effects and the belt trusses were installed of the steel. Even under the extreme Russian weather conditions
between the perimeter columns to distribute the lateral loads of -20°C, still provided adequate structural performance.
that are transferred by outriggers. This structural solution
ensures that the maximum allowable lateral drift at the y Fire Resistance
top of the building is limited to only 0,2% of its height. Highly effective fireproof compounds with a certified fire
safety performance are applied to the surface of the
y ArcelorMittal Steel 13 500 tonnes of structural steelwork. The fire protection
The Naberezhnaya Towers are the first projects to use of the steel columns has been ensured by concrete
a special high strength steel produced by ArcelorMittal. encasement, which can achieve at least four hours
Extensive tests were conducted to ensure that the toughness of fire resistance for the steel structure.
66
Facts:
Europe Structural material : Steel columns with composite floors a reinforced concrete core
Completion: 2012
Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates Pc
Structural Engineer and Work Supervisor’s technical support: ARUP
General Contractor: ATI CMB/UNIECO
ArcelorMittal Steel: 3 800 tonnes
Diamantone (Milan, Italy)
Located in the Centro Direzionale di Milano, a major business The use of high strength steel sections contributed to
district in Milan, the 140-meter Diamantone or Diamond significantly reducing the weight of the whole building. It
Tower, became the tallest steel structure in Italy, and the also allowed column-free office space, enabling a preferential
country’s third tallest building, when it was completed in shallow foundation and providing significant advantages in
2012. Diamantone, named for its irregular, faceted form terms of transportation of materials on-site. The challenges
that references a diamond, is the tallest of the three towers of a major construction project in a dense urban environment
built on this plot, with the additional two buildings known includes heavy traffic, reduced space for unloading, and
as the Diamantini or the Small Diamonds. They were virtually no storage space. Through a detailed production and
constructed as part of the extensive urban redevelopment logistics plan, the 3 800 tonnes of steel elements were delivered
program in Milan, known as the Progetto Porta Nuova. in 150 separate loads with limited interruptions to regular
traffic and only 2 deliveries a day. Through these sustainable
and efficient design and construction methods, Diamantone
achieved a LEED Gold certification, one of the highest
ratings recognised by the Green Building Council.
y Steel structure
Designed with steel columns, composite flooring, and a
reinforced concrete core, the building is lighter than a conventional
reinforced concrete structure. Furthermore, using load
distributing finned walls in the foundation, a more economical
shallow foundation with a 2-meter base plate was possible
and a pile foundation was avoided; this was a cost effective
solution that also reduced the construction time.
The floors of the building are characterised by column free

floor areas, linked to a central core with connecting beams.
The concrete core contains all infrastructure and access
functions, such as elevators, staircases, and electricity supply
and consists of three vertical shafts, which act like a vertical
cantilever fixed to the foundation and are integrated with
each other through horizontal connecting beams. These
beams connect the core walls and ensure the three shafts
interact as a cross-bracing system. The connecting beams
avoid the relative vertical displacement of the single
© Lorenzo de Simone
shafts and transmit the shear loads.
High strength steel was used in the structure, which has a

higher yield strength compared to conventional, S235 grade
steel. This resulted in up to a 50% reduction in the total material
cost. Since the cost of the S460 M grade rolled sections is
67
Bracing concrete core sprayed
Columns perimeter column:HD360/HD400 S460M sprayed /board
Floor solutions S355 composite beams sprayed
© Oskar Da Riz
© Oskar Da Riz
just 10-15 % higher than S235 grade material, 30-40% of

the savings could be achieved exclusively in the material costs.
The additional savings were achieved through a reduction
in the amount of welding material, corrosion protection
and transportation costs using less structural material
and less surface area.
The composite beams provided for Diamantone, were S355
grade, IPE and HE sections that contain several openings
in the web for the integration of building services and can
achieve spans of up to 11 meters. 1 800 IPE and HE composite
floor beams were provided, with a total combined length of
13 520 meters. The steel deck of the composite floors had
an undercut geometry that contributed to the reinforcement,
allowing for a floor thickness of only 15-20cm. A total
of 26 000m2 of composite decking was used.
68
Facts:
Building Function: Hotel
Europe Structural Material: Steel with reinforced concrete at basement levels
Completion: 2012
Architect: Uras x Dilekci Architects
Structural Engineer: Yapı Teknik
General Contractor: Gülermak
ArcelorMittal Steel: 2 683 tonnes of W14 Jumbos columns in HISTAR® 460, primary beams and bracing in S355 and secondary beams in S275
DoubleTree by Hilton (Istanbul, Turkey)

Bracing concrete core + steel frame HISTAR® 460 sprayed
Columns perimeter columns HISTAR® 460 sprayed
Floor solutions S355 primary beams composite beams sprayed
Located in Avcılar, a district in Istanbul, Turkey, the 110-meter y ArcelorMittal Steel

Sonkar Oto
DoubleTree by Hilton became the tallest all-steel building A total of 2 683 tonnes of
in Turkey when it completed in 2012. It was bestowed the steel was imported on site.
“Best Steel Structure High-Rise Building” award by TUSCA in All deliveries of the ready-to-
2013. Originally envisioned as a 14-floor steel and glass auto erect steel occurred during
showroom, the design quickly shifted to 27-floor hotel the night times, which minimised
building that includes an indoor pool, fitness and business disturbances to the surrounding
centres and restaurants. area and interruptions in regular
traffic. HISTAR® 460 Jumbo
y Steel Structure columns, S355 primary beams
Steel was chosen as the primary structural material, due to and bracing, and S275
the high amount of seismic activity in the area. Furthermore, secondary beams were used to
as the function and size of the tower changed during the assemble the structure, due to
construction process, steel columns reinforced with cast-in- their flexibility and weldability.
place concrete were used in the basement and an overall The column joints were
refurbishment of the foundation was conducted. This gave prepared so that full penetration
the foundation the ability to accommodate the increased butt welds could be achieved
stress on the system, without sacrificing the construction on-site. The main beams and
work that had already occurred; this is another aspect of this secondary beams were designed
project that could not have been achieved without the use of as composite floor elements,
steel. The primary structure consists of HISTAR® HD columns coated in concrete, which was
with a 40 x 40cm cross-section. These columns can an economic and efficient solution, in terms of the increased
accommodate all of the vertical loads and all horizontal loads, spans that were able to be achieved, the minimal amount of
from earthquakes and wind, are supported by transverse material used, and the reduced floor thicknesses. All beam-
bracing elements, which are also HISTAR® HD columns. The to-beam and column-to-beam connections were achieved
use of steel for the primary structure, instead of reinforced using high-strength 10-grade steel bolts.
concrete, also allowed for a smaller worksite (only the
backyard and parking lot were used), minimising the impact y Fire Resistance
on the surrounding environment. Furthermore, the use of In order to achieve adequate fire resistance, all steel sections
steel also contributed aesthetically to the design; the thin were coated with an intumescent coating. This was also used
structural elements help provide the maximum views towards due to its aesthetic value, as the bracing elements are exposed
the Sea of Marmara and the Lake of Kucukcekmece. in the hotel rooms, and the paint provides a clean, modern finish.
69
Facts:
Height: 462m (1 516ft)
Europe Structural Material: Composite columns and floors with steel-braced reinforced concrete outriggers and a reinforced concrete core
Completion: 2018
Architect: Gorproject: RMJM
Structural Engineer: Gorproject; Inforceproject
General Contractor: Renaissance Construction Company
ArcelorMittal Steel: 18 309 tonnes in HISTAR® 460 Russia
Lakhta Center (St. Petersburg, Russia)

systems Heavies High strength steel Finished sections
Bracing concrete core + steel frame + outriggers HISTAR® 460 Russia composite
Columns composite mega-column HISTAR® 460 Russia cruciform columns composite
&&%<6$ɁȺɈɈȾɐ“Ɉɯɬɚ”

Located in the Primorsky district of St. Petersburg, the Lakhta
Center will create a sustainable economic zone by combining
the office space of the tower with transportation infrastructure,
green space, and several public resources, including a
planetarium, sports complex, medical centre, performance
hall and a bank. Outside of the building, the planned
landscaped spaces consist of a 2 000-seat amphitheatre
and a green promenade. The Lakhta Center is seen as the
“pilot project” for this area on the outskirts of St. Peterburg,
with the view to create a new area for business and living in
this area. The building will serve as a major landmark for the
area through unique twisted-spire form, which is inspired
concepts of extrusion, torsion and tension. Furthermore,
once complete, the Lakhta Center expected to become
the tallest tower in Europe.
y Steel Structure
The Lakhta Center was originally designed as structure
consisting of massive steel columns, with composite floors,
reinforced concrete outriggers, and a reinforced concrete
core. In order to save time, reduce costs and improve
the constructability. The structural design was optimised,
taking advantage of the benefits of using steel and concrete
together. In addition to optimising the layout of the beams
in the composite floors, the columns were adjusted to be
more efficient composite columns and the steel outriggers
were encased to help connect the columns to the
building’s core.
70
Facts:
America Structural material : A steel diagrid frame supported by concrete-reinforced steel super columns, with a steel core and composite floors
Completion: 2006
Architect: Foster + Partners; Adamson Associates
Structural Engineer: WSP Cantor Seinuk
General Contractor: Turner Construction Company
ArcelorMittal Steel: 8 000 tonnes in A913 Grade 65
Hearst Tower (New York, USA)
In 1928, a six-storey, Art Deco building, commissioned by first New York City commercial office building to achieve Gold
William Randolph Hearst to house his publishing empire, LEED Certification from the US Green Building Council,
completed construction on New York City’s 8th Avenue. Over bettering itself in 2012 with a LEED Platinum rating. The
70 years later, the hollowed shell of this landmark office tower presents a distinctive method to create a dialogue
building would become the base of the 182-meter Hearst between old and new architecture through a completely glass
Tower. Completed in 2006, the Hearst Tower became the façade that appears to be floating above the base. This
individual building is able to embody the historical and modern
architecture that defines the entirety of New York City.
© Chuck Choi - Architect: Foster + Partners
Upon entering the building, occupants are greeted with a

spacious lobby, which occupies the entire space of the original
building. The space provides access to all aspects of the
building, including the main elevator lobby, the cafeteria,
auditorium and meeting areas. Also, the roof of the tower has
been design to collect rainwater, harvested in a 64-cubic
meter reclamation tank located in the basement of the
building. Some of this water is utilised for “Icefall”, the grand
atrium’s water feature, which has the environmental function
of humidifying and chilling the atrium lobby as necessary.
y Steel Structure
All four sides of the main tower are formed by a diagonal steel
structure wrapping around the perimeter of the tower. This
series of 16,5-meter-tall triangulated structural elements
form what is commonly referred to as a “diagrid”, which is
an efficient structural form that reduces the volume of steel
required by 20 percent when compared to a conventional
moment frame structure. The diagrid system also provides
increased structural stability. Furthermore, it contributes
aesthetically to the tower; the edges between the diagonals
are pulled back giving the tower its distinctive faceted
appearance and emphasises its vertical proportions.
The diagrid structure is supported by ten-storey tall

concrete-reinforced steel super columns and the entire
tower is further reinforced by a steel core. Composite
steel and concrete floors are used, with 12-meter
interior column-free spans for open-floor-plan offices.
71
Bracing diagrid sprayed
Columns perimeter column:HD360/HD400 A913 - Grade 65 sprayed/Intumescent coating
Floor solutions A913 - Grade 50 composite beams sprayed
The HISTAR® steel sections in the Hearst Tower were made
in Differdange (ASTM A913 grade 65, wide flange structural
shapes per ASTM A6), and are used in the wind bracing and
gravity load system. These sections make up the diagrid
system, visible on the façade of the building, and
the inclination of these structural members function
simultaneously as the bracing and column system. The
external cladding of the diagrid is covered with stainless
steel to give it a clean and modern finish. A total of about
10 000 tonnes of structural steel is used in this project.
y Sustainability
This building was built using 85 percent recycled steel
and is designed to consume 26 percent less energy than
conventional buildings of a similar size and function. Also,
since the diagrid frame of the tower contains roughly
20 percent less steel than would a conventional perimeter
frame, approximately 2 000 tonnes of steel is saved.
In addition to the efficiency of the structural steel, the
high-performance low-emission glass façade allows for
© (CC BY) Tom Byrne
internal spaces to be flooded with natural light, while keeping

out solar radiation causing heat. Light sensors control the
amount of artificial light on each floor based on the amount
of natural light available at any given time, and motion sensors
allow for light and computers to be turned off when a room

(CC BY-SA) Patrick Gruban
is vacant. High-efficiency heating and air-conditioning

equipment utilise outside air for cooling and ventilation
for 75 percent of the year.
Furthermore, the remaining rainwater collected on the roof

that is not used in the fountain, is used to replace water lost
to evaporation in the office-air conditioning system. It is
also fed into a special pumping system to irrigate plants and
trees inside and outside the building. Additionally, electrically
actuated faucets reduce potable water use by 25 percent.
72
Facts:
Height: 236m (774,3ft)
America Structural material: A steel diagrid and braced frame perimeter, with composite floors
Completion: 2012
Architect: Foster + Partners, Zeidler Partnership Architects
Structural Engineer: Halcrow Yolles
General Contractor: Ledcor Construction Limited
ArcelorMittal Steel: 4 900 tonnes of W14 x 16 sections
The Bow (Calgary, Canada)
At 236 meters, Foster + Partners’ The Bow is Calgary’s towards the sun to take advantage of daylight and heat, while
highest skyscraper. This bold new landmark on Calgary’s maximising the space for offices with views of the Rocky
skyline consists of an iconic, curved design, formed by an Mountains. Also, by turning the convex façade into the prevailing
external diagrid structure, which contributes to the wind, the structural loads are minimised; in addition to
building’s environmental performance. Its form is derived from the inherently efficient diagrid system this unique form
an in depth climate analysis: facing south, the tower curves and climate analysis helps contribute to significantly reducing
the volume of structural steel required. The external diagrid
(CC BY) Florian Fuchs
structure consists of triangular shaped steel sections that

span six storeys. This helps to visually break down the size
of the building. In 2012, The Bow became Canada’s tallest
commercial office building outside of Toronto and is the
headquarters for the companies Encana and Cenovus.
The internal office floors are pulled back from the south facing
curving façade; this allows for three spacious sky gardens, six-
storeys in height, and a series of atria. This gives occupants of
the building a working environment that promotes sociability
and interaction. As each floor has been sized to accommodate
a whole business unit, the sky gardens (located at levels 24,
42 and 54) help promote collaboration across the companies;
they enable vertical access to the office floors and incorporate
trees, seating, meeting rooms, catering facilities and local
elevator cores. An auditorium can be found on the top floor.
y Steel structure
Given the design and sustainability goals, the geometry of the
building, cladding design, interior and exterior aesthetics and
space planning, steel was a natural choice for the building’s
structure. The use of high strength structural steel offered
additional advantages: smaller vertical load carrying members
allow the use of lightweight long span floors, larger column
free areas for more open spaces and higher flexibility, and
more economic foundations due to its reduced weight. The
building’s distinct perimeter diagrid frame acts as one of its
structural systems that make up the hybrid lateral force resisting
system (LFRS). The remainder of the perimeter consists of
three primary braced frames on the curved south elevation
and two on the north elevation, combined with steel moment
resisting and braced frames. The three conventional secondary
73
Bracing diagrid A913 - Grade 65 sprayed + protective metal coating
Columns W14 x 16 A913 - Grade 65 sprayed
bracing systems increase the lateral stiffness of the tower; y Sustainability

one is situated around the main elevator core in the centre and Creating a “green” building was a major goal for the design; its
two along the core stairs in what is referred to as the building’s structure as well as its service life is oriented at reducing the
“fingers”. Due to its location south of the Bow River, one of the building’s environmental footprint. As previously mentioned,
urban guidelines was to keep the building low enough to avoid due to the building’s form, prevailing winds are deflected,
shadowing the river in the September equinox period. This allowing for a lighter structure and thus reducing the
limitation of height affected its gravity load carrying system: material needed and size of the foundations.
in order to keep the depth of the floor beams low (below
485mm/19in.) a network of interior columns were added. Furthermore, the solar heat collected in the atrium is
redistributed throughout the year by means of extraction
y ArcelorMittal Steel during winter and heat exchange during summer, reducing
It is Canada’s largest steel-framed building: a total of the load on the mechanical systems. The large glazed areas
39 000 tonnes of steel and 900 000 square-foot glass also reduce the need for artificial lighting.
were used. ArcelorMittal supplied 4 900 tonnes of
W14 x 16 x 145-730 sections, of which 3 320 tonnes
© (CC BY-SA) Ultimateshot

were HISTAR® grade (ASTM A913-65).
© Terri Meyer Boake / CTBUH
74
Facts:
Height: 541,3m (1776ft)
America Structural material: Steel moment frame, with a reinforced high-strength concrete core
Completion: 2014
Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Structural Engineer: WSP Group; Schlaich Bergermann und Partner
General Contractor: Tishman Construction
ArcelorMittal Steel: 12 500 tonnes of steel, primarily W14 x 16 in A913 - Grade 65
One World Trade Center (New York, USA)
One World Trade Center was built on ground zero, the site
© (CC BY) Ron Cogswell
of the former Twin Towers in lower Manhattan, and stands

at a symbolic 1 776 feet (541,3m) tall including the spire.
With its slender, tapering triangular form, it shimmers in the
light and acknowledges the adjacent memorial, as a symbol
of renewal and hope. The design of One World Trade Center
is an innovative mix of architecture, safety and sustainability
and expresses timeless simplicity and clarity of form. It was
designed by renowned architect David Childs, of Skidmore,
Owings and Merrill LLP, and it sets a new level of social
responsibility in urban design by incorporating new
architectural and environmental standards. Upon completion,
One World Trade Center became North America's highest
building and the third tallest in the world.
With a total usable floor area of over 325 000 m2, the
new tower is composed of offices, a grand public lobby,
an observation deck, parking, and, broadcast and antennae
facilities. Below ground level, the building also includes
approximately 5 100m2 of retail space and connects
to an extensive transportation network.
y Steel Structure
The tower's structure is designed around a strong, redundant
steel frame made of beams and columns, using both weld and
bolt connections. This structural frame is built around a
reinforced concrete core wall system at the centre of the
tower, which acts as the main spine and provides support for
gravitational loads as well as resistance to wind and seismic
forces. Together, the structure lends substantial rigidity
and redundancy to the overall building, while providing
column-free interior spans for maximum office flexibility.
The ductile perimeter moment frame twines around all
vertical and sloped perimeters, forming a tube system.
Also, in New York City, skyscraper design is governed by wind

loads; the chamfered corners of the floors form an aerodynamic
and structurally efficient shape, which reduces exposure to
wind loads and reduces the amount of structural steel needed.
75
Bracing concrete core + steel frame A913 - Grade 65 sprayed
Columns internal columns A913 - Grade 65 sprayed
Floor solutions cellular beams sprayed
Thus, the demand on the lateral system of the tower
© (CC BY) Travis Wise

is also reduced.
ArcelorMittal supplied both structural steel sections and
plates for the tower's steel frame. The project features more
than 12 500 tonnes of structural shapes, including Jumbo
and Super Jumbo columns for the perimeter of the tower's
base. These sections were produced by the company’s mill at
Differdange, Luxembourg and supplied to the project through
efforts led by ArcelorMittal International North America.
These beams and columns, mostly in the W14 x 16 family, are
primarily made of HISTAR® Grade 65 (ASTM A913/913M).
y Safety and Fire Design

The new generation of life-safety standards, that incorporate
redundant measures, was integrated subtly into the
infrastructure. The structure incorporates enhanced
fireproofing for the structural steel that exceeds current
codes. Furthermore, the core is enclosed by up to three feet
of reinforced concrete surrounded by a steel moment frame.
There are dual interconnected fire standpipes and extra
water storage to allow for high capacity sprinkler heads.
If a standpipe is cut or broken, the interconnecting valve
automatically cuts off water supply to that standpipe and
redirects it to the other standpipe, ensuring that every other
floor has sprinkler protection. In addition to a concrete-enclosed
core, the tower includes a protected tenant-collection point
on each floor and a separate stairwell for first responders.
From an architectural perspective, all of these features are
integrated into the design without negatively affecting the
efficiency or constructability. The building incorporates highly
advanced state-of-the-art life-safety systems that exceed
the requirements of the New York City Building Code and
that will lead the way for new high-rise building standards.
While the building does incorporate unprecedented security,

it also promotes openness and accessibility for the five
million annual visitors.
76
Facts:
America Structural material: Steel columns and composite beams, supported by a steel-framed concrete core
Completion: 2017
Architect: Goettsch Partners
Structural Engineer: Magnusson Klemencic Associates
General Contractor: Clark Construction Group, LLC
ArcelorMittal Steel: 3534 t incl. 1 365 t of W14 x 16 in A913 Grade 65 and 109 t of W14x16 and W14 x 16 in A913 - Grade 70
150 North Riverside (Chicago, USA)
150 North Riverside, a building commissioned by Riverside Structural Engineer. It is located on one of the most prominent
Investment & Development, is a 53-storey office building sites in the city: the south branch of the Chicago River.
with approximately 111 000m2 of rentable space.
The building is designed by the architectural firm Goettsch The signature component of 150 North Riverside is the way
Partners, with Magnusson Klemencic Associates serving as the building appears to stand on one foot. With its vertical
exterior columns seemingly terminating at level 8, the building
has a significantly smaller base, when compared to the typical
floors above. This special layout was required to accommodate

the complexities of the building site. The project is located just
meters away from the Chicago River on its east side and a rail
yard that has been active for more than a century on its west
side. The constraint of the railway, which made it impossible
for the building’s exterior columns to extend to solid ground,
pushed the design team to develop what is known as
a core-supported framing plan.
y Steel structure
In the core-supported plan, the building was essentially
designed as a typical office building from level 8 through level
54 with an efficient, yet complex, transfer truss system that
enables the weight of the building to be supported on its
concrete core below level 8. The core is then supported
on a 3m deep concrete mat that transfers the load to
a collection of 16 rock-socketed caissons below
(each with a 3-meter diameter).
Overall, the total savings in the weight of the structural frame

for 150 North Riverside was 6%. When comparing the savings
to the columns, where the high-yield A913 steels were most
commonly employed, the weight savings was 18%.
In addition to the weight savings, the fabricator noted distinct

benefits due to avoiding preheat requirements when welding
A913 Grade 65 material. In particular, the building features
cantilevered framing elements composed of thick sections
for which it was necessary to connect by welding completely
across their cross sections (this is known as a Complete Joint
Penetration or CJP weld). ASTM A913 Grade 65 steel is
approved by the American Welding Society to be
77
Bracing concrete core with steel frame A913 - Grade 65/70 sprayed
connected via welding without having to heat the section Overall, ArcelorMittal’s products offered the most cost-
before commencing the process. This characteristic is unique effective approach to designing the structural system for
to this grade, and the major benefit of it is that the fabricators this distinctive building. Their large sections and high strength
can save a lot of time and energy in its processes. material provided the only “off-the-shelf” solutions that could
resist the building’s heavy loads. A list of specific benefits -
Lastly, the use of the high strength steel and larger section identified by the customer - that ArcelorMittal’s steel brought
sizes eliminated virtually all cover plating requirements for to this project includes incorporating A913 Grade 70 material
the columns. Again, a major benefit to the fabrication of the into the perimeter columns which enabled the use of 65 ksi
project, removing the need to cover plate columns saves a rolled shapes at the base of the structure. This resulted in
significant amount of labour hours and cost on projects. significant savings of fabrication and erection costs and
Erection of steel at 150 North Riverside started in May a reduction in the structural weight of 550 tonnes.
2015 and the project is already receiving a lot of attention.

Completed in 2017, 150 North Riverside is a case study for
state-of-the-art structural steel systems used in tall buildings.
150 North Riverside is the first U.S. building built (and 3rd in
North America) with A913 Grade 70 sections from Luxembourg.
The building will be constructed using 2 530 tonnes of ASTM
A913 Grades 65 and 70 column sections. ArcelorMittal is the
only producer of the ASTM A913 specification, a material that
is manufactured by ArcelorMittal Europe - Long Products’
Differdange mill in Luxembourg.
The structural engineer, in cooperation with Zalk Josephs,

the project’s fabricator, determined that incorporating 70ksi
steel sections into the design would lead to considerable
savings in fabrication hours and cost. Prior to the material
being specified on this project, A913 Grade 70 rolled shapes
had been used on only two projects (both in Canada).
ArcelorMittal International’s North America sales team worked
closely with ArcelorMittal Europe - Long Products to provide
the fabricator with the A913 Grades 65 and 70 sections.
The project not only incorporates these unique specifications,
but its design also uses some of the world’s largest structural
shapes: W36 x 925 and W14 x 873 sections. These are
only produced by ArcelorMittal Europe - Long Products’
Differdange mill. Thanks to ArcelorMittal steel, there have
been large savings in cost and weight of structural steel.
78
Facts:
Height: West Tower - 214,7m (704ft); East Tower - 196m (643ft)
Number of Floors: West Tower - 52; East Tower - 44
Gross floor area: West Tower - 128 113m2; East Tower - 112 477m2
Building Function: West Tower - Office; East Tower - Residential and Office
America Structural material: Steel frames, with concrete cores and composite floors
Completion: West Tower - 2010; East Tower - 2016
Architect: KPMB Architects; Adamson Associates; WZMH Architects (West Tower Only); ERA Architects (West Tower Only)
Structural Engineer: West Tower - Halcrow Yolles; East Tower - Entuitive
General Contractor: EllisDon Construction Services Inc.
ArcelorMittal Steel: 1 348 tonnes in A913 - Grade 70
Bay-Adelaide Centre (Toronto, Canada)
The Bay-Adelaide Centre is an office complex in the financial

district of Toronto. Upon completion, the complex will consist
of 3 towers, two of which are currently complete (East and
West tower) and the final tower is planned (North tower).
These three towers will eventually house 3,2 million square
feet in commercial office space.
Conceived in 1987, the Bay-Adelaide Centre was originally

intended as a two-tower complex, with public space. This
concept consisted of a 275-meter South Tower, with
57 office floors and 4 penthouse levels and a smaller,
12-storey North Tower.
Over the next 20 years there were multiple unsuccessful

attempts to revive the project. Finally the construction kicked
off again in 2006 and in 2010 the 52-storey West Tower
became Bay-Adelaide Centre’s first completed tower. In
2013, the design of the 44-storey East Tower was restarted
and it was completed in 2016. Following the final design
and construction of the last phase (North Tower), the
entire development is expected to be finished by 2020.
As with any multi-phase development, collaboration between

the various teams involved (i.e. Structural Engineer, Architects,
Developer, Contractors, Suppliers, etc.) and the use of the
most innovative structural materials was crucial to arrive at
this milestone, which required over 25 years of design and
construction. As a result, this development features the world’s
first high-rise constructed using 485MPa (70ksi) steel.
y Steel Structure
Working on the design of an office complex for more than
25 years represents a unique challenge. The passage of time
leads to the creation of multiple designs, implementation of challenged the design team to not only reduce the cost of the
multiple building codes, and exploration of multiple design building, but to also reduce the loss in useable floor area due
and material standards. More importantly, the passing to the size of vertical elements such as columns and structural
of time provides opportunities to incorporate new walls. Rising to the challenge, the structural engineers initiated
innovative materials and designs into the project. discussions with material suppliers to understand the market
and what constraints existed with respect to the strength and
Throughout the development of the design, the developers stiffness values of basic materials (i.e. steel and concrete).
79
Bracing concrete core with steel frame A913 - Grade 65/70 sprayed
In the initial development, the structural design team looked
© (CC BY-SA) Weatherwitch22

at three potential options for the structural floor system,
which required spans of 14,5 meters (47,5ft):
1) conventional reinforced concrete beam and slab construction,
2) post-tensioned concrete beam with reinforced
concrete slab construction, or
3) structural steel with composite concrete on steel deck framing.
Initially, the post-tensioned concrete design, with 350mm

by 1,350mm (14in. by 52in.) reinforced concrete columns,
was selected. After nearly completing the working drawings
and sub-grade construction based on the post-tensioned
concrete design, the client decided to switch to structural
steel with composite concrete and steel deck to achieve a
quicker completion date. The steel scheme had to be y ArcelorMittal Steel
developed so as to maintain the floor to floor heights, Originally, a steel box section of 350 by 900mm (14in. by
which had previously received municipal approval 36in.) was selected for the columns, as they had a smaller
(maximum shadowing of Toronto City Hall). overall size compared to the reinforced concrete, and thus,
had a minimum impact on the floor area. That being said,
This led the structural engineers to develop a composite truss the structural engineers recognised that at more than
scheme with composite concrete on steel deck (with studs). 2 455 kilogrammes per meter (1 650 pounds per foot), this
The new truss system required the mechanical system to be may not be the most economical solution. This was especially
converted from conventional rectangular ducts to a pair of apparent given the new alternative in steel materials that
round ducts, concrete corbels to be constructed in the had recently come onto the market, namely HISTAR® steel.
reinforced concrete shear wall core, and the perimeter
columns to be adjusted from reinforced concrete to By 2006, when the West Tower was fully underway, HISTAR®
steel columns. steel was a common building material and Grade 50 and 65MPa
were readily available. Ultimately, A913, Grade 65 steel was
The final structural design selected in 2006 for the West selected for the perimeter frame of the West Tower.
Tower included the steel-framed composite floors systems, Following the completion of the West Tower, the East Tower
with steel columns and a concrete core. Through the success was designed from the beginning using HISTAR® material, as
of the West Tower, structural steel framing system was the Structural Engineer was now familiar with the product.
chosen at the first step when the design of the East Now available up to 485MPa (70ksi), using this alternative led
Tower began. to a saving of more than nine percent for the overall weight
of structural steel in the building. Once construction began
in 2013, Bay-Adelaide Centre East Tower became the first
high-rise building in the world designed and constructed
with ASTM A913 Grade 70 material.
80
Facts:
Height: 354,6m (1 163ft)
Asia Structural material: Steel columns, outriggers and belt trusses, with a concrete core
Completion: 2000
Architect: NORR Limited
Structural Engineer: Hyder Consulting; Leslie E. Robertson Associates
General Contractor: Brookfield Multiplex
ArcelorMittal Steel: 5 000 tonnes in HISTAR® 460
Emirates Tower One (Dubai, UAE)

Bracing concrete core + outriggers + belt trusses HISTAR® 460 sprayed
Columns sprayed
The Jumeirah Emirates Towers are one of the most distinctive

© (CC BY-SA) Stefano Brivio
skyscraper duos in the world, and were some of the first

high-rises to be located along Sheikh Zayed Road in the
financial centre of Dubai. Their completion in 2000 began
a trend that has since seen the thoroughfare boom with
construction activity and some of the tallest towers in the world.
On the periphery of the complex, a beautifully landscaped

environment with lush vegetation and meandering pathways
imparts the feeling of an oasis in an otherwise rigid urban
landscape. The towers rise from a three-storey terraced podium,
which houses a boutique retail mall, restaurants and cafés. At
the base, intersecting planes of curvilinear and vertical elements
frame grand staircases that lead to the podium levels. Clad in
silver aluminium panels with both silver and copper reflective
glass, the slim towers capture shifting sunlight throughout
the day and enhance the bright city lights at nightfall.
Both towers feature equilateral cross sections with a triangular

footprint that affords the structure more stability from the
lateral forces of wind and earthquakes. In Emirate Tower One,
steel transfers at level nine distribute loads from concrete-filled
steel tubular columns into three triangular legs at the perimeter.
Three additional transfer floors and a tuned mass damper at
the peak provide for maximum stability. A steel and concrete
hybrid solution throughout the tower allows for an abundance
of column-free office space.
y Steel Structure and ArcelorMittal Steel

Building stability is provided by coupling the central reinforced around the perimeter of the building and connect back to the
concrete core to the perimeter columns using outrigger and belt core and are made with ArcelorMittal’s high-strength
trusses at plant room levels. The outrigger and belt trusses run HISTAR® 460 steel sections.
81
Facts:
Building Function: Residential; Office
Asia Structural material: Steel
Completion: 2015
Architect: Broad Sustainable Building Co., Ltd
Structural Engineer: Sky City Investment Co., LTD
General Contractor: Sky City Investment Co., LTD
ArcelorMittal Steel: 10 345 tonnes of prefabricated sections in HISTAR® 460
J57 Mini Sky City (Changsha, China)

Bracing sprayed
pre-fabricated steel frames HISTAR® 460
Columns sprayed
Floor solutions modular construction sprayed
office space for 4 000 people, which highlights the flexibility

of the building use, even if it uses this construction method.
y Steel Structure
90% of the tower is made of manufactured block that are
developed offsite. The block can simply be locked together
and secured with high strength ribs and bolts. This provides
adequate structure, increases the rate of construction, and
simplifies the construction process. The flexibility of the
spaces, strength of the structure, rate of construction,
and the accuracy and precision of each module can
only be achieved by using steel elements.
ArcelorMittal provided 10 345 tonnes of HISTAR® steel
sections from Differdange to build the frame of J57 Tower.
The team of ArcelorMittal Europe – Long Products supplied
was selected by BSB, due to the accuracy of the size and
strength of their steel sections; this is the most crucial
element to ensure that prefabricated buildings are
J57 Mini Sky City was built in a combined construction time built according to the construction schedule.
of only 19 days, which is almost at a pace of 3 completed
floors per day. The tower was developed by Broad Sustainable y Sustainability
Building (BSB), which is a construction company specialising in According to the Architect of J57, Xian Min, in addition to
prefabricated buildings. The tower was built with energy- significantly reducing the amount of concrete required
efficient, factory-produced elements, using the BSB prefabricated and eliminating the dust on the construction site, this
construction method, which won the 2013 Council on Tall construction method is so energy efficient that it will save
Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) Innovation Award. Using 12 000 metric tonnes of CO2 emissions compared to
this construction method reduced the use of up to 15 000 conventional buildings with a similar function. Furthermore,
concrete trucks, and avoided the release of dust associated another reason for which ArcelorMittal was specifically
with conventional Chinese construction processes. J57 selected was the fact that the majority of the steel from
includes 19 ten-meter tall atriums, 800 apartments and Differdange was derived from recycled scrap steel elements.
82 82
Facts:
Asia Structural material: Composite columns, with steel mega trusses
Completion: 2006
Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Structural Engineer: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
General Contractor: China State Construction Engineering Corporation
ArcelorMittal Steel: 4 500 tonnes in HISTAR® 420/355
Poly Corporation Headquarters (Beijing, China)

Bracing sprayed
columns + mega truss HISTAR® 420/355
Columns sprayed
Poly Corporation Headquarters, located in Beijing, houses the Upon completion in 2006, this interior atrium became the
various subsidiaries of the China Poly Group Corporation. The tallest lobby in the world, completely free of any columns.
building consists of 24 unique, L-shaped office floors, which
are built around a 90-meter tall atrium. The atrium is enclosed y Steel Structure and ArcelorMittal Steel
by the world’s largest cable-net supported glass wall. The distinctive atrium of the Poly Corporation Headquarters is
made possible by the unique façade support system, developed
by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill LLP, known as the Rocker.
The “Rocker” allows the cable-stayed system, which uses two

large, parallel-strand bridge cables in diagonal fold lines, to
accommodate any effects of earthquakes and heavy winds
and assist in the suspension of the 8-storey museum structure
within the atrium. This entire system is supported by the
mega truss at the top of the tower.
Furthermore, the building was the first building designed and

erected with ASTM A913 (HISTAR®) grades in China; before
completion of this tower, the highest grade of steel specified
in building applications in China was 345MPa. ASTM A913/
Gr. 450 (65ksi) was a too big jump from 345MPa steel for
the committee of experts. They approved ASTM A913 up to
420MPa (60ksi) after welding tests without preheating at
room temperature and mechanical tests on Jumbo sections
were performed at the Welding Research Institute in Beijing
(CRIBC) to convince the committee of experts of the
excellent behaviour of HISTAR® steel. Thus, all the columns
of the building as well as the mega truss on top, which
supports the façade of glass, were designed in 420MPa.
y Fire resistance
Composite columns were used in the structure,
which provides acceptable fire resistance.
83
Facts:
Height: 494,3m (1 622ft)
Building Function: Hotel; Office
Asia Structural material: Steel outriggers and belt trusses, with composite megacolumns and a concrete core
Completion: 2008
Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates; Mori Building; Irie Miyake Architects and Engineers
Structural Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Associates
General Contractor: China State Construction Engineering Corporation; Shanghai Construction Group
ArcelorMittal Steel: 17 000 tonnes in HISTAR® 355
Shanghai World Financial Center (Shanghai, China)
The Shanghai World Financial Center, located in Shanghai’s

Pudong District, is a symbol of commerce and culture that
speaks to the city’s emergence as a global capital. This
landmark is comprised of 101 storeys and reaches almost
500 meters above the city skyline. Its appearance combines
two intersecting arcs and a square prism – forms representing
the ancient Chinese symbols for earth and sky.
Upon completion in 2008, it became the tallest building in
China and second tallest in Asia (second only to TAIPEI 101).
It also received the CTBUH 2008 Best Tall Building Asia
& Australasia and Best Tall Building Worldwide award.
The tower is a virtual city within a city; it houses a mix of

office and retail functions, as well as a hotel on the 79th to
93rd floors. Occupying the tower’s uppermost floors the
Shanghai World Financial Center Sky Arena offers visitors
aerial views of downtown Shanghai and the winding river
below as well as access to the Sky Walk on the 100th-floor
sky bridge. Sky lobbies are located at the first two levels
where outriggers are applied (28th and 29th, 52nd and 53rd).
Furthermore, a museum and sophisticated urban retail
spaces are located at the base of the tower. The Shanghai
World Financial Center combines functionality and
smart construction.
y Steel Structure
Originally conceived in 1993, the project had to be put on
hold during the conception of the foundation, due to the Asian
financial crisis. Afterwards, it was requested to redesign the
structure to be lighter and resistant to higher wind loads while
keeping the existing foundations. High-strength steel was
seen as the obvious choice for the main structure of the
building to reduce its weight. The entire structure consists The diagonals of the mega-structure are formed from welded
of three parallel and interacting systems: structural steel boxes. These steel boxes are filled with
1. the mega-structure consisting of the major structural concrete, providing increased stiffness, non-linear structural
columns, the major diagonals, and the belt trusses to behaviour, and structural damping. The columns of the
form a braced frame; mega-structure are of composite structural steel and
2. the concrete walls of the services core; and reinforced concrete, one at each of the four corners of
3. the outrigger trusses which interact between the rectilinear base and six as the floor plan morphs
the concrete walls and the megacolumns. into a six-sided form at higher levels.
84
Bracing mega-composite columns sprayed
HISTAR® 355
Columns concrete core + outriggers + belt trusses sprayed
y Robustness, Redundancy and Safety

© (CC BY-SA) Mgmoscatello
The structural system is designed to accept the simultaneous

loss of a number of structural elements. For example, at any
level the small perimeter columns are able to be accidentally
removed without the disproportionate collapse of the
surrounding structure. Additionally, members of the
perimeter belt trusses can be removed without
disproportionate collapse. Similarly, accidental removal can
be accepted for the steelwork within the services core.
In regard to fire safety, the exits, fire and smoke propagation

were studied using a service approach (which guaranteed
a level of safety in excess of legal requirements) with
computer simulations that led to some modifications in
design (i.e. width of stairs, location of exits) to improve
building evacuation times.
Being a mixed steel and concrete structure, it was possible to

ensure optimal fire protection and impact resistance for the
entire steel structure of Shanghai World Financial Center.
© (CC BY) Alan Levine
ArcelorMittal supplied 17 000 tonnes of high-strength steel
HISTAR® 355 sections, which were used in the outriggers
trusses, belt trusses and megacolumns.
85
14. ArcelorMittal services
y Technical Advisory y Sales Network

ArcelorMittal provides you with technical advice to optimise Our sales network works closely with all ArcelorMittal mills.
the use of our products and solutions in your projects for free. We provide you with a seamless interface with mills offering
The technical advice covers basic and elaborated concepts, world-class products and services throughout the globe.
counterproposals, predesigned of structural elements, You can find the complete list of our agencies on the
construction details, assistance in value engineering, surface next two pages and on our website.
protection advisory, metallurgy, welding procedure and fire
protection. Our specialists are ready to support your
initiatives all over the world. y R&D
With 1 400 full-time researchers employed across the globe,
To facilitate the design of your projects, we also offer our research centers are at the heart of developing new
software and technical documentation that you can steel products and solutions. To keep us at the forefront
consult and download for free from our website: of innovation in steelmaking and mining technology,
sections.arcelormittal.com ArcelorMittal has 12 research centers located in
Europe and North America.
Contact us at: sections.tecom@arcelormittal.com
In 2016 we invested $239 million in R&D, with |40%
of that money targeted on processes, |55% on products
y Beam Finishing Centre and solutions and 5% on exploratory research.
As a complement to the technical capacities of its partners,
ArcelorMittal is equipped with high-performance finishing
tools and can provide a wide range of fabrication services, y ArcelorMittal in Construction
including the following: ArcelorMittal has also a website dedicated to a full range
• drilling of materials up to 140mm in thickness of products for the construction market (structures,
• flame cutting façades, roofing, etc.): constructalia.arcelormittal.com
• T cut-outs
• notching
• cambering
• curving
• straightening
• cold sawing to exact length
• welding and fitting of studs
• shot blasting
• surface treatment
Contact us at: cs.eurostructures@arcelormittal.com
86
ArcelorMittal International
Headquarters ECUADOR SENEGAL
ArcelorMittal International Ecuador ArcelorMittal International Senegal
LUXEMBOURG Calle del Establo y Av. De los Conquistadores AMDSI Sénégal SARL
ArcelorMittal International Luxembourg Edif. Cemacol, Ofic. F - Cumbayá Dakar, Stèle Mermoz - Imm. SAPHIR
24, Boulevard d'Avranches CP 170902 - Quito SN-B.P.25377 Dakar Fann
LU-1660 Luxembourg T : +593 2 289 2161 / 2162 T : +221 33 859 76 30
T : +352 4792 1
EGYPT SINGAPORE
Sales agencies ArcelorMittal International Egypt Representative Office ArcelorMittal International Singapore
Unit No 96, Floor No 9, 2 Aly Rashed Street 08-00 Anson House - 72, Anson Road
AFRICA Star Capital Tower 2, Heliopolis West, Cairo 11771 SG-079911 Singapore
ArcelorMittal International Africa T : +20 2 24800868 T : +65 67339033
Casanearshore park
Shore 14- RDC - Plateau N° 2
1100, Bd Al Qods - Sidi Maarouf INDIA SOUTH AFRICA
MA- Casablanca ArcelorMittal International Mumbai ArcelorMittal International South Africa
T : +212 522 74 96 00 Unit 202 A, Dosti Pinnacle Block C, Stoneridge Office Park
Plot E-7, Road No.: 22 - Wagle Estate 8 Greenstone Place - Greenstone 1609
IN-Thane (West) 400604 - Maharsahtra REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
AZERBAIJAN T : +91 22 424 895 00 T : +27 (0)11 201 2045 (direct)
Azerbaijan Representative Office
AGA Center 13th floor Office # 13/5
Khojali Avn. 55 Baku ArcelorMittal International New Delhi TAIWAN
AZ-1025 Plaza M-6, 6th Floor, ArcelorMittal International Taiwan
T : +99 412 464 4144 Jasola District Centre 8F A3; n°502 Jiou Ru 1st Rd.
IN-New Delhi - 110 025 San Min Dist., Kaohsiung - TAIWAN ROC
T : +91 11 46759409 T : +886 7 390 04 25
BRAZIL
ArcelorMittal International Brasil
Alameda Santos 700, 12°andar, Ceiqueira Cesar KOREA TURKEY
CEP 01418-100 SP - São Paulo ArcelorMittal International Korea ArcelorMittal International Celik Dis Ticaret A.S.
T : +55 11 36 38 69 04 6F Jinnex Lakeview, 65-2 Esentepe Mah. Büyükdere Cad.
Bangi-Dong, Songpa-Gu - Seoul Metrocity A Blok 171/A Kat:16 - Şişli
Postal code 138-828 TR-34394 Istanbul
CHILE T : 82-2-6200-6571 T : +90 212 317 49 00
ArcelorMittal International Chile
Av. Providencia, 1208 - Oficina 1805
Ed. Pamplona/Providencia/Santiago MEXICO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
T : +56 2 2248 3391 ArcelorMittal International Mexico ArcelorMittal International FZE
Calle Privada de los Industriales 110 A Plot S40703
8° Piso Desp. 801 802 South Zone 4
CHINA (People’s Republic of) Col. Industrial Benito Juarez AE-PO Box 262098 - Dubai
ArcelorMittal International Shanghai Queretaro, Qro. T : +971 4 803 5900
Unit A2 13F Time Square, 500 Zhangyang Road MX-76100 MEXICO
Pudong, CN-Shanghai 200122 T : +52 442 218 6872
T : +86 21 58368200 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ArcelorMittal International North America
NIGERIA 1 South Dearborn, 13th floor
ArcelorMittal International Beijing ArcelorMital Projects Nigeria US-Chicago, IL, 60603
Rm.1702, Tower A, Beijing Vantone 1B Adebayo Doherty Street T : +1 312 899 3500
Center, No. 6 Chaowai Street Off Admiralty Way, Lekki Ph1, Lagos
Chaoyang District, CN-Beijing 100020 T : +234 1 277 0802
T : +8610 5907 0503 UKRAINE
PERU ArcelorMittal International Ukraine
ArcelorMittal International Peru 20 Velyka Zhytomirska Str.
ArcelorMittal International Urumqui Calle Tomas Ramsey N°930 UK-01025 Kiev
8F China Development Bank tower Oficina 1105 - Magdalena del Mar - Lima 17 T : +38 044 201 4912
Fountain Plaza, No 333 Zhang Shang Road T : +51 1 421 43 64
CN-Urumqui, XinJiang
T : +86 991 23396 02 VENEZUELA
RUSSIA ArcelorMittal International Venezuela
ArcelorMittal International Moscow Edificio Keope, Avenida Vera Cruz, Piso 4, Oficina 45 A
COLOMBIA Bolshaya Ordynka Street 44, building 4 VE-Las Mercedes/Caracas 1060 A
ArcelorMittal International Colombia RU-119 017 Moscow T : +58 212 993 46 35 / 993 81 01 / 991 41 97
Calle 90 N° 12 # 45 Of. 605 - Bogotá T : +7 495 721 15 51
T : +57 1 623 40 22 F : +7 495 721 15 55
VIETNAM
ArcelorMittal International Vietnam
D35, 40 Ba Huyen Thanh Quan, Ward 6
VN-Dist. 3, Ho Chi Minh City
Email address: sections.tecom@arcelormittal.com T : + 84 8 39307248
2018
ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections
Headquarters FINLAND ROMANIA
ArcelorMittal Commercial Long Finland OY ArcelorMittal Commercial Long Romania S.R.L.
LUXEMBOURG Topeliuksenkatu 15 7 9 Intrarea Tudor Stefan
ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections FI-00250 Helsinki 2nd Floor, AP. 4
66, rue de Luxembourg T : +358 9 74 222 460 Sector 1, 011 655 Bucharest
LU-4221 Esch sur Alzette T : +40 31 405 47 93
T : +352 5313 3010
F : +352 5313 2799 FRANCE
ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections France S.A. SWEDEN
Domaine de Pelus ArcelorMittal Commercial Sweden A.B.
SPAIN 4, rue Graham Bell Birger Jarlsgatan 4 A
ArcelorMittal Comercial Perfiles España S.L. FR-33700 Merignac SE-111 45 Stockholm
Ctr. Toledo. Km. 9,200 T : +33 5 57 92 09 10 T : +46 8 534 80 94 0
ES-28021 Madrid
T : +34 91 797 23 00
GERMANY SWITZERLAND
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Sales agencies Gereonstraße 58 Industriestrasse 19
50670 Köln CH-8112 Otelfingen
AUSTRIA T : +49 221 572 90 T : +41 56 437 16 70
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Vogelweiderstraße 66 Augustenstraße 7
AT-5020 Salzburg DE-70178 Stuttgart TURKEY
T : +43 662 88 67 44 T: +49 711 489 80 0 ArcelorMittal CL Çelik Deş Ticaret A.Ş.
Esentepe Mah. Büyükdere Cad.
Metrocity A Blok 171/A Kat:16 - Şişli
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3rd Floor, Fore 2
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T : +384 32 467 268 T : +354 568 6844
Services
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T : +359 287 09 028 IT -10043 Orbassano (TO) L-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette
T : +39 011 906 3931 Tel.: + 352 5313 3010
sections.tecom@arcelormittal.com
CZECH REPUBLIC
ArcelorMittal Commercial Long Czech s.r.o. NORWAY
Vratimovska 689 ArcelorMittal Commercial Long Norway A/S Eurostructures Beam Finishing Centre
CZ-70702 Ostrava Kunčice Holmenveien 20, Z.I. Gadderscheier
T : +420 59 568 6040 NO-0374 Oslo L-4984 Sanem
T : +47 22 83 78 20 Tel.: +352 5313 3057
cs.eurostructures@arcelormittal.com
DENMARK
ArcelorMittal Commercial Long Denmark A/S POLAND
Artillerivej 90, stuen ArcelorMittal Commercial Long Poland Find also your local agency at
DK-2300 Copenhagen S Al. Pilsudskiego 92 sections.arcelormittal.com/About us.
T : +45 33 74 17 11 PL-41 308 Dabrowa Gornicza
T : +48 32 776 67 27
ESTONIA
ArcelorMittal Commercial Baltics
Tatari 6
EE-10116 Tallinn
T : +372 64 14 338
Email address: sections.tecom@arcelormittal.com

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ArcelorMittal Europe - Long Products

Sections and Merchant Bars

© Chuck Choi - Architect: Foster + Partners

© Antony Wood / CTBUH

Agence d'architecture Anthony Béchu - Tom Sheehan; © Pierre-Élie de Pibrac

Shanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai, China D2 Tower, Courbevoie, France

We are delighted to present to you the high-rise buildings brochure. It features

ArcelorMittal Europe - Long Products

CTBUH Executive Director

1. Steel advantages ..................................................................................... 09

2. Steel grades for high-rise buildings .....................................................11

5. Beams and ﬂoor systems .......................................................................35

7. Foundations for high loads .....................................................................47

10. Earthquake design ...................................................................................52

11. Sustainability .............................................................................................56

12. Future developments: pre-qualiﬁed joints ........................................60

13. Reference projects...................................................................................62

14. ArcelorMittal services.............................................................................86

Sections & Merchant Bars production centres

HE 100 - 1000 HD 260

ArcelorMittal is the world’s leading steel and mining company,

ArcelorMittal Europe – Long Products Electric arc furnace, Luxembourg

AZ 18 - 800 - AZ 27 - 800 AU™ 14 - AU™ 25 HZ 680M LT - HZ 880M A - C AS 500 9.5-13

Bars and Rods

Bars : ø 8 - 50 mm Round : ø 5 - 52 mm Round : ø 15 - 170 mm Round billets: ø 130 - 400 mm

Sections & Merchant Bars: sections.arcelormittal.com

Steel has a very high

steel diagrid, Courbevoie, France dimensions

used in buildings such as One World Trade Center in New York

Steel is an especially sustainable material as it can indeﬁnitively

Steel provides the ﬂexibility needed to enable a building y Reliability

1100 Depth (mm)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

Figure 2.1: Range of dimensions

355 355 S355 J0/JR/J2/K2 S355M/ML Grade 50 Grade 50 Grade 50 Q345QST

460 460 S450J0/JR/J2/K2 S460M/ML Grade 65 Grade 60 Q460QST

500 S500 J0/J2 S500M/ML Grade 70 Q485QST

Class / Grade European Standards British Standards American Standards

Wide ﬂange columns HD 260 - HD 400 UC 152 x 152 - UC 356 x 406 W 10 - W 14

355 HISTAR® 355

Nevertheless, some preheating* may be required in case of:

Combined with the high-strength steel HISTAR® 460,

y Jumbos and SuperJumbos

Figure 3.3: HD Box Figure 3.4: Cruciform section

Wide flange beam

Composite column: wide flange

Box HD section made out of one

Cruciform section made out of one Partially encased composite

Composite column: cruciform Composite column: wide flange

Mega column built up from

Megacolumn without connection plates

y Using HISTAR® grade steel for columns

built-up columns with these hot rolled beams. Combining

2- Save time Fabrication costs 90 35

For example: Instead of using two UC356x406x509 in

Figure 3.8: Economical use of HISTAR®: built-up sections

Gains, when using HISTAR® 460 Super Jumbo

y Predesign tools, design tables:

Buckling length [m]