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timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”

Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”

IS 4410-1 (1991): Glossary of terms relating to river

valley projects, Part 1: Irrigation practice [WRD 6: Water
Resources Planning, Management and Evaluation]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 IS 4410 ( Part I ) : 1891
( Reaffirmed 2003 )

Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS
PART 1 IRRIGATION PRACTICES

( First Revision)

@ BIS 1991

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

December 199 1 Price Croup 3

Terminology Relating to River Valley Projects Sectional Committee, RVD 2

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard ( Part 1 ) ( First Revision > wzs eecpted by the Bureau cf Indian Standards,
after the draft finalized by the Terminolcgy Relating to River Valley Projects Sectional Committee
had been approved by the River Valley Division Council.

A large number of Indian Standards have already been published covering various aspects of
river valley projects and some more similar slandaidsare in the process of formulation. These
standards include technical terms and precise definitions for such terms are required for avoiding
embiguity in their interpretation. To achieve this aim, the Sectional Committee is bringing
out Indian Standards Glossary of Terms Relating to River Valley Projects ( IS 4410 ) ; being publi-
shed in parts. This standard ( Part 1 ) covers definitions of terms commonly occuring in the
limited field of irrigation practices, for example, types of crops, areas and water requirements.

This standard was first published in 1967. This revision has been prepared in the light of the
experience gained during the last 24 years in the use of this standard. In this revision additional
terms have been added besides modifying some of the terms so as to bring it in line with latest
technology.

In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given to international co-ordination
among standards and practices, prevailing in different countries in addition to relating it to the
practice in the field in this country. This has been met by deriving considerable assistance from
multilingual technical dictionary on irrigation and drainage published by International Com-
mission on Irrigation and Drainage ( ICID ) and many other sources.
 IS 4410 (Partl):l!m

Indian Standard
GLOSSARYOFTERMSRELATINGTO
RIVERVALLEYPROJECTS
PART 1 IRRIGATION PRACTICES

( First Revision )
1 SCOPE 3.5 Kharif Crops
Those crops which are cultivated in the monsoon
1.1 This standard ( Part 1 ) covers definition of
season. The following are the principal kharif
terms commonly occurring in the limited field of
crops:
irrigation practice, for example, types of crops,
areas and water requirements. Maize, rice, small millets, pegom, peas,
groundnut, cotton, tobacco, sesame and sann-
2 GENERAL TERMS hemp.
2.1 Closure Period 3.6 Mixed Crpo
The period when the canal is closed for regular Where more than one crop is raised on the same
maintenance, repairs and other purposes. field in the same season simultaneously, without
any definite row arrangement such as gram and
.2.2 Cropping Intensity wheat.
The percentage of the total crop area during a 3.7 Monocropping
crop year or season to the culturable command
area. It is the practice of raising a single crop in an
area in a crop year or period.
2.3 Crop Rotation
3.8 Multiple Cropping
The sequence during a year or period of years
in which different crops are grown (or planned) It is the practice of growing more than one crop
in the same land. in an area in a crop year.

-2.4 Cropping Pattern 3.9 Overlapping Crop

Yearly sequence and spacious arrangement of An old crop which is harvested or removed
after sowing of the new crop.
the crops in a given area.
3.10 Perennial Crops
-3 TERMS RELATING TO TYPES OF
CROPS Crops which last several crop years like planta-
\ tion or orchard crops.
3.1 Annual Crops
3.11 Rabi Crops
Crops which complete their life cycle from seed Those crops which are cultivated in the winter
to seed within one year. season. The following are the principal Rabi
crops:
3.2 Canal Irrigated Crop
Wheat, barley, gram, peas, potatoes, mustard,
A crop which is raised predominantly on canal tobacco and linseed.
irrigation.
3.12 Relay Cropping
-3.3 Cash Crops Seeding/planting of the succeeding crop after
A high value marketable crop such as sugarcane, flowering and before the harvest of the standing
jute, spices, fruits, tobacco and plantation crop.
crops.
3.13 Single Crop
-3.4 Drylaod Crops Raising of only one crop in one season.
The crops which do not normally require 3.14 Summer Crop
irrigation because the prevailing quantity and
incidence of the local rainfall is suitable and Often represents an intermediate ( third ) crop
sufficient for cultivation. between the Rabi and Kharif crops.

1
IS4410(Partl):l!Nl

3.15 Well Jrrigated Crop period equals the period between first and last
irrigation to raise a crop.
A crop which is raised on by well irrigation.
4.10 Border Strip Irrigation Method
3.16 Wetland Crop
It is controlled surface flooding irrigation
Crop which grows in standing water during most method where the field to be irrigated is divided
part of its life cycle. into narrow strips by long parallel low bunds
or levees along the general slope of land which
4 TERMS RELATING TO IRRIGATION shall normally be sufficiently gentle and each
strip of land is irrigated by admitting a stream of
4.1 Actual Evspotranspiration water at the upper end.
Evapotranspiration from a particular crop under 4.11 Check Basin Method
the given moisture and climate conditions.
The method consists of applying water to an
4.2 Alkali Soil area which is prepared level or nearly level and
divided into basins or compartment, usually of
A soil that contains sufficient exchangeable
rectangular shape with bunds. A supply
sodium to interfere with the growth of most of channel is aligned on the upper edge of the
crop plants. The ESP is generally more than area, and the laterals are dug in between two
15 and ECF less than 4 decisiemens per metre. check basins.
The soil pH is higher than 8’2 except in systems
with chloride and sulphate anions. 4.12 Coefficient of Uniformity ( UC )
4.3 Alkaline Soil It is the ratio of average depth of irrigation
water infiltrated into the soil minus the average
Any soil having pH greater than 7.
deviation from this average depth divided by
4.4 Application Efficiency ( AE ) the average infiltrated water.

It is the ratio of the average depth of the irri- 4.13 Consumptive Use, Consumptive Water Use
gation water stored in the root zone to the
The quantity of water cosumed in evaporation
average depth of irrigation water applied.
transpiration and metabolic processes during
4.5 Application Efficiency of Low Quarter crops growth, including water consumed by
accompanying weed growths. It is expressed
( AELQ 1 in water-depth units per unit area, also called
It is the ratio of the average low quarter depth Consumptive Water Use or Evapotranspiration.
of irrigation water infiltrated and stored in the
root zone to the average depth of irrigation 4.14 Consumptive Use Efficiency
water applied. The average low quarter depth
infiltrated is the average of the lowest one- The ratio of consumptive water use by crop
fourth of the measured or estimated values and the soil moisture stored in the root zone
each value represents an equal area of the field. of the soil during the crop growth period.

4.6 Area Assessed 4.15 Conveyance

Th~~rea irrigated on which water rate have been The movement of water from its source through
.
the main or secondary canals or conduits to the
tertiary or distributory offtakes.
4.7 Available Soil Moisture ( ASM )
4.16 Conveyance Losses or Tranrmlssion Losses
It is the difference at any given time between
the actual moisture content in the root zone soil Losses of water in transit from the source of
and the wilting point. supply to the point of field turn out whether
in natural channels or in artificial ones, such as
4.8 Available Soil Moisture Capacity canals, distributaries or watercourses. They
comprise evaporation from the water surface,
Total amount of available soil moisture in the seepage and incidental transpiration by vege-
crop root zone that can be held by a soil for tation growing in or along the canals network.
use by plants. Usually considered to be the These also include the operation losses in the
moisture held between field capacity and wilting canal system.
point.
4.17 Crop Water Requirement
4.9 Base Period
The total water needed for evapotranspiration
The number of days over which duty of water from planting to harvest for a given crop in a
is rackoned. determined or measured. Base specific climate regime, when adequate soil

2
 IS441O(Part1):199l

water is maintained, by rainfall and/or irriga- 4.30 Division Structure

tion so that it does not limit plant growth or A structure in the conveyance system that
crop yield. divides the flow into two or more canals or
conducts, or both.
4.18 Colturable Command Area
The gross commanded area less the non- 4.31 Drip/Trickle Irrigation
culturable land. It comprises the application of water in drops
close to the plant. The entire space between
4.19 Cultnrable Irrigable Area the plants is not watered.
The culturable command area less the area not
available for irrigation due to high relief or 4.32 Duty or Duty of Water
other reasons. The relation between the area irrigated, or to
be irrigated, and the quantity of water used,
4.20 Culturable Lift Irrigation Area
or required, to irrigate it for the purpose of
The culturable command area that can be maturing its crop. Duty is stated as area per
irrigated only by lift irrigation. unit area of flow.
4.21 Curve of Demand 4.33 Dutv of a Well
A graph showing chronologically the amout of
water needed for irrigation at various times The average annual area of land irrigated by
during a crop season. well for maturing a crop.

4.22 Curve of Supply 4.34 Effective Rainfall

A graph showing chronologically the quantity The portion of rainfall that replenishes the water
of water available for irrigation during a time availability in the crop root zone.
period from a given source.
4.35 Estimated Evapotranspiration
4.23 Daily Consumptive Use
An estimate of evapotranspiration by means of
It is the consumptive use of water by a crop in standard formulae using climatic factors
a day.
4.36 Evapotranspiration
4.24 Deep Percolation Loss
See 4.13.
It is the amount of water that percolates down-
ward below the crop root zone. 4.37 Evaporation
4.25 Delta Evaporation is the physical process by which
a liquid is transformed into a gaseous state. In
It is the quantity of irrigation water expressed
agriculture, it is the total water vapour loss
in depth units over the irrigated area. It is It
from a given area over a given time period.
stated with reference to the place at which it is
may be expressed as the total or the mean rate
measured or reckoned, that is, delta at farm,
in units of depth or volume per unit area, for
delta at out-let, head of watercourses, or lateral
head, delta at distributary head, delta at head of the period concerned’
main canal. 4.38 Farm Irrigation Eiliciency
4.26 Design Duty of Water The percentage of the water consumed by crops
in a farm to the water made available at the farm
gate
Duty of water assumed in a irrigation project .
for designing capacities of channels.
4.39 Farm Losses
4.27 Distribution Efficiency
Losses of water on the farm due to uneven distri-
It is the measure of uniformity of irrigation b
ution, evaporation and percolation into the
water distribution over a field. subsoil due to over irrigation. These include
to surface run-off and deep percolation.
4.28 Distributary or Tertiary
Canal or conduit taking water from the con- 4.40 Farm Field Inlet
veyance system and supply it to one tertiary
A structure which supplies water to a farm
unit. field.
4.29 Diversion Stractare 4.41 Field Application
The structure that diverts water from the water The application of water from the field inlet to
sources and supplies it to the irrigation system. the field.

3
IS4410( Part 1):1991

4.42Field Application Efficiency 4.54 Irrigated Area

The field application efficiency is made up of The area to which irrigation water has been
two parts ( 1 > the efficiency of water transport applied.
system in the field and ( 2 ) the efficiency with
which the water is applied. It is, by definition, 4.55 Irrigation Method
the relation between the quantity of water The manner in which irrigation water is applied
furnished at the field inlet and the quantity of to the land for raising a crop.
water needed to maintain the soil moisture
above some target level required for the crop. 4.56 Irrigation Return Flow
4.43 Field Capacity ( FC ) It is the leakage or seepage or boWof water
from irrigation works, namely, canals and dams
The moisture remaining in a soil following or regenerated flow from fields which could be
wetting and natural drainage until free drainage used for irrigation areas downstream.
has practically ceased.
4.57 Irrigation System
4.44 Field Channel
It includes storage and diversion structure, main
Channel usually taking water from the water- canal, distributory minors, water courses,
course and supplying it to one or more forms field channels, and allied structures including
or fields. head regulator, cross drainage works and
control structures.
4.45 Field Irrigation Requirements
4.58 Irrigation Water Requirement
The requirements of irrigation water for crops
at the diversion point of supply channel. The amount of crop water requirement that is
not provided by effective rainfall, utilisation
4.46 Flow Irrigated Area of stored soil moisture or upward flow of water
to the root zone from a saturated zone.
Area which can be irrigated from the source of
water, by flow under gravity alone. 4.59 Irrigation Works
4.47 Furrow Irrigation The works related to storage, diversion, con-
veyance and delivery of irrigation supplies to
It is a method of applying water to crops sown the project command.
in rows through furrows.
4.60 Leaching
4.48 Gross Command Area
The process of removal of soIuble salts in the
The total geographical area which can normally soil by the passing water through it.
be commanded or serviced from a irrigation
project without consideration of water supplies 4.61 Leaching Requirements
available for irrigation.
A fraction of the water entering the soil that
must pass through the root zone in order to
4.49 Hydraulic Conductivity prevent soil salinity from exceeding a specified
The rate of flow of water in litres/day through value. Leaching requirement is used primarily
unit cross-section of soil under unit hydraulic under steady state or long time average condi-
gradient at a specified temperature. tions.

4.50 Infiltration 4.62 Lift Irrigated Area

The downward entry of water from the surface That area where the level is too high to
allow irrigation by gravity flow, but which can be
into the soil. irrigated by lifting water to the necessary level
4.51 Infiitration Rate at some point in the supply system.

The rate at which a soil, in a given condition at 4.63 Lift Irrigation

a given time can take in water. It is the method of irrigation in which the water
is lifted with mechanical or manual means.
4.52 Intensity of Irrigation
The percentage of total area of normally irriga- 4.64 Main Canal
ted crops in a year to total culturable Principal canal for the conveyance of water
command area. supplied to the branch canal/distributary
4.53 Irrigation 4.65 Management Allowed Deficit ( MAD )
The supply of water by artificial means for It is the desired soil moisture deficit at the time
raising crops. of irrigation.

4
 IS 4410 ( Part 1 ) : 1991

4.66 Mnlcbing infiltrated in the quarter of the area receiving

Covering the soil with any material such as the least water equals some predetermined value
straw, plant residues or plastic film to reduce of the soil moisture deficit ( SMD ).
the evaporation from soil surface and/or to
protect plant roots from extremely low or high 4.78 Potential Evapotranspiration
temperatures. Evapotranspiration from a particular crop with
optimal plant density and soil fertility growing
4.61 Net Water Requirement in a well-watered soil ( soil water not limiting
The consumptive use requirements of crops plant growth at any time ) under large field
minus the effective rainfall. conditions and typical weather situation.

4.68 Nominal Duty or Normal Duty 4.79 Potential Evaporation

The duty sanctioned as per the schedule of an The evaporation from a given surface when all
irrigation department. surface atmospheric interfaces are wet ( satu-
rated ), so that there is no restriction due to
4.69 Non-beneficial Consumptive Use either biological control or soil water content
on the water vapour loss from the surface area.
The water consumed by native non-crop Its magnitude will depend primarily on
vegetation, evaporated from bare and ideal land atmospheric conditions and surface albedo, but
surfaces and from water surfaces. it will also vary with the geometric charac-
teristics of the surface. These characteristic
4.70 Non-perennial Area ( aerodynamic roughness and vegetative
structure and density ) are governed by the
The area which does not receive perennial type of vegetation present, its health and stage
irrigation. of growth.
4.71 Outlet Command Area 4.80 Potential Transpiration
The area, in irrigation practice, for distribution The amount of water transpired by a green
of water from an outlet. It is the area that can crop of about the same colour as grass,
be served by an individual outlet. which completely covers the ground and which
has an adequate supply of water.
4.72 Outlet or Turnout
A structure that supplies water to a block in 4.81 Pre-Sowing Irrigation
which different farmers use the flow in rotation.
Water application to a field before sowing of a
4.73 Overall Irrigation Efficiency of the System crop to provide the required moisture in the
soil for germination of the seed.
It is the ratio of the average depth of irrigation
water which is beneficially used to the average 4.82 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration
depth of irrigation water supplied from
the headwork. The evapotranspiration from a given well-
adopted crop selected for comparative purposes
under given weather conditions and with
4.74 Pancboama adequate fetch ( sufficient to make boundary
A written statement executed by canal authority effects relatively unimportant ) and for a
in presence of and witnessed by the irrigators or standardised watering regime appropriate for this
members of water committee of the concerned crop and the region concerned.
canal system against an offender found misusing,
wasting or taking water unauthorizedly. 4.83 Reservoir Storage Efficiency ( Es )

4.75 Peak Period Consumptive Use It is the ratio of the volume of water released
from the reservoir for irrigation, to the volume
It is the average daily water used during the of water received in the storage reservoir
period of highest consumptive use. ( surface or underground ) for irrigation.

4.76 Perennial Irrigated Area 4.84 Ring/Basin Method of Irrigation

The area served by a perennial canal. It consists of applying water in level basins
either of rectangular or circular shape, generally
4.77 Potential Application Efficiency of Low made around each tree or group of trees.
Quarter ( PELQ )
4.85 Rosteriag of Channels
It is the low quarter application efficiency
( PELQ ) obtainable with a given irrigation It is the sequencing of water delivery in different
system when the depth of irrigation water channels as a part of regulation.
,
5
IS 4410 ( Part 1) : 1991

4.86 Rotational Distribution Water Supply on to the field surface by gravity from the head
( Varabandi, Osrabandi ) to the tailend.
It is a time table of water supply to individual 4.95 Surface Irrigation Method
fields from a particular outlet during one ro-
tation. It is the application of water by surface method
such as wild flooding, border strip, check basis,
4.87 Saline Alkali Soil and furrows for raising crops.
A Soil containing suBcient exchangeable sodium 4.96 Transpiration
and soluble salts to interfere with the growth
of most crop plant and containing appreciable It is the process of release of water vapour to
quantities of soluble salts. The ESP is more the atmosphere from aerial organs of the plant
than 15, ECE is more than 4 Mhos/ds and soil mainly through deep stomats.
pH may or may not be 8’2.
4.97 Unit Irrigation Efficiency ( Eu )
4.88 Saline Soil
It is the ratio of the volume of irrigation water
A non-alkali soil containing such large pro- used in evapotranspiration in the specified
portion of chloride and sulphate anions as may irrigated area, plus that necessary to maintain
interfere with the growth of plants. The ECE a favourable sal concentration in the soil
is more than 4 Mhos/ds, ESP is less than 15 and solution, to the volume of water delivered to the
soil pH less than 8’2. area.
4.89 Soil Moisture 4.98 Water Conveyance Efficiency ( EC )
It is the water occuring in the voids of soil It is the ratio of the volume of water delivered
mantle. by an open or closed conveyance system to the
volume of water delivered to the conveyance
4.90 Soil Moisture Content
system at the supply source.
It is usually defined as the quantity of water
present in the soil, expressed either as the weight 4.99 Water Use Efficiency ( WUE )
of water per unit weight of dry soil or the It is defined as the marketable crop produced
volume of water per unit volume of bulk soil. unit of water consumed in evapo-
per
transpiration.
4.91 Soil Moisture De&it ( SMD )
It is the difference between the field capacity 4.100 Wild Flooding
and the actual soil moisture in the root zone It is a method of irrigation by uncontrolled
soil at any given time. It is the amount of flooding of the area.
water required to bring the soil in the root
zone to field capacity. 4.101 Wilting Point ( WP )
4.92 Sprinkler Irrigation
It is the moisture content of the soil below
which plants can no longer extract moisture at
The method of applying water over the land by
a rate sufficient for its growth.
spraying it under pressure. This is often done
by rotating sprinkler heads with one or more
nozzles or by using perforated pipes. 5 TERMS RELATING TO CLIMATE ‘.
INFLUENCING IRRIGATION
4.93 Sub-Surface Irrigation
5.1 Arid
This is the method of applying water to crops
below the ground surface through porous tiles Climate or regions having not enough rainfall
or similar other material. This can also be done ( usually less than 250 mm ) to support vege-
through low level open ditches. It is generally tation.
applicable to layered soil.
5.2 Agricultural Drought
4.94 Surface Irrigation Continuous ( period of) dry weather causing
Method of irrigation where the water flows serious moisture deficits, for crop growth.

6
Standard Mark

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