College of Information Technology

DMMMSU-MLUC
City of San Fernando

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS
AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Documentation

Submitted by: ROSE ANN M. BALLESTEROS

II-D

Submitted to: ENGR. CHRISTOPHER V. VALERA

Assistant Professor I

Date: SEPTEMBER 27, 2010

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 Table of Contents

I. Introduction
a) Concepts/Theories about Power Supply
b) Steps and Procedures in the Construction of Regulated Power
Supply

II. Parts and Components of Power Supply

a) List of Parts and Components

b) Description and Uses

c) Description of Materials

d) Description of Tools

III. Problems Encountered/Recommendations

IV. References

V. Appendices
a) Schematic Diagram
b) Parts Placement
c) 2”x 3” PCB Design
d) Wiring Diagram

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 I. Introduction

a) Concepts/Theories about Power Supply

A power supply is a device that supplies electrical energy to one or more

electric loads. The term is most commonly applied to devices that convert one
form of electrical energy to another, though it may also refer to devices that
convert another form of energy (e.g., mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical
energy. A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or
current to a specific value; the controlled value is held nearly constant despite
variations in either load current or the voltage supplied by the power supply's
energy source.

Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as
any energy it consumes while performing that task, from an energy source.
Depending on its design, a power supply may obtain energy from: 1) Electrical
energy transmission systems. Common examples of this include power supplies
that convert AC line voltage to DC voltage. 2) Energy storage devices such as
batteries and fuel cells. 3) Electromechanical systems such as generators and
alternators. 4) Solar power.

A power supply may be implemented as a discrete, stand-alone device or as

an integral device that is hardwired to its load. In the latter case, for example,
low voltage DC power supplies are commonly integrated with their loads in
devices such as computers and household electronics.

Constraints that commonly affect power supplies include:

 The amount of voltage and current they can supply.

 How long they can supply energy without needing some kind of refueling
or recharging (applies to power supplies that employ portable energy
sources).
 How stable their output voltage or current is under varying load
conditions.
 Whether they provide continuous or pulsed energy.

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b) Steps and Procedures in the Construction of Regulated Power
Supply

1. Prepare the PCB layouts, materials tools and components to be used in

making a regulated power supply.
2. Cover the copper side of the 2”x 3” with masking tape. Flatten the tape’s
surface through rubbing it using the smooth edge of the cutter.
3. Cut and paste the PCB Design on the side with masking tape. Be sure that
the layout fits the size of the PCB. Let the glue dry for about 2 minutes.
4. Use a sharp blade cutter and a ruler to carefully cut the white portions
(including its masking tape) of the design.
5. Pour enough ferric chloride on the plastic container, and then soak the
PCB (copper side up) until the uncovered copper of the PCB is removed.
Reminder: Always check the PCB. Shake the container in order to see
improvements in the PCB.
6. Remove the PCB from the container then wash it with rap water then let it
dry. Remove the rest of the masking tape. Use sandpaper to clean and
smoothen its surface.
Reminder: Be careful not ruin the design with the sandpaper.
7. Guided by the Parts Placement Layout, use the driller to bore holes on the
PCB.
Reminder: Before making holes, consider the size of each component to
give it enough space.
8. Arrange and mount each component carefully basing from the parts
placement layout.
9. Use the soldering iron and lead to lock the legs or pins of each component
into the PCB. Cut the excess legs or pins using the hand cutter (if any).
10. Connect the wires in the terminals accordingly, then check or test the
wirings and the functionality of the entire circuit through using a multi-
tester.
11. Using the electric drill, make necessary adjustments on the chassis by
boring holes for the toggle switch, fuse holder and transformer.
12. Mount the PCB circuit to the chassis, as well as the transformer, toggle
switch, fuse holder and the line cord with plug.
Reminder: Be sure that the transistor would not touch any wire
connection most especially the metal surface of the transformer.

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 13. Test the regulated power supply if it is functional as well as operational
through using a multi-tester. Make necessary adjustments (if any) while
checking its output (3.5V, 4V, 6V, 9V and 12V).
14. Connect a separate wire to the alligator clip (red and black), and then
attach it to the banana jacks.

II. Parts and Components of Power Supply

a) Description and Uses

LINE CORD
A two-wire cord terminating in a two-prong plug at one end and connected
permanently to a radio receiver or other appliance at the other end; used to make
connections to a source of power. Also known as power cord.

TRANSFORMER
A static electrical device that transfers energy from one electrical circuit to
another by magnetic coupling. It is often used to convert between high and low
voltages and accordingly between low and high currents.

TOGGLE SWITCH
a spring-loaded mechanical switch that opens and closes an electric circuit by
manual operation.

TRANSISTOR
an electrical device that transfers energy from one electrical circuit to another by
magnetic coupling. It is often used to convert between high and low voltages and
accordingly between low and high currents.

PCB
a printed circuit board that interconnects electronic components without discrete
wires. Alternative names are printed wiring board or PWB.

RESISTOR
an electrical component designed to have an electrical resistance that is
independent of the current flowing through it. A basic component in electronic
circuits that resists the flow of electric current.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

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a thin chip, usually coin-sized or smaller, consisting of thousands or millions of
interconnected semiconductor devices, mainly transistors as well as passive
components like resistors.

CAPACITOR
a device that stores energy in an electric field, by accumulating an internal
imbalance of electric charge. Capacitors are most often used as electrostatic
devices, but at high frequencies their inductive and electrodynamics properties
also become significant.

DIODE
an electric component that conducts electric current in only one direction.
Functioning as a one-way valve. Diodes typically are made of semiconductor
materials such as silicon, germanium or selenium and are uses as voltage
regulators, signal rectifiers, oscillators and signal modulators/demodulators.

STANDARD WIRE
a metal that has been drawn into a very long, thin thread or rod, usually circular
in cross connection.

ROTARY SWITCH
a device used to break or open an electric circuit or to divert current from one
conductor to another.

JACK
an electrical device consisting of a connector socket designed for the insertion of
a plug.

NUT
a small (usually square or hexagonal) metal block with internal screw thread to
be fitted onto a bolt.

IC SOCKET
provides high reliability with high performance copper alloy contacts over
plated with bright tin.

FUSE

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used as a protective device in a circuit and designed to break a circuit and halt
current flow when the current in the circuit exceeds the maximum considered
being safe for the conductors of devices in the circuit.

SELECTOR KNOB
an ActiveX component that can be used as a replacement for radio buttons to
select a discrete option from a list of options.

LED
Light Emitting Diode is an electronic device that lights up when electricity is
passed through it. LEDs are usually red. They’re good for displaying images
because they can be relatively small, and they do not burn out. However, they
require more power than LCDs.

b) Description of Materials
2”x3” Printed Circuit Board
a flat board made of non- conducting material, such as plastic or fiberglass, on
which chips and other electronic components are mounted, usually in predrilled
holes designed to hold them.

Ferric Chloride
a dark red iron-containing salt. It is used in medicine as an astringent and in
industry as a coagulating agent. Formula: FeCl3

Soldering Lead
a heavy bluish gray metallic chemical element that bends easily.

Sand Paper
a strong paper coated on one side with sand or another abrasive, used for
smoothing surfaces.

Masking tape
an adhesive tape used to cover the parts of a surface.

Glue
a natural or synthetic substance used as an adhesive.

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 c) Description of Tools

Multi-tester
a piece of equipment that tests if a machine or device is working properly. An
instrument that measures electrical resistance in ohms as well as measures
electrical resistance in ohms as well as measures the electromotive force or
potential difference between two points in a circuit.

Electric Drill
a long pointed piece of metal that is held in a machine ad rotated at speed to bore
round holes in hard substances such as wood, metal, masonry, or rock. The tools
for drilling holes in wood are commonly known as bits.

Soldering Iron
a tool with a point that is heated for melting and applying solder.

Pliers
hand tool with two hinged arms ending in jaws that are closed by hand pressure
to grip something.

Hand Cutter
a cutting tool used to cut through something.

Screw Driver
tool for driving screws that consists of a handle or power tool with a metal rod
shaped at the tip to fit into the head of the screw.

Phillips Screw Driver

a screw driver that has a cross-shaped tip so that it can be used to turn a Phillips
screw.

Ruler
a measuring tool used for drawing straight lines.

III. Problems Encountered/Recommendations

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Problems Encountered:
1. There is a difficulty in figuring the design in the PCB using a cutter.
2. A problem in soaking the PCB in the ferric chloride whereas the
uncovered copper was not properly removed.
3. Difficulty in the wiring part because there are some mistakes in the
diagram given.
4. A problem in calibrating the output.
5. Lack of tools to be used in constructing the Power Supply.

Recommendations:
1. Cutting the white portions of the design must done carefully and
use a sharp blade cutter
2. Soaking the PCB in the ferric chloride must take higher time while
shaking the container in order to see improvements on the PCB.
3. The adviser must provide the correct diagrams.
4. Adjust the trimmer in order to calibrate output.
5. The school must provide enough tools to be used in constructing
the Regulated Power Supply.

IV. References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply

http://www.answers.com/topic/line-cord

http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Transformer