O bservations along the

S abarmati
LEAF
Landscape Environment Advancement Foundation
INDIA Landscape Environment Advancement Foundation, LEAF
Observations along the Sabarmati
Ritesh J. Kamdar

July 2009

Contents
Landscape Environment Advancement Foundation Introduction 01 08. Saroda; Bavla 23 04. Derol; Himmatnagar 45
(LEAF), 2009, Doc.2
Rivers 03 09. Sahij; Dholka 25 05. Sadra; Gandhinagar 47
Rivers of India 03 10. Vadgam; Khambhat 27 06. Palaj; Gandhinagar 49
LEAF is engaged in research and publication in the 07. Paldikankrej; Ahmedabad 51
area of landscape design and environmental The Sabarmati 04
planning. It supports research programs of varying
Soil types and description 08. Saroda; Bavla 53
Methodology 04 09. Sahij; Dholka 55
durations every year. 01. Kheroj; Ambaji 29
02. Gadhada; Khedbrahma 30 10. Vadgam; Khambhat 57
Along the Sabarmati
Material produced by LEAF may be freely 03. Valasana; Idar 31 Appendix
reproduced. LEAF and the author should be Places observed 05 04. Derol; Himmatnagar 32
acknowledged while doing so. 01. Rainfall data 59
Tributaries and Dams 07 05. Sadra; Gandhinagar 33
06. Palaj; Gandhinagar 34 02. Soil key chart 61
LEAF invites applications for research positions. Edges of the river 03. List of crops 63
07. Paldikankrej; Ahmedabad 35
08. Saroda; Bavla 36 04. Native Flora 65
01. Kheroj; Ambaji 09
For details please write to,
02. Gadhada; Khedbrahma 11 09. Sahij; Dholka 37 Bibliography 69
M/S. Prabhakar B. Bhagwat, 901-Panchtirth, 10. Vadgam; Khambhat 38
Opp. Aristoville, S.M.Road, Ahmedabad-380 015. 03. Valasana; Idar 13
INDIA 04. Derol; Himmatnagar 15 Landscape Vignettes
05. Sadra; Gandhinagar 17 01. Kheroj; Ambaji 39
T # 91 79 2692 3054
06. Palaj; Gandhinagar 19 02. Gadhada; Khedbrahma 41
E # landscapeindia@usa.net
07. Paldikankrej; Ahmedabad 21 03. Valasana; Idar 43
 Forgotten legacy

Many aspects of our environment we take for granted. Oft traveled and traversed, they soon become a blur that cease to register except as a
component of a larger composition.

Seminal landscape occurrences that shaped civilization are no different. In the past, features such as mountains, valleys, forests, lakes or rivers
formed the anchor that determined how development of human settlements would occur. Settlements found their locations because the
landscape provided protection, or succor.

Both these ideas, of protection and sustenance, have undergone a change, to an extent where the very reason why a settlement chose to exist ,
has ceased to be even registered. Gradually settlements turn their backs to these landscape events. Rivers become drains, mountains are
flattened or leavened, and lakes are filled up. The gradual distancing of this dependence and obliteration from the consciousness, is not an
urban phenomenon, but is simply a function of the fact that other support systems replace the original ones.

It is a tragedy that the new systems are concealed, and well cloaked, never revealing their character. Water neatly fed through pipes to irrigate the
fields is soon taken for granted. Little does it even express the fury of a river in spate, or rarely does it satiate the soul like a gentle river filled from
edge to edge. This is unfortunately the truth, and the only way to counter it is to consciously force ourselves to observe such actors in nature.

Ritesh Kamdar, a student of landscape Architecture, chose to travel to selected locations along the river Sabarmati. That it was summer, and
hence the seasonal river was dry, did not in any way reduce the value of the exercise.

He selected ten locations along the 371 kms of the river and made simple recordings of the river bed, the soil , crops and birds.

So strong is our pre-occupation to find a conclusive meaning for every effort we undertake, that one is likely to go through the text and question
the reason for doing such an effort.

The earlier paragraphs of this text should help ally such doubts. There are lessons learnt in the text; many of them, about the course of the river,
the quality of its bed, its edges, the variety of soils and crops.

But more importantly it a reminder to re- look at such landscape features that shaped our civilizations; perhaps a mature contemplation of their
nature and fate may allow us to reinterpret their values in our lives again.

Aniket Bhagwat

July 2009

1 2
 Rivers The Sabarmati River
By definition, a river is a “natural watercourse which flows towards an ocean, a sea, a lake or towards another river or in some cases it flows into Sabarmati River originates from the Aravalli mountain range in the Udaipur District of Rajasthan of Western India. It is the west flowing river of
the ground or dries up completely before merging with any other water body”. It is however, part of a larger cycle that includes precipitation, Gujarat and is approximately 371km. in length. Sabarmati is a seasonal river and gets most of its water during monsoon and remains dry in
topography, surface run off and catchment areas. Surface run off and topography together, determine a river's catchment area. Topography and summer for almost six months. In its initial course Sabarmati is also known as 'Wakal' river.
geology play an important part in determining the rate of flow of the river. While the shape of a river is determined by the regions it flows through,
the river in turn also leaves an imprint on these areas. Amount of water in the river, rate of flow, seasonal variations and flooding all affect the A major part of the Sabarmati's course flows through the state of Gujarat. The river travels from the Aravalli range towards the westward sloping
banks of the river and the adjacent areas. For example, a river flowing in a steep, mountaineous region cuts a sharp channel. The same river Mehasana and Sabarkantha districts, and then flows through the south ward sloping Kheda & Ahmedabad districts of Gujarat before emptying
downstream in the plains will form a meandering course due to the shallow gradient. The river thus, at times becomes the most visible and in to the Gulf of Khambhat.
identifiable element of the natural drainage and hydrological cycle of a region. The river system nurtures special flora and fauna and together Sabarmati River Basin
they form another ecological entity.
Sabarmati river basin falls in the hot arid region in the mid-southern part of Rajasthan and Gujarat, between latitudes 23 degree 25' and 24
Rivers of India degree 55' and longitudes 73 degree 00' and 73 degree 48'. The total catchment area of the basin is 21,674 sq.km. out of which 4,124 sq.km. lies
Major rivers of India Includes Brahmaputra, Narmada, Tapti, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Mahanadi, Ganga, Indus, Yamuna and Sutlej, these in Rajasthan and remaining18,550 sq.km. lies in Gujarat state. The Sabarmati basin in Gujarat state covers parts of the districts of Banaskantha,
rivers along with their numerous tributaries make the river system of India. Most of the rivers empty into the Bay of Bengal. Some of the rivers Sabarkantha, Mehsana, Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad and Kheda. The Banas and Mahi basins lie to the east of the Sabarmati basin, Luni Basin lies
whose courses take them through the western part of the country empty into the Arabian Sea. Some parts of Ladakh, northern parts of the to the north and west and Banas basin lies to the west of the Sabarmati basin. The Sabarmati river basin extends in the regions of Udaipur, Sirohi,
Aravalli range and the arid parts of the Thar Desert have inland drainage. Pali and Dungarpur districts of Rajasthan. The western part of the basin is surrounded by hilly topography belonging to the Aravali range. The
rainfall pattern within the basin is uneven and erratic with nearly 95% of the average rainfall occurring during monsoon months from July to
All major rivers of India originate from one of the three main watersheds. October.

1. The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges History

2. Vindhya and Satpura ranges and Chotanagpur plateau in central India
3. Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India The earliest settlement along the banks of Sabarmati river is said to have taken place around 1 to 1.5 lakh years B.C. The settlements along the
Sabarmati river in ancient times have been discussed in the sanskrit literature named 'Padmapuran' and 'Sabhramati Mahatmay'. We can find the
The rivers of India can be divided into Himalayan Rivers and Peninsular Rivers. reference of the river in Hemchandracharya's Dayashray and Rajshekhar's Kavyamimansa, written during 12th century. Voluminous books
called Hammirmadmardan and Prabandhchintamani also give the reference of Sabarmati river.
Himalayan Rivers
Sultan Ahmed Shah founded Ahmedabad city on the serene banks of Sabarmati river in 1411 AD. Mahatma Gandhi established Sabarmati
The main Himalayan river systems are the Ganges river, the Indus and the Brahmaputra river systems. Ashram as his home on the banks of the river during India's independence struggle. Many famous folk songs on Sabarmati river were written
during Mahatma Gandhi's era.
Many rivers pass through the Himalayas. The Himalayan rivers form large basins. They perform intense erosional activity up the streams and
carry huge loads of sand and silt. In the plains, they form large meanders, and a variety of depositional features like flood plains, river cliffs and Methodology for Study
levees.
Sabarmati river acts as a lifeline for number of villages located on her banks. The aim of the exercise was to understand the natural system of the
Himalayan rivers are perennial as they get water from the rainfall as well as the melting of ice. These rivers create huge plains and are navigable Sabarmati river through various parameters. The study also aimed at documenting the nature and behavior of the river course and to observe
over long distances of their course. As these rivers are perennial, they benefit the cities which are located on their banks. They provide rich fertile the various activities taking place along the banks of Sabarmati river.
plains for agriculture and endow water for irrigation.
The study identified ten villages located at the banks of the Sabarmati river dispersed at nearly regular intervals. The idea was to record the river
Peninsular Rivers bank, agriculture pattern, existing vegetation, settlements and character of river banks at each of these locations. The documentation is through
photographs, collection of soil samples and interviews of local people.
The peninsular river systems include the Narmada, the Tapti, the Godavari, the Krishna, the Kaveri, the Mahanadi river systems and their
tributaries. The study material collected from ten villages is represented in this book in a manner in which one can understand the overall nature of the
Sabarmati river. District rainfall data, soil key map and crop chart is included in the appendix for the better understanding of natural system along
The Peninsular rivers mainly flow through shallow valleys. Majority of them are seasonal as their flow is dependent on rainfall. These rivers mainly the Sabarmati river.
have straight and linear courses. The intensity of erosion is comparatively low because of the hard rock bed. Lack of silt and sand does not allow
any significant meandering. Ritesh J. Kamdar
July 2009
3 4
Along the Sabarmati 01. Places observed
02. Tributaries and dams
5 6
 Dams and Tributaries along the Sabarmati River

Sabarmati Dharoi Hathmati Meshwo Vatrak Meshwo Shedhi Vasna Vatrak Mahi Narmada Kim
N
River Dam Harnav River Dam Dam River River Barrage River River River River 0 5 15 25 35km
7 * Mahi, Narmada and Kim are not tributaries. Like Sabarmati, they also drain into the Gulf of Khambhat 8
 01. Kheroj; Ambaji
02. Gadhada; Khedbrahma
03. Valasana; Idar
04. Derol; Himmatnagar
05. Sadra; Gandhinagar
06. Palaj; Gandhinagar
07. Paldikankrej; Ahmedabad
08. Saroda; Bavla

Edges of the River 09.

10.
Sahij; Dholka
Vadgam; Khambhat
 Kheroj; Ambaji
The river course meanders towards the left side while
flowing downstream towards Khedbrahma. Because
of this, the left river bank faces heavy erosion in the
monsoon.
There is abundant stunted vegetation on the left bank
of the river course; but it seems to give very little
resistance to erosion during the monsoon.
View taken from the over bridge looking downstream towards Khedbrahma Agricultural field in the river bank
In summer, all the water from the surface of the river
evaporates because of the excessive heat, leaving
the river bed completely dry. This enables the people
living in the area to do farming in the river bed, which
is very fertile.
Cash crops are predominantly grown in the river bed.
During the dry season, one can see the agricultural
View taken from the river bank looking at agricultural fields marked on the river bed fields marked in the river bed. Agricultural field in the river bed

There are fields adjacent to the river bed as well.

However, these get flooded in the rainy season and
the surface is getting eroded gradually every year.
The soil type in the region is loamy-skeletal, well
drained, loose in structure and severely prone to
erosion.
View taken from the over bridge looking upstream towards Ambaji Vasantbhai Complete dry river bed
River Cross Section

0 10 30 50mt

“Ambaji is a hilly area and as the Sabarmati carries less water, the fields are not much used for farming. I stay at the base of the
l Altitude - 480mt (1600.0ft.)
mountain and I am dependent on wells and rainwater for agriculture. I do farming on the hilly region; it is a lot of hard work and I l Average annual rainfall - 625mm
rarely get desired results. I make small bunds and grow crops in small patches. In rainy season everything gets washed off and
I have to do all the hard work again. There is no such problem for farmers who are practicing agriculture near the banks of the 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Sabarmati River, but because of scarcity of water there, farming is reducing. Are you going to take my photo and publish it in l Temp In Summer In Winter
Native Vegetation Native Min. 20 - 23°C 8 - 10°C
Agricultural Field Agricultural Field on River Bank Dry River Plain River Bed Agricultural Field Vegetation Agricultural Field newspaper ?” Max. 42 - 44°C 34 - 36°C
9 10
 Gadhada; Khedbrahma
River banks in this region are very sharp and
because of the underlying hard, rocky stratum they
are less prone to erosion during monsoon.
Dense natural vegetation at the river banks protect
the boundary of the river course from getting heavily
eroded during monsoon.
View taken from the over bridge looking downstream towards Idar The hard banks make the river course deep and River bank
hence, water is present in ample amount in this
region. Portions of the river bed are water logged and
occasionally farming is practiced there. It is mainly
cash crops which are grown on this marshy land.
The river bed is very fertile. People practicing farming
on the river bank manage to grow good amount of
crops. Even though the fields on the river bank get
View taken from one river bank looking towards the other one flooded during the rains; the hard rocky stratum Vegetation cover at river bank
below p r events them from getting eroded
substantially.
The soil here is very shallow, loamy-skeletal, well
drained and at places, it is clayey.

View taken from the over bridge looking upstream towards Ambaji Kishanbhai Water logged area land
River Cross Section

0 10 30 50mt

“We have spent two generations on the banks of Sabarmati River; she is our only life line. We do farming here and are l Altitude - 201mt (670.0ft.)
completely dependent on the river. There is illegal mining going on in the river bed and the contractors are selling the river l Average annual rainfall - 625mm
sand illegally; are you a reporter? Then please write about it! We grow different crops in different seasons; in summer we do
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
agriculture in the river bed which helps us financially. Government has built a bridge across the river because of which water
l Temp In Summer In Winter
Native Vegetation Dry Native Vegetation comes out of it with tremendous pressure in monsoon and erodes the surrounding area and forms large pits. Due to this, Min. 22 - 26°C 10 - 12°C
Agricultural Field at the River Bank Dry River Plain River Bed River Plain at the River Edge Agricultural Field Agricultural Field slowly the flow of river is changing, please write all this !” Max. 40 - 43°C 24 - 29°C
11 12
 Valasana; Idar
The river bed here is wide. Because of the very mild
slope in this region, the river deposits its silt on the
banks.
There is very little water present in the river. However,
the bed is extremely fertile and almost half of the total
width of it is used as agriculture fields to grow cash
crops. The agricultural fields are marked on the river
View taken from the over bridge looking downstream towards Himmatnagar Agricultural field on river bed
bed in linear pattern just next to the river bank.
Many types of seasonal crops are grown in the river
bed for almost six months during summer. The small
amount of water present in the river is used for
irrigating these fields.
In this region, a major portion of agricultural fields
next to the river banks have been washed away by
View taken from the river bank looking towards agriculture fields on the bed surface erosion during monsoon due to heavy rains. River bed
Hence, people are doing farming on the river bed in
summer. Some farming is also done on the river
banks.
The soil here is excessively drained, calcareous,
coarse, loamy type and moderately prone to erosion.

View taken from the over bridge looking upstream towards Khedbrahma Manekbhai Fields in linear pattern on river bed
River Cross Section

0 10 30 50mt

“I am staying here for last forty years. Sabarmati River and this temple on the bank of the river is everything for me. I have spent
l Altitude - 195mt (650.0ft.)
my entire life on the banks of Sabarmati and have seen her changing. Are you a reporter? You look like a student. Twenty-two
l Average annual rainfall - 700mm
years before, the bank of the river was far away but in the last two decades, the river bed has increased in width and the bank
has come closer to the temple. The soil at the bank of the river is loose, it gets eroded during monsoon. Earlier people used to 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
practice agriculture till about five hundred meters from this temple towards the river, but now the course of the river has l Temp In Summer In Winter
Native Native Vegetation Min. 24 - 26°C 10 - 12°C
Agricultural Field Agricultural Field Vegetation Fertile River Plain River Bed Fertile River Plain at the River Edge Agricultural Field changed and it has come very close to the temple leaving very little land for agriculture.” Max. 40 - 45°C 27 - 30°C
13 14
 Derol; Himmatnagar
In this region, the river meanders slightly towards
right bank as the right bank has flat terrain. But the left
bank has a very hard rocky stratum. The left bank has
thick native vegetation adjacent to it and the right
bank supports scrub vegetation.
The river is deep in the central portion which
supports fishing activity. Due to hard stratum towards
View taken from Derol village looking at the turn of the river course downstream towards Sadra left bank, water accumulation is seen in that part. Meandering of the river

During monsoon water gets filled up nearly up to the

upper level of the rocky stratum on the left bank of the
river course.
During monsoon, many times pieces of rock from the
banks fall off and the bank gets heavily eroded. This
has increased the width of the river bed.
View taken from Derol village looking closely at the sharp turn of the river Soil here is somewhat excessively drained, coarse River course
loamy-type and severely prone to erosion.

View taken from one bank of the river looking towards the other bank Suryakantbhai High rocky stratum at the bank
River Cross Section

0 10 30 50mt

“I have been staying here for the last thirty seven years. Village is surrounded by hilly region on one side and a flat terrain on the
l Altitude - 127mt (423.30ft.)
other side. The river is deep here and we do agriculture next to the river bed, some farmers do farming on the hilly areas. l Average annual rainfall - 630mm
People here have two main occupations agriculture and fishing. On the left bank of the river there is a high rocky stratum so the
pressure of water remains on the flatter side. In rainy season due to excessive pressure of water, soil erosion takes place on the 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

flatter side because of which the width of the river bed is increasing. Both my sons have gone to the city in search of better l Temp In Summer In Winter
Natural Min. 23 - 25°C 7 - 10°C
Thick Native Vegetation at The River Edge River Bed Vegetation River Bed Fertile River Plain Agricultural Field employment. Many farmers are facing this problem and hence, in coming years the practice of agriculture will get reduced.” Max. 40 - 44°C 32 - 36°C
15 16
 Sadra; Gandhinagar
As the river banks are not very high in this region,
Sabarmati river dries up completely during summer.
The right bank of the river along Sadra village is much
higher than the bank on the left side.
Agricultural fields are thus, located on the higher,
right bank of the river. River banks are very steep on
View taken from one of the old forts at the river bank looking towards the river course this side and gentler on the opposite, left bank of the River course
river.
Illegal mining of river sand occurs in the river bed.
Because of this mining the soil of the river bed
loosens up and becomes severely prone to erosion.
The native vegetation on the river banks has reduced
a lot due to excessive erosion in the monsoon.
View taken from the river bed looking upstream towards Sadra village In the rainy season because of the loose soil Left river bank
structure, the river bank gets highly eroded and
hence, the width of the river course increases which
adversely affects the agricultural fields along the river.
The soil type of the region is somewhat excessively
drained and coarse-loamy type.

View taken from the river bed looking downstream towards Palaj village. Nitinbhai Right river bank
River Cross Section

0 10 30 50mt

“In Sadra village the Sabarmati River flows through a rocky area due to which farming is not possible along the river bed. Most l Altitude - 90mt (300.0ft.)
of the fields are far from the river. We grow vegetables here but the production is very low. In summer, many farmers grow l Average annual rainfall - 675mm
flowers and sell them to the nearby city. They make good money out of it. We also do agriculture in the river bed but in last few
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
years because of illegal mining on the river bed, the fertility of the soil has decreased and we are forced to use more fertilizer.
l Temp In Summer In Winter
Native Secondly, because of mining the soil loosens up and thus, erosion increases during the monsoon which adversely affects the Min. 20 - 24°C 8 - 11°C
Agricultural Field Agricultural Field Walkway Vegetation River Bed Thick Native Vegetation Cover at the River Bank Agricultural Field agricultural practice.” Max. 35 - 43°C 26 - 30°C
17 18
 Palaj; Gandhinagar
The river banks here are very high. The river bed thus,
appears deep and there are small water bodies
present in the river bed.
A part of the river bed is fulled up with some water;
otherwise the river is completely dried up.
Agricultural fields are present on both the side of the
View taken from the river bed looking upstream towards Palaj
river banks. Water bodies at the river bank
Industries discharge their polluted liquids in the river.
The stream of the water here stinks and has high level
of fluoride content. People use the contaminated
water for irrigation, unaware of the fact that this water
is adversely affecting the fertility of the soil.
Most part of the river banks is highly prone to the
erosion because of the very loose soil structure.
View taken from the river bed looking downstream towards Dholka River bed
The river bed is severely eroded. The situation is
getting worse because of illegal mining and
transportation of river sand. Because of this, the river
bed has further loosen up and is prone to severe
erosion during monsoon.
The soil here is of calcareous, coarse loamy type and
prone to erosion.
View taken from the river bed looking at the left bank of the river Ranchhodbhai Eroded part on the river bed
River Cross Section

0 10 30 50mt

“I have been staying in Palaj for last twenty seven years and agriculture is our main occupation. Earlier there used to be water
l Altitude - 81mt (270.0ft.)
in Sabarmati river for six to eight months because of which we were able to grow good amount of crop, but in the last twenty l Average annual rainfall - 700mm
seven years water level of Sabarmati river has decreased substantially. Earlier because of the production of good amount of
crop we faced no financial problems but as now Sabarmati dries up in three months and remains dry for the rest of the year, 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
production of crop has become very less and therefore the money we get from that is not sufficient to run our family. Youngsters Temp In Summer In Winter
Agricultural Native Native Min. 19 - 25°C 7 - 10°C
Field Pathway Vegetation Agricultural Field Fertile River Plain River Bed Fertile River Plain Agricultural Field Vegetation Agricultural Field are heading towards the city in search of the better employment, which is adversely affecting livelihood from agriculture”. Max. 36 - 42°C 29 - 31°C
19 20
 Paldikankrej; Ahmedabad
There is a small continuous stream of Sabarmati river
in the region. Water from the stream is used for
irrigating fields in the river bed.
The river bed on both side of the stream is extremely
fertile and hence, people use the river bed to grow
crops.
View taken from the over bridge looking upstream towards Ahmedabad Farming is also done on the banks of the river. The Small stream of Sabarmati river
field seen is only one-third of the total field. The other
two-thirds has been washed away during monsoon.
The water in the river is however not good for
irrigation because industries discharge their polluted
liquid in it.
Farmers have cut a stream from the river course and
View taken from a bank of the river covering agriculture fields on both banks
have directed it to the agricultural fields. Because of Agricultural field on the river bank
this, farmers don't have to pump water from the main
stream and hence, they save on energy.
The soil here is well drained, calcareous fine loamy
type, has slight salinity and is moderately prone to
erosion.

View taken from the over bridge looking downstream towards Dholka Savjibhai Fertile river bed
River Cross Section

0 10 30 50mt

“Our family is staying on the bank of Sabarmati River for last thirty five years. Sabarmati has given us many things but in return
has taken major part of our land. Where you are standing right now is only one-third of our total land, the other two-third has l Altitude - 48mt (160.0ft.)
been washed out due to soil erosion in rainy season. Because of less availability of land we do agriculture in the river bed. As it l Average annual rainfall - 625mm

is more fertile we grow good quantity of crops on it. This is possible only for four to six months during summer season because 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Temp In Summer In Winter
the river remains filled up with water for rest of the year. Because of the lack of sufficient land and less crop we are facing Min. 23 - 25°C 12 - 15°C
Agricultural Field Agricultural Field Fertile River Plain River Bed Dry River Plain Agricultural Field Agricultural Field financial problems. Government needs to make some plans for the betterment of the village.” Max. 43 - 45°C 32 - 35°C
21 22
 Saroda; Bavla
The irregular shaped terrain seen here was earlier a
vast agricultural field which has almost been washed
away because of the heavy erosion. River bed has
increased in width because of which water
percolates, spreads and evaporates faster.
Thick vegetation is present on the river bank.
Vegetation cover helps in decreasing the erosion but
View taken from the over bridge looking downstream towards Khambhat is not able to stop it completely. Just adjacent to the River bank prone to high erosion
vegetation cover there are agriculture fields which
get filled with water during monsoon and are prone to
erosion.
Part of the land here has a hard stratum below.
Because of this, the land gets submerged during
monsoon but does not get washed away.

View taken from the over bridge looking upstream towards Paldikankrej
As the upper layer of the soil is fertile and deep Thick native vegetation at the bank
enough for farming, farmers grow cash crops on it for
almost six months in summer.
The soil type here is well drained, calcareous, with
moderate salinity and is moderately prone to erosion.

View showing the river bank Jethabhai Agricultural field on the river bank
River Cross Section

0 10 30 50mt

l Altitude - 15mt (50.0ft.)

“I stay at the banks of Sabarmati River and do farming. I have seen three generations here. This part of Sabarmati is very deep l Average annual rainfall - 600mm
and marshy, water remains in the river round the year. As the agricultural fields are just adjacent to the river they get filled up in
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
monsoon. Because of the good fertility of the soil we grow vegetables along with many other crops. There is no scarcity of
Temp In Summer In Winter
water but in rainy season due to soil erosion we are losing a part of our fertile land every year. Government needs to build dam Min. 25 - 27°C 11 - 13°C
Agricultural Field Agricultural Field Fertile River Plain River Bed Marshy Land Thick Natural Vegetation Agricultural Field Agricultural Field here so that the flow of the river can be regulated and the water can be used for agriculture.” Max. 43 - 45°C 20 - 22°C
23 24
 Sahij; Dholka
The river banks here are very steep and less eroded.
Thick vegetation cover at the river banks protect the
bank from getting heavily eroded.
This part of the river is deep and hence, it has ample
amount of water for irrigation.
Agricultural fields are present on both the river banks.
View taken from the over bridge looking downstream towards Khambhat These fields faces surface erosion and get heavily River bank
eroded during the monsoon.
Because of the continuous draining of water from the
adjacent agriculture fields, the part from where water
joins the river course, has got heavily eroded over a
period of time. The vegetation cover of that area is
gradually reducing and this might affect the river
banks.
View taken from the one river bank looking towards the other one Eroded part of the river bank
As the soil here is sandy, farming is not practiced on
the river bed. The soil structure of the surrounding
area is also loose and is prone to erosion.
The soil type here is well drained, calcareous, fine
and is severely prone to erosion.

View taken from the over bridge looking upstream towards Ahmedabad Ramnikbhai Eroded agricultural field
River Cross Section

0 10 30 50mt

“When I came to Sahij, there were hardly fifteen houses and most of the people used to practice farming. At that time the land
was very fertile and we use to grow many types of crop on it. Village has progressed very much over the years because of the l Altitude - 17mt (56.60ft.)
l Average annual rainfall - 562mm
farming practice. Today people are still doing agriculture on both the sides of the river but the fertility of the soil and water level
of the river has decreased substantially which has severely affected the crop yield. Water level remains very low for six months 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Temp In Summer In Winter
Native Native Native and in summer the river dries up completely. Now we cannot depend only on the river for livelihood hence, to earn money we Min. 23 - 25°C 10 - 11°C
Agricultural Field Vegetation Agricultural Field Vegetation River Bed Marshy Land Vegetation Agricultural Field Agricultural Field are forced to do other labor.” Max. 43 - 45°C 20 - 22°C
25 26
 Vadgam; Khambhat
The stretch along the river here is very fertile & very
useful for farming.
Because of the loose soil structure & heavy rainfall,
river banks are getting heavily eroded during
monsoon. The river bank here has already eroded by
about five hundred meters. Due to heavy erosion, the
size of the river bed has increased and it has eaten
View taken from the river bank looking towards Arabian Sea Severely eroded river bank
into the adjacent fields making them smaller.
The soil structure of the river bank here is so loose
that if we stand on it and give a slight push the whole
portion will fall down immediately.
There is a stretch of a water logged land at the bank
of the river. As the Sabarmati empties into the
Arabian Sea it deposits large amount of silt here.
View taken from the middle of the sea looking towards the heavily eroded river bank of vadgam Bank as seen from Arabian sea
This soil is also taken away to be used as a fertilizer in
the fields farther away.
The soil here is imperfectly drained, calcareous,
coarse-loamy type with moderately prone to erosion.

View taken from the terrace of the temple located at the bank, looking towards the sea and the agriculture fields Shrenikbhai Water logged land
River Cross Section

0 10 30 50mt

“Sabarmati River empties into Arabian Sea through Gulf of Khambhat. In my last sixteen years of staying here I have not l Altitude - 8mt (26.60t.)
observed any kind of major change in the river. As the soil here is very fertile, most of the people do farming practice here. The l Average annual rainfall - 700mm
soil is also taken away to be used as manure in fields further away. Illegal transportation of river silt also happens here. Climate
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
of Khambhat is ideal for many types of crop production. People have readily participated in the government initiated project of
Temp In Summer In Winter
Native Native rain water harvesting. Water which is accumulated is mostly used in agriculture and also for other purposes. Any kind of Min. 20 - 22°C 10 - 12°C
Arabian Sea Marshy Land Marshy Land Vegetation Agricultural Field Vegetation Agricultural Field Agricultural Field serious problem never arises in any season. Village has developed a lot because of Sabarmati River.” Max. 36 - 38°C 25 - 30°C
27 28
 01. Kheroj; Ambaji
02. Gadhada; Khedbrahma
03. Valasana; Idar
04. Derol; Himmatnagar
05. Sadra; Gandhinagar
06. Palaj; Gandhinagar
07. Paldikankrej; Ahmedabad
08. Saroda; Bavla

Soil types 09.

10.
Sahij; Dholka
Vadgam; Khambhat
 Kheroj; Ambaji Gadhada; Khedbrahma

Clayey loam Silty Fine sand Fine loam Coarse loam Silty Clayey loam Coarse sand Coarse sand Coarse sand

Soil Type Description Soil Type Description

Type - 004 Type - 012

Shallow, well drained, loamy-skeletal soils on undulating piedmont with severe erosion and moderate stoniness; associated with very deep, well Shallow, well drained , loamy soils on very gently sloping piedmont plain with narrow valleys with severe erosion; associated with shallow, well
drained, coarse-loamy soils on very gently sloping lands with moderate erosion. drained, clayey soils with moderate erosion.

Type - 008 Type - 004

Very deep, well drained, fine loamy soils on very gently sloping piedmont plain with moderate erosion; associated with very deep, well drained, Shallow, well drained, loamy-skeletal soils on undulating piedmont with severe erosion and moderate stoniness; associated with very deep, well
coarse-loamy soils with moderate erosion. drained, coarse-loamy soils on very gently sloping lands with moderate erosion.
29 30
 Valasana; Idar Derol; Himmatnagar

Fine sand Coarse sand Clayey Clayey loam Coarse loam Coarse loam Coarse sand Fine loam Coarse loam Clayey loam

Soil Type Description Soil Type Description

Type - 007 Type - 074

Very deep, somewhat excessively drained, calcareous coarse loamy soils on very gently sloping piedmont plains with narrow valleys with Very deep, somewhat excessively drained, calcareous, coarse-loamy soils on very gently sloping dissected flood plain with severe erosion;
moderate erosion; associated with very deep, somewhat excessively drained, coarse loamy soils with moderate erosion. associated with very deep, well drained, calcareous, fine-loamy soils with moderate erosion.

Type - 013 Type - 089

Moderately deep, well drained, fine soils on very gently sloping piedmont plain with moderate erosion; associated with very deep, well drained Very deep, somewhat excessively drained, coarse-loamy soils on very gently sloping alluvial plain with moderate erosion,; associated with very
coarse loamy soils with moderate erosion. deep, excessively drained calcareous, sandy soils with moderate erosion.
31 32
 Sadra; Gandhinagar Palaj; Gandhinagar

Fine sand Clayey loam Coarse sand Coarse loam Fine loam Fine loam Sandy loam Fine sand Coarse sand Clayey loam

Soil Type Description Soil Type Description

Type - 074 Type - 088

Very deep, somewhat excessively drained, calcareous, coarse-loamy soils on very gently sloping dissected flood plain with severe erosion; Very deep, somewhat excessively drained, coarse-loamy soils on nearly level alluvial plain with slight erosion; associated with very deep,
associated with very deep, well drained, calcareous, fine-loamy soils with moderate erosion. excessively drained, calcareous sandy soils with moderate erosion.

Type - 097 Type - 074

Very deep, well drained, fine-loamy soils on very gently sloping alluvial plain with moderate erosion, associated with very deep, moderately well Very deep, somewhat excessively drained, calcareous, coarse-loamy soils on very gently sloping dissected flood plain with severe erosion;
drained calcareous, fine-loamy soils with moderate erosion. associated with very deep, well drained, calcareous, fine-loamy soils with moderate erosion.
33 34
 Paldikankrej; Ahmedabad Saroda; Bavla

Silty Fine loam Clayey Clayey loam Coarse sand Silty Fine sand Coarse loam Clayey loam Coarse loam

Soil Type Description Soil Type Description

Type - 079 Type - 115

Very deep, moderately well drained, calcareous fine loamy soils on very gently sloping flood plain with slight erosion and slight salinity; Moderately deep, moderately well drained, calcareous, fine soils on very gently sloping alluvial plain with slight erosion and slight salinity;
associated with deep, moderately well drained, calcareous fine soils with slighter erosion and slighter salinity. associated with deep, moderately well, drained, calcareous, fine soils with moderate erosion.

Type - 100 Type - 079

Deep well drained, fine loamy soils on very gently sloping alluvial plain with slight erosion and slight salinity; associated with deep moderately Very deep, moderately well drained, calcareous fine loamy soils on very gently sloping flood plain with slight erosion and slight salinity;
well drained, calcareous, fine soils on gently sloping lands with moderate erosion. associated with deep, moderately well drained, calcareous fine soils with slighter erosion and slighter salinity.
35 36
 Sahij; Dholka Vadgam; Khambhat

Coarse sand Coarse loam Fine loam Clayey loam Coarse loam Silty loam Silty Fine sand Clayey loam Coarse loam

Soil Type Description Soil Type Description

Type - 079 Type - 078

Very deep, moderately well drained, calcareous fine loamy soils on very gently sloping flood plain with slight erosion and slight salinity; Very deep, imperfectly drained, calcareous, coarse-loamy soils on very gently sloping dissected flood plain with moderate erosion and strong
associated with deep, moderately well drained, calcareous fine soils with slighter erosion and slighter salinity. salinity; associated with moderately deep, imperfectly drained, calcareous fine soils with slight erosion and moderate salinity.

Type - 098 Type - 116

Very deep, well drained, fine loamy soils on very gently sloping alluvial plain with moderate erosion; associated with very deep, well drained, Moderately deep, well drained, calcareous, fine soils, on very gently sloping alluvial plain with slight erosion and moderate salinity; associated
coarse-loamy soils with moderate erosion. with deep, moderately well drained, calcareous, fine soils with moderate erosion.
37 38
 01. Kheroj; Ambaji
02. Gadhada; Khedbrahma
03. Valasana; Idar
04. Derol; Himmatnagar
05. Sadra; Gandhinagar
06. Palaj; Gandhinagar
07. Paldikankrej; Ahmedabad
08. Saroda; Bavla

Landscape Vignettes 09.

10.
Sahij; Dholka
Vadgam; Khambhat
 Kheroj; Ambaji

Bubulcus ibis
Linnaeus

Cattle Egret

Alba Egretta
garzetta
Linnaeus

Large Egret

Dicrurus
adsimilis
Bechstein

Black
Drongo or
King Crow

Himantopus
Linnaeus

Black winged
stilt

Saxicola
torquata
Linnaeus

Collard
Bushchat

39 40
 Gadhada; Khedbrahma

Himantopus
Linnaeus

Black winged
Stilt

Bubulcus ibis
Linnaeus

Cattle Egret

Alba Egretta
garzetta
Linnaeus

Large Egret

Pseudibis
Papillosa
Temminck

Black Ibis

Pseudibis
Papillosa
Temminck

Black Ibis

41 42
 Valasana; Idar

Pavo cristatus
Linnaeus

Common
Peafowl

Bubulcus ibis
Linnaeus

Cattle Egret

Alba Egretta
garzetta
Linnaeus

Large Egret

Alba Egretta
garzetta
Linnaeus

Large Egret

Corvus
splendens
Vieillot

House Crow
43 44
 Derol; Himmatnagar
Vanellus
indicus
Boddaert

Red wattled
Lapwing

Nectarinia
asiatica
Latham

Purple
Sunbird

Halcyon
smyrnensis

Whitebrested
Kingfisher

Acridotheres
ginginianus
Latham

Bank Myna

Acridotheres
ginginianus
Latham

Bank Myna

45 46
 Sadra; Gandhinagar

Pavo cristatus
Linnaeus

Common
Peafowl

Himantopus
Linnaeus

Black winged
Stilt

Vanellus
indicus
Boddaert

Red wattled
Lapwing

Alba Egretta
garzetta
Linnaeus

Large Egret

Columba livia
Gmelin

Blue Rock
Pigeon
47 48
 Palaj; Gandhinagar

Bubulcus ibis
Linnaeus

Cattle Egret

Egretta
garzetta
Linnaeus

Little Egret

Himantopus
Linnaeus

Black winged
Stilt

Little Egret

Black winged
Stilt

Himantopus
Linnaeus

Black winged
Stilt
49 50
 Paldikankrej; Ahmedabad

Bubulcus ibis
Linnaeus

Cattle Egret

Bubulcus ibis
Linnaeus

Cattle Egret

Sarus
Cranes

Spoonbill

White Ibis

Grus antigone
Linnaeus

Sarus
Cranes

Phoenicopter
us roseus
Pallas

Flamingo
51 52
 Saroda; Bavla

Bubulcus ibis
Linnaeus

Cattle Egret

Bubulcus ibis
Linnaeus

Cattle Egret

Himantopus
Linnaeus

Black winged
Stilt

Himantopus
Linnaeus

Black winged
Stilt

Little Egret

Black winged
Stilt
53 54
 Sahij; Dholka

Bubulcus ibis
Linnaeus

Cattle Egret

Cattle Egret

Large Egret

Alba Egretta
garzetta
Linnaeus

Large Egret

Pseudibis
Papillosa
Temminck

Black Ibis

Vanellus
indicus
Boddaert

Red wattled
Lapwing
55 56
 Vadgam; Khambhat

Alba Egretta
garzetta
Linnaeus

Large Egret

Anastomus
oscitans
Boddaert

Open billed
stork

Pseudibis
Papillosa
Temminck

Black Ibis

Alba Egretta
garzetta
Linnaeus

Large Egret

Alba Egretta
garzetta
Linnaeus

Large Egret

57 58
 01. Rainfall data
02. Soil key chart

Appendix 03. Crop chart

04. Native Flora
 Rainfall Data
altogether contribute about 2.2% to annual rainfall.
l Sabarmati River flows through six districts of Gujarat state before emptying into the Gulf of Khambhat
l Standard week number is the total number of week of the year in continuation, counting first week of the year from first of January The sowing rains are received in standard week 26 (June 25 to July 1). The weekly rainfall increases with the advancement of monsoon and
l Rainfall data of four districts is as follows reaches to the maximum (62.4 mm) in standard week 30 (July 23-29), then decreases continuously during rest of the monsoon. After second
l Reference is taken from the Agroclimatic Atlas of India week of September the weekly rainfall is less than 25mm which further decreases continuously during rest of the months.
Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar Sabarkantha
The normal rainfall of Ahmedabad is 617.4 mm and number of rainy days are 28. Within the district the annual rainfall vary between 500 to 750 mm. The normal rainfall of Sabarkantha district is 807.4mm in 35 rainy days. The annual rainfall varies between 675 mm to 950 mm in the different
The time series of annual rainfall data of the district does not indicate any increasing or decreasing trend in 90 years period. The highest rainfall parts of the district. Modasa and Idar records highest rainfall. The past rainfall records do not indicate any trend in annual rainfall in the district.
(1444.5 mm) in the district was recorded in 1927, while the lowest (201 mm) was recorded in 1918. Ahmedabad district experienced drought The highest rainfall (1543 mm) was received in 1937 while the lowest (273 mm) was received in 1911. Out of 86 years, drought occurred in 25
every 20 years, while district experienced excessive rainfall every 17 years. years, while excessive rainfall (25% above normal) occurred in 26 years.
About 95% of annual rainfall is received in four months period (June to September) of which July contributes maximum (38.3% of annual rainfall)
About 96% of annual rainfall of Sabarkantha district is received due to South-West monsoon rains. July receives (309 mm) rainfall followed by
followed by August (26.8%). June and September contribute about 13% and 16% respectively. January though may altogether contribute only
August (251.6 mm) rainfall and September contributes 15.8 % respectively. Only 12.3mm of rainfall is received during October. The highest
2% to annual rainfall, while October and November contribute more than 3% of annual rainfall.
weekly rainfall (82 mm) is received in standard week 30 (July 23-29). The monsoon rain ceases after standard week 38 (September 17-23).
During June, the weekly rainfall ranges between 12 to 36 mm, however the sufficient rainfall for sowing is received only in the last week i.e.
standard week 26 (June 25 - 1July). The weekly rainfall increases during June and July and reaches to its maximum value (72 mm) in standard
week 30 (July23-29) thereafter, weekly normal rainfall is less than 10mm.

Kheda
The normal annual rainfall of Kheda district is 808.5 mm in 35 rainy days. The spatial variation of rainfall in the district is observed between 700 to
900mm. The highest rainfall (1946 mm) was observed in 1927, while the lowest was (128mm) in 1973. During last 88 years, the district
experienced droughts every 22 years, while excessive rainfall in every 23 years. More than 95 % of annual rainfall is received during June to
September months. In Kheda district the maximum monthly rainfall is received in July (319mm) followed by August (225 mm), September (131.5
mm) and June (98.3 mm). October and November contribute 2.8% to annual rainfall.

The weekly rainfall during standard week 25 (June 18-24) is insufficient for sowing purpose. Adequate amount is received only in standard week
26 (June 25-July 1). The highest weekly rainfall (89 mm) is received in standard week 30 (July 23-29). The monsoon rain ceases in the third week
of September.

Mehsana
In Mehsana district, the rainfall records are available only after 1927. The normal rainfall of the district is 603.4 mm which is received in 28 rainy
days. The lowest rainfall (258 mm) was recorded in 1929, while the highest (1253 mm) was recorded in 1927. The spatial rainfall variation in the
district is between 450-700 mm. Out of 60 years of rainfall data, about 23% of years experienced drought and equal percentage of years
experienced excessive rainfall.

About 96 % of annual of the district is received during June- September months. July receives the maximum monthly rainfall (235.7 mm) followed
by August (181.7 mm). June and September contribute about 10 % and 16 % respectively to the annual rainfall. October and November
59 60
 Types of soil along the Sabarmati River
l Codes and descriptions of the soil types are identified from the Soil map of Gujarat. Type - 079
l Soil samples collected from the river side has more silt content and samples collected from the agriculture fields has more clay content. Very deep, moderately well drained, calcareous fine loamy soils on very gently sloping flood plain with slight
l Variation in colour of similar soil types is because of the amount of humus content present in it. erosion and slight salinity; associated with deep, moderately well drained, calcareous fine soils with slighter
l In total 15 soil types are identified along the stretch, whose description is as given below. erosion and slighter salinity.

Type - 004 Type - 088

Shallow, well drained, loamy-skeletal soils on undulating piedmont with severe erosion and moderate stoniness; Very deep, somewhat excessively drained, coarse-loamy soils on nearly level alluvial plain with slight erosion;
associated with very deep, well drained, coarse-loamy soils on very gently sloping lands with moderate erosion. associated with very deep, excessively drained, calcareous sandy soils with moderate erosion.

Type - 007 Type - 089

Very deep, somewhat excessively drained, calcareous coarse loamy soils on very gently sloping piedmont plains Very deep, somewhat excessively drained, coarse-loamy soils on very gently sloping alluvial plain with moderate
with narrow valleys with moderate erosion; associated with very deep, somewhat excessively drained, coarse erosion,; associated with very deep, excessively drained calcareous, sandy soils with moderate erosion.
loamy soils with moderate erosion.
Type - 097
Type - 008 Very deep, well drained, fine-loamy soils on very gently sloping alluvial plain with moderate erosion, associated
Very deep, well drained, fine loamy soils on very gently sloping piedmont plain with moderate erosion; associated with very deep, moderately well drained calcareous, fine-loamy soils with moderate erosion.
with very deep, well drained, coarse-loamy soils with moderate erosion.
Type - 098
Type - 012 Very deep, well drained, fine loamy soils on very gently sloping alluvial plain with moderate erosion; associated
Shallow, well drained , loamy soils on very gently sloping piedmont plain with narrow valleys with severe erosion; with very deep, well drained, coarse-loamy soils with moderate erosion.
associated with shallow, well drained, clayey soils with moderate erosion.
Type - 100
Type - 013 Deep well drained, fine loamy soils on very gently sloping alluvial plain with slight erosion and salinity; associated
Moderately deep, well drained, fine soils on very gently sloping piedmont plain with moderate erosion; associated with deep moderately well drained, calcareous, fine soils on gently sloping lands and moderate erosion.
with very deep, well drained coarse loamy soils with moderate erosion.
Type - 115
Type - 074 Moderately deep, well drained, calcareous, fine soils on very gently sloping alluvial plain with slight erosion and
Very deep, somewhat excessively drained, calcareous, coarse-loamy soils on very gently sloping dissected flood slight salinity; associated with deep, moderately well, drained, calcareous, fine soils with moderate erosion.
plain with severe erosion; associated with very deep, well drained, calcareous, fine-loamy soils with moderate
Type - 116
erosion. Moderately deep, well drained, calcareous, fine soils, on very gently sloping alluvial plain with slight erosion and
Type - 078 moderate salinity; associated with deep, moderately well drained, calcareous, fine soils with moderate erosion.
Very deep, imperfectly drained, calcareous, coarse-loamy soils on very gently sloping dissected flood plain with
moderate erosion and strong salinity; associated with moderately deep, imperfectly drained, calcareous fine soils
61 62
 List of crops

Vegetables (L) Solanum melongena (R) Ringna, Baigan (E) Eggplant, Aubergine (L) Citrus sinensis (R) Santra, Narangi (E) Orange
(L) Solanum lycopersicum (R) Tamatar, Tameta (E) Tomato (L) Carica papaya (R) Pappaiyu, Papitu, Papita (E) Papaya
(L) Solanum tuberosum (R) Alu, Bateta (E) Potato (L) Ziziphus mauritiana (R) Ber, Bera, Beri, Bor, Bordi (E) Desert apple, Indian jujube/Plum/Cherry
(L) Trigonella foenum-graecum (R) Methi (E) Fenugreek, Greekhay
(L) Spinacia oleracea (R) Palak (E) Spinach Grains (L) Tritium vulgare (R) Gahu, Gehu (E) Wheat
(L) Brassica oleracea var. (L) Sorghum vulgare (R) Jawar, Jawari (E) Jowar
Totrytis (R) Phoolgobi (E) Cauliflower
(L) Pennisetum glacecum (R) Bajro, Bajri (E) Bajra
(L) Brassica oleracea var.
Capitata (R) Pattagobi, Gobi (E) Cabbage, Colewart (L) Oryza sativa (R) Chaval, Bhat (E) Rice, Paddy

(L) Lagenaria Siceraria (R) Doodhi, Karu, Indrajau (E) Dyer’s Oleander, Pala indiago (L) Zea mays (R) Makai, Bhutta (E) Maize

(L) Cucumis sativus (R) Kakdi (E) Cucumber

(L) Allium cepa (R) Kanda, Dungdi, Pyaz (E) Onion Cash (L) Phaseolus aureus (R) Mag, Mug (E) Green-gram
Crops
(L) Raphanus sativus (R) Mudo, Muli (E) Radish (L) Phaseolus mungo (R) Adad, Udad, Urd (E) Black-gram

(L) Zingiber officinale (R) Adoo, Adrak, Alay (E) Ginger (L) Cicer arietinum (R) Chana (E) Bengal-gram
(L) Nicotiana tabacum (R) Tambakhu (E) Tobacco

Fruits (L) Citrullus lanatus (R) Tarbuj, Kaling, Kalingad (E) Watermelon (L) Emblica officinalis (R) Amda, Amla, Aonla, Amalki, Aunra (E) Emblic myrobalan, Indian gooseberry

(L) Syzigium cumini (R) Jamun, Jaman, Jamoa, Jambolan (E) Jara/Malbar/Blackplum/Indian black berry (L) Arachis hypogaea (R) Falli, Fallidana, Mungfalli, Sing (E) Groundnut

(L) Musa spp. (R) Keda, Kela, Ked (E) Banana

(L) Manilkarna zapota (R) Chikoo (E) Sapodilla, Chicle, Sapote, Naseburry
(L) - Latin names
(L) Psidium guajava (R) Jam, Amrood (E) Guava, Yellow Guava. Apple Guava (R) - Regional names
(E) - English names
(L) Punica granatum (R) Dadam, Anar, Anardana (E) Pomegranate, Chinese apple, Granada
(L) Mangifera indica (R) Aam, Amri, Ambi, Aamba, Ambo (E) Mango

63 64
 Native Flora in and around regions of the Sabarmati River
Trees Adina cordifolia Tamarindus indica Plumbago capensis Sida cordifolia
Acacia chundra Ficus religiosa Plumbago zeylanica Sida rhombifolia
Bambusa arundinacea Prosopis cineraria Ocimum canum Sida alba
Dalbergia latifolia Balanites aegyptia Ocimum basilicum Oxalis acetosella
Tectona grandis Moringa oleifera Ocimum gratissimum Oxalis corniculata
Albizia lebbeck Pithecelobium dulce Acalypha indica Fagonia cretica
Anogeissus latifolia Phyllanthus fraternus Aeschynomone indica
Shrubs Clerodendrum inerme
Lagestroemia lanceolata Alhagi pseudalhagi Psoralea corylifolia
Terminalia bellerica Euphorbia nerifolia Tamarix ericoides Neptunia oleracea
Tamarix ericoides Jatropha curcas Ammannia baccifera
Vitex negundo Anisomeles indica Herbs Argemone mixicana Vahilia digyna
Salvadora oleoides Barleria priontis Peristrophe bicalyculata Ludwigia adscendens
Acacia nilotica Caesalpinia crista Cardamine trichocarpa Mollugo cerviana
Annona squamosa Capparis sepiaria Polygala chinensis Ageratum conyzodes
Azadirachta indica Kirganelia reticulate Cleome viscose Blumea oblique
Emblica officinalis Maytenus emarginata Portulaca oleracea Blumea fistulosa
Delonix regia Sesbania bispinosa Portulaca pilosa Caesulia axillaris
Kigelia pinnata Cassia occidentalis Portulala quadrifida Cyathocline purpurea
Millingtonia hortensis Cassia angustifoilia Bergia suffruticosa Eclipta prostrata
Mimusops elengi Cassia auriculata Bergia ammannioides Sphaeranthus senegalensis
Peltophorum pterocarpum Cassia tora Sida acuta Tridax procumbeans
Pongamia pinnata Saccharum spontaneum Vernonia anthelmintica Tragus biflorus

65 66
 Vernonia cinerea Amaranthus lividus Fimbristylis cymosa Aquatic Vallisneria spiralis
Plants
Xanthium strumarium Amaranthus oleraceous Remirea maritime Trapa natans
Borreria articulate Amaranthus spinosus Scirpus tuberosus Nymphaea pubescens
Heydyotis corymbosa Amaranthus viridis Aeluropus lagopoides Hydrilla verticillata
Bacopa monnieri Digera muricata Bothriochola pertusa Typha angustata
Limnophila indica Polygonum glabrum Andropogon pumilus Lemna gibba
Utricularia gibba Aristolochia bracteolate Chloris barbata
Utricularia inflexa Chrozophora rottleri Cynodon dactylon
Hydrolea zeylanica Ceratophyllum demersum Echivnocloa crus-galli
Coldenia procumbens Asphodelus tenuifolius Melanocenchris jacquemontii
Physalis minima Commelina benghalensis Pennisetum purpureum
Physalis peruviana Wolffia arrhiza Setaria glauca
Solanum nigrum Wolffia microscopia Setaria verticellata
Solanum jasminiodies Najas graminea
Canscora diffusa Limnophyton obtusifolium Climber Ipomoea aquatic Forsk
Hygrophila auriculata Sagittaria sagittifolia Ipomoea carica
Strobilanthes heyneanus Potamogeton crispus Ipomoea aquatic Forsk
Phyla nodiflora Juncus maritimus Ipomoea carica
Boerhavia diffusa Juncus bufonius Ipomoea pes - caprae
Achyranthes aspera Cyperus aernarius Clitoria ternatea
Alternenthra sessilis Cyperus bulbosus Cardiospermum halica-cabum
Amaranthus arvensis Cyperus conglomeratus

67 68
 Ritesh Kamdar is a student of
Bibliography Masters in Landscape
Architecture at CEPT University,
Ahmedabad. This study is a part
Books and Periodicals of his summer training for 10
weeks. He pursued his under
01. Roy Mann, Rivers in the City Published by David and Charles Ltd., London, 1973 graduation in architecture from
02. A Gillian Standring, Peter Credland, The living Waters, Published by Doubleday Anchor Books, Doubleday and Co. Inc, New York, 1977 Marathwada Mitramandal
03. Ian L. McHarg, Design with Nature, The American Museum of Natural History, Natural History Press, New York, 1969. college of Architecture at Pune
University, Maharashtra.
04. Simon Bell, Landscape-Pattern, Perception and Process, E and FN Spon Publication, 1999.
05. Sylvia Crowe, The Landscape of Roads, The Architectural Press:London, 1960.
06. Iain Robertson, Penny Richards, Studying Cultural Landscapes, Hodder Arnold Publication, London, 2003. E # ritesh.kamdar@gmail.com

07. Richard Lannoy, Benaras; A world within a world, Published by Indica books, Varanasi, 2002.
08. Agroclimatic Atlas of Gujarat, Published by Department of Agricultural Meteorology, B.A. College of Arcitecture, Anand (Gujarat), 1984.
09. Illustrated Guide to India, Published by Reader’s Digest Association, Hongkong and Penguin Books, India, 2005.
10. World Atlas, Published by Readers Digest.
11. A. B. Vora, EIA Studies on Flora and Fauna of Command Area North of River Sabarmati upto Rajasthan.

Unpublished Thesis
12. Snehal Shah, A River in a City; Identifying its contemporary role, a case study of Surat, Urban Design Thesis (2001), School of
Architecture, CEPT University, Ahmedabad.
13. Kalpana Shah, River as a generator of Environment, Architecture Thesis (1970), School of Architecture, CEPT University, Ahmedabad.

Websites
14. www.wikipedia.com
15. www.wikimapia.com
16. www.mapsofindia.com
.

17. www.indianetzone.com
18. Http://birdsofgujarat.net
69 70