EXPRESSIONS and FORMULAE

WORKSHEETS

National 5
Mathematics Department – Biggar High School

Name:
EXPRESSIONS and FORMULAE

1.1 Working with surds

 Simplification

 Rationalising denominators

1.2 Simplifying expressions

 Multiplication and division using positive and negative indices

including fractions

 Calculations using Scientific Notation

1.3 Rounding to a given number of significant figures

2.1 Working with algebraic expressions with brackets

 a(bx + c) + d(ex + f)

 (ax + b)(cx + d)

 ax(bx + c)

 (ax + b)(cx² + dx + e) a, b, c, d and e are integers

2.2 Factorising an algebraic expression

 Common factor

 Difference of two squares x² ─ y² ; px² ─ y²

 Common factor with difference of two squares

 Trinomials with unitary x² coefficient

 Trinomials with non-unitary x² coefficient

2.3 Completing the square in a quadratic expression with unitary x²
coefficient

2.4 Reducing an algebraic expression to its simplest form

 a/b where a and b are of the form (x + p)n or (x + p)(x + q)

2.5 Applying the four operations to algebraic fractions

 a/b c/d where a, b, c and d are simple constants or variables

 * can be add, subtract, multiply or divide

3.1 Determining the gradient of a straight line given two points

 m = y2 ─ y1 / x2 ─ x1

3.2 Working with the length of arc and area of a sector of a circle

3.3 Working with the volume of a solid sphere, cone, pyramid

1.1 WORKING with SURDS
1. Express each of the following in its simplest form:

(a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 50 (d) 20 (e) 24 (f) 108

(g) 60 (h) 72 (i) 300 (j) 27 (k) 96 (l) 48

(m) 45 (n) 98 (o) 90 (p) 18 (q) 28 (r) 80

(s) 32 (t) 160 (u) 150 (v) 44 (w) 63 (x) 175

2. Simplify:

(a) 58 (b) 332 (c) 540 (d) 212 (e) 418 (f) 324

(g) 327 (h) 1048 (i) 2108 (j) 3√45 (k) 2√63 (l) 4√20

3. Express each of the following in its simplest form:

(a) 52 + 32 (b) 37 – 7 (c) 43 + 23 – 33

(d) 56 – 26 + 6 (e) 43 + 53 (f) 86  26

(g) 2 + 22 (h) 37  97 (i) 510  510

(j) 5 + 55  35 (k) 23 + 3 53 (l) 511 + 711  11

4. Express each of the following in its simplest form:

(a) 12 + 27 (b) 32  8 (c) 72  50

(d) 2 + 98 (e) 80 + 20 (f) 24 + 54

(g) 180  45 (h) 1000  90 (i) 50 – 8

(j) 3 – 12 (k) 75 + 108 – 3 (l) 5 + 20 + 80

(m) 108 + 12 (n) 32  8 (o) 72  50

(p) 2 + 98 (q) 80 + 20 (r) 24 + 54

(s) 8 + 52 (t) 312 + 27 (u) 32 + 28 – 18

5. Simplify:

(a) 5  5 (b) 2  2 (c) 11  11

(d) a  a (e) 6  6 (f) c  c

(g) k  k (h) 3  6 (i) 8  2

(j) 6  2 (k) 3  5 (l) x  y

(m) 2  8 (n) 12  3 (o) 5  20

(p) 2  32 (q) a  b (r) 10  x

(s) p  q (t) k  6 (u) 2  10

(v) 24  3 (w) 5  10 (x) 6  12

(y) 20  3 (z) 4  8

6. (a) 32  2 (b) 25  35 (c) 32  27 (d) 43  23

(e) 5  32 (f) 26  33 (g) 82  12 (h) 53  35

7. Simplify:

8 27 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 12 32 27

20 12 54 175
(e) (f) (g) (h)
5 48 24 63

18 6 288 1000
(i) (j) (k) (l)
72 54 8 90

48 3 98 50
(m) (n) (o) (p)
6 24 7 250
8. Expand and simplify:

(a) 2(1 – 2) (b) 3(3 + 1) (c) 5(5 – 1)

(d) 2(5 + 2) (e) 2(3 + 6) (f) 23(8 + 1)

(g) 3(6 – 28) (h) 5(5 + 2) (i) 46(26 – 8)

(j) 8(2 + 4) (k) 212(3 + 6) (l) 5(200 + 50)

(m) 3(2 + 1) (n) 2(8 + 2) (o) 3(2 + 6)

(p) 5(3  5)

9. Expand and simplify where possible:

(a) (2 + 3)(2 – 1) (b) (5 + 1)(25 – 4) (c) (22 + 3)(2 + 4)

(d) (3 + 1)(3 – 1) (e) (2 + 5)(2 – 5) (f) (3 + 2)(3 – 2)

(g) (2 – 4)(32 - 1) (h) (8 + 2)(8 + 1) (i) (23 + 2)(3 + 32)

(j) (2 + 3)2 (k) (2 + 3)2 (l) (23 – 1)2

(m) (27 – 2)2 (n) (5 –23)2 (o) (3 + 5)(3  5)

(p) (7 + 1)2 (q) (6 + 2)2 (r) (2 + 3)(2  3)

10. Express each of the following with a rational denominator and simplify where possible:

1 1 1 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 5 3

10 2 3 20
(e) (f) (g) (h)
5 3 5 2

2 12 3 4
(i) (j) (k) (l)
2 3 6 5

10 35
(m) (n)
2 7
11. Express each of the following with a rational denominator and simplify where possible:

1 4 3 12
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 5 5 2 3 2 5 6

8 20 50 10
(e) (f) (g) (h)
3 2 7 5 3 10 3 2

12. Express each of the following in its simplest form with a rational denominator.

3 2 8 18
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 5 2 3

5 2 15 8
(e) (f) (g) (h)
20 12 5 6

5 11 7 13
(i) (j) (k) (l)
2 2 3 5

8 2 3 5 3 4 5
(m) (n) (o) (p)
3 2 3 2 3 5 5 3

6 50 3 5
(q) (r) (s) (l)
18 10 12 2

13. Express each of the following with a rational denominator and simplify where possible:

1 18 5 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
50 27 50 20

6 2 10 3
(e) (f) (g) (h)
18 8 12 50

4 2 3 3 2 2 5
(i) (j) (k) (l)
32 54 24 45
14. Rationalise the denominator, in each fraction, using the appropriate conjugate surd.

1 1 12 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 1 5 1 2 3 1 2

1 3 2 3
(e) (f) (g) (h)
1 3 5 1 22 2 6

5 4 1 1
(i) (j) (k) (l)
3 2 1 3 7 2 3 2

6 12 3 14
(m) (n) (o) (p)
3 2 10  2 5 6 9 2
SURDS PROBLEMS

1. A right angled triangle has sides a, b and c as shown.

a
For each case below calculate the length of the third side, expressing c

your answer as a surd in its simplest form.

b

(a) Find a if b = 6 and c = 3. (b) Find c if a = 2 and b = 1.

(c) Find c if a = 18 and b = 12 (d) Find b if a = 28 and c = 26.

2. Given that x = 1 + 2 and y = 1 – 2, simplify:

(a) 5x + 5y (b) 2xy (c) x2 + y2 (d) (x + y)(x – y)

3. Given that p = 5 + 3 and q = 5 – 3, simplify:

(a) 2p – 2q (b) 4pq (c) p2 – q2

4. A rectangle has sides measuring (2 + 2) cm and (2 – 2) cm.

Calculate the exact value of (a) its area (b) the length of a diagonal.

5. A curve has as its equation y  2  12 x 2 .

(a) If the point P(2 , k) lies on this curve find the exact value of k.

(b) Find the exact length of OP where O is the origin.

6. In  ABC, AB = AC = 12cm and BC = 8cm. Express the length of the altitude from A to BC as
A
a surd in its simplest form. [The line AM in the diagram]

12 cm 12 cm

M
B C
8 cm

7. An equilateral triangle has each of its sides measuring 2a metres.

(a) Find the exact length of an altitude of the triangle in terms of a.

(b) Hence find the exact area of the triangle in terms of a.

[Draw a diagram to help you with this question]

8. The exact area of a rectangle is 2(6 + 3) square centimetres. Given that the breadth of the

rectangle is 6 cm, show that the length is equal to (2 + 2) cm.

3 1
9. (a challenge) Given that tan 75   , show that tan 75  2 + 3.
3 1
1.2 INDICES
1. Write each of the following in its simplest index form.

(a) 34  32 (b) 2  23 (c) 105  102 (d) 83  85

(e) 76  7 (f) 54  54 (g) 96  92 (h) 68  65

(i) x3  x5 (j) c2  c9 (k) a2  a12 (l) y5  y5

(m) b10  b30 (n) p  p9 (o) d2  d4 (p) q11  q9

(q) t3  t7 (r) f4  f 3 (s) k  k12 (t) z50  z50

(u) x30  x50 (v) y19  y (w) a25  a65 (x) b1  b0

2. Write each of the following in its simplest index form.

(a) 28  23 (b) 54  52 (c) 129  1 26 (d) 711  74

(e) 205  20 (f) 88  84 (g) 318  33 (h) 415  413

(i) x7  x2 (j) a9  a5 (k) y20  y10 (l) b4  b1

(m) p12  p11 (n) c7  c7 (o) q8  q2 (p) d4d

x9 a8 m 14 s7
(q) (r) (s) (t)
x3 a2 m s7

d 20 y 100 t 100 w10

(u) (v) (w) (x)
d 12 y 10 t w0

3. Write each of the following in its simplest index form.

(a) (32)4 (b) (82)2 (c) (103)2 (d) (22)5

(e) (45)3 (f) (17)2 (g) (123)3 (h) (55)5

(i) (x4)2 (j) (y8)5 (k) (a3)7 (l) (m4)4

(m) (b3)6 (n) (p5)3 (o) (k5)20 (p) (z6)0

4. Write the following without brackets.

(a) (2b)2 (b) (7a)3 (c) (3x)4 (d) (2y)5

(e) (ab)4 (f) (xy)7 (g) (wz)5 (h) (st)3

(i) (pq2)3 (j) (x4y)2 (k) (a2b3)5 (l) (6a5)2

(m) (10x2)3 (n) (2c4)5 (o) (3ab2)3 (p) (4m2k)2

5. Simplify these expressions.

(a) 2a3  5a5 (b) 7x  9x8 (c) 12p7  4p4 (d) 50b12  10b6

(e) 3y  (2y2)3 (f) (4q3)2  5q4 (g) (4c3)3  8c2 (h) 72z12  (3z4)2

(i) k2(k3 + k5) (j) m5(m2  m3) (k) 2x4(x3 + 3x2) (l) 5a5(2a2  3a3)

x5  x4 (m 5 ) 4 5c 3  4c 7 (3q 3 ) 2  4q 4
(m) (n) (o) (p)
x6 m6 2c 6 6q 7

(3xy 5 ) 3 ( 2a 2 b 5 ) 6 (4 p 4 ) 3 (2ab3 ) 5
(q) (r) (s) (t)
9x 2 y (4ab) 2 2 p3  8 p6 3a 2 b  4ab 2

6. Write down the value of

(a) 50 (b) 20 (c) 1000 (d) (3)0 (e) 250

(f) ½0 (g) a0 (h) k0 (i) (mn)0 (j) (ab2)0

(k) (10x3)0 (l) (16y2z3)0

7. Rewrite the following with positive indices.

(a) 32 (b) 54 (c) 26 (d) 103 (e) 45 (f) 2007

(g) a5 (h) x2 (i) p7 (j) y10 (k) 2b3 (l) 10 qx

1 1 3 10 2 5
(m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r)
x 3 w 5 a 2 c 8 3t 1 4 y 3
8. Rewrite the following with negative indices.

1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
32 69 54 27 10 3 44

1 1 1 1 1 1
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
x3 a5 p4 y 10 q6 c8

9. Simplify the following expressions.

(a) m3  m5 (b) x7  x2 (c) p8  p5 (d) a3  a5

(e) (y3)4 (f) (c5)3 (g) (q3)5 (h) (w2)4

(i) 4b4  5b5 (j) 3x6  9x6 (k) 4k3  2k2 (l) 18d  12d4

(m) x2(x3 + x1) (n) p3(p4  p8) (o) 3a5(2a + 3a2)

v3  v5 4h 7  3h 4
(p) ½ m2(4m3  10m6) (q) (r)
v 2 2h 4

4c 5  9c 6 5 x 4  6 x 8
(s) (t)
6c  4 3x  4

10. Find the value of

1 1 1 2 1 1

(a) 16 4 (b) 83 (c) 36 2 (d) 27 3 (e) 64 3 (f) 1000 3

1 3 2 1 1 1

2 4 3 2 3 4
(g) 25 (h) 81 (i) 125 (j) 64 (k) 216 (l) 16
1 1 1 2 3 2
     
2 2 2 3 3
(m) 4 (n) 16 (o) 9 (p) 27 (q) 256 4
(r) 1000
3 4 4 2 3
  1 
(s) 16 2
(t) 8 3
(u) 83 (v) (8) 3 (w) 64 3 (x) 100 2

4
(y) ( 12 ) 1 (z) ( 18 ) 3
11. Simplify the following expressions, giving your answers with positive indices.
1 1 3 2

(a) ( x 2 )6 (b) ( p 3 )6 (c) ( a 4 )8 (d) ( y 3 )9
1 2 1 2
  
4 12
(e) ( q 5 )10 (f) (k 5
)1 (g) (g ) 2
(h) (m ) 3

2 1 3 3
  
9 3 5 2 4 4 16 4
(i) (c ) (j) (h ) (k) (z ) (l) (b )
1 1 1 2 1 9 7 1
  
(m) x  x
2 2
(n) y  y
3 3
(o) d 4
d 4
(p) s  s
2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
 
(q) 3x2  4x2 (r) 6x2  2x 2
(s) 2x2  5x2 (t) 3x3  2x 3

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2

(u) x  x
2 2
(v) 2x  x 2 2
(w) 8x  2x 3 3
(x) 6x  4x 3 3

12. Write the following in surd form.

1 1 1 2
2 3 4 3
(a) x (b) y (c) a (d) y
3 5 3 4
4 3 5 5
(e) b (f) x (g) c (h) a
1 1 2 3
   
3 2 3 5
(i) c (j) z (k) m (l) k
4 5 4 2
   
3 3 5 7
(m) p (n) x (o) w (p) d

13. Write the following in index form.

3
(a) x (b) 3
a (c) y3 (d) z2

(e) 3
c2 (f) 4
x3 (g) 3
p5 (h) 5
m2

1 1 1 1
(i) (j) 3
(k) (l)
a z 3
x4 a5

1 1 1 1
(m) (n) (o) (p)
3
b2 5
m3 4
y 3
c5
14. Simplify each of the following by …..... (i) changing root signs to fractional powers;

(ii) moving x's onto the numerators;

(iii) expanding brackets …… where necessary.

3
1 1 1 12
(a) x 2 ( x 4  1) (b) x 2 (x 2  x 2 ) (c) ( x  x)
x2

2
2 1 1  2 1
(d) 3
(x2  ) (e) (x  x )
2
(f) x  
x x x  x

2
1  1  1 
(g) ( x  x) (h)  x   (i) x 2   3 x 
x  x x 

x2  3 xx (2 x  1) 2
(j) (k) (l) 3
x x2
x2

INDICES EXAM QUESTIONS

7a 3b 2
1. (a) Simplify
a b

(b) If a = –1 and b = 4, find the value of the expression in part (a).

2
2. Given that y = 2 x 3, find y when x = 8.
2 2
 23
3. Simplify x ( x  x )
3 3

m5  23
4. (a) Simplify (b) Evaluate 125
m 3

p5  8 p
5. Express in its simplest form.
2 p 3

6. Simplify, writing your answer with a positive index: 3 a 4 a  6

x3  x4
7. Simplify the fraction, giving your answer in positive index form:
x9

a2  a5
8. Simplify .
a 3
1 5
9. (a) Remove the brackets and simplify: p ( p  2) . 2 2

1 5
(b) Hence, or otherwise, find the value of p ( p  2) when p  4 .
2 2
1.2 CALCULATIONS USING SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

1. Rewrite these sentences with the numbers written out in full

(a) The speed of light is 3  108 metres per second.

(b) The diameter of the earth is 1∙268  104 kilometres.

(c) A Building Society has £2.15  109 in its funds.

(d) The radius of the orbit of an electron is 5  108 mm.

(e) A space probe reached a speed of 1∙49  105 m.p.h.

(f) The earth weighs 6∙6  1021 tonnes.

(g) A film of oil is 8  107 mm thick.

2. Use your calculator to answer the following, giving your answers in Standard Form.

(a) (2∙2  105)  (4  106) (b) (3∙15  107)  (2∙2  108)

(c) (1∙8  103)  (2∙3  104) (d) (9∙1  106)  (1∙5  1012)

(e) (1∙4  1013)  (4∙9  1011) (f) (2∙3  105)  (2∙4  107)

(g) (4∙25  104)  (2∙8  102) (h) (1∙95  108)  (3∙2  109)

(i) (8∙7  105)  (7∙3  1010) (j) (5∙05  1021)  (1∙8  1017)

(k) (2∙2  1015)  (4  108) (l) (3∙15  104)  (5  1013)

(m) (1∙8  1023)  (2∙4  107) (n) (1∙302  1014)  (1∙4  108)

(o) (1∙131  1018)  (8∙7  1010) (p) (8∙25  105)  (3∙3  107)

(q) (4∙25  1014)  (2∙5  105) (r) (8∙82  1022)  (6∙3  1011)

(s) (9∙167  104)  (1∙03  104) (t) (6∙846  1034)  (6∙52  1015)

1  28  10 6 4  17  10 2 18  10 2
(u) (v) (w)
0  4  10 2 3  10 3 0  2  10 5
3. Answer each of the following questions leaving your answers in standard form.

(a) Light travels at 1  85  105 miles per second. How far will it travel in an hour?

(b) The radius of the earth is 6  45  106 metres. What is its circumference (in km)?

(c) If a heart beats 70 times a minute, how many times will it beat in a lifetime of 80
years?[Take all years to have 365 days]

(d) 100 grams of water contains 2000 drops. How many drops would there be in
a tank containing 1 tonne of water?

(e) In 1 gram of carbon there are 6  1026 atoms. How many carbon atoms are
there in 5kg of pure carbon?

4. Answer each of the following questions leaving your answers in standard form

(a) The weight of a droplet of water is 8∙7  10–5 grams. Calculate the weight of
10 000 droplets.

(b) A space probe can travel at a speed of 3·6  106 miles per day. What distance
will it travel in a week?

(c) A biscuit factory produces 6∙7  106 teacakes every day. How many teacakes were
produced in the month of February 2008?

(d) The speed of light is approximately 299 million metres per second. How far can
light travel in a minute?

(e) Last year 1·68 × 106 copies of a DVD were sold on its first day of release. If the
cost of one DVD was £12, how much money was collected on that first day?

(f) In a reality TV show there were 7·9 × 106 calls made to vote for the contestants. If
each call cost 24p calculate how much the calls cost in total. Give your answer in
pounds.

(g) There are 8  64  10 4 seconds in one day. How many seconds are there in the month
of April?

(h) Organisers of the London Marathon provide enough water to give each runner 7
litres during the race. If 747 000 runners take part, how many litres of water are
provided?

(i) The exchange rate in Turkey is £1 = 2 670 000 Turkish Lira. Stephen is going on an
Adriatic cruise and changes £700 into Turkish Lira. How much will he get in Lira?
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION EXAM QUESTIONS

1. The distance between the earth and mars is on average

approximately 1  65  108 miles.

A spaceship has been designed to travel between the

earth and mars at an average speed of 20 000 miles per hour.

How many days will the spaceship take to reach mars?

Give your answer correct to the nearest day.

2. Uranium is a radioactive isotope which has a half-life of 4  5  109 years. This means

that only half of the original mass will be radioactive after 4  5  109 years.

How long will it take for the radioactivity of a piece of Uranium to reduce to one

eighth of its original level? Give your answer in scientific notation.

3. The population of Scotland in June 2001 was 5.06  106 people.

The population of China in June 2001was approximately 250 times

larger than that of Scotland .

Calculate, correct to three significant figures, the population of China

in 2001, expressing your answer in standard form.

4. The Blackbird is a two-seater high speed jet.

In December 1964 it broke a world speed record by

travelling at 1  02  10 4 metres per second.

Calculate, correct to three significant figures, the distance travelled if the jet were to

maintain this speed for one hour. Express your answer in scientific notation.
1.3 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

1. Round to 1 significant figure :

(a) 23 (b) 5.5 (c) 78 (d) 31

(e) 125 (f) 309 (g) 291 (h) 843.6

(i) 7646 (j) 1928 (k) 8003 (l) 5192.7

(m) 10·9 (n) 556·2 (o) 3·98 (p) 12345

(q) 1·01 (r) 93 (s) 0·86 (t) 606

2. Round to 2 significant figures :

(a) 8·72 (b) 92·8 (c) 0·186 (d) 679

(e) 2·112 (f) 6·463 (g) 31·4 (h) 25·8

(i) 24·27 (j) 18·76 (k) 6397 (l) 4·99

(m) 0·0526 (n) 0·00613 (o) 0·08702 (p) 13814

(q) 2·456 (r) 45192 (s) 29·302 (t) 0·756

3. Round to 3 significant figures :

(a) 49·32 (b) 2·345 (c) 0·5928 (d) 4765

(e) 6·081 (f) 24180 (g) 0·06281 (h) 29·514

(i) 0·0094682 (j) 56248 (k) 0·09803 (l) 24·47

(m) 28·32 (n) 2463 (o) 3174 (p) 30·03

(q) 2·6759 (r) 3085 (s) 2·007 (t) 0·0003175

4. Round 248382 correct to

(a) 4 sig. figs (b) 3 sig. figs (c) 2 sig. figs (d) 1 sig. fig

5. Round 0∙0286016 correct to

(a) 4 sig. figs (b) 3 sig. figs (c) 2 sig. figs (d) 1 sig. fig
6. Calculate and give your answer correct to 2 significant figures

(a) 5∙16  22∙7 (b) 27∙3  6∙84 (c) 3∙14  92

(d) 25∙8  1∙76  1∙1 (e) 13∙2  3∙72 (f) 25∙8  52∙9

(g) 1∙142  2∙92 (h) 5∙2  0∙49  30∙3 (i) 234  (0∙028  33)

(j) (0∙08  252)  3 (k) (1∙05)2  455 (l) 3∙14  122  7

7. Calculate and give your answer correct to 3 significant figures

(a) 2∙29  58∙1 (b) 325∙9  68∙2 (c) 3∙14  18

(d) 0∙08  12349 (e) 3∙72  1∙56 (f) 1001  3

(g) 12∙7  (1∙24 + 0∙321) (h) 0∙13  99  0∙49 (i) 0∙77  (4∙2  1∙9)

(j) (26∙9  1∙85)  13 (k) 60  29 (l) 11  2∙6  30

8. The speed of light is approximately 8 105 times faster than the speed of sound in air.

If the speed of sound in air is 372 metres per second, calculate the speed of light.

Give your answer in scientific notation correct to 3 significant figures.

2.1 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS with BRACKETS
1. Multiply out the brackets:

(a) 3 (x  5) (b) 5 (y + 7) (c) 8 (a + 6) (d) 6 (3 + t)

(e) x (x + 9) (f) y (3  y) (g) b (b  4) (h) p (5 + p)

(i) a (b + c) (j) x (x  y) (k) p (q  r) (l) a (a + x)

2. Expand the brackets:

(a) 4 (2a + 5) (b) 7 (3y  4) (c) 2 (12x + 11) (d) 9 (4c  7)

(e) 2a (a + 3) (f) 5x (x  8) (g) 10y (3  y) (h) 3t (t + 6)

(i) 3x (2x  9) (j) 2y (7  5y) (k) 4b (3b  8) (l) 5x (5x + 4)

3. Expand and simplify:

(a) 3(3a  1) + 2a (b) 2(5x + 3)  3x (c) 8(b + 2)  9

(d) 4(2h  1) + 7 (e) 5(3  4x) + 11x (f) 3(2c + 1)  8

(g) 2(4t + 3)  10t (h) p(p + q)  3pq (i) 7(1  3c)  10

(j) 3 + 2(2x + 5) (k) 7a + 3(2a  3) (l) 5  2(2x  7)

(m) 6 + 5(3y  2) (n) 9b  2(4b 1) (o) 8  3(5x + 7)

(p) 12x  4(4x  5) (q) 3c + 5(1  2c) (r) 7  2(5a  12)

4. Multiply out the brackets:

(a) (x + 2)(x + 3) (b) (y +5)(y +2) (c) (a + 4)(a + 6)

(d) (b + 3)(b + 4) (e) (x + 9)(x +5) (f) (s + 3)(s + 8)

(g) (y + 7)(y + 4) (h) (b + 3)(b + 3) (i) (c + 6)(c + 7)

(j) (a + 8)(a + 4) (k) (y + 4)(y + 2) (l) (x + 9)(x + 8)

(m) (p + 12)(p + 7) (n) (c + 5)(c + 6) (o) (t + 7)(t + 9)

(p) (x + 4)(x + 9) (q) (y + 12)(y + 5) (r) (a + 11)(a + 9)

5. Multiply out the brackets:

(a) (x  1)(x  5) (b) (c  4)(c  2) (c) (y  3)(y  7)

(d) (b  6)(b  8) (e) (x  5)(x  2) (f) (s  8)(s  5)

(g) (y  2)(y  9) (h) (a  4)(a  4) (i) (t 3)(t  6)

(j) (x  6)(x  5) (k) (b  5)(b  3) (l) (c  10)(c  4)

(m) (a  3)(a  9) (n) (y  8)(y  7) (o) (x  12)(x  3)

(p) (s  4)(s  7) (q) (d  1)(d  15) (r) (b  10)(b  1)

6. Multiply out the brackets:

(a) (x  1)(x + 5) (b) (a + 3)(a  7) (c) (t  5)(t + 4)

(d) (y + 8)(y  4) (e) (c + 2)(c  7) (f) (x  6)(x + 1)

(g) (b  2)(b + 9) (h) (p  10)(p + 2) (i) (y  8)(y + 7)

(j) (z + 4)(z  6) (k) (x + 1)(x  1) (l) (a + 2)(a  15)

(m) (c  3)(c + 3) (n) (p  7)(p + 1) (o) (b + 10)(b  5)

7. Multiply out the brackets:

(a) (x + 3)2 (b) (w  2)2 (c) (a  5)2 (d) (c + 8)2

(e) (y  4)2 (f) (a + 6)2 (g) (b + 1)2 (h) (s + 7)2

(i) (b  9)2 (j) (x  10)2 (k) (c  1)2 (l) (y  3)2

(m) (2x  1)2 (n) (5y + 2)2 (o) (3x + 4)2 (p) (4b  5)2

8. Multiply out the brackets:

(a) (a + b)(c + d) (b) (2 + x)(3 + y) (c) (a + 4)(b + 5)

(d) (p  q)(r  s) (e) (1  a)(7  b) (f) (c  6)(d + 8)
9. Multiply out the brackets:

(a) x(x2 + x  1) (b) 3(2x2 3x + 5) (c) x(3x2  5x + 8)

(d) 2x(x2 + 2x + 3) (e) 5(x2  8x + 2) (f) x(x2  4x  7)
10. Multiply out the brackets and simplify:

(a) (x + 2)(x2 + 3x + 1) (b) (x + 5)(x2 + 4x+ 2)

(c) (x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 4) (d) (x + 3)(x2 + x + 5)
(e) (x + 8)(x2 + 2x + 3) (f) (x + 4)(x2 + 7x + 6)
(g) (x + 12)(x2 + x + 7) (h) (x + 10)(x2 + 3x +9)
(i) (x + 9)(x2 + 12x + 7) (j) (x + 7)(x2 + 9x + 1)
(k) (x + 3)(x2  5x + 2) (l) (x  6)(x2  x + 11)
(m) (x + 2)(x2  8x + 3) (n) (x + 5)(x2  6x + 7)
(o) (x + 10)(x2 + 3x  6) (p) (x + 9)(x2 + 5x  6)
(q) (x + 11)(x2 + x  2) (r) (x + 7)(x2 + 8x  3)

11. Multiply out the brackets and simplify:

(a) (x  1)(x2 + x + 1) (b) (x  7)(x2 + 3x + 5)

(c) (x  2)(x2 + 4x + 3) (d) (x  4)(x2 + 6x + 1)
(e) (x  3)(x2  2x + 5) (f) (x  6)(x2  5x + 2)
(g) (x  4)(x2  x + 2) (h) (x  1)(x2  2x + 7)
(i) (x  9)(x2 + 3x  2) (j) (x  5)(x2 + 8x + 6)
(k) (x  8)(x2 + x  7) (l) (x  3)(x2 + 9x  12)
(m) (x  5)(x2  4x  1) (n) (x  10)(x2  3x  8)
(o) (x  6)(x2  7x  2) (p) (x  1)(x2  17x  13)

12. Multiply out the brackets and simplify:

(a) (x + 5)(2x2 + 4x + 9) (b) (x  3)(5x2 + x + 6)

(c) (x  2)(6x2  5x + 7) (d) (x + 7)(3x2 + 9x 2)
(e) (x  4)(5x2  x  8) (f) (x + 1)(7x2  2x + 11)
(g) (2x + 1)(3x2 + 4x + 1) (h) (3x + 4)(x2  11x + 2)
(i) (5x  2)(2x2 + 3x  7) (j) (4x  3)(3x2  5x  4)
13. Expand and simplify each of the following expressions:
(a) 3( x  4)  ( x  2) 2 (b) (2 x  1)( x  3)  2 x( x  3)

(c) (2 x  3) 2  4( x  1) (d)  ( x  2) 2  4 x

(e)  3(2 x  1) 2  12 x 2 (f) ( x  3)( x  2)  ( x  4) 2

(g) 3x( x  4)  ( x  2)( x  4) (h) ( x  2) 2  (2 x  1) 2  ( x  3)

(i) (2 x  3) 2  4( x  3)(2 x  1) (j) 3x( x  3) 2  2 x( x  3)

(k) 2 x( x 2  x  2)  ( x  3) 2 (l) ( x  1) 2  x( x  1) 2
2.2 FACTORISING an ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
1. Factorise by first finding a common factor:

(a) 2x + 2y (b) 3c + 3d (c) 6s + 6t (d) 12x + 12y

(e) 9a + 9b (f) 8b + 8c (g) 5p + 5q (h) 7g + 7h

(i) 4m + 4n (j) 9e + 9f (k) 13j + 13k (l) 14v + 14w

2. Factorise by finding the common factor:

(a) 2x + 4 (b) 3d + 9 (c) 6s + 3 (d) 12x + 4

(e) 6 + 9a (f) 2b + 8 (g) 5y + 10 (h) 10 + 15c

(i) 12x + 16 (j) 18m + 24 (k) 30 + 36a (i) 14y + 21

3. Factorise by finding the common factor:

(a) 3x  6 (b) 4y  8 (c) 16  8a (d) 10c  15

(e) 9s  12 (f) 2b  14 (g) 12x  20 (h) 22m  33

(i) 15x  10 (j) 18  12y (k) 25b  20 (l) 18d  30

4. Factorise by finding the common factor:

(a) 2a + 4b (b) 10x  12y (c) 18m + 24n (d) 10c + 15d

(e) 6a  9x (f) 18s  12t (g) 12x + 15y (h) 14a  7b

(i) 25c + 10d (j) 9b  15y (k) 18x + 24y (i) 6a + 28b

5. Factorise by finding the common factor

(a) ax + ay (b) xy2 + xa2 (c) pqr + pst

(d) xay  bac (e) pq + p (f) y2 + y

(g) a2  ab (h) ab  bc (i) n2  3n

(j) xy + y2 (k) abc  abd (l) fgh  efg

6. Factorise by finding the highest common factor:

(a) 2ax + 6a (b) 3y + 9y2 (c) 24a  16ab

(d) pq2  pq (e) 12xy  9xz (f) 6b2  4b

(g) 3a2 + 27ah (h) 15abc + 20abd (i) 3s3  9s2

(j) 14x  12xyz (k) 10b2c  15bcd (l) 2r 2 + 2rh

7. Factorise by finding the highest common factor:

(a) ap + aq  ar (b) 2a + 2b + 2c (c) 6e  2f + 4g

(d) p2 + pq + xp (e) 3ab  6bc  9bd (f) ½ ah + ½ bh + ½ ch

(g) 5x2  8xy + 5x (h) 4ac + 6ad  10a2 (i) 15p2 + 10pq + 20ps

8. Factorise the following expressions, which contain a difference of squares:

(a) a2  b2 (b) x2  y2 (c) p2  q2 (d) s2  t2

(e) a2  32 (f) x2  22 (g) p2  92 (h) c2  52
(i) b2  1 (j) y2  16 (k) m2  25 (l) a2  9
(m) 36  d2 (n) 4  q2 (o) 49  w2 (p) x2  64

9. Factorise the following expressions, which contain a difference of squares:

(a) a2  4b2 (b) x2  25y2 (c) p2  64q2 (d) 16c2  d2

(e) 81  4g2 (f) 36w2  y2 (g) 4a2  1 (h) g2  81h2
(i) 49x2  y2 (j) 9c2  16d2 (k) 4p2  9q2 (l) b2  100c2
(m) 25  16a2 (n) 4d2  121 (o) 225  49k2 (p) 9x2  0·25

10. Factorise the following expressions which contain a common factor and a difference of
two squares:

(a) 2a2  2b2 (b) 5p2  5 (c) 45  5x2 (d) 4d2  36

(e) 2y2  50 (f) 4b2  100 (g) 3q2  27 (h) 8a2  32b2
(i) ab2  64a (j) xy2  25x (k) abc2  ab (l) 8p2  50q2
(m) 2x2  2·88 (n) ak2  121a (o) 10s2  2·5 (p) ½ y2  450
11. Factorise the following quadratic expressions:

(a) x2+ 3x + 2 (b) a2 + 2a + 1 (c) y2 + 5y + 4

(d) x2 + 8x + 7 (e) x2 + 6x + 9 (f) b2 + 8b + 12
(g) a2 + 9a + 14 (h) w2 + 10w + 9 (i) d2 + 7d + 10
(j) x2 + 10x + 21 (k) p2 + 9p + 20 (l) c2 + 10c + 24
(m) s2 + 12s + 36 (n) x2 +11x + 28 (o) y2 + 10y + 25

12. Factorise the following quadratic expressions:

(a) a2  8a + 15 (b) x2  9x + 8 (c) c2  9c + 18

(d) y2  4y + 4 (e) b2  6b + 5 (f) x2  15x + 14
(g) c2  10c + 16 (h) x2  7x + 6 (i) y2  12n + 32
(j) p2  11p + 24 (k) a2  13a + 36 (l) x2  15x + 36
(m) b2  4b + 3 (n) q2  11q + 10 (o) a2  7y + 12

13. Factorise the following quadratic expressions:

(a) b2 + 3b  10 (b) x2 + 6x  7 (c) y2  y  6

(d) a2  a  20 (e) q2 + 2q  8 (f) x2  8x  20
(g) d2 + 4d  21 (h) c2 + 9c  36 (i) p2  5p  24
(j) y2  7y  8 (k) a2 + 5a  6 (l) x2  5x  36
(m) b2  4b  5 (n) s2 + 2s  24 (o) d2 + 6d  16

14. Factorise the following quadratic expressions:

(a) 3x2 + 7x + 2 (b) 2a2 + 5a + 2 (c) 3c2 + 8c + 5

(d) 2p2 + 11p + 9 (e) 2y2 + 11y + 5 (f) 3d2 + 11d + 6
(g) 5q2 + 9q + 4 (h) 4b2 + 8b + 3 (i) 6x2 + 13x + 6
(j) 3a2 + 14a + 15 (k) 10x2 + 17x + 3 (l) 9c2 + 6c + 1
(m) 6y2 + 11y + 3 (n) 3b2 + 5b + 2 (o) 8x2 + 14x + 3
15. Factorise the following quadratic expressions:

(a) 2x2  7x + 3 (b) 2a2  5a + 3 (c) 5p2  17p + 6

(d) 5b2  7b + 2 (e) 6x2  7x + 2 (f) 4y2  11y + 6
(g) 7c2  29c + 4 (h) 4m2  9m + 2 (i) 16a2  10a + 1
(j) 8y2  22y + 5 (k) 3p2  37p + 12 (l) 4x2  25x + 6
(m) 15a2  16a + 4 (n) 24c2  22c + 3 (o) 6b2  35b + 36

16. Factorise the following quadratic expressions:

(a) 3x2  2x  1 (b) 2a2  a  3 (c) 4p2  p  3

(d) 2c2 + 7c  4 (e) 6y2  11y  2 (f) 3w2 + 10w  8
(g) 3m2 + 2m  5 (h) 4q2 + 5q  6 (i) 6b2 + 7b  20
(j) 4t2  4t  3 (k) 12z2 + 16z  3 (l) 4d2  4d  15
(m) 7s2  27s  4 (n) 15x2 + 16x  15 (o) 36v2 + v  2
(p) 3v 2  10v  7 (q) 2l 2  11l  5 (r) 12m 2  31m  7
(s) 3n 2  19v  28 (t) 4b 2  20b  25 (u) 9c 2  18c  8
(v) 3q 2  14q  5 (w) 6a 2  a  12 (x) 8b 2  2b  15

(y) 12m 2  8m  15 (z) 2n 2  n  28

17. Fully factorise these expressions:

(a) 3x2  3 (b) 2p2 + 12p + 10 (c) 9x2  36

(d) 5x2 + 25x + 30 (e) ax2 + 5ax + 6a (f) 3y2  12y  15
(g) 15c2 + 27c + 12 (h) 16b2 + 28b + 6 (i) 9q2 + 33q + 18
(j) 10s2  35s + 15 (k) 8m2 20m + 12 (l) 8a2 36a + 36
(m) 4t2 + 2t  56 (n) 90d2 60d 80 (o) 400x2  4
2.3 COMPLETING THE SQUARE

1. Write the following in the form and write down the minimum value of each
one.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) (f) (g) (h)

2. Write the following in the form and write down the minimum value of each
one.

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)

3. Write the following in the form and write down the maximum value of each
one.

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

2.4 REDUCING an ALGEBRAIC FRACTION to SIMPLEST FORM

1. Express these fractions in their simplest form:

3 8 30 54
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 12 16 72

10a 9b 18 25
(e) (f) (g) (h)
5 6 12 x 15 y

4c 32 a 13 p 2 36 ab
(i) (j) (k) (l)
16 c 2 8a 3 52 p 3 6bc

4a 10 x 2 3v 2 t 10ab 3
(m) (n) (o) (p)
2a 2 12 xy 9vt 2 2a 2 b

30 p 2 q 81x 2 y 2 42 mn 2 8def 2
(q) (r) (s) (t)
25 pq 2 6y2 56 mn 10 e 2 f

3ab 2 c 4k 2 m 5efg 2 21xy 2

(u) (v) (w) (x)
4a 2 c 28km2 10e 2 fg 3 36 x 3

2. Simplify by first finding the common factor:

3a  6b 4 x  12 y 3a  a 2 xy  y 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 2 ab 2y

xy  x 2 3ab  6b 2 25b 2  15b 3 14 p  10 q

(e) (f) (g) (h)
6 x  xy 9b 2 10b 2s

3a 6x 2st 5c
(i) (j) (k) (l)
2ab  ac 9x  9 y 6rs  2st 10 ac  15bc

14 p  28 p 2 8c  4d 8n 2  2n 15 x 2  6 xy
(m) (n) (o) (p)
8  16 p 6ac  3ad 12 n  3 10 x  4 y
3. Simplify the following by first factorising the numerator and/or denominator:

b2  4 x 2  81 a 2  25 y 2  36
(a) (b) (c) (d)
b2 x9 a5 y6

c 2  49 a 2  64 p 2 1 q2  9
(e) (f) (g) (h)
2c  14 2a  16 5p 5 3q  9

a2  b2 x2  y2 2m 2  18 3d 2  48
(i) (j) (k) (l)
3a  3b 5x  5 y 2m  6 12 d  48

x 2  3x  2 p 1 ax  5a a2 1
(m) (n) (o) (p)
x 1 p  2p 1
2
x 2  25 a 2  2a  1

b2  6 p  9 c 2  2c  15 3x 2  5 x  2
(q) (r) (s)
b2  9 c 2  25 x2  4

y2  6y  8 p2  4 p  5 c 2  4c  32
(t) (u) (v)
y 2  y  12 p2  2 p 1 c 2  c  56

2 x 2  13 x  6 6a 2  13a  5 10b 2  33b  7

(w) (x) (y)
x 2  9 x  18 3a 2  11a  4 10b 2  37 b  7
2.5 APPLYING the FOUR OPERATIONS to ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS
1. Express each sum as a fraction in its simplest form:

1 3 2 1 3 1 1 2
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
5 5 5 10 4 8 6 3
1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1
(e)  (f)  (g)  (h) 
9 3 3 4 5 4 4 6

1 5 1 2 3 1 1 3
(i)  (j)  (k)  (l) 
3 8 2 5 4 6 2 7

2 1 1 3 2 3 1 4
(m)  (n)  (o)  (p) 
7 8 5 8 9 7 3 7

2. Express each difference as a fraction in its simplest form:

3 1 1 1 5 2 11 5
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
4 4 2 6 6 3 12 6

11 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
(e)  (f)  (g)  (h) 
12 3 2 16 3 4 2 5

4 1 7 3 11 1 7 1
(i)  (j)  (k)  (l) 
5 2 8 16 12 3 12 3

5 2 5 3 7 3 5 7
(m)  (n)  (o)  (p) 
8 5 6 5 9 7 8 16

3. Express each product as a fraction in its simplest form:

1 4 1 3 1 4 2 1
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
4 7 3 10 2 7 3 8

4 1 6 2 3 10 3 4
(e)  (f)  (g)  (h) 
5 16 7 3 5 21 8 21

21 4 1 12 5 6 5 14
(i)  (j)  (k)  (l) 
32 7 9 13 16 25 7 15

7 12 12 39 2 5 5 11
(m)  (n)  (o)  (p) 
9 35 13 48 3 9 8 15
4. Express as a single fraction:

1 1 2 2 4 3 3 2
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
4 3 5 7 5 4 7 5

5 5 5 1 2 9 3 11
(e)  (f)  (g)  (h) 
12 3 9 3 5 10 7 14

4 2 2 4 24 20 6 9
(i)  (j)  (k)  (l) 
9 3 5 5 35 21 25 20

8 9 10 8 20 15 7 5
(m)  (n)  (o)  (p) 
21 14 21 9 33 44 30 20

5. Express each sum as a fraction in its simplest form:

a a 2b b 3x x p 2p
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
5 5 5 10 4 8 6 3

y 2y 3 2 5 1 2 5
(e)  (f)  (g)  (h) 
9 3 m m x x a 2a

4 3 8 3 3 2 5 3
(i)  (j)  (k)  (l) 
3y y p 5p a b x y

2 7 4 3 9 7 3 2
(m)  (n)  (o)  (p) 
m n p q c d 2x 3y

4 5 2 9 5 3 7 2
(q)  (r)  (s)  (t) 
3a 2b 3a 3b 4m 2n 3 p 6q

1 2 5 3 3 4 8 5
(u)  (v)  (w)  2 (x) 
a a2 x2 x 3b b 2m 3m 2

6. Express each difference as a fraction in its simplest form:

3a a 2b b 3x x 5p 2p
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
5 5 5 10 4 8 6 3

8y 2y 5 2 7 3 5 1
(e)  (f)  (g)  (h) 
9 3 m m x x a 2a

8 2 8 3 3 2 5 3
(i)  (j)  (k)  (l) 
3y y p 5p a b x y

6. (continued)
 7 2 4 3 9 7 3 2
(m)  (n)  (o)  (p) 
m n p q c d 2x 3y

5 3 5 2 5 3 7 2
(q)  (r)  (s)  (t) 
3a 2b 3a 3b 4m 2n 3 p 6q

1 2 7 3 4 3 7 4
(u)  (v)  (w)  2 (x) 
a a2 x2 x 3b b 2p 2
3p

7. Express each product as a fraction in its simplest form

x x y y a b p q
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
3 6 2 4 2 7 3 8

c2 c 6 2 3 10 3 4
(e)  (f)  (g)  (h) 
5 6 a a x y p p

2 4 1 11 5m 3 5 4x
(i)  (j)  (k)  (l) 
3m 5m b 3c 6 2m 7x 3

2 y 12 2 3 5 2 3t 2 2s 2
(m)  (n)  2 (o)  3 (p) 
9 5y 2 3a 7a 3p p 5s 6t 3

5 pq 3 7ab 2 2c 3 4 2m 4
(q)  (r)  2 (s)  2
2 4 pq 2 6c 3a 5mn n

4 yz 3xz 5ab 3 3a 2cd 3a 2

(t)  (u)  (v) 
9x 2 y 3 3c 2bc 2 7a 4cd 2

10 xy 2 12 xy 3 4st 4 pq 2 6a 2
(w)  (x)  (y)  3
3 5y2 8s 3 t 3 3a 5p

8. Express as a single fraction:

a a x y ab a
(a)  (b)  (c) 
4 2 2 2 5 2

p2 p 2c c 2 3 6
(d)  (e)  (f) 
10 5 3 6 t t

8. (continued)
 2 4 3 9 4 2
(g)  (h)  (i) 
k m y y2 bc c

3 12 24 xy 20 xy 6q 2 9q
(j)  (k)  (l) 
2x x 2 35 z 21z 25 p 20 p 2

8ab 9b 10 m 8mn 20 ax 15 x
(m)  (n)  (o) 
21c 14 ac 21n 2 9 33 y 44 ay 2

9. Simplify the following:

x2 x3 a6 a2 d 3 d 2

(a)  (b)  (c) 
3 6 4 3 2 6

2a  1 a  2 a  3b a  2b 2u  v u  v
(d)  (e)  (f) 
4 5 2 4 3 4

2 3 4 5 7 4
(g)  (h)  (i) 
x3 x2 x  5 x 1 x3 x2

2 3 1 5 2 3
(j)  (k)  (l) 
x4 x3 x3 x2 x5 x4

ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS EXAM QUESTIONS

5 4
1. Write as a single fraction in its simplest form  : x  2, x  0 .
x2 x

2 x 2  5x  3
2. Simplify this fraction
4x 2  9

6e 2  3e
3. Simplify fully the fraction
4e 2  1

3 5
4. Simplify 
x  2 x 1

3a a
5. Write as a single fraction in its simplest form: 
5x x 2

3 2
6. Express as a single fraction in its simplest form:  .
x x5
3.1 DETERMINING the GRADIENT of a STRAIGHT LINE given TWO POINTS

1. (a) Calculate the gradient of each line (i) (iii)

(ii)
in the diagram opposite.
(iv) (v)

(b) Copy and complete each statement below:

The gradient of any horizontal line is _______________ .

The gradient of any vertical line is _________________.

A line sloping upwards from left to right has a ___________________ gradient.

A line sloping upwards from right to left has a ___________________ gradient.

2. Find the gradients of the lines shown in each of the diagrams below:

h
c
a g
b

i j

e
k
d
f
l
3. Find the gradients of the lines below:
a y y
b
4 4
d
2 c 2

4 2 O 2 4 x 4 2 O 2 4 x

2 2

4 4
e

f
4. Calculate the gradient of the line joining each pair of points below:

(a) (2, 1) and ( 6, 3) (b) (1, 5) and (3, 1) (c) (2, 0) and (4, 6)

(d) (4, 3) and (8, 11) (e) (1, 9) and (3, 1) (f) (7, 3) and (5, 2)

(g) (2, 3) and (2, 3) (h) (1, 2) and (5, 1) (i) (4, 2) and (4, 4)

(j) (6, 2) and (5, 3) (k) (4, 3) and (6, 5) (l) (2, 3) and (0, 2)

5. Calculate the gradient of the line joining each pair of points below:

(a) A(2, 6) and B(8, 8) (b) C(3, 3) and D(4, 1)

(c) E(5, 9) and F(8, 15) (d) G(0, 6) and H(5, 11)

(e) I(1, 3) and J(7, 9) (f) K(4, 0) and L(1, 5)

(g) M(2, 2) and N(3, 4) (h) P(5, 1) and Q(2, 10)

(i) R(3, 5) and S(8, 4) (j) T(4, 6) and U(7, 2)

(k) V(5, 6) and W(2, 6) (l) X(1, 7) and Y(2, 6)

(m) J(6, 8) and K(3, 5) (n) S(3, 5) and T(2, 8)

(o) D(6, 3) and E(0, 4) (p) F(6, 9) and G(5, 5)
6. Prove that the following sets of points are collinear:

(a) A(6,1), B(2, 3) and C(4, 4)

(b) P(1, 1), Q(3, 5) and R(7, 10)

(c) E(5, 3), F(11, 2) and G(7, 5)

(d) K(5, 4), L(1, 4) and M(9½ , 10)

7. Given that each set of points are collinear, find the value of k in each case:

(a) P(4, 2), Q(1, 1) and R(8, k)

(b) A(1, 3), B(3, k) and C(4, 6)

(c) E(4, 1), F(k, 1) and G(8, 7)

(d) S(k, 2), T(9, 1) and U(3, 4)

8. The points E and F have coordinates (2, 5) and (4, a) respectively.
Given that the gradient of the line EF is 2 , find the value of a .
3

9. If the points (3, 2) , (1, 0) and (4, k) are collinear, find k .

10. Given that the points (3, 2), (4, 5) and (1, a) are collinear , find the value of a.

11. The line which passes through (1, 4) and (2, 5) is parallel to the line through (3, 7) and
(k, 5). Find the value of k.

12. The line which passes through (2, 3) and (5, 9) is parallel to the line through (4, k) and
(1, 1). Find the value of k.
3.2 WORKING with the LENGTH of an ARC of a CIRCLE

1. Calculate the length of the arc in each diagram below, giving your answer correct to 1d.p.

A E

(a) (b) D (c)

F
O 90o 14mm
140o 35o 2m
8cm O
O
C
B

2. Calculate the perimeter of each sector in Question 1. Giving your answers correct to 1 d.p.

3. Find the length of the minor arc AB in each of the following circles, giving your answers
correct to 1 d.p.

(a) (b) A (c) (d)

O
O O
90o O 9 cm
5 cm 7cm
90 o 3 cm 120o 7 cm
30o
B A
B B
A A B

(e) (f) (g) (h) h.

A

A 140o B
O O
2 cm 8 cm
O O 80o
150o 72o 10 cm
A B
12 cm
B A B

4. Calculate the length of the major arc in the circles shown in Question 3, giving your
answers correct to 1 d.p.
3.2 WORKING with the AREA of a SECTOR of a CIRCLE
1. Calculate the area of the sector in each diagram below, giving your answer correct to 3
significant figures.
A E
(a) (b) (c)
D

F
O 90o 14mm
140o 35o 2m
8cm O
O
C
B

2. Calculate the area of minor sector OAB in the circles shown below, giving your answers
correct to 3 significant figures.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

A
O
O O
90o O 9 cm
5 cm 7cm
90o 3 cm 120o 7 cm
30o
B A
B B
A A B
(e) (f) (g) (h)
A

A B
140o O O
2 cm 8 cm
O O 80o
150o 72o 10 cm
A B
12 cm
B A B

3. Calculate the area of the major sector for the circles in Question 2, giving your answers
correct to 3 significant figures.

4. The length of minor arc CD is 733 cm.

Calculate the area of the circle. O

120o

C D
3.2 WORKING with the ARCS and SECTORS of a CIRCLE EXAM QUESTIONS

Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures unless otherwise stated.

1. Calculate the area of the sector shown in the diagram, given that it has radius 6∙8cm.

135o
O

42o

2. A table is in the shape of a sector of a circle with radius 1·6m.

1·6m

The angle at the centre is 130o as shown in the diagram.

130o
O

Calculate the perimeter of the table.

42o

3. The door into a restaurant kitchen swings backwards and forwards through 110o.

110o

90cm

The width of the door is 90cm.

Calculate the area swept out by the door as it swings back and forth.
4. The YUMMY ICE CREAM Co uses this logo.

It is made up from an isosceles triangle and a sector of a circle as shown in the diagram.

 The equal sides of the triangle are 6cm

100o
 The radius of the sector is 3·3cm.

6cm
Calculate the perimeter of the logo.

5. A sensor on a security system covers a horizontal area in the shape of a sector

of a circle of radius 3·5m.

105º

The sensor detects movement in an area with an angle of 105º.

Calculate the area covered by the sensor.

6. A biscuit is in the shape of a sector of a circle with

triangular part removed as shown in the diagram.
R Q
The radius of the circle, PQ, is 7 cm and PS = 1∙5 cm.

Angle QPR = 80o.

S
Calculate the area of the biscuit.
P
7. Two congruent circles overlap to form the symmetrical shape shown below. Each circle
has a diameter of 12 cm and have centres at B and D.

D B

Calculate the area of the shape.

O

8. A sector of a circle with radius 6cm is shown opposite. x

Angle AOB  x  6cm

If the exact area of the sector is 4  square centimetres,

A B
calculate the size of the angle marked x.

9. A hand fan is made of wooden slats with material on the outer edge.

9cm 15cm

105˚

(a) Calculate the area of material needed for the hand fan.

(b) Calculate the perimeter of the shaded area in the diagram above.
10.

The area of the shaded sector is 5ˑ024 cm2.

O
Calculate the area of the circle.
72o

P Q

11. The area sector OPQ is 78.5 cm2. O

Calculate the size of angle xo. 10 cm xo
of the circle.

P Q

12. A school baseball field is in the shape of a

sector of a circle as shown.

Given that O is the centre of the circle, calculate:

(a) the perimeter of the playing field; 80o

O

80m
(b) the area of the playing field.

13. In the diagram opposite, O is the centre of two

concentric circles with radii 16cm and 20cm as shown.

Angle AOB  120o .

A

Calculate: (a) The perimeter of the shaded shape. B

20cm o
120
16cm
O
(b) The shaded area.
14. A Japanese paper fan is fully opened when angle PQR  150o as shown.

19cm
diagram 1
(a) Using the dimensions shown in diagram 1, calculate 36cm
P 150o
the approximate area of paper material in the fan. Q
R

diagram 2

(b) Decorative silk bands are placed along the edges

as shown in diagram 2, calculate the approximate total

length of this silk edging strip.

15. A grandfather clock has a pendulum which travels along an arc of a circle, centre O.

 The arm length of the pendulum is 60cm. O

 The pendulum swings from position OA to OB.

 The length of the arc AB is 21cm.

Calculate the size of angle AOB to the nearest degree.

A B

16. The shape opposite is the sector of a circle, centre P, radius 20m.

The area of the sector is 251 2 square metres. Q

20m
Find the length of the arc QR.
P

20m

R
17. A metal strip has been moulded into an arc of a circle of radius 155 centimetres which
subtends an angle of 82o at the centre of the circle as shown in the diagram below.

210cm
155cm

82o xo

Metal strip

The same strip of metal has now been remoulded to form an arc of a circle of radius
210 centimetres as shown.

Calculate the size of x, the angle now subtended by the metal strip.

18. Draw a diagram to help you answer these questions.

(a) A circle, centre O, has an arc PQ of length 40cm.

If the diameter of the circle is 80cm, calculate the size of angle POQ
correct to 1 d.p.

(b) A circle, centre O, has a sector EOF with an area of 50cm2.

If the radius of the circle is 8cm, calculate the size of angle EOF correct to 1 d.p.

(c) An arc AB on a circle, centre O, has a length of 16mm.

If angle AOB = 75o , calculate the radius of this circle.

(d) A sector of a circle has an area of 12cm2. If the angle at the centre is 60o,
calculate the diameter of the circle correct to 2-decimal places.
WORKING with VOLUME of a CYLINDER

This topic is not mentioned in National 5 arrangements but worth covering at this stage

1. Circular – based prism (cylinder)

Find the volume of a circular-based prism for the values of r and h given.

r (a) r = 6 cm h = 15 cm

(b) r = 8 cm h = 24 cm

(c) r = 4 cm h = 12 cm
h
(d) r = 10 cm h = 8 cm

(e) r = 20 cm h = 60 cm

(f) r = 7 cm h = 20 cm

(g) r = 15 cm h = 40 cm

(h) r = 11 cm h = 35 cm

(i) r = 44 cm h = 125 cm

(j) r = 8.8 cm h = 30 cm

2. A milk dispenser is cylindrical in shape with diameter 30cm.

(a) If 14 litres of milk are poured into it, calculate the depth of the milk

in the cylinder.

30cm

25cm

(b) The height of the cylinder is 25cm.

How many more litres of milk are needed to completely fill it?
3.

8cm Calculate the volume of a cylinder with diameter 12cm and height
8cm.
12cm

4. This paint tin has diameter 20 cm and height 30 cm as shown in the diagram.

30 cm

10 litres

20 cm

It is claimed that it can hold 10 litres of paint. Is this claim correct?

You must show all working and give a reason for your answer.
3.3 WORKING with the VOLUME of a SOLID SPHERE, CONE, PYRAMID

1. Calculate the volume of each sphere described below, rounding your answer to 1 decimal
place.

(a) r = 6cm

(b) r = 2m
r
(c) r = 9mm

(d) r = 3cm

2. Find the volume of a sphere for the following values of r and d.

(give your answers correct to 3 significant figures)

(a) r = 10cm (f) d = 18cm

(b) r = 25cm (g) r = 80mm

r
(c) d = 2m (h) d = 55cm

(d) r = 200mm (i) r = 3·5m

(e) d = 11cm (j) d = 48cm

3. A sphere has a diameter of 8cm.

Calculate its volume giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures.

4. Find the volume of a cone for the following values of r and h.

(give your answers correct to 3 significant figures)

(a) r = 5cm h = 14cm

(b) r = 7cm h = 25cm h

(c) r = 3cm h = 22cm

r
(d) r = 12cm h = 7cm
5. Find the volume of a cone for the following values of d and h.

(give your answers correct to 3 significant figures)

(a) d = 15cm h = 40cm

(b) d = 11cm h = 37cm

(c) d = 22cm h = 125cm

(d) d = 8ˑ8cm h = 30cm

6. Calculate the volume of each cone described below, rounding your answers to 1 decimal
place.

(a) r = 3cm and h = 6cm

h (b) r = 8mm and h = 12mm

(c) r = 3cm and h = 5cm

r
(d) r = 2m and h = 6m

7. A cone has a base diameter of 8cm and a height of 5cm. Calculate the volume of this cone.

8. A cone has a base diameter of 10cm and a slant height of 13cm.

13 cm
Calculate the volume of the cone.

5cm

9. A cone has a base radius of 9cm and a slant height of 15cm.

Calculate the volume of the cone.

10. A pyramid has a square base of side 4cm and a vertical height of 7cm.

Calculate the volume of the pyramid correct to 2 significant figures.

11. A pyramid has a rectangular base measuring 16mm by 12mm and a vertical height of
10mm.

Calculate the volume of the pyramid.

WORKING with the VOLUME of a SOLID SPHERE, CONE, PYRAMID & CYLINDER

EXAM QUESTIONS

1. The Stockholm Globe Arena is the largest hemispherical building in the world.

The radius of the building is 110 m.

Calculate the volume of the building in cubic metres,

giving your answer in scientific notation correct to 3
significant figures.

2. A metal bottle stopper is made up from a cone topped with a sphere.

The sphere has diameter 15cm.

Radius = 09cm
The cone has radius 09cm.

The overall length of the stopper is 65cm. 65cm

Calculate the volume of metal required to make the stopper.

Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.

3. The volume of this sphere is 524cm3.

Calculate the diameter, d cm.

dcm

4. Non Calculator!

Calculate the volume of this sphere which has radius 3m.

[Take   314 ]

3m
5. Sherbet in a sweet shop is stored in a cylindrical container like the one shown

in diagram 1. 20cm

32cm
Diagram 1

The volume of the cylinder, correct to the nearest 1000cm3, is 10 000 cm3.
5 cm
The sherbet is sold in conical containers with diameter 5 cm
as shown in diagram 2.

250 of these cones can be filled from the contents of the cylinder. d cm

Calculate the depth, d cm, of a sherbet cone. Diagram 2

6. Non Calculator!

The diagram shows a cone with radius 10

30 cm
centimetres and height 30 centimetres.

Taking π = 3∙14, calculate the volume of the

cone.
10 cm

7. A children’s wobbly toy is made from a cone, 21 cm

high, on top of a hemispherical base of diameter 20 cm.

21 cm The toy has to be filled with liquid foam.

Calculate the volume of foam which will be required.

20 cm
8. The lamp cover in a street lamp is in the
shape of a cone with the bottom cut off.

The height of the cone is 50cm and its

radius is 25cm. The height of the lamp is 30cm
and the base of the lamp has a radius of 18cm

Calculate the volume of the lamp cover. [Answer to 3 significant figures.]

9. A glass candle holder is in the shape of a cuboid with a cone

removed. The cuboid measures 4cm by 4cm by 6cm.

The cone has a diameter of 3cm and a height of 5cm.

6 cm Calculate the volume of glass in the candle holder.
4 cm

4 cm

10. For the Christmas market a confectioner has created a chocolate Santa.

It consists of a solid hemisphere topped by a solid cone.

Both have diameter 5cm and the height of the cone is 4cm as
shown in the diagram.

4cm

5cm

Calculate the volume of chocolate required to make one chocolate

Santa, giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures.

11. The diameter of an ordinary snooker ball is 525cm.

Calculate the volume of a snooker ball giving your answer correct to 3

significant figures.

12. A dessert is in the shape of a truncated cone [a cone with

a ‘slice’ taken from the top].

The radius of the base is 4∙1cm and is 1∙6 cm at the top.

The other dimensions are shown in the diagram.

5∙6cm
3∙7cm

Calculate the volume of the dessert.

13. A young child was given a slab of moulding clay. It was a cuboid and measured 15∙2cm by
4∙8cm by 3∙4cm.

(a) Calculate the volume of the cuboid rounding your answer to 2 significant figures.

The clay was made into 25 identical spheres.

(b) Using your answer from part (a), calculate the radius of one of the spheres.
 6∙6 cm

14. An ice cream is shaped like the one in the diagram.

3∙2 cm
The overall height of is 11∙7 cm.

The height of the cylinder is 3∙2 cm.

11∙7 cm
The diameter of the cone and cylinder is 6∙6 cm.

Calculate the volume of ice cream.

15. A company that produces bins uses the design of a cylindrical base with a hemispherical
lid.

If the total height of the bin is 60cm and the

radius of the bin is 14cm, calculate the

total volume of the bin in litres correct to 3 significant

figures.
60cm
(Volume of cylinder = r2h;

Volume of sphere = 4/3r3)

14cm

16. A Christmas bauble is made from a sphere of perspex with

a coloured cylinder in the middle. The volume round the
cylinder is filled with a thick liquid.

The sphere has a diameter of 8 cm. The cylinder has

a radius of 2∙6 cm with a height of 6 cm.

Calculate the volume of liquid needed to fill the sphere, giving your answer correct to 2
significant figures.
ANSWERS

1.1 WORKING WITH SURDS

1. (a) 22 (b) 23 (c) 52 (d) 25 (e) 26 (f) 63

(g) 215 (h) 62 (i) 103 (j) 33 (k) 46 (l) 43
(m) 35 (n) 72 (o) 310 (p) 32 (q) 27 (r) 45
(s) 42 (t) 410 (u) 56 (v) 211 (w) 37 (x) 57
2. (a) 102 (b) 122 (c) 1010 (d) 43 (e) 122 (f) 66

(g) 93 (h) 403 (i) 123 (j) 9√5 (k) 6√7 (l) 8√5

3. (a) 82 (b) 27 (c) 33 (d) 46 (e) 93 (f) 66

(g) 32 (h)  67 (i) 0 (j) 35 (k)  23 (l) 1111
4. (a) 53 (b) 22 (c) 2 (d) 82 (e) 65 (f) 56

(g) 35 (h) 710 (i) 32 (j) – 3 (k) 103 (l) 75

(m) 83 (n) 22 (o) 2 (p) 82 (q) 65 (r) 56

(s) 72 (t) 83 (u) 4√2

5. (a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 11 (d) a (e) 6 (f) c

(g) k (h) 32 (i) 4 (j) 23 (k) 15 (l) xy

(m) 4 (n) 6 (o) 10 (p) 8 (q) ab (r) 10x

(s) pq (t) 6k (u) 25 (v) 62 (w) 52 (x) 62

(y) 215 (z) 42

6. (a) 6 (b) 30 (c) 614 (d) 24 (e) 310 (f) 182

(g) 166 (h) 1515

3 1 1 1
7. (a) 2 (b) (c) (d) (e) 2 (f)
2 4 3 2
3 5 1 1 10
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) 6 (l)
2 3 2 3 3

1 1
(m) 2 2 (n) (o) 14 (p)
2 2 5
8. (a) 2 – 2 (b) 3 + 3 (c) 5 – 5 (d) 52 + 2

(e) 32 + 23 (f) 4√6 + 23 (g) 3√2 – 46 (h) 5 + 25

(i) 48 – 16√3 (j) 4 + 8√2 (k) 12 + 122 (l) 1510

(m) 6 + 3 (n) 6 (o) 6 + 32 (p) 35  5
9. (a) 22 – 1 (b) 6 – 25 (c) 16 + 112 (d) 2

(e) –1 (f) 1 (g) 10 – 132 (h) 10 + 38

(i) 12 + 76 (j) 11 + 62 (k) 5 + 26 (l) 13 – 43
(m) 30 – 414 (n) 37 – 203 (o) 2 (p) 8 + 27

(q) 8 +43 (r) 1

2 3 5 2 3
10. (a) (b) (c) (d) 2 3 (e) 2 5 (f)
2 3 5 3
3 5 6 4 5
(g) (h) 10 2 (i) 2 (j) 4 3 (k) (l)
5 2 5
(m) 5 2 (n) 5 7

5 2 2 2 2 6 4 2 4 5
11. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
10 5 2 5 3 7
5 10 5 2
(g) (h)
3 3

6 10
12. (a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 6
2 5

1 6 2 3
(e) (f) (g) 3 (h)
2 6 3

10 22 21 65
(i) (j) (k) (l)
2 2 3 5

2 6 15 4 15
(m) (n) (o) (p)
3 3 3 15

3 1 10
(q) (r) 5 (s) (l)
3 2 2

2 2 3 5
13. (a) (b) 2 3 (c) (d)
10 2 10

2 5 3 3 2
(e) 2 (f) (g) (h)
2 3 10
 2 2 3 2
(i) (j) (k) (l)
2 3 2 3

5 1
14. (a) 2 1 (b) (c)  12(2  3 ) (d)  (1  2 )
4

1 3( 5  1) 3
(e)  (1  3 ) (f) (g)  ( 2  2) (h)  (2  6 )
2 4 2

5(3  2 ) 7 2
(i) (j)  2(1  3 ) (k) (l) 3 2
7 3

3 14(9  2 )
(m) 6( 3  2 ) (n) ( 10  2 ) (o)  3( 5  6 ) (p)
2 79

SURDS PROBLEMS
1. (a) 3 5 (b) 3 (c) 6 5 (d) 2 2

2. (a) 10 (b) –2 (c) 6 (d) 4 2

3. (a) 4 3 (b) 8 (c) 4 15

4. (a) 2 cm2 (b) 2 3 cm

5. (a) 3 (b) 11

6. 8 2

7. (a) 3a (b) 3a 2

8. Proof 9. Proof

1.2 INDICES
1. (a) 36 (b) 24 (c) 107 (d) 88 (e) 77 (f) 58
(g) 98 (h) 613 (i) x8 (j) c11 (k) a14 (l) y10
(m) b40 (n) p10 (o) d6 (p) q20 (q) t10 (r) f7
(s) k13 (t) z100 (u) x80 (v) y20 (w) a90 (x) b1
2. (a) 25 (b) 52 (c) 123 (d) 77 (e) 204 (f) 84
(g) 315 (h) 42 (i) x5 (j) a4 (k) y10 (l) b3

(m) p (n) 1 (o) q6 (p) d3 (q) x6 (r) a6

(s) m13 (t) 1 (u) d8 (v) y 90 (w) t 99 (x) w10

3. (a) 38 (b) 84 (c) 106 (d) 210 (e) 415 (f) 1
(g) 129 (h) 525 (i) x8 (j) y40 (k) a21 (l) m16
(m) b18 (n) p15 (o) k100 (p) 1
4. (a) 4b2 (b) 343a3 (c) 81x4 (d) 32y5 (e) a4b4 (f) x7 y7
(g) w5z5 (h) s3t3 (i) p3q6 (j) x8 y2 (k) a10b15 (l) 36a10
(m) 1000x6 (n) 32c20 (o) 27a3b6 (p) 16m4k2
5. (a) 10a8 (b) 63x9 (c) 3p3 (d) 5b6
(e) 24y7 (f) 80q10 (g) 8c7 (h) 8z4

(i) k5 + k7 (j) m7  m8 (k) 2x7 + 6x6 (l) 10a7  15a8

(m) x3 (n) m14 (o) 10c 4 (p) 6q 3

(q) 3xy14 (r) 4a10b28 (s) 4 p3 (t) 8

3 a 2 b12

6. (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 1 (e) 1 (f) 1

(g) 1 (h) 1 (i) 1 (j) 1 (k) 1 (l) 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
7. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
32 54 26 10 3 45 200 7

1 1 1 1 2 10
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
a5 x2 p7 y 10 b3 qx

2 5 3
(m) x3 (n) w5 (o) 3a 2 (p) 10c 8 (q) t (r) y
3 4

8. (a) 32 (b) 6 9 (c) 5 4 (d) 2 7 (e) 10 3 (f) 4 4

(g) x 3 (h) a 5 (i) p 4 (j) y 10 (k) q 6 (l) c 8

9. (a) m2 (b) x5 (c) p3 (d) a8 (e) y12 (f) c15

(g) q15 (h) w8 (i) 20b (j) 27 (k) 2k5 (l) 1∙5d -3
(m) x5 + x (n) p  p11 (o) 6a6 + 9a3 (p) 2m5  5m4

(q) v10 (r) 6h 1 (s) 6c 5 (t) 10

10. (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 9 (e) 4 (f) 10
1
(g) 5 (h) 27 (i) 25 (j) 8 (k) 6 (l)
2

1 1 1 1 1 1
(m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r)
2 4 3 9 64 100

1 1 1
(s) (t) (u) 16 (v) 2 (w) 16 (x)
64 16 1000
1
(y) 2 (z)
16

1 1 1
11. (a) x3 (b) p 2 (c) a6 (d) (e) (f)
y6 q2 k5
2

1 1 1 1
(g) g2 (h) (i) c6 (j) (k) (l)
m8 h
5
2 z3 b12

(m) 1 (n) y (o) d2 (p) s3 (q) 12 x (r) 12

1 1
3
(s) 10x (t) 6x 3
(u) 1 (v) 2x (w) 4x 3
(x) 1
2x 3

12. (a) x (b) 3

x (c) 4
a (d) 3
y2

(e) 4
b3 (f) 3
x5 (g) 5
c3 (h) 5
a4

1 1 1 1
(i) 3
(j) (k) (l)
c z 3
m2 5
k3

1 1 1 1
(m) (n) (o) (p)
3
p4 3
x5 5
w4 7
d2
1 1 3 2 2 3
13. (a) x2 (b) a3 (c) y2 (d) z3 (e) c3 (f) x4
5 2 1 1 4 1
(g) p3 (h) m5 (i) a 2 (j) z 3
(k) x 3
(l) a5

2 3 1 5
(m) b 3
(n) m 5
(o) y4 (p) c 3

9 1 3 3
14. (a) x2  x2 (b) x  x2 (c) x  2  x 1

3 1
(d) 2x5  2x 2 (e) x 2 1 (f) x 4  2x 
x2
1
 12  53
(g) x 1 (h) x 2  2 x 2  x 1 (i) x 3  x

 32
1 1 3
(j) x  3x 1 (k) x  x 1 (l) 4x 2  4x 2
x 2
INDICES EXAM QUESTIONS
3 1 4
1. (a) 7a 2 b 2 (b) 56 2. 3. x 3 1
2

1 3 1
4. (a) m8 (b) 5. 4p9 6. 7. 8. a10
25 a2 x2

9. (a) p 3  2 p 12 (b) 60

1.2 CALCULATIONS USING SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

1. (a) The speed of light is 300 000 000 metres per second.
(b) The diameter of the earth is 12 680 kilometres.
(c) A Building Society has £2 150 000 000 in its funds.
(d) The radius of the orbit of an electron is 0∙000 000 05 mm.
(e) A space probe reached a speed of 149 000 m.p.h.
(f) The earth weighs 6 600 000 000 000 000 000 000 tonnes.
(g) A film of oil is 0∙000 000 08 mm thick.

2. (a) 8∙8  1011 (b) 6∙93  1015 (c) 4∙14  107 (d) 1∙365  1019

(e) 6∙86  1024 (f) 5∙52  1012 (g) 1∙19  107 (h) 6∙24  10

(i) 6∙351  104 (j) 9∙09  1038 (k) 5∙5  106 (l) 6∙3  10-10

(m) 7∙5  1015 (n) 9∙3  105 (o) 1∙3  107 (p) 2∙5  1012

(q) 1∙7  109 (r) 1∙4  1033 (s) 8∙9  108 (t) 1∙05  1019

(u) 3  2  10 4 (v) 1  39  10 5 (w) 9  10 6

3. (a) 6∙66  108 (b) 4∙0506  104 (c) 2∙94336  109

(d) 2  107 (e) 3 × 1030

4. (a) 8∙7  10–1 grams. (b) 2∙52  107 (c) 1∙943  108

(d) 1∙794  1010 (e) £2∙016  107 (f) £1∙896  106

(g) 2∙592  106 (h) 5∙229  106 (i) 1∙869  109

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION EXAM QUESTIONS

1. 344 days 2. 1∙35  1010 years 3. 1∙27  109 4. 3∙672  107
1.3 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

1. (a) 20 (b) 6 (c) 80 (d) 30 (e) 100 (f) 300

(g) 300 (h) 800 (i) 8000 (j) 2000 (k) 8000 (l) 5000
(m) 11 (n) 600 (o) 4 (p) 10000 (q) 1 (r) 90
(s) 0∙9 (t) 600

2. (a) 8∙7 (b) 93 (c) 0∙19 (d) 680 (e) 2∙1 (f) 6∙5
(g) 31 (h) 26 (i) 24 (j) 19 (k) 6400 (l) 5∙0
(m) 0∙053 (n) 0∙0061(o) 0∙087 (p) 14000 (q) 2∙5 (r) 45000
(s) 29 (t) 0∙76
3. (a) 49∙3 (b) 2∙35 (c) 0∙593 (d) 4770
(e) 6∙08 (f) 24200 (g) 0∙0628 (h) 29∙5
(i) 0∙00947 (j) 56200 (k) 0∙0980 (l) 24∙5
(m) 28∙3 (n) 2460 (o) 3170 (p) 30∙0
(q) 2∙68 (r) 3090 (s) 2∙01 (t) 0∙000318
4. (a) 248400 (b) 248000 (c) 250000 (d) 200000
5. (a) 0∙02860 (b) 0∙0286 (c) 0∙029 (d) 0∙03
6. (a) 120 (b) 4∙0 (c) 250 (d) 41
(e) 49 (f) 0∙49 (g) 3∙8 (h) 0∙084
(i) 250 (j) 17 (k) 500 (l) 65
7. (a) 133 (b) 4∙78 (c) 56∙5 (d) 988
(e) 8∙78 (f) 334 (g) 19∙8 (h) 26∙3
(i) 0∙965 (j) 326 (k) 2∙07 (l) 0∙0965

8. 2∙98  108
2.1 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS with BRACKETS

1. (a) 3x  15 (b) 5y + 35 (c) 8a + 48 (d) 18 + 6t

(e) x² + 9x (f) 3y  y² (g) b²  4b (h) 5p + p²

(i) ab + ac (j) x²  xy (k) pq  pr (l) a² + ax

2. (a) 8a + 20 (b) 21y  28 (c) 24x + 22 (d) 36c 63

(e) 2a² + 6a (f) 5x²  40 x (g) 30y  10y² (h) 3t² + 18t

(i) 6x²  27x (j) 14y  10y² (k) 12b²  32b (l) 25x² + 20x
3. (a) 11a  3 (b) 7x + 6 (c) 8b + 7 (d) 8h + 3

(e) 15  9x (f) 6c  5 (g)  2t + 6 (h) p²  2pq

(i)  3  21c (j) 13 + 4x (k) 13a  9 (l) 19  4x

(m)  4 + 15y (n) b+2 (o) 13 15x (p)  4x + 20

(q)  7c + 5 (r) 31  10a

4. (a) x 2  5x  6 (b) y 2  7 y  10 (c) a 2  10a  24

(d) b 2  7b  12 (e) x 2  14 x  45 (f) s 2  11s  24

(g) y 2  11y  28 (h) b 2  6b  9 (i) c 2  13c  42

(j) a 2  12a  32 (k) y2  6y  8 (l) x 2  17 x  72

(m) p 2  19 p  84 (n) c 2  11c  30 (o) t 2  16t  63

(p) x 2  13x  36 (q) y 2  17 y  60 (r) a 2  20a  19

5. (a) x 2  6x  5 (b) c 2  6c  8 (c) y 2  10 y  21

(d) b 2  14b  48 (e) x 2  7 x  10 (f) s 2  13s  40

(g) y 2  11y  18 (h) a 2  8a  16 (i) t 2  9t  18

(j) x 2  11x  30 (k) b 2  8b  15 (l) c 2  14c  40

(m) a 2  12a  27 (n) y 2  15 y  56 (o) x 2  15x  36

(p) s 2  11s  28 (q) d 2  16d  15 (r) b 2  11b  10

6. (a) x 2  4x  5 (b) a 2  4a  21 (c) t 2  t  20

(d) y 2  4 y  32 (e) c 2  5c  14 (f) x 2  5x  6

 (g) b 2  7b  18 (h) p 2  8 p  20 (i) y 2  y  56

(j) z 2  2 z  24 (k) x 2 1 (l) a 2  13a  30

(m) c2  9 (n) p2  6 p  7 (o) b 2  5b  50

7. (a) x ² + 6x + 9 (b) w2 – 4w + 4 (c) a2 – 10a + 25

(d) c² +16c + 64 (e) y2 – 8y + 16 (f) a ² + 12a + 36
(g) b² + 2b + 1 (h) s² + 14s + 49 (i) b2 – 18b + 81
(j) x2 – 20x + 100 (k) c2 – 2c + 1 (l) y2 – 6y + 9
(m) 4x2 – 4x + 1 (n) 25y² + 20y + 4 (o) 9x² + 24x + 16
(p) 16b² – 40b + 25
8. (a) ac + bc + ad + bd (b) 6 + 3x + 2y + xy (c) ab + 4b + 5a + 20
(d) pr  qr  ps + qs (e) 7  7a  b + ab (f) cd  6d + 8c – 48
9. (a) x3 + x2  x (b) 6x2 9x + 15 (c) 3x3  5x2 + 8 x
(d) 2x3 + 4x2 + 6x (e) 5x2 + 40x  10 (f) x3  4x2  7x
10. (a) x3 + 5x2 + 7x + 2 (b) x3 + 9x2 + 22x + 10
(c) x3 + 6x2 + 9x + 4 (d) x3 + 4x2 + 8x + 15
(e) x3 + 10x2 + 19x + 24 (f) x3 + 11x2 + 34x +24
(g) x3 + 13x2 + 19x + 84 (h) x3 + 13x2 + 39x + 90
(i) x3 + 21x2 + 115x + 63 (j) x3 + 16x2 + 64x + 7
(k) x3  2x2  13x + 6 (l) x3  7x2 + 17x  66
(m) x3  6x2  13x + 6 (n) x3  x2  23x + 35
(o) x3 + 13x2 + 24x  60 (p) x3 + 14x2 + 39x  54
(q) x3 + 12x2 + 9x  22 (r) x3 + 15x2 + 53x  21
11. (a) x3  1 (b) x3  4x2  16x  35
(c) x3 + 2x2  5x  6 (d) x3 + 2x2  23x  4
(e) x3  5x2 + 11x  15 (f) x3  11x2 + 32x  12
(g) x3  5x2 + 6x  8 (h) x3  3x2 + 9x  7
(i) x3  6x2  29x + 18 (j) x3 + 3x2  34x  30
(k) x3  7x2  15x + 56 (l) x3 + 6x2  39x + 36
(m) x3  9x2 + 19x + 5 (n) x3  13x2 + 22x + 80
(o) x3  13x2 + 40x + 12 (p) x3  18x2 + 4x + 13
12. (a) 2x3 + 14x2 + 29x + 45 (b) 5x3  14x2 + 3x  18
(c) 6x3  17x2 + 17x  14 (d) 3x3 + 30x2 + 61x  14
(e) 5x3  21x2  4x + 32 (f) 7x3 + 5x2 + 9x + 11
(g) 6x3 + 11x2 + 6x + 1 (h) 3x3  29x2  38x + 8
(i) 10x3 + 11x2  41x + 14 (j) 12x3  29x2  x + 12
13. (a) x 2  7x  8 (b) 4x 2  x  3 (c) 4 x 2  8x  5
(d)  x2  4 (e) 12 x  3 (f)  9 x  22
(g) 2 x 2  10 x  8 (h) 5x 2  x  2 (i) 21  8x  4 x 2

(j) 3x 3  20 x 2  21x (k) 2x 3  x 2  2x  9 (l) 1  3x  x 2  x 3

2.1 FACTORISING an ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION

1. (a) 2(x + y) (b) 3(c + d) (c) 6(s + t) (d) 12(x + y)
(e) 9(a + b) (f) 8(b + c) (g) 5(p + q) (h) 7(g + h)
(i) 4(m + n) (j) 9(e + f) (k) 13(j + k) (l) 14(v + w)
2. (a) 2(x + 2) (b) 3(d + 3) (c) 3(2s + 1) (d) 4(3x + 1)
(e) 3(2 + 3a) (f) 2(b + 4) (g) 5(y + 2) (h) 5(2 + 3c)
(i) 4(3x + 4) (j) 6(3m + 4) (k) 6(5 + 6a) (i) 7(2y + 3)

3. (a) 3(x  2) (b) 4(y  2) (c) 8(2  a) (d) 5(2c  3)

(e) 3(3s  4) (f) 2(b  7) (g) 4(3x  5) (h) 11(2m  3)

(i) 5(3x  2) (j) 6(3  2y) (k) 5(5b  4) (l) 6(3d  5)

4. (a) 2(a + 2b) (b) 2(5x  6y) (c) 6(3m + 4n) (d) 5(2c + 3d)

(e) 3(2a  3x) (f) 6(3s  2t) (g) 3(4x + 5y) (h) 7(2a  b)

(i) 5(5c + 2d) (j) 3(3b  5y) (k) 6(3x + 4y) (i) 2(3a + 14b)
5. (a) a(x + y) (b) x(y2 + a2) (c) p(qr + st)

(d) a(xy  bc) (e) p(q + 1) (f) y(y + 1)

(g) a(a  b) (h) b(a  c) (i) n(n  3)

(j) y (x + y) (k) ab(c  d) (l) fg(h  e)

6. (a) 2a(x + 3) (b) 3y(1 + 3y) (c) 8a(3  2b)

(d) pq(q  1) (e) 3x(4y  3z) (f) 2b(3b  2)

(g) 3a(a + 9h) (h) 5ab(3c + 4d) (i) 3s2(s  3)

(j) 2x(7  6yz) (k) 5bc(2b  3d) (l) 2r(r + h)

7. (a) a(p + q  r) (b) 2(a + b + c) (c) 2(3e  f + 2g)

(d) p(p + q + x) (e) 3b(a  2c  3d) (f) ½ h(a + b + c)

(g) x(5x  8y + 5) (h) 2a(2c + 3d  5a) (i) 5p(3p + 2q + 4s)

8. (a) (a  b)(a + b) (b) (x  y)(x + y) (c) (p  q)(p + q)

(d) (s  t)(s + t) (e) (a  3)(a + 3) (f) (x  2)(x + 2)
(g) (p  9)(p + 9) (h) (c  5)(c + 5) (i) (b  1)(b + 1)
(j) (y  4)(y + 4) (k) (m  5)(m + 5) (l) (a  3)(a + 3)
(m) (6  d)(6 + d) (n) (2  q)(2 + q) (o) (7  w)(7 + w)
(p) (x  8)(x + 8)
9. (a) (a  2b)(a + 2b) (b) (x  5y)(x + 5y) (c) (p  8q)(p + 8q)
(d) (4c  d)(4c + d) (e) (9  2g)(9 + 2g) (f) (6w  y)(6w + y)
(g) (2a  1)(2a + 1) (h) (g  9h)(g + 9h) (i) (7x  y)(7x + y)
(j) (3c  4d)(3c + 4d) (k) (2p  3q)(2p + 3q) (l) (b  10c)(b +10c)
(m) (5  4a)(5 + 4a) (n) (2d  11)(2d + 11) (o) (15  7k)(15 + 7k)
(p) (3x  0∙5)(3x + 0∙5)
10. (a) 2(a  b)(a + b) (b) 5(p  1)(p + 1) (c) 5(3 – x)(3 + x)

(d) 4(d 3)(d + 3) (e) 2(y  5)(y + 5) (f) 4(b  5)(b +5)

(g) 3(q  3)(q + 3) (h) 8(a  2b)(a + 2b) (i) a(b – 8)(b + 8)

(j) x(y – 5)(y + 5) (k) ab(c  1)(c + 1) (l) 2(2p  5q)(2p + 5q)

(m) 2(x 1·2)(x + 1·2) (n) a(k – 11)(k + 11) (o) 2·5(2s – 1(2s + 1)
(p) ½( y  30)(y + 30)
11. (a) (x + 1)(x + 2) (b) (a + 1)(a + 1) (c) (y + 1)(y + 4)
(d) (x + 7)(a + 1) (e) (x + 3)(x + 3) (f) (b + 6)(b + 2)
(g) (a + 7)(a + 2) (h) (w + 1)(a + 9) (i) (d + 5)(d + 2)
(j) (x + 7)(x + 3) (k) (p + 4)(p + 5) (l) (c + 4)(c + 6)
(m) (s + 6)(s + 6) (n) (x + 7)(x + 4) (o) (y + 5)(y + 5)
12. (a) (a  5)(a  3) (b) (x  1)(x  8) (c) (a  6)(a  3)
(d) (y  2)(y  2) (e) (b  5)(b  1) (f) (x  14)(x  1)
(g) (c  2)(c  8) (h) (x  6)(x  1) (i) (y  4)(y  8)
(j) (p  8)(p  3) (k) (a  9)(a  4) (l) (x  3)(x  12)
(m) (b  1)(b  3) (n) (q  10)(q  1) (o) (a  4)(a  3)
13. (a) (b + 5)(b  2) (b) (x + 7)(x  1) (c) (y + 2)(y  3)
(d) (a + 4)(a  5) (e) (q + 4)(q  2) (f) (x + 2)(x  10)
(g) (d + 7)(d  3) (h) (c + 12)(c  3) (i) (p + 3)(p  8)
(j) (y + 1)(y  8) (k) (a + 6)(a  1) (l) (x + 4)(x  9)
(m) (b + 1)(b  5) (n) (s + 6)(s  4) (o) (d + 8)(d  2)
14. (a) (3x + 1)(x + 2) (b) (2a + 1)(a + 2) (c) (3c + 5)(c + 1)
(d) (2p + 9)(p + 1) (e) (2y + 1)(y + 5) (f) (3d + 2)(d + 3)
(g) (5q + 4)(q + 1) (h) (2b + 3)(2b + 1) (i) (3x + 2)(2x + 3)
(j) (3a + 5)(a + 3) (k) (5x + 1)(2x + 3) (l) (3c + 1)(3c + 1)
(m) (3y + 1)(2y + 3) (n) (3b + 2)(b + 1) (o) (4x + 1)(2x + 3)
15. (a) (2x  1)(x  3) (b) (2a  3)(a  1) (c) (5p  2)(p  3)
(d) (5b  2)(b  1) (e) (3x  2)(2x  1) (f) (4y  3)(y  2)
(g) (7c  1)(c  4) (h) (4m  1)(m  2) (i) (8a  1)(2a  1)
(j) (4y  1)(2y  5) (k) (3p  1)(p  12) (l) (4x  1)(x  6)
(m) (5a  2)(3a  2) (n) (6c  1)(4c  3) (o) (3b  4)(2b  9)
16. (a) (3x + 1)(x  1) (b) (a + 1)(2a  3) (c) (4p + 3)(p  1)
(d) (c + 4)(2c  1) (e) (6y + 1)(y  2) (f) (3w  2)(w + 4)
(g) (3m + 5)(m  1) (h) (q + 2)(4q  3) (i) (2b + 5)(3b  4)
(j) (2t + 1)(2t  3) (k) (2z + 3)(6z  1) (l) (2d + 3)(2d  5)
(m) (7s + 1)(s  4) (n) (3x + 5)(5x  3) (o) (4v + 1)(9v  2)
(p) (3v  7)(v  1) (q) (2l  1)(l  5) (r) (3m  7)(4m  1)
(s) (3n  7)(n  4) (t) (2b  5)(2b  5) (u) (3c  4)(3c  2)
(v) (3q  1)(q  5) (w) (2a  3)(3a  4) (x) (4b  5)(2b  3)
(y) (6m  5)(2m  3) (z) (2n  7)(n  4)
17. (a) 3( x  1)( x  1) (b) 2( p  5)( p  1) (c) 9( x  2)( x  2)
(d) 5( x  2)( x  3) (e) a( x  2)( x  3) (f) 3( y  5)( y  1)
(g) 3(5c  4)(c  1) (h) 2(4b  1)(2b  3) (i) 3(3q  2)(q  3)
(j) 5(2s  1)(s  3) (k) 4(2m  3)(m  1) (l) 4(2a  3)(a  3)
(m) 2(2t  7)(t  4) (n) 10(3d  2)(3d  4) (o) 4(10 x  1)(10 x  1)
2.3 COMPLETING THE SQUARE

1. (a) ( x  2) 2  4 [4] (b) ( x  5) 2  25 [25] (c) ( x  3  5) 2  12  25 [12∙25]

(d) ( x  4  5) 2  20  25 [20∙25] (e) ( x  3) 2  9 [9] (f) ( x  4) 2  16 [16]

(g) ( x  2  5) 2  6  25 [6∙25] (h) ( x  5  5) 2  30  25 [30∙25]

2. (a) ( x  1) 2  6 [6] (b) ( x  3) 2  7 [7] (c) ( x  4) 2  7 [7]

(d) ( x  5) 2  2 [2] (e) ( x  2) 2  12 [12] (f) ( x  8) 2  67 [67]

(g) ( x  3) 2  2 [2] (h) ( x  1) 2  4 [4] (i) ( x  4) 2  8 [8]

(j) ( x  7) 2  64 [64] (k) ( x  6) 2  15 [15] (l) ( x  10) 2  106 [106]

3. (a) 5  ( x  1) 2 [5] (b) 11  ( x  2) 2 [11] (c) 12  ( x  3) 2 [12]

(d) 35  ( x  5) 2 [35] (e) 16  25  ( x  1  5) 2 [16∙25] (f) 17  25  ( x  3  5) 2 [17∙25]

2.4 REDUCING an ALGEBRAIC FRACTION to SIMPLEST FORM

1 2 15 3 3b
1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 2a (f)
2 3 8 4 2
3 5 1 4 1 6a
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
2x 3y 4c a2 4p c

2 5x v 5b 2 6p 27 x 2
(m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r)
a 6y 3t a 5q 2

3n 4df 3b 2 k 1 7y2
(s) (t) (u) (v) (w) (x)
4 5e 4a 7m 2eg 12 x 2

a  2b 3 a x y
2. (a) (b) 2(2 x  3 y) (c) (d)
2 b 2

yx a  2b 5b  3b 2 7 p  5q
(e) (f) (g) (h)
6 y 3b 2 s

3 2x t 1
(i) (j) (k) (l)
2b  c 3( x  y ) 3r  t 2a  3b

7p 4 2n 3x
(m) (n) (o) (p)
4 3a 3 2
 c7 a 8
3. (a) b  2 (b) x  9 (c) a  5 (d) y  6 (e) (f)
2 2

p 1 q3 ab x y d 4
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) m  3 (l)
5 3 3 5 4

1 a a 1 b3 c3
(m) x  2 (n) (o) (p) (q) (r)
p 1 x5 a 1 b3 c5
3x  1 y2 p5 c4 2x  1 2a  5
(s) (t) (u) (v) (w) (x)
x2 y 3 p 1 c7 x3 a4

5b  1
(y)
5b  1

2.5 APPLYING the FOUR OPERATIONS to ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS

4 1 7 5 7 7
1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
5 2 8 6 9 12
17 5 23 9 11 13
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
20 12 24 10 12 14

23 23 41 19
(m) (n) (o) (p)
56 40 63 21
1 1 1 1 1 7
2. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
2 3 6 12 4 16

5 1 3 11 7 1
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
12 10 10 16 12 4

9 7 22 3
(m) (n) (o) (p)
40 30 63 16
1 1 2 1 1 4
3. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
7 10 7 12 20 7
2 1 3 4 3 2
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
7 14 8 39 40 3
4 3 10 11
(m) (n) (o) (p)
15 4 27 24

3 7 16 15 1 5
4. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
4 5 15 14 4 3
4 6 2 1 18 8
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
9 11 3 2 25 15

16 15 16 14
(m) (n) (o) (p)
27 28 9 15
 2a b 7x 5p 7y 5
5. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
5 2 8 6 9 m

6 9 13 43 3b  2a 5 y  3x
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
x 2a 3y 5p ab xy
2n  7 m 4q  3 p 9d  7c 9 y  4x
(m) (n) (o) (p)
mn pq cd 6 xy

8b  15a 2b  9a 5n  6m 7q  p
(q) (r) (s) (t)
6ab 3ab 4mn 3 pq

2a 5  3x b4 12m  5

(u) (v) (w) (x)
a2 x2 b2 3m 2
2a 3b 5x p 2y 3
6. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
5 10 8 6 9 m

4 9 2 37 3b  2a 5 y  3x
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
x 2a 3y 5p ab xy

7 n  2m 4q  3 p 9d  7c 9 y  4x
(m) (n) (o) (p)
mn pq cd 6 xy

10b  9a 5b  2a 5n  6m 7q  p
(q) (r) (s) (t)
6ab 3ab 4mn 3 pq

a2 7  3x 4b  9 21  8 p
(u) (v) (w) (x)
a2 x2 3b 2 6 p2
2
x y2 ab pq c3 12
7. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
18 8 14 24 30 a2
30 12 8 11 5 20
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
xy p2 15m 2 3bc 4 21

8 2 10 s 15 7b 2 c 2
(m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r)
15 y 7a 3 3p4 5t 8q 9a
8m 3 2z 2 5a 2 b 2 3a 3
(s) (t) (u) (v) (w) 8x 2 y (x)
5n 3 3y 2 2 p3 14d 2s 2 t 2
8q 2 a
(y)
5p2

1 x 2b p 4 1
8. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
2 y 5 2 c 2

m y 2 x 18 8 pq
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
2k 3 b 8 25 15

16a 2 15 16a 2 y
(m) (n) (o)
27 28n 3 9
 3x  7 7a  10 2d  11 6a  13
9. (a) (b) (c) (d)
6 12 6 20
3a  4b 5u  7v 5 x  13 9 x  29
(e) (f) (g) (h)
4 12 ( x  3)( x  2) ( x  5)( x  1)
11x  2  x  18 13  4 x 7x
(i) (j) (k) (l)
( x  3)( x  2) ( x  4)( x  3) ( x  3)( x  2) ( x  5)( x  4)

ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS EXAM QUESTIONS

9x  8 x 1 3e
1. 2. 3.
x( x  2) (2 x  3) e 1

 2 x  13 3x x  15
4. 5. 6.
( x  1)( x  2) 5 x( x  5)

3.1 DETERMINING the GRADIENT of a STRAIGHT LINE given TWO POINTS

1. (a) (i) 2 (ii)  12 (iii) 4
3 (iv)  16 (v) 1

(b) 0; undefined; positive; negative

2 1 3
2. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5 (e) 3 (f) 2

(g) 3 (h)  12 (i)  32 (j) 1 (k) 6 (l)  18

3. (a) 3 (b) 1
2
(c) 1 (d)  12 (e) 2
5
(f) 4

4. (a) 1
2 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 2 (e) 4 (f) 1
2

(g) 3
2 (h)  12 (i)  34 (j) 5 (k) 4 (l)  52

5. (a) 1
5 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 1 (e)  34 (f) 5
3

(g)  52 (h)  117 (i) 1

11 (j) 4
3 (k)  127 (l) 1
(m) 13
9 (n)  135 (o)  76 (p) 14
11

6. (a) both gradients 1

2 (b) both gradients  32

(c) both gradients 1

6 (d) both gradients  43

7. (a) k = 2 (b) k = 3 (c) k= 4 (d) k=5

8. a = 9 9. k = 2·5 10. a =  30 11. k=1 12. k = 19
3.2 WORKING with the AREA of a SECTOR of a CIRCLE
1. (a) 50·2cm² (b) 239mm² (c) 1·22m²
2. (a) 19·6cm² (b) 7·07cm² (c) 84·8cm² (d) 12·8cm²

(e) 4·88cm² (f) 100cm² (g) 83·7cm² (h) 62·8cm²

3. (a) 58·9cm² (b) 21·2cm² (c) 170cm² (d) 141cm²

(e) 7·68cm² (f) 352cm² (g) 117cm² (h) 251cm²

4. 12∙8cm²

3.2 WORKING with the ARCS and SECTORS of a CIRCLE EXAM QUESTIONS

1. 54·4cm² 2. 6·83m 3. 7770cm² 4. 27cm 5. 11·2m²

o
6. 33·1cm² 7. 206 cm² 8. 40
9. (a) 173cm² (b) 56·5cm 10. 25·1cm² 11. 90o
12. (a) 272m (b) 4470m² 13. (a) 83·4cm (b) 151cm²
14. (a) 1320cm² (b) 177cm 15. 20o 16. 25·1cm
o
17. 60·5
18. (a) 57·3o (b) 89·6o (c) 12·2mm (d) 9·58cm

WORKING with VOLUME of a CYLINDER

1. (a) 1696·5 cm3 (b) 4825·5 cm3 (c) 603·2 cm3 (d) 2513·3 cm3 (e) 75398·2 cm3

(f) 3078·8 cm3 (g) 28274·3 cm3 (h) 13304·6 cm3 (i) 760265 cm3 (j) 7298·5 cm3

2. (a) 19·8cm (b) 3·7 litres 3. 904cm³

4. No; volume is 9·72 litres
3.3 WORKING with the VOLUME of a SOLID SPHERE, CONE, PYRAMID
1. (a) 904·3cm³ (b) 33·5m³ (c) 3052·1mm³ (d) 113·0cm³
2. (a) 4190cm³ (b) 65400cm³ (c) 4·19m³ (d) 33500000mm³
(e) 697cm³ (f) 3050cm³ (g) 2140000mm³ (h) 87100cm³
(i) 180m³ (j) 57900cm³
3. 268cm³
4. (a) 366cm³ (b) 1280cm³ (c) 207cm³ (d) 1060cm³
5. (a) 2369cm³ (b) 1170cm³ (c) 15800cm³ (d) 608cm³
6. (a) 56∙5cm³ (b) 803·8mm³ (c) 47·1cm³ (d) 25·1cm³
7. 83·7cm³ 8. 314cm³ 9. 1020cm³ 10. 37cm³
11. 640mm³

WORKING with the VOLUME of a SOLID SPHERE, CONE, PYRAMID and CYLINDER
EXAM QUESTIONS
1. 2·79 × 106 m³ 2. 6·01cm³ 3. 10cm 4. 113·04m³
5. 6·11cm 6. 3140cm³ 7. 4291cm³ 8. 25900cm³
9. 84·225cm³ 10. 58·9cm³ 11. 75·7cm³ 12. 93·4cm³
13. (a) 250cm³ (b) 1·3cm 14. 206cm³
15. 34·1 litres 16. 140 cm3