PROCEEDINGS, The 6th Indonesia International Geothermal Convention & Exhibition (IIGCE) 2018

Cendrawasih Hall - Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia, September 5th - 8th, 2018

GEOPHYSICAL ANALYSIS TO INVESTIGATE UNGARAN’S SCHEMATIC

GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM

Aditya Pratama Dandika, Lanang Surya Mahadhika

Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta

Jl. SWK 104 Condongcatur, Yogyakarta
e-mail: adityapratamadandika@gmail.com

ABSTRACT the geomagnetic method. The structure of the study

area is illustrated by the contrast of anomaly values
Geothermal energy is the energy that generated and that exist both in gravity and magnetic data that
stored in the earth. Geothermal exploration extend north-south relative. 3D modeling is used to
activities in Indonesia is necessary due to the large visusalize the existence of target anomalies.
geothermal potential that exist in Indonesia. Based
on data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral 1. INTRODUCTION
Resources of Indonesia (Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources, 2014), Indonesia has a large Geothermal is energy derived from a heat source
geothermal potential, with an estimated 28.807 generated by the plate tectonic activities then heat
Mwe at 299 location. With the potential that exist the fluid in the area. Mount Ungaran located in
in Indonesia, the government announced the Ungaran, Semarang, Central Java, is one of the
program for 9500 Mwe in 2025. Mount Ungaran volcanoes in Indonesia which hold the potential of
has a geothermal potential characterized by the geothermal underneath, because it shows the
emergence of manifestations of fumarole, steaming goethermal manifestations such as fumarole,
ground, and hot springs. steaming ground and hot springs.

Geophysics is used to determine the image below The occurrence of geothermal energy source in
the surface of the earth by using a physical Indonesia and its characteristics described by
approach. This research uses two geophysical Budihardi (1998) as follows. There are three plates
methods namely gravity method that utilizes the interact to each other in Indonesia, the Pacific
specific gravity as its parameter and geomagnetic Plate, the Indian-Australian Plate and the Eurasian
method that utilizes suseptibility as its parameter. Plate. The collision between these three tectonic
The target of this research is to determine the plates has provided a very important role in the
zonation of the heat source, the structure that formation of geothermal energy sources in
controls the out flow of manifestation, and the Indonesia.
schematic model of geothermal system of Mount
Ungaran. This research takes place in the area of Geophysical studies are used to get the subsurface
Mount Ungaran, Gedongsongo area, Ungaran, imaging of the earth by using a physical approach.
Central Java. The research of prospecting Geophysical methods used in this research are
Ungaran’s potential has been done in July 26th – gravity method, geomagnetic method. The gravity
August 1st 2017. Geophysical instruments used in method is a geophysical method which utilizes the
this research are gravitymeter Lacoste & Romberg density as its parameter, geomagnetic method is a
G118 and GPS Geodetic Trimble for gravity geophysical method which utilizes susceptibility as
method, and Proton Precision Magnetometer its parameter. From the magnetic method can
(PPM) G-856 for geomagnetic methods. describes the area affected by the heat source
Acquisition for Gravity method using looping underneath the surface and also gravity and
method, and for geomagnetic method using base magnetic method can provide a better imaging of
rover method. Magnetic research area is around 3,5 the structures in the area of Mount Ungaran.
km x 4 km and Gravity research area is around 2
km x 3,8 km. This research aims to determine the condition of
heat source and structures within the area using
From the research conducted, the indication of the geophysical data to strengthen the schematic model
existence heat source is in the northern of the of geothermal system of Mount Ungaran.
research area based on high anomalous values
(24.3 mGal - 24.7 mGal) on gravity method, and
low anomalous values (-552.6 nT - 189.4 nT) on
1
2. GEOLOGY in the area around Ungaran, the rest orientation has
directed north-south direction.
Magmatism in Java and Sumatra are the result of
the Kenozoic subduction to the north of the Indo -
Australia Plate and to the west of the Pacific Plate
under the Eurasian Plate moving about 6 cm / year.
The magmatic arc system is divided into two
segments, the Sunda Arc and the Banda Arc
(Hamilton, 1979).

Mount Ungaran, is a complex of volcanoes formed

by tectonic-volcanic depression (volcano-tectonic
depressions). The depression is a large and
elongated indentation which is affected by tectonic
and volcanic processes in highland areas with
volcanic product material (Bemmelen, 1970).
The Stratigraphic Order

According to Budiardjo et al. (1997), the

stratigraphic of Ungaran area from the old to the Figure 2: Geology Map of Ungaran Mountain
young is as follows: (Thanden et al, 1996)
1. The volcanic limestone (if according to the
geological map of Thanden et al., 1996, Local Geology of Research Areas
including the Kerek Formation, Tmk) Mount Ungaran is composed mainly by igneous
2. Volcanic Breccia I (included in the Panyatan rocks or volcanic eruptions and sedimentary rocks,
Formation, QTp) the oldest is in Middle Miocene (11.8 - 16 million
3. Volcanic sandstone (included in Kaligetas years old) to the youngest of the Quaternary (less
Formation, Qpkg) than 1.8 million years). Locally, to the south to the
4. Volcanic clay (included in Kerek Formation) southeast, around Ambarawa, and to the north,
5. Lava andesite I (volcanic rock of around Ungaran, is exposed to andesite igneous
Gajahmungkur, Qhg) rock (Tma) that formed small mountains, as in
6. Andesite porphyry I (included in the Panyatan Mount Turun, Mount Kendalisodo, Mount
Formation, QTp) Siwakul, Mount Mabang, and Mount Pertapan
7. Volcanic Breccia II (volcanic rocks of which attain the age of Middle Miocen (Figure 2,
Kaligesik, Qpk) Thanden et al., 1996).
8. Volcanic Breccia III
9. Andesite porphyry II (andesite igneous rock, Other than that, basal igneous rock (Tmb) Central
Tma) Miocene aged is also exposed locally at Mount
10. Lava andesite II (Lava flow of Mount Sumbing, Sitapel, Mount Klesem and Mount Mergi in the
Qls) east. In the arounding of Mount Ungaran, on the
11. Alluvium slopes, is also exposed the Formation Kerek (Tmk)
which is composed by claystone, napal, tuff-
sandstone, conglomerate, volcanic breccia and
limestone. Inconsistently the igneous rocks and
Miocene Middle-aged formations are boarded by
the formation and the results of Pliocene volcano
activity, namely: Panyatan Formation (QTp)
consisted by tuff-sandstone, volcanic breccia, tuff,
claystone and lava flows; Kaligetas Formation
(Qpkg) consisted of volcanic breccias, tuff, lava
flows, tuff-sandstone and claystone; Jongkong
Formation (Qpj) consisted of andesite hornblende-
augite breccia; Kaligesik Volcano Rocks (Qpk)
Figure 1: Geology Map of Ungaran Mountain consisted of olivine augite basal flow olivine
(Budiardjo et al, 1997) augite; Gajahmungkur Volcano rocks (Qhg)
consisted of andesite hornblende-augite lava,
Geology Structures Holocene-aged. The lava flow of Mount Sumbing
(Qls) which on Ungaran Mountain is composed by
Geological structures in the area around the peak of hornblende augit andesite flow from the peak and
Mount Ungaran (map scale 1: 100.000, Thanden et on the slope are lava and early volcanic sediment.
al., 1996) there is only a shear fault sinistral (left)

2
 Figure 4: Schematic Model of Ungaran’s
Geothermal System (Phuong et al, 2005)

3. BASIC THEORY

Gravity Method
The Gravity Method is an exploratory method that
measures the gravitational field in point groups at
different locations within a given area. The purpose
of this exploration is to associate variations of mass
distribution differences as well as rock types. The
main purpose of detailed study of gravity data is to
provide a better understanding of the geologic
Figure 3: Local Geology Map of Ungaran undercoat. This method is classified as passive, in
(Miharna et al., 2017) the sense that there is no need to put energy into the
soil to get data as a general measurement.
Ungaran’s Geothermal Prospect
The geothermal prospect area of Ungaran is a Newton's Gravity Law
system dominated by hot springs associated with Newton's law of gravity states that the force
quarter volcanic activity (Budiardjo et al. 1997). (in Newton) between two mass points 𝑚1 and 𝑚2
Gedongsongo is the main area of geothermal equal to 𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2 /𝑟 2 where r represents the distance
manifestations. Gedongsongo area has a lithology between the mass and 𝐺 = 6.673 ×
of quaternary volcanic andesite rocks of Mountain 10−11 𝑚3 𝑘𝑔−1 𝑠 −2 . The Force that exist applied
Ungaran. The geothermal reservoir in this area is along the distance that connecting the two masses.
covered by caprock in the form of quarter volcanic The masa 𝑚2 is in the force field (gravitational
impermeable rocks formed on post-caldera. The field) cause by 𝑚1 . Because ‘Force = mass ×
reservoir in this area has a composition of high- acceleration’, the acceleration of 𝑚2 is 𝐺𝑚1 /𝑟 2 . It
temperature sodium chloride water, which is stored can be said that this is evidence that the
in the pre-caldera quarter volcanic rock fracture. acceleration of any mass point due to the influence
The rocks that has the role of being the heat source of 𝑚1 will be 𝐺𝑚1 /𝑟 2 on 𝑚1 (D.S. Parasnis
of Ungaran are in the form of andesite and dioritic 1997)[9].
intrusive rock body. This intrusive rock heats up
the reservoir system above it, to a temperature ± 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹=𝐺 𝑟̂ (1)
220 ° C, based on the calculations using 𝑟2
geothermometer measurements of the
Gedongsongo fumarole manifestations. The Newton's law of motion states that force is the
shallow depth of the reservoir at the Ungaran’s magnitude of the multiplication of mass and its
geothermal prospect area is approximately ± 2000 acceleration.
m (Phuong et al. 2005). Ungaran’s geothermal
prospect manifestations in the surface are fumarole, 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 (2)
hot springs, and hydrothermal alteration (Phuong et
al, 2005). The temperature of these manifestations Equations (1) and (2) are combined to be obtained
ranges from ± 36-38 ° C for the hot springs, while as follows:
for fumaroles the temperatures ranges ± 80 ° C. 𝑀
Fumarole manifestation can only be found in 𝑔=𝐺 2 (3)
𝑅
Gedongsongo area, while the hot springs, can be Information:
found in several places, which are Banaran, F = force (N)
Kendalisono, Diwak and Kaliulo. G = universal gravitational constant = 6.67 x
10-11 Nm2 / kg2
3
 M = mass of object M (kg) Where M is the magnetic moment per volume unit
m = mass of m (kg) (A.m2/m3), k is susceptibility and H is magnetic
R = distance between centers of mass of field strength (A/m). A number of magnetic objects
objects (m) can be views as a collection of magnetic objects. If
g = acceleration (m / s2) the magnetic object is placed in the outer fields, the
object becomes magnetized due to induction. Thus,
A mass point placed on a plane will be in the the intensity of magnetism can be defined as the
gravitational field of the plane and will accelerate if level of ability to rectify the magnetic moments in
the mass is free to move. The total force on the the external magnetic field, can also be expresses
mass to the plane where the mass is in any desired as follows:
direction can be calculated by applying Newton's
law. We can define the gravitational potential of ⃗⃗⃗
𝑀 𝑚𝑙𝑟⃗
𝐼⃗ = = (8)
the point of mass m with distance r to that point as 𝑉 𝑉

𝐺𝑚 The unit of magnetization in the cgs is gauss or

𝑉= (4) emu (Cm-3) and in SI is Am-1. (Telford, 1990)
𝑟

By this definition, the acceleration from any point 3 Dimensional Modeling

of mass to m or called by 𝐺𝑚1 /𝑟 is obtained from,
−𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑟, where Process after gravity data and geomagnetic data
have been corrected and separated between local
𝑑𝑉 𝐺𝑚 anomalies and regional anomalies are called
=− (5) modeling. In the modeling stage, the data is
𝑑𝑟 𝑟2
interpreted to get an idea of the subsurface
Represents the acceleration in the direction r. structure based on the distribution of the rock mass
Generally from this definition, the derivative of V density
in any direction provides acceleration at the point
of mass in that direction. V here has a unit 𝑚2 𝑠 −2 4. RESEARCH METODOLOGY
and represents a force acting on a field per
kilogram from the point of mass 𝑚0 when 𝑚0 The research of prospecting Ungaran’s potential
moves from any point by a distance r from m (D.S. has been done in July 26th – August 1st, 2017,
Parasnis., 1997). using Gravity and Magnetic. This research were to
prospecting the schematic geothermal system of
Geomagnetic Method Ungaran. Geophysical instrumentations that has
Geomagnetic method is a method that can be used been used in this research were Lacoste &
as a preliminary stage or preliminary survey in Romberg G118 Gravitymeter and GPS Geodetic
geothermal exploration that utilize the magnetic Trimbel for gravity method, Proton Precision
properties of rocks to know the state of the Magnetometer (PPM) G-856 for geomagnetic
subsurface based on anomaly magnetic field. The method.
result indicated from this method is residual
anomaly in the form of variation in magnetic fields
containing magnetic minerals in rocks near the
surface. The basis of the geomagnetic method is the
Coulomb force between two magnetic poles m1 and
m2 (e.m.u) spaced r (cm) in the equation form of:
𝑚 .𝑚
𝐹⃗ = 1 22 𝑟⃗ (6)
𝜇0 𝑟

With F is the force of Coulomb (N), m1 and m2 are

the magnetic pole strength (A/m), r is the distance
of the two poles (m), and the constant o is the
permeability of the medium in a vacuum,
dimensionless, in SI unit is 4 x 10-7 w/A.m.F. A
magnetic material is in the influence of the external
magnetic field strength, the material will be
magnetized. The scale of this magnetization is
proportional to the magnetic moment per volume or Figure 5: Survey design of: (1) Gravity Method; (2)
Geomagnetic Method.
expressed in the equation as follows:
Measurements on the gravity method used 71
𝑀 = 𝑘 .𝐻 (7)
measurement points and geomagnetic measurement
method with 194 measurement points
4
5. DISCUSSION AND RESULT

Geomagnetic Method

Figure 7: Upward Continuation 300 Map

Upward Continuation map with continuity value

200 (Figure 7) provides information in the form of
Figure 6: Total Magnetic Intensity Map
magnetic anomaly data which have been filtered
with regional upward continuation filter spread in
Magnetic anomaly maps (Figure 6) provides the
the research area. This regional Upward
information in the form of magnetic anomaly data
Continuation process is a process that allows high
scattered in the research area obtained based on
frequencies to pass or is called the High Pass filter
data processing from the geomagnetic acquisition
process. The high frequency passed is aimed to get
results in the field. Anomaly values ranges from -
an image of the magnetism value that exists in this
1203.4 nT represented by blue, to 919.4 nT
research area widely or regionally. Its purpose to
represented by purple. This magnetic value
detect whether the magnetic anomaly value
variation is caused by the differences of magnetic
considered to be the anomaly found only on the
mineral in the research area. For the higher
surface or continuously to the subsurface. If the
magnetic anomaly values of the surrounding area is
anomaly values only appeared on the surface, after
caused by the type of material that contains more
experiencing data processing with this filtering
magnetic minerals. The higher magnetic minerals
process, the existing value will be lost, but if the
present in a rock, the magnetism of the rock will be
material continuously to the subsurface, it will
higher, causing the magnetic anomaly values to be
apply otherwise. The choice of continuity 300 is
different to its surrounding area, which will be
considered to be the most representative among
higher in the value comparison.
another data obtained in the field of the study area.

From the data above, there is low magnetic

anomaly values in the northwest area of the
research area which expected to be continuously to
the subsurface. This very low magnetic anomaly is
indicated to be associated with the hot zone of the
study area. It seems that this low magnetic anomaly
value is caused by a heat source causing a loss of
magnetism in the rock around the heat source. Heat
makes a material lose its magnetism, because when
material is heated to a critical temperature, a
ferromagnetic phase of a material will be changed
to paramagnetic (Kittle, 1996).

5
 Figure 8: Residual Map

There is a magnetic anomaly value pattern which

also relatively low from other areas extending
north-south relative from the residual data (Figure Figure 9: Complete Bouguer Anomaly Map
8). First orde of the polynomial equation is used to
obtain the residual data. This pattern passes The variations of bouguer anomaly values in the
through the areas of geothermal manifestations that study area, ranges from 20.9 mGal represented by
exist in Ungaran area. These facts indicates that blue to 26 mGal represented by purple. This
this magnetic anomaly value pattern is an variation in the gravity acceleration value is due to
indication of a fault that controls the geothermal differences in the material composer in the study
system in the Ungaran area. This happens because area. The higher gravity acceleration values of the
in the weak zone of the fault, the magnetism surrounding area is caused by the type of materials
anomaly that occur will be relatively low. The heat which more compact than the other. This more
produces by the fault will makes the surrounding compact material has a larger mass that makes the
rocks loses their magnetic properties. The high comparison of mass to material distance with the
anomaly values that found in the surrounding of the earth's core as the center of gravity is greater. This
geothermal manifestation in the study area are due makes the gravity acceleration values of the
to the influence of ongoing alteration processes in material becomes greater.
the area.
Upward Continuation map with continuity value
Gravity Method 300 (Figure 10) provides information in the form of
complete bouguer anomaly data which have been
Complete Bouguer Anomaly map (Figure 9) filtered with regional upward continuation filter
provides information in the form of bouguer spread in the research area. This regional Upward
complete anomaly data scattered around in the Continuation process is a process that allows high
study area obtained based on data processing from frequencies to pass or is called the High Pass filter
the data obtained in the field process. The high frequency passed is aimed to get
an image of the gravity acceleration values that
exists in the study area widely or regionally. Its
purpose is to detect whether the gravity anomaly
value considered to be the anomaly found only on
the surface or continuously in the subsurface. If the
anomaly values only appeared on the surface, after
experiencing data processing with the filtering
process, then the existing value will be lost, but if
the material continuously to the subsurface, will
apply otherwise. The choice of continuity 300 is
6
considered to be the most representative among the
data obtained in the field of the study area.

Figure 11: Residual Map

The low bouguer anomaly values in the study area

Figure 10: Upward Continuation 300 Map stretching from the southwest to the northeast area
as seen on residual map (Figure 11). First orde of
From the data above, can be seen that in the the polynomial equation is used to obtain the
northwest of the study area has a higher bouguer residual data. This pattern pass through the
anomaly values than the other area and indicated to Ungaran’s geothermal manifestation area. This
be continuously to the subsurface, moreover, the shows that there is a fault indication in the area
value of magnetism in the area shows a low because, the existence of surface geothermal
anomaly values. This fact strengthened the manifestations is closely related to the fault zone
indication of the area as a compact zone which is a where the geothermal manifestation appeared, the
heat source of the geothermal system in Ungaran fault will reduce the rock density values in the fault
area. area compared to the surrounding area. In the area
around the geothermal manifestation, the bouguer
anomaly value becomes higher even in the fault
zone due to the influence of the vapor and
alteration contents that makes the density in the
area becomes larger than its surroundings.

7
 Based on 3D modelling of the gravity method
(Figure 13), the geometric shapes of the rock body
which indicated to be the heat induced rock from
the heat source underneath. Based on the inversion
result, the geometry is obtained with a density of
2.6 g/cc to 2.8 g/cc. From the obtained values and
the existing geological data, the rocks are indicated
as andesite rocks. Moreover, because the andesite
itself is a volcanic material from the main channel
of andesitic magma of Ungaran volcano. Hot
rock’s peak induced from the underneath heat
sources are located at a depth of 600 meters below
the surface.

Figure 12: Structure Indication by Gravity Method

(Left) and Geomagnetic Method (Right)
Figure 14: Geomagnetic Method 3D Modelling of
The pattern indicated to be the fault structure that Heat Source Zone
controls the geothermal system of Ungaran
obtained from the gravity method and the From the result of 3D modelling from geomagnetic
geomagnetic method resides in the same area method (Figure 14), geometry shapes obtained
(Figure 12). This fact strengthened the indication of from the area that has a low susceptibility values,
the existence of a fault in a relatively northern- ranges from 0.0013 emu to 0.0020 emu which
southern area of the study area. indicates the zone affected by heat so that the
magnetism value becomes very low. The
information above the strengthened the information
obtained from the gravity method, the fact that this
zone is also indicated as a hot zone affected by
induction from the underneath heat sources.
Anomalies with low susceptibility are found at
depths of about 900 meters to 1000 meters below
the surface.

Figure 13: Gravity Method 3D Modelling of Heat

Source Zone

8
Figure 15: Upward Continuation Map Slice of on geophysical data field measurement and
Gravity Method. processing which has been collected in this study.
From the west-east map slice (Figure 15) can be
seen the existence areas of heat-induced rocks, as REFERENCES
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can rise to the surface in the form of fumarole, hot
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geothermal system consists of a heat source of
andesite intrusion from the main channel of the
andesitic magma in Mount Ungaran. While the
reservoir is indicated in the form of pyroclastic
materials and clastic sediments results from
volcanic activity of Mountain Ungaran. The cap
rock is indicated to have come from hydrothermal
alteration. From the results obtained, the schematic
model of geothermal system expressed by Phuong
becomes a schematic model that accurately
describes the Ungaran’s geothermal system based