CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

UITM PAHANG, KAMPUS JENGKA

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
EC110
OPEN-ENDED LAB
SEPTEMBER 2018 – JANUARY 2019

TITLE OF : TYPES OF LIGHTING (ILLUMINATION)

EXPERIMENT
DATE OF : 13TH SEPTEMBER 2018
EXPERIMENT
GROUP : EC1105G
GROUP MEMBERS : 1. NOORHUSNA ATIQAH BT MOHD ZAKI
(2016475446)
2. NUR ADDINA SYUHADA BT MAT SAAD
(2016457854)
3. SITI SYAHIDA BT MOHD SUHAIMI (2016457876)
4. HUSNA NABILAH BT CHE HUSIN
(2016475464)
5. WAN NUR FARISHA BT WAN AWANG(2016472638)
LECTURER : SIR ISHA BIN ISMAIL
LEVEL OF OPENESS : 0

NO ELEMENT COPO Marks COMMENTS

1 INTRODUCTION

2 BASIC CONCEPT

SUMMARY OF
3
PROCEDURES/METHOD
ANALYSIS AND
4
INTERPETATION OF DATA

5 DISCUSSION OF RESULT 2 4 6 8 10

6 CONCLUSIONS 2 4 6 8 10
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities (assigned as Level 0) will not be able
to provide the avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities and inculcate
creativity and innovation. The traditional method is fully prescriptive where the three elements
namely problem, ways & means and answers are provided/fully given to the students. However, it
is still necessary to be implemented as part of the whole laboratory course activity specially to first
and second year students
In this laboratory activity students will be introduced to the concept, principles and the
mechanism of lighting equipment.

2.0 OBJECTIVE
To study the basic concepts and principles in lighting and to apply the knowledge while familiar
with the equipment and their operation of lighting.

3.0 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect.
Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as
natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves)
is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy
in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in
buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or
have positive psychological effects on occupants.
Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design.
Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. Lighting fixtures come in a
wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the
light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional,
while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can
tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes.
An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning
the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in
lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as
the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the
lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but
increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. Lighting is classified by intended
use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light
produced by the fixture.

4.0 PROCEDURE

1. Prepared ourself for a site visit within the surrounding area of the laboratory.
2. Lighting equipment that need to be observe was prepared.
3. Types of lighting, fluorescent light, light bulb, LED, dimmer and timer and sensor.
5.0 DATA / RESULT

Picture

Name  Fluorescent  Incandesen  Halogen  Compact

/location lamp t lamp bulb fluorescent lamp
 Kolej Tok  IST  Blok C,  KFC, Bandar
Gajah KTG. Jengka

Efficiency  10%  2% - 13%  9%  10%

Special Uses fluorescent to Use fire tungsten Use in motion – Eletronic control gear is
Characteristi produce visible light wire as fillament picture and slide capable of operating over
c projector for home a range of supply voltage
and small office.
Color of White White White white
light

Power 32Watt 5 – 1500 Watt 300Watt 5 - 55Watt

usage

Life time 7000-15000hours 1000hours 2000-4000hours 10000hours

Cost of the RM13 RM18 RM53 RM11

bulk

Eco / YES YES YES YES

Friendiness

Dimmimng YES YES YES NO

capability

Lumens 89 lumens per Watt 14 lumens per watt 10 to 17 lumens 60 lumens per watt
per watt
Voltage 100 to 176 volts 1.5volts to about 24volts 120volts
300 volts
Heat Waste 30% of their 90% of energy use 90% of energy use Waste 30% of their energy
generator energy in heat. is wasted to is wasted to in heat.
generate heat. generate heat
Picture

Name  Circular  Turbular  Led light bulb

/location fluorescent fluorescent lamp
tube  Surau ist
 Kota bharu  Store gombak
Efficiency 10% 1.65 % 20 %

Special For general use Low pressure mercury Suitable for enclosed
Characteristic including indoor, lamps and available as fixtures and damp locations.
commercial and “hot cathode” and “cold
residential use cathode”
Color of light White Yellow Yellow

Power usage 32 watt 4-100 watt 40 watt

Life time 6000 hours 7000-15000 hours 13.6 years with 3 hours
per day usage.
Cost of the RM 11.20 RM 25 RM 13
bulk

Eco / YES YES YES

Friendiness

Dimming YES NO YES

capability

Lumens 60 watt 500-100 lumens per 112 lumens per watt

watt
Voltage 120 volts 100-176 volts 120 volts

Heat Waste 30% of their Waste 30 % of their Reduce light energy up to

generator energy in heat energy in heat 80%
5.0 DISCUSSION
Comparison between Incandescent lamps and Fluorescent lamps

The two most common types of lighting fixtures today are incandescent bulbs and
fluorescent lamps. Incandescent bulbs are rather old and outdated while fluorescent lamps are
relatively new and is replacing incandescent bulbs in a lot of applications. The biggest difference
between the two is how they produce light. Incandescent bulbs produce light by a heating a
metallic filament until it starts to radiate light. On the other hand, fluorescent lamps produce light
by exciting a gas and causing it to glow. Fluorescent lamps have better characteristic compared
to incandescent bulbs. Incandescent bulb consumes from 4 to 8 times as much power than
fluorescent lamps. Although fluorescent lamps are cheaper in the long run as they last longer and
consume a lot less power, the initial cost of using it is much higher compared to incandescent
bulbs. There are compact fluorescent bulbs in the market today, and they are very similar to
incandescent bulbs , but they already contain all the needed elements in it, thus the much higher
price.
Natural lighting and Artificial lighting

The Natural lighting is produced by the sun whereas the artificial light sources can
include incandescent bulbs , fluorescent tubes and light-emitting diode, known as LED. The
Natural type contain sunlight that all the colours of the spectrum, which is necessary for
photosynthesis in plants. Although many artificial light do not radiate a full spectrum of colours,
which inhibit plant-growth, full spectrum bulb that mimic natural sunlight are available. The
characteristic between both of them are, Natural light which produces heat and colours, comes
from the radiation given off by the sun. Then, filtered through the earth’s atmosphere and
absorbed by the plants. Artificial light sources can consist of a filament that uses electricity or
halogen to glow, or an electronic device that emits light. Some artificial light use gas to glow,
and electricity to produce light and heat. Unlike natural sunlight, artificial lighting intensity can
be adjusted to serve the needs of individual plants.
CONCLUSION
Based on the experiment, the natural light is the crucial component in determining the
sustainable building and the quality of an indoor environment. Besides, there are many significant
factors that determine the quality and quantity of daylight such as site orientation, form of building
and type, size, location of the glazing space. The artificial light is another initiative for the light
source to human in need as the natural light is not always there. The artificial light also can be
found in various type and can be categorized according human needs. For example, the road light
will only bright on certain time yet the uses of those light will be danger if consume too much
energy from the electric. As the result, both type are important to human in their daily life as both
type has its own advantage and disadvantages.

REFERENCES
 Internet Website
https://www.maximumyield.com/definition/2126/artificial-light
http://www.continental-lighting.com/lighting-basics/artificial-light-sources.php