1.1 What Is Engineering Graphics

Engineering Graphics
Dr. Pramod Soni
Friday 8th February, 2019
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is Engineering Graphics
The purpose of engineering drawing is to convey graphically the ideas and information necessary for the con-
struction or analysis of machines, structures, or systems. A graphical language used by engineers and other
technical personnel associated with the engineering profession. Initially, the subject was known as Engineering
Drawing. However, with the advancement of Computers and graphical softwares, the subject Name has been
changed to Engineering graphics.
Design and drafting on computer are cheap and less time consuming. Then why we go for manual drawing?
Computer cannot replace the drafting board and equipment as a learning tool. In schools, students are not
allowed to use calculators up to class 12. During this period if they use calculators from class 1, they will not
improve their mathematical skills. After class 12, i.e., once they have learned the basics of mathematics, they
are allowed to use calculators and computers. Hence before use of the drafting software, their fundamentals
regarding drawing should be clear. If basic fundamentals are clear, better use can be made of the power of the
software.
1.2 Difference from artistic drawing

Engineering drawing is completely different from artistic drawing, which are used to express aesthetic, philo-
sophical, and abstract ideas.
1.3 Usage
1. Civil: Survey maps, Building Plans, RCC sections etc
2. Mechanical: Automobile parts, Boilers etc
3. Computer: Flow Charts, Computer Hardware

4. Electrical: Circuits, Electrical Components
5. Electronics: Circuits, Semi-Conductor, Drawings of electronic Items
6. Mining: Survey Maps
1
2 Instruments Required
2.1 Drawing board
Drawing board is made of soft wooden platens. Almost perfect planning of the working surface of the drawing
board is to be ensured. A strip of hard ebony edge is fitted up in a groove on the shorter edge of the board
and perfectly lined to provide the guide for the T-square.
Figure 1: Sizes of Drawing borads
2.2 Drawing Sheet

standard A0 size sheet is the one with an area of 1 m2 and having dimensions of 1189 × 841. Each higher
number sheet (A1, A2, A3, etc. in order) is half the size of the immediately lower numbered sheet.
Figure 2: Sizes of Drawing sheets
2.3 Mini-drafter
This is a device used to draw parallel or inclined lines very effectively with ease. This is mounted on the top
left corner of the drawing board by means of a clamping mechanism which is an integral part of the device. An
L-shaped scale which is graduated in millimeters acts as the working edge of the mini-drafter. The L-Shaped
scale also has a degree scale for angle measurement. The working edge can be moved to any desired location
on the drawing board.
Procedure for clamping the mini-drafter

Set the protractor head with reference mark indexing zero degree, then fix the clamp of the mini-drafter at
the top left corner along the top horizontal edge of the board. With the drawing sheet placed underneath the
scales of the mini-drafter, fix the drawing sheet to the drawing board with the scales of the mini- drafter aligned
either with the vertical or the horizontal borderlines of the drawing sheet.
2
Figure 3: Layout of Drawing Sheets
Figure 4: Mini Drafter
2.4 Set squares

Set squares are a set of 45◦ set square and 30◦ -60◦ set-square, as shown in figure below. They are used in
conjunction with each other and with T-square to draw parallel, inclined and perpendicular lines. They are
made of transparent acrylic.
2.5 Compasses
These are used to draw arcs or circles. Generally two sizes of compasses: one large compass and the other a
small spring bow compass are commonly found. Each compass consist of a needle point and a pencil point. For
drawing very large radius arcs, the pencil point leg can be removed from the knee joint and a lengthening bar
can be inserted to increase the radius of the arc.
3
Figure 5: Set Squares
Figure 6: A Compass
2.6 Divider
Dividers are used to transfer lengths to the drawings either from scales or from the drawing itself. Similar
to the compasses, two sizes of dividers are used in technical drawings. One large divider and the other small
spring bow divider.
Figure 7: A Divider
2.7 Pencils / lead sticks/ pencil sharpener / eraser/etc:

The primary tool used in technical drawings is the pencil or lead sticks. Generally for technical drawings, the
three grades of pencil used is HB, H and 2H. For different purposes, different grades of pencils are used. Pencil
sharpener is is used to mend the pencils. Eraser is used to erase the unnecessary part of the pencil drawing.
4
Figure 8: Pencils
3 Layout of drawing sheets

The drawing sheet consist of drawing space, title block and sufficient margins. After fixing the drawing sheet
on the drawing board, margins should be drawn.
4 LETTERS
Lettering is used for writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions, scales and other details on a drawing. The Indian
standard followed for lettering is BIS: 9609.
Single stroke lettering for use in engineering drawing width of the stem of the letters and numerals will be
uniformly thick equal to thickness of lines produced by the tip of the pencil. Single stroke does not mean entire
letter written without lifting the pencil/pen.
Lettering types generally used for creating a drawing are
Lettering A Height of the capital letter is divided into 14 equal parts

Lettering B Height of the capital letter is divided into 10 equal parts
Figure 9: Typical lettering features.
5
Figure 10: Specifications of A -Type Lettering
Figure 11: Specifications of B -Type Lettering
6
Figure 12: STANDARD LETTERS
7
MBM Engineering College
Dr. Pramod Soni
10
30
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 123456789

5
45
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 10
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
123456789
23
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 15
420
123456789
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 20
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
123456789
All Dimensions are in mm
145 145
15 SHEET NO. 1 15 NAME 15
15 D/S: 9-2-2019 LETTERS I YEAR H-1 15
15 D/C: 9-2-2019 F. NO. : 17/12345 15
72.5
594
MBM Engineering College
Dr. Pramod Soni
10
30
23
All Dimensions are in mm

145 145
15 SHEET NO. 1 15 NAME 15
15 D/S: 9-2-2019 LETTERS I YEAR H-1 15
15 D/C: 9-2-2019 F. NO. : 17/12345 15
72.5

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Engineering Graphics

Dr. Pramod Soni

Friday 8th February, 2019

1.2 Diﬀerence from artistic drawing

3. Computer: Flow Charts, Computer Hardware

Figure 1: Sizes of Drawing borads

2.2 Drawing Sheet

Figure 2: Sizes of Drawing sheets

Procedure for clamping the mini-drafter

Figure 4: Mini Drafter

2.4 Set squares

2.7 Pencils / lead sticks/ pencil sharpener / eraser/etc:

3 Layout of drawing sheets

Lettering types generally used for creating a drawing are

Lettering A Height of the capital letter is divided into 14 equal parts

Figure 9: Typical lettering features.

Figure 11: Specifications of B -Type Lettering

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 123456789

15 SHEET NO. 1 15 NAME 15

15 D/S: 9-2-2019 LETTERS I YEAR H-1 15

15 D/C: 9-2-2019 F. NO. : 17/12345 15

All Dimensions are in mm

15 SHEET NO. 1 15 NAME 15

15 D/S: 9-2-2019 LETTERS I YEAR H-1 15

15 D/C: 9-2-2019 F. NO. : 17/12345 15

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