BSED 111 - Engineering Drafting-Jan 2022
BSED 111 - Engineering Drafting-Jan 2022
BSED 111 - Engineering Drafting-Jan 2022
2. Lettering 6
Exercise # 01 7
3. Types of Lines 9
Exercise # 01 11
4. Geometrical Construction 13
Types of Triangles 14
Circles 15
Tangents 18
Polygons 21
Exercise # 01 - 06 25-42
Exercise # 01 - 12 63-79
6. Isometric Drawing 81
Exercise # 01 - 08 85-95
Exercise # 01 - 05 104-116
BSED 111
MODULE-1
Module-1 Fastening of Drawing Sheet and Use of Drafting Instrumentations
Keywords:
Lettering, Center line, Hidden line, Object line, Cutting plane line, Arcs, Fillet, Chamfer,
Counter sink, Counter bore, Orthographic projection views, Top view, Front view, R-side/L-
side view, Isometric drawing, Freehand sketching, Arc tangent, Line tangent, Scaling drawing,
Line weight, View identification, Polygon, Triangle, Square, Pentagon, Hexagon, Heptagon,
Octagon, Diameter, Radius.
BASIC EQUIPMENT
1- Drawing Board
The drawing surface my be the table top itself or separate board, and the working surface
should be smooth with a straight working edge, and made of white pine and basswood.
1- The T -square and board has been the traditional means
of providing (fig. 1.1).
Fig. 1.1
2- Set-squares ( Triangles )
Two basic types of set-squares are used: 30 - 60 setsquare and 45 0 set-square (fig. 1.2). And
they are used when the student is drawing vertical and sloping lines. It is placed against the T
-square with the perpendicular edge. A circle is divided with the set-squares into 24 parts
(fig. 1.3).
3- Compasses
The pencil compass is used for drawing circles and arcs, this compass which can be adjusted
more accurately is often needed.
The compasses, having the some general shape are:
1- Drop bow compass, mostly used for drawing small circles less than 25mm (fig. 1.4A).
2- Small spring bow compass, is used on radii up to 25mm (fig. 1.4b).
3- Compass with centre adjustment is used on circles of approximately 125mm radius
(fig.1.4c).
4- Compass heavy pressure, spreading of the legs is used on circles greater than 125mm
radius when fitted with an extension bar (fig. 1.4D).
Fig. 1.4
4- Drawing Pencils
Drawing pencils. often called leads, are available in a variety of grades, hard to very soft.
1- The hard range, from 9H to SH.
2- The medium hard range, 5H and SH.
3- The medium range, 3H and 2H (guide and construction lines).
4- The medium soft range, H, H8 and 8 (general use, finished line work, lettering and
sketching).
5- The very soft range, from 28 to S8 (art work).
Fig. 1.5
5 - Ruler or Scale
The ruler is one of the most frequently used tools. Accuracy in measuring is very important,
for the work of the draftsman affects the work of many others concerned with the object
being drawn. If possible, only a metric size should be applied to new drawings, and a good
quality plastic ruler in millimeters from 0 - 300 mm is ideal.
6- Drawing Papers
_e ••••
e ••••• Drawing papers are available in a number of colours and sizes. The draftsman
selects the colour and size most suited to his purpose.
The overall size of those sheets in most general use are:
A4 210X 297 mm
A3 297 X 420mm
A2 420X 594mm
A2 594X 841 mm
AO 841 X1189 mm
Lettering
MODULE-2
Module-2 Lettering
Module-2: Lettering
LETTERING:
Lettering is used for notes, dimensioning, and other information on engineering. The
characters should be uniform and capable of being produced by hand, stencil, machine or
other means at reasonable speed.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMN
OPQRSTUVWXYZ
1234567890
Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
ABCDEFGHIJKLMN
OPQRSTUV\,/XYZ
1234567890
ABCOEFCHIJKlMN
OP()RSTUVWXYZ
123456'7890
obcdel'ghi;Klmnopqrstuvwxyz
A.BC.D£F6HIJKLNN
OPORST//VW'XYZ
Fig. 2-1
Fig. 2-1 Examples of letters and numerals. The styles reproduced in Fig. 2-1 are provided as a
guide in the British Standards, Vertical or sloping characters are suitable for general use, but
that both types should not be mixed.
Capital letters are preferred to the lower case letters since they are easier to read on
reduced size drawing prints although lower case letters are used where they form part of
a symbol or an abbreviation.
LAB EXERCISE # 01
PERFORMANCEOBJECTIVE
Upon completion of this lab exercise the student will be able to:
1-Writetypeofalpha-numericallettering
2-WriteEnglishlettersandnumeralsusingdifferentletteringsize
DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS
1. Drawing board
2. T-Square500mm.
3. Set-Square
4. Compass.
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser.
7. Ruler.
MATERIALS
Types of Lines
MODULE-3
Module-3 Types of Lines
On drawings, lines are used to describe the shape of the object. The various lines used in
drawing from the alphabet of the drafting language; like letters of the alphabet, they are
different in appearance (fig. 3.1).
The lines must be clearly visible, and the draftsman first draws very light construction lines, and
when satisfied, the construction lines are then changed to their proper type.
The BS 308 recommends two widths of lines for finished drawings: thick for visible outlines and
cutting-plane; thin for hidden outline, centre, dimension, leader, hatching, and projection lines.
Fig. 3.1
LAB EXERCISE # 01
Geometrical Construction
MODULE-4
Module-4 Geometrical Construction
The world is composed of three - dimensional objects which often must be represented two-
dimensionally. A plane is a flat surface, a surface has length and height. But no thickness.
Plane geometry is the science of drawing figures on plane surfaces having no thickness.
These figures will therefore be two-dimensional. Orthographic projection· is a multi-view
two-dimensional lay-out.
These drawings and others all require a knowledge of basic geometric construction and the
terms used to describe them. You must also understand the various ways instruments are
used to construct different geometric shapes. "Marking out" a shape to be made from metal
is another practical application of this science.
Definitions:
Fig.4.1
Acute Angle: In which the lines are oriented in such a way that the angle between them is
less than 90 degrees.
Obtuse Angle: In which the lines are oriented in such a way that the angle is between 90 -
180 degrees.
Reflex Angle: In which the lines are 'oriented in such a way that the angle is between 180 -
360 degrees.
Fig.4.2
Fig.4.3
Chord: Any straight line joining any two points on the circumference.
Quadrant: Any portion of a circle bounded by two radii at 90 degrees to each other and an
arc of a circle.
Sector: Any portion of a circle bounded by two radii and an arc of the circle.
Segment: Any portion of a circle contained by a chord and its arc.
Normal: Any straight line radiating from the center of a circle and extending beyond the
circumference. .
Tangent: Any straight line touching the circumference of a circle at one point and lying at
right angles to a normal.
Fig.4.4
1- To divide a line AB into five equal parts, draw any line BC of indefinite length.
2- On it measure, five divisions of equal length.
3- Connect the last point with A, using two set-square.
4- Draw lines through the point’s parallel CA intersecting AB.
Fig.4.5
1- Given line AB, set the compass to a radius greater than one-half AB
2-Using points A and B as centers, draw two arcs which intersect at C and D. The line CD
bisects AB and is also the perpendicular bisector.
Fig.4.6
1- Given arc AB, set the compass to a radius greater than one-half AB.
2- Using points A and B as centers, make two arc intersections then draw a line through
them.
Fig.4.7
Fig.4.8
To Draw an Arc Tangent to Two Lines at Right Angles to each other: (fig 4-9)
1-·Draw an arc of radius R, with center at corner A, cutting two lines AB and AC at D and E.
2- With D and E as centers and with the same radius R, draw arcs intersecting at O.
3- With center 0, draw the required arc.
Fig.4.9
To Draw an Arc of Given Radius Tangent to Two Straight Lines: (fig 4-10)
Fig.4.10
Fig.4.11 A & B
To Draw an Arc Tangent to a Given Circle and Straight Line (fig. 4-12).
1- Given the radius of arc R, draw a line DE parallel to AB at a distance R from it.
2- with 0 as center and radius R+R1, draw an arc to cut the ' parallel straight line at C.
3- With center C and radius R, draw the required arc tangent to the circle and the straight
line.
Fig.4.12
Polygons:
A regular polygon is a plane figure bounded by any number of straight lines of equal length,
which contain equal angles. The figures are named according to the number of sides. i.e.
To Draw a Hexagon.
(A) Given the Distance Across the Comers (fig. 4-13 A and B)
1- Draw a circle with AB as a diameter.
2- With the same radius and A and B as centers, draw arcs intersecting the circle and connect
the points.
(B) Given the Distance Across the Flats (fig. 4-14). Draw lines with the 30-60 set square.
The distance across flats is the diameter of the inscribed circle. Draw this circle, and with the
30-60 set square draw tangents to it.
Fig.4.13
Fig.4.14
1- Divide AS into the same number of parts as the sides in the regular polygon.
2- With AB as radius, and A and B as centers, draw arcs intersecting at point C.
3- Draw a line from point C through the second division along the diameter, to intersect the
circumference at point D
4- The line AD is one side of the required polygon.
Fig.4.15
To Draw an Octagon.
Fig.4.16
To Draw an Octagon,
Fig.4.17
LAB EXERCISE # 01
PERFORMANCEOBJECTIVE
Upon completion of this lab exercise the student will be able to:
1. Bisect a line
2. Bisect an arcs
3. Bisect an angles
DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS
1. Drawing board
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS
1- BISECT LINE AB
2- BISECT ARC AB
LAB EXERCISE # 02
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon completion of this lab exercise the student will be able to:
DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS
8. Drawing board.
9. T-Square500mm.
10. Set-Square
11. Compass.
12. Pencil sharpener
13. Eraser.
14. Ruler.
MATERIALS
A B
A B
LAB EXERCISE # 03
CONSTRUCTION OF TRIANGLES
PERFORMANCEOBJECTIVE
Upon completion of this lab exercise the trainee will be able to:
DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS
1. Drawing board
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS
ii- Construct an ISOSCELES TRIANGLE whose two sides are 55 mm, and 40 mm
LAB EXERCISE # 04
CONSTRUCTION OF POLYGONES
PERFORMANCEOBJECTIVE
Upon completion of this lab exercise the trainee will be able to:
DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS
1. Drawingboard
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS
II- Draw a hexagon with the distance across its corners is 54mm
III- Draw a hexagon with the distance across its flats is 50mm
LAB EXERCISE # 05
CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENTS
PERFORMANCEOBJECTIVE
Upon completion of this lab exercise the trainee will be able to:
DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS
1. Drawingboard
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS
R = 10 mm
I. Construct an interior arc tangent to the given two arcs. The radius of the interior arc
is Radius=30mm
I. Construct an exterior arc tangent to the given two arcs. The radius of the interior arc
is Radius=80mm
LAB EXERCISE # 06
APPLICATION OF TANGENTS
PERFORMANCEOBJECTIVE
Upon completion of this lab exercise the trainee will be able to:
1. Using the skills from the previous labs of basic geometric constructions for drawing
practical compound shapes
2. Geometric construction of objects of different shapes
DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS
1. Drawingboard
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS
I. Draw full size, View of rod guide. All dimensions are in mm.
I. Draw full size, View of the Template. All dimensions are in mm.
45
R8
R10
R15
30 30
R50 45
R14
90
75
DIA12-3 Holes
R16
R14 R14
70 30
100
I. Draw full size, View of the Cam. All dimensions are in mm.
Orthographic Projection
Drawing
MODULE-5
Module-5 Orthographic Projection Drawing
First Angle Projection is commonly used in all countries other than United States. Third Angle
Projection is commonly used in United States of America as shown in the following figure.
Consider that if any object is viewed from a distance it will appear to be flat. The sun is a
good example of this illustration, from the earth the sun looks like a flat circle.
Then if we look at one surface of an object "straight-on" We will see the true shape of these
surfaces. This is a very useful way of drawing objects because the shape of the object is not
distorted. We can make as many drawings of different surfaces as is necessary for a full
description. This kind of drawing is called ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING from the Greek words,
ortho meaning straight, and graphic meaning to draw.
Following table describes what is the difference between or comparison between First Angle
Projection and Third Angle projection.
PERFORMANCEOBJECTIVE
Upon completion of this lab exercise the trainee will be able to:
DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS
1. Drawing board
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS
LAB EXERCISE # 01
PERFORMANCEOBJECTIVE
Upon completion of this lab exercise the trainee will be able to:
8. Identify the direction of view to draw different orthographic views (front, top, and
side views) from pictorial drawing.
9. Relating each orthographic view to its corresponding pictorial drawing.
10. Read and interpret various views of an object.
DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS
1. Drawing board
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS
LAB EXERCISE # 02
Identify the orthographic views and write the answer in the given table.
PERFORMANCEOBJECTIVE
Upon completion of this lab exercise the trainee will be able to:
8. Recognize the use of free hand sketching to represent technical idea
9. Use the correct techniques to develop free hand sketching of lines, circles and other
basic shapes
10. Use of light construction lines and dark object lines
11. Take care of the proportionality of dimensions
12. Represent free hand sketches of orthographic views of objects
DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS
1. Drawing board
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS
LAB EXERCISE # 03
Sketch in 3rd. Angle orthographic views from the given pictorial views.
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
PERFORMANCEOBJECTIVE
Upon completion of this lab exercise the trainee will be able to:
8. Decide about the spacing of views
9. Decide about the distances between views
10. Construct and use mitre line
11. Construction of layout of 3rd angle orthographic views
DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS
1. Drawing board
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS
LAB EXERCISE # 04
Draw Front, Top and R-Side views from the given pictorial view.
LAB EXERCISE # 05
Draw Front, Top and R-Side views from the given pictorial view.
LAB EXERCISE # 06
Draw Front, Top and R-Side views from the given pictorial view.
LAB EXERCISE # 07
Draw Front, Top and R-Side views from the given pictorial view.
LAB EXERCISE # 08
Draw Front, Top and L-Side views from the given pictorial view.
LAB EXERCISE # 09
Draw Front, Top and L-Side views from the given pictorial view.
15
30 35
15
30
R15
15 15
15
105
50 F
LAB EXERCISE # 10
Draw Front, Top and L-Side views from the given pictorial view.
DIA 22
20
R 27
40
25
18
16
F
18
18
18
LAB EXERCISE # 11
Draw Front, Top and R-Side views from the given pictorial view.
R25
20
42
6 DIA20
DIA12- 2HOLES
25 22
16 20
14
F 100
45
50
LAB EXERCISE # 12
Draw Front, Top and R-Side views from the given pictorial view.
DIA30
R20
10
25
15 10
F 100
10
10 50
Isometric Drawings
MODULE-6
Module-6 Isometric Drawings
Isometric drawings are a type of pictorial drawings that show the three principal dimensions of an
object in one view. The principal dimensions are the limits of size for the object along the three
principal directions. Pictorial drawings consist of visible object faces and the features lying on the
faces with the internal features of the object largely hidden from view. They tend to present
images of objects in a form that mimics what the human eye would see naturally. Pictorial
drawings are easy to understand since the images shown bear resemblance to the real or
imagined object. Non-technical personnel can interpret them because they are generally easy to
understand.
Pictorial drawings are excellent starting point in visualization and design and are often used to
supplement multi view drawings. Hidden lines are usually omitted in pictorial drawings, except
where they aid clarity.
An isometric drawing is one of three types of axonometric drawings they are created based on
parallel projection technique. The other two types of axonometric drawings are diametric and
trimetric drawings.
In isometric drawings, the three principal axes make equal angles with the image plane. In
diametric drawing, two of the three principal axes make equal angles with the image plane while
in trimetric drawing; the three principal axes make different angles with the image plane.
Isometric drawings are the most popular.
Arcs and circles are common features on objects, especially in mechanical design and drafting.
Isometric arcs are portions of isometric circles which are ellipses on isometric planes. Fig.6.1
shows a component with isometric arcs on the right face or right isoplane. Since the arcs are
portions of isometric circles, the technique for creating Isocircle will be discussed. It is worth
noting that an isometric arc can be constructed without creating a full isometric circle. One
important rule to remember when creating curves in isometric projection is that the isometric
face or plane the curves lie on should be created first using guide or construction lines.
Then the curves can be created using projection of key points and intersection of projection lines
from the key points. A second rule is that true dimensions are transferred to non-isoplane. Hence
where there are inclined and oblique faces, the true sizes of features on the auxiliary views
should be used during construction. As mentioned earlier, isometric circles are ellipses and
commonly called Isocircle.
There are several techniques available for creating Isocircle, but the easiest and more popular
one is the four-center ellipse. This technique will be used here to create the three basic isometric
circles: top Isocircle, left (front) circle, and right circle. The four-center ellipse is an approximate
ellipse but it is usually good enough for most drafting applications. Fig.7.2 shows in five steps, the
creation of the top isocircle.
Fig.6.1 Fig.6.2
The five steps described above for drawing the Isocircle could be reduced to three as shown in
Fig. 7.3 by combining steps 1 and 2 as Step 1 and combining steps 3 (without drawing the large
arcs) and 5 as Step 3.
Fig.6.3
Fig. 6.4
ISOMETRIC DRAWING
PERFORMANCEOBJECTIVE
Upon completion of this lab exercise the trainee will be able to:
1. Sketch the isometric drawing from the orthographic views
2. Also can draw the isometric with instruments
3. Can visualize the object in detail
DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS
1. Drawing board
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS
LAB EXERCISE # 01
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
1 2
4 5
5 6
7 8
LAB EXERCISE # 02
40
TOP VIEW
20 40 20
25
20
40
80
R-SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW
LAB EXERCISE # 03
TOP VIEW
40
20 20
15
40
FRONT VIEW
10
10 10
70
LAB EXERCISE # 04
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
40
TOP VIEW
50 30
45
20
10
10
40
80
L-SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW
LAB EXERCISE # 05
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
20
10
10
TOP VIEW
30
25
45
40 80
L-SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW
LAB EXERCISE # 06
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
TOP VIEW
10 30 20
10
15
40
15
40
70
L-SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW
LAB EXERCISE # 07
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
TOP VIEW
40
15 15 15
10
FRONT VIEW 40
10
10
10
70
LAB EXERCISE # 08
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
10
40
10
TOP VIEW
20 10 10
30
40 40
10 10
5
5
70 R-SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW
MODULE-7
Module-7 Pipe Fitting & Piping Drawing
Upon completion of this lab exercise, the student (assistant technician) will demonstrate
competency by being able to:
Keywords:
Piping symbols, Piping network, pipe joints, Flanges, Single line pipe drawing, Double line
pipe drawing, Valves, pipe fittings, Pictorial projections.
Fig. 6.1
Fig. 6.2
For single line piping drawing, the pipe fittings are represented by symbols.
The set of symbols are shown in the following Table, has been developed to represent the
features on a drawing.
Table: 7.1
Table: 7.2
Table: 7.3
Table: 7.4
Table: 7.5
LABORATORY EXERCISE # 01
Name: I.D # : Section :
Date: Week # : Marks :
Objective:
Draw the single line pipe drawing of the given double line pipe drawing.
LABORATORY EXERCISE # 02
Name: I.D # : Section :
Date: Week # : Marks :
Objective:
Draw the single line pipe drawing of the given double line pipe drawing.
LABORATORY EXERCISE # 03
Name: I.D # : Section :
Date: Week # : Marks :
Objective:
Draw the single line pipe drawing of the given double line pipe drawing.
LABORATORY EXERCISE # 04
Name: I.D # : Section :
Date: Week # : Marks :
Objective:
Draw the single line pipe drawing of the given double line pipe drawing.
LABORATORY EXERCISE # 05
Name: I.D # : Section :
Date: Week # : Marks :
Objective:
Draw the single line pipe drawing of the given double line pipe drawing.
LABORATORY EXERCISE # 06
Name: I.D # : Section :
Date: Week # : Marks :
Objective:
Draw the single line pipe drawing of the given double line pipe drawing.
Pictorial projection is commonly used for complicated systems and layout works to make the
drawing easier to understand. Orthographic projection is recommended for the
representation of single pipes. However, it is used for more complicated systems.
Following figure shows both the pictorial and the orthographic projections of a small piping
network.
For the orthographic projection, the symbolic representation of pipe coming towards viewer
and going away from viewer is shown in Figure 4 for pipeline with and without flanges. A
piping layout is shown in pictorial projection and its orthographic projections are
represented in Figure.
Fig: 6.1
Fig: 6.2
LABORATORY EXERCISE # 07
Name: I.D # : Section :
Date: Week # : Marks :
Objective:
Draw both front and top orthographic projection views for the piping network shown in its
pictorial projection. Dimensions should be shown.