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    Gauss' Law

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    Eduardo Bittencourt
    This document summarizes Gauss's law and its applications. It introduces Gauss's law, which defines electric flux and relates it to the enclosed charge. It then discusses using Gauss's law to derive Coulomb's law and analyze electric field configurations like charged spheres and cylinders. It provides guidelines for using Gauss's law to solve problems and gives several examples of its applications, including finding electric fields and radii of charged objects. It concludes by introducing Earnshaw's theorem, which states that static charges cannot be held in equilibrium solely by electrostatic forces.

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    Gauss' Law

    Uploaded by

    Eduardo Bittencourt
    48 views25 pages
    This document summarizes Gauss's law and its applications. It introduces Gauss's law, which defines electric flux and relates it to the enclosed charge. It then discusses using Gauss's law to derive Coulomb's law and analyze electric field configurations like charged spheres and cylinders. It provides guidelines for using Gauss's law to solve problems and gives several examples of its applications, including finding electric fields and radii of charged objects. It concludes by introducing Earnshaw's theorem, which states that static charges cannot be held in equilibrium solely by electrostatic forces.

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    Fundamentos de magnetismo

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    This document summarizes Gauss's law and its applications. It introduces Gauss's law, which defines electric flux and relates it to the enclosed charge. It then discusses using Gauss's law to derive Coulomb's law and analyze electric field configurations like charged spheres and cylinders. It provides guidelines for using Gauss's law to solve problems and gives several examples of its applications, including finding electric fields and radii of charged objects. It concludes by introducing Earnshaw's theorem, which states that static charges cannot be held in equilibrium solely by electrostatic forces.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    48 views25 pages

    Gauss' Law

    Uploaded by

    Eduardo Bittencourt
    This document summarizes Gauss's law and its applications. It introduces Gauss's law, which defines electric flux and relates it to the enclosed charge. It then discusses using Gauss's law to derive Coulomb's law and analyze electric field configurations like charged spheres and cylinders. It provides guidelines for using Gauss's law to solve problems and gives several examples of its applications, including finding electric fields and radii of charged objects. It concludes by introducing Earnshaw's theorem, which states that static charges cannot be held in equilibrium solely by electrostatic forces.

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    Chapter 25 Gauss’ Law

    第二十五章 高斯定律
    A new (mathematical) look at
    Faraday’s electric field lines
    N
    Faraday: E
    A
    Gauss: define electric field flux as
     E  EA if E is perpendicular to
    the surface A.
    A new (mathematical) look at
    Faraday’s electric field lines

     E  EA cos   E  Anˆ
    Flux of an electric field
     
    Gaussian surface    E  dA

     isenclosed
    an integration over an
    suface.

    dA is a surface element with
    its normal direction
    pointing outward.
    Gauss’ law
      qenc
       E  dA 
    0

    Proof:
    Proof of Gauss’ law

    From Coulomb’s law,

    E2 r12
     2
    E1 r2

    The flux within a given solid angle is constant.

    A1 A2 cos 
     2 
    r1 r22
    Thus, we have 1   2
    Deriving Coulomb’s law from
    Gauss’ law
    Assume that space is isotropic and homogeneous.
    A charged isolated conductor
    Electric field near the outer
    surface of a conductor:


    E  nˆ
    0
    Applications of Gauss’ law
    A uniformly charged sphere
    Problem solving guide for Gauss’ law

    • Use the symmetry of the charge distribution


    to determine the pattern of the field lines.
    • Choose a Gaussian surface for which E is
    either parallel to or perpendicular to dA.
    • If E is parallel to dA, then the magnitude of
    E should be constant over this part of the
    surface. The integral then reduces to a sum
    over area elements.
    Applications of Gauss’ law

    l
    E  2 rlE 
    0

    E
    2 r 0
    Applications of Gauss’ law
    Applications of Gauss’ law
    Applications of Gauss’ law
    Applications of Gauss’ law
    Applications of Gauss’ law
    Applications of Gauss’ law
    Given that the linear charge density of
    a charged air column is -10-3 C/m, find
    the radius of the column.
    Applications of Gauss’ law
    Applications of Gauss’ law
    Applications of Gauss’ law
    Earnshaw theorem
    Earnshaw's theorem states that a collection of point
    charges cannot be maintained in an equilibrium
    configuration solely by the electrostatic interaction of the
    charges. This was first stated by Samual Earnshaw in
    1842. It is usually referenced to magnetic fields, but
    originally applied to electrostatic fields, and, in fact,
    applies to any classical inverse square law force or
    combination of forces (such as magnetic, electric, and
    gravitational fields).
    A simple proof of Earnshaw theorem
    This follows from Gauss law. The force acting on an
    object F(x) (as a function of position) due to a
    combination of inverse-square law forces (forces
    deriving from a potential which satisfies Laplace’s
    equation) will always be divergenceless (·F = 0) in
    free space. What this means is that if the electric (or
    magnetic, or gravitational) field points inwards towards
    some point, it will always also point outwards. There
    are no local minima or maxima of the field in free space,
    only saddle points.
    Home work
    Question (問題): 7, 12, 18

    Exercise (練習題): 5, 14, 18

    Problem (習題): 14, 24, 31, 32

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