INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

(ICRAMET’ 15)
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN: 0974-2115
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ECO FRIENDLY VEHICLE
Samuel Michael, Ganesh Bharathi.R, Manoj Kumar.S, Sengo.P.R, Sabarinathan.K
Department of mechanical engineering, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
*Corresponding author: Email: r.ganesh.bharathi@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The paper presents the next generation of power energy systems using solar- and wind-energy systems. The
power is generated from the kinetic energy of the wind and the solar energy. As the vehicle moves the electricity id
produced in the two ways. One forms the turbine and the other from the solar. It is stored in the battery for the
running of the vehicle. The DC motor is used of the operation. . This project gives information about where and
how these components should be installed to produce maximum power. As the gear box and the engine is
eliminated in the vehicle the weight of the vehicle is been reduced.
INTRODUCTION
We are in a world which largely depends on power which is obtained from various sources where
contribution of conventional, non-renewable source is much more. Because of this reason consumption of
conventional and non-renewable sources is very high. If the same rate is maintained, then in the near future these
sources will not be available. In this situation we will be left with only one option of using renewable sources. So
we should control the use of non-renewable energy sources and at the same time use renewable energy sources so
that these resources can be balanced. This project deals with utilizing kinetic energy of wind and the energy from
the solar in a fast moving vehicle and explains the process and methodology to be followed.
There have been many reasons why the developing countries have not started to use renewable and no
contaminant energy supplies for electricity generation, the most important being the cost and the lack of technology
adaptation. For this reason this work presents the first stage of a modular electricity generation system development
based on the use of wind, solar and thermal (from gas produced by biomass) energies, with a low output power
level, addressed to small users, dispersed in rural areas (either in isolated farms or in small villages). This system
uses car alternators as generating components. This choice can look peculiar given the wide range of electric
generators present in the market, but it is made because, at least in Latin America, the widespread use of cars and
trucks in all regions means the existence of spare parts supplies and skilled technicians in many localities, while car
alternators are locally manufactured in several countries. All this can be used to develop a technological network
that will cope with the installation and maintenance of the wind generators. Without this network, the introduction
of these renewable and no contaminant energy systems will not be successful, as it has happened till now.
METHODOLOGY
The main objective of our project is to convert wind energy and the solar energy into electric energy. For
this the alternators are been operated by the turbines and the power produced in the alternator is stored in the
battery. The solar panels produce the power from the sun light and store the power in the battery in the form of
electrical energy. As the vehicle moves the turbine in the vehicle rotates and operates the alternator which produces
the electrical energy. The rotational speed of the turbine varies with the velocity of the wind. Some of the
characteristics of the alternators is given below integrated rectifier with power zener regulation. Diodes set in
aluminum heat sinks for high cooling efficiency. Integrated field regulator for constant voltage self-excitation and
simplified installation and service. Long duration brushes protected against dust and dirt. High efficiency integrated
blower providing high cooling capacity for extended high load operation. Precisely balanced rotor block for smooth
operation and long bearing life High load ball bearings. Self lubrication with high temperature greases to ensure
long ball bearing life. High strength low weight aluminum case. Heavy duty stator winding with high overload
capacity. Wide temperature operating range from 40° F to 200° F. Able to operate in both rotating senses. Some
models are available in brushless configurations.
The solar panels get the solar energy from the sunlight and convert it into the electrical energy. The energy
produced is converted and stored in the battery. The power in the battery is utilized to run the DC motor. As the DC
motor runs the vehicle operates.
SOLAR ENERGY
The whole Earth, which has a cross section of 127,400,000km2, approximately receives solar power of
1.740×1017 W and reflects about 30% of the power back to space. The annual incoming solar radiation at the top of
the atmosphere is about 5.5×1024 J, and 60% of the energy reaches the surface. The total annual downward solar
energy at the surface is about 3.3×1024 J, which is 6800 times more than the world’s annual energy consumption.
Even by excluding the water surface (70%) and assuming a solar energy conversion efficiency of 10%, the usage of
solar energy over 0.5% of the land Surface can meet the current global energy demand. The down wards olar
radiation at the surface depends on time, latitude, atmosphere, aerosols/clouds, and surface conditions. Solar energy

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 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
(ICRAMET’ 15)
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN: 0974-2115
can be converted directly or indirectly in toother forms of energy, such as heat and electricity. PV energy results
from the conversion of sunlight into electricity through a PV cell, commonly called a
solarcell.ThePVcellusesapartofsolarradiationforgeneratingelectricity.Power generated from the increasing area of
the solar panel is given below,

Total power generated by the total area of the solar panel,

Area of the panel, A= 2.217
Power = 50Watt
Total Power Generated = Power × Area of the panel
= 2.217× 50
= 110 k watt
WIND ENERGY CONVERSION
A wind driven generator (alternator) is based on the first law of thermo-dynamics (Daniel and Gaunden, 2001)
which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed and it can only be transformed from one form to
another. In this working model, wind energy is being utilized to produce electrical energy. The wind which strikes
the blades has greater kinetic energy with respect to the wind on the other side of the turbines. The energy lost by
the wind is transferred to the blades, as a result of which they get rotated. As the shaft is fixed to the axle of blade,
the rotation of blades causes rotation of the shaft of the alternator. In this system, there are two stages of energy
transformation. In the first stage wind energy is being transformed into mechanical energy, as a result of which
turbines get rotated. In the second stage mechanical energy gets transformed into electrical energy which produces
current. Power generated by wind- gen depends upon these three factors:
a) Air density, C.
b) Area swept by the fan, A.
c) Velocity of the wind, v.
Power produced by a wind-gen depends directly upon the density of the wind. The density of wind may vary
from place to place. It may have higher values in coastal areas where air has higher moisture content and it may be
less in dry places like deserts. On an average the value of air density is around 1.23 Kg/m3. It has been found that
power output is directly proportional to the area swept by the turbines. Also, the area swept by the turbines is
proportional to the square of length of the turbines. So, turbines of greater diameter are preferred. But there are
certain limitations to the dimension of the turbines. Larger turbines may unbalance the system on which they have
been installed. They may make the system bulkier which may create huge problem in their rotation.
Experimentally, it has been investigated that as the wind velocity gets doubled, the output power increases by eight
times. So, it can be easily concluded that power output is proportional to cube of the wind velocity (Rizk and
Nagriak, 2010). Power output is expressed by Eq.(1)
P = (1/2) C A v3 (1)
The wind turbine torque (T) can be calculated from the equation (2) of power. T = P / ω.
= (½) CA (v3/ω) (2)
In 1919, a scientist named Betz calculated that there is a limit to how much power a turbine blade can
extract from the wind. Beyond the Betz Limit of 59.26 % energy extraction, more and more air tends to go around
the turbine rather than through it, with air pooling up in front. Hence, 59.26 % is the absolute maximum that can be
extracted from the available power.

JCHPS Special Issue 9: April 2015 www.jchps.com Page 207

 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
(ICRAMET’ 15)
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN: 0974-2115
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIONS: The technical design specification has been reflected in table,
Module/Unit Specifications
Wind Driven Gen Gen Voltage (12V)
Wind Speed Range 40 kph
Battery Charger 12V, 4Amp
Battery 12V, 36Ah
Automobile Four wheeler
ALTERNATOR SPECIFICATIONS:
Type A
Rated voltage 12V
Nominal Voltage 40A@13.5V
No load speed 1100rpm
Setting voltage 14.2-14.8
Polarity Negative ground
Rotation Clockwise
DC MOTOR SPECIFICATIONS:
HP Base rpm Arm Volt Nema Frame ENCL. FV. Amps Torque Serve factor App. Weight
1/4 1750 12v(DC) 56C TFEC 21 9in lbs 1.0 18in lbs
BLOCK DIAGRAM

REQUIREMENTS OF THE TURBINE

Since working fluid in the turbine is air so first requirement of turbine is it needs to be light weight. In a
water turbine, water is the working medium which has a higher density compared to air. That turbine cannot be
used here because of air density. Turbine material should be selected such that it has high strength and light weight.
High weight of the turbine will result in major loss of power during operation. Second requirement of the turbine is
that it should be perfectly balanced. Since this turbine will be used on the roof of a vehicle moving at an average
speed of 50 Km/Hr. So small amount of vibration can cause serious damage. This can affect not only the housing
but the whole vehicle movement can be disturbed. To avoid this type of issue, perfect balancing of the turbine is a
must.
BENEFITS
1. Since this power developed is without any additional input energy, this method is very efficient.
2. In this project, the working medium is air, so there is no corrosion of blades of turbine.
3. Air utilized by the turbine can be exhausted directly into the open environment.
4. Since air is a renewable source of energy, there is no limitation on using this apparatus
CONCLUSION
Initial cost of this project is high, but as it uses wind energy which is a renewable source of energy, it is a
good alternative for generating power. It can be implemented at present so that the fossil fuel consumed by the
vehicle can be utilized in a more efficient way. This project can also be used in cars so that they can generate
electricity not in large amounts but sufficient for smaller mechanisms.
1) The initial results obtained in the test platform show that the use of a car alternator as the electric generator in a
wind turbine set is technically possible.
2) The initial results obtained in the test platform show that a number of different power conditioning modules can
be fed simultaneously from the generator output, tailoring the wind driven system to different load requirements.
3) The initial results obtained in the test platform show that generator performance is not significantly different
when operating with continuous or pulsed excitation modes.
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 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
(ICRAMET’ 15)
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN: 0974-2115
4) The initial results obtained in the test platform show that the standard output voltage controller used in the car
alternator can be used in the new application.
REFERENCES
Alternative Energy: Political, Economic, and Social Feasibility, (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman& Littlefield, 2006.
ISBN 0-7425-4909-7)
R. Krishnan, Electric motor drives, modeling, analysis and control, Prentice Hall. 2001, New Jersey, 145-148
Center for Automotive Research (2011). Deployment rollout estimate for electric vehicles from 20112015.
Retrieved February 21, 2011 from www.cargroup.com.

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