Panduan Teknik Edisi 4 PDF

JK R 20300 -0 25 -0 9
CKE.GP.08.03(00).2011
P AND UAN TE KNI K

REKABENTUK
ELEKTRIK
Edisi 4
CAWANGAN KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK

IBU PEJABAT JKR MALAYSIA
.
CKE.GP.08.03(00).2011
PANDUAN TEKNIK
CAWANGAN KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK JKR 20300-025-09
EDISI 4
Date : 1st August 2011
CHAPTER
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page : i of i
0.0
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
1.0 Overview …………………………………………...…….. C1/ 1 – C1/ 24
2.0 Space and Room Requirement for Electrical Works.....…… C2/ 1 – C2/ 9
3.0 Guidelines for Interior Lighting Using the Lumen Method.. C3/ 1 – C3/ 32
4.0 Other Lighting……………………………………………... C4/ 1 – C4/ 4
5.0 Guidelines for Schematic Design …………………………. C5/ 1 – C5/ 14
6.0 Switchboards and Distribution System …………………… C6/ 1 – C6/ 10
7.0 Reticulation Cable Size and Voltage Drop Calculation …... C7/ 1 – C7/ 11
8.0 Power Factor Correction ………………………………….. C8/ 1 – C8/ 13
9.0 Backup System ……………………………………………. C9/ 1 – C9/ 18
10.0 HT System Design and Criteria …………………………… C10/ 1 – C10/ 19
11.0 Public Address System ……………………………………. C11/ 1 – C11/ 47
12.0 Sound Reinforcement System ……………………………... C12/ 1 – C12/ 15
13.0 Security System …………………………………………… C13/ 1 – C13/ 1
14.0 ICT System ………………………………………………... C14/ 1 – C14/ 8
15.0 Telecommunication System ………………………………. C15/ 1 – C15/ 23
16.0 Guidelines for External / Road Lighting ………………….. C16/ 1 – C16/ 29
17.0 Lightning Protection, Surge Protection and Earthing ……... C17/ 1 – C17/ 19
18.0 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for CKE Design …………… C18/ 1 – C18/ 1
PANDUAN TEKNIK
© Hak Cipta: 2011 Cawangan Kejuruteraan Elektrik, JKR Malaysia.
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OVERVIEW Page : C1/ 1 of 24
1.0
1.1 Introduction
This is the fourth edition of the Panduan Teknik, originally published in 1976. It is
meant as a guideline for new Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) Electrical Engineers in
headquarters (HQ) design office during the course of their daily duties. This document
outlines the JKR standard practices which have been sourced from experiences of
Senior Practicing Engineers and with reference to the current Government circulars
specifically pertaining to procurement.
This document is not comprehensive nor exhaustive, thus other documents should be
referred to, when embarking on the actual work at hand.
1.2 Design Procedure and Criteria
A good design is one that is safe, economical, maintainable and functional to the
customer’s satisfaction. The design engineer (DE) is also encouraged to seek the advice
and expertise of his more experienced colleagues.
The design of the systems, all works performed, all materials and equipments supplied
shall comply with the rules and regulations, circulars, laws and by-laws and be carried
out in accordance to the following:
a) Suruhanjaya Tenaga, ST
b) Suruhanjaya Komunikasi & Multimedia, MCMC
c) Jabatan Alam Sekitar, DOE
d) Jabatan Bomba & Penyelamat, JBPM
e) Jabatan Keselamatan & Kesihatan Pekerjaan, DOSH
f) Ministry of International Trade & Industry, MITI
g) Treasury Circulars
h) Garis Panduan dan Peraturan bagi Perancangan Bangunan Oleh Jawatankuasa
kecil Piawaian & Kos bagi Jawatankuasa Perancang Pembangunan Negara,
Jabatan Perdana Menteri, EPU
i) The Electricity Supply Act 1990
j) The Electricity Regulation 1994
k) MS IEC 60364 – Electrical Installations Of Buildings
l) Uniform Building By-Laws, UBBL
m) Relevant parts of ANSI/EIA/TIA 568, ANSI/EIA/TIA 569-A, ANSI/EIA/TIA 606,
and ANSI/EIA/TIA 607 standards
n) The relevant codes of practice issued by SIRIM and in the absence of which those
issued by the British Standards Institution/IEC
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o) JKR Technical Circulars and Specifications

p) Local Authorities
q) Utility companies
r) All other authorities having jurisdiction over the works
1.3 Planning Stage
Many factors need to be ascertained during the planning stage. Upon receiving the
design brief from the client, the DE must first analyse the client’s requirement and
prepare a concept design based on the electrical, telecommunication and mechanical
load requirement. The DE then prepares a preliminary cost estimate which must be
forwarded to the Quantity Surveyor, to be included in the Preliminary Detail Abstract
(PDA) costing for the entire project.
At this stage too, meetings, discussions and coordination need to be carried out within
the project team. The builder’s works in connection with electrical works have to be
coordinated with the architect, civil and structural engineers. Preliminary electrical
requirement for mechanical loads have to be obtained from the mechanical engineers.
The following are some of the points to be coordinated:
a) Architect
i) The location of the main switchboard (MSB) with respect to the location of
the substation. Ideally it should be adjacent to the substation. However as a
rule of thumb it should not be more than 20 meters away. Otherwise
additional sub switch room(s) may be required, thus adding to the cost of the
project. (Reference : Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Electricity Supply
Application Handbook, ESAH)
ii) Ducting for incoming cables must also be incorporated.
iii) The numbers, sizes and locations of risers – the risers are needed to house
the electrical boards, strategically located not only for aesthetic reasons but
more importantly for safety, maintainability and serviceability.
iv) Openings in walls and floor slabs are required to allow for concealed
conduits and trunking routes.
v) The type of ceiling to be installed, the ceiling space required for luminaire
installation and etc.
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b) Structural Engineer
i) To ensure ducting and trench details for substation and switch rooms are
incorporated into structural drawings.
ii) To discuss on openings and/or haunches in beams - if there is insufficient
space under the soffit of the beam to cater for services, and finalize the
opening sizes.
iii) To coordinate possible bonding to the structure for lightning protection
system.
c) Mechanical Engineer
i) To ascertain the required electrical power for all mechanical equipment e.g.
air conditioning system, water pumps, sewage pumps, fire fighting facilities,
etc.
ii) To identify the proposed location of power points and isolators required.
Simultaneously, supply authority (e.g. TNB, SESCO, etc) shall be informed of power
supply requirements – Once the load estimate and location of intake have conceptually
been agreed, TNB is approached for confirmation of availability of supply. If a
substation is required, then it becomes necessary to coordinate with the architect to
provide the substation(s). The DE shall request for estimated connection charges that
would be involved.
Telecommunication Company (TELCO), (e.g. Telekom Malaysia, Time, etc.) also

needs to be informed of communication line requirements early in order to ensure that
communication lines and other requirements are ready upon completion of construction
works. Similarly, requirement of other authorities need to be liaised.
Once agreement has been reached with all relevant parties, detailed design and drawings
can commence. For standard buildings such as schools or quarters etc., the standard
drawing are already available and the works is much simplified.
During this stage too, the DE must prepare the design development plan (works
schedule) and discuss with the project team on the method of procurement. Appendix 1
shows the example on the Activity/Project Planning to assist the new DE.
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1.4 Detail Design Stage
The information and feedbacks received from various parties and authorities during
planning stage is used for the actual detailed design. The common electrical services
designed in building works are:
a) Internal illumination
b) Power points (13A socket, isolator, etc )
c) Mechanical equipment loads e.g. air conditioning loads, pumps, lifts, etc.
d) Internal distribution system
e) Emergency/Back up supply
f) External 11kV reticulation and substation requirements
g) Lightning protection, surge protection and earthing system
h) Information, telecommunication and Public Address Branch Exchange (PABX)
i) Public address and sound reinforcement systems
j) Security and intruder system
k) External lighting
The first step of the design is to trace the floor layout plan from the architectural
drawings, prepare the electrical layout plan and insert the location of luminaire (based
on illumination calculation) and its switches, electrical socket outlets and all the other
power points as required. This is the easiest but most time consuming exercise.
Cawangan Kejuruteraan Elektrik (CKE) is in the midst of removing this step and
replacing it. An automated Schedule of Accommodation (SoA) is in the pipe line.
The second step is the design of the final circuits and its associated distribution boards
(DB). The items to be considered comprise of the total load (both the total connected
load, TCL and maximum demand, MD), cable sizes, circuit protective device and the
safety isolation devices.
The third step is to design the electrical distribution system (schematic drawing, switch
board systems) and the cabling involved.
In its simplest terms the design of electrical installation involves the laying out of
electrical equipment such as light fitting, socket outlets, switches, fans, etc, and making
up the associated circuitry of schematic wiring diagrams showing how they are
connected to the incoming supply and also how they are interconnected. The design
shall also follow the relevant JKR Elektrik Standard Specification L-S1 to L-S20,
JKR Technical Circulars and current JKR practice.
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The DE must check and ensure that the design drawings prepared are correct and meets
the client brief. Amendments will be carried out by the relevant subordinate or by the
DE. After having satisfied that the drawings are correct, the drawings shall be cross
checked by another designer before forwarding to the head of design team (HODT) for
review. The design shall then be presented to the Design Review Committee before
verification.
Refer JKR Sistem Pengurusan Kualiti (SPK) website http://spk.jkr.gov.my for details of
this review and verification flow.
1.5 Preparation of Bill of Quantities
Before any procurement, a Bill of Quantities (BQ) has to be prepared. The draft is
prepared based on the drawings and DE has to ensure that the entire scope of works is
included to minimise variations during construction.
1.6 Preparation of Tender Document (TD) and Table Tender Document (TTD)
TD prepared shall comprise of:
a) Drawings
b) Relevant specifications
c) BQ
d) Important Notes to Tenderers
e) Supporting JKR 203N1 and N2 forms (for nominated sub contracts only)
f) Technical schedule and manufacturer’s name/brand of materials
g) Information on the required heads and subheads for the works, location of the site,
the name of the Main Contractor for the project, indication of the expected
completion period and the closing date of the tender
All the above are bound together forming a TD for checking by the DE according to the
checklist. Presently, CKE already practices on CD Tendering for selected projects.
Next, TTD must be prepared. The TTD shall comprise of all the above plus the Tender
Notice, JKR 203N (Condition of Contract), JKR 203N3 to N7 series of form also
known as the standard nominated sub contract document.
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For main contract (known as direct contract in CKE), JKR 203 (based on Specification
and Drawing – Lump sum contract) or 203A (based on BQ only) contract forms may be
used.
This is a very simple yet very important step. This TTD shall be the reference document
for tenderers who intend to purchase and participate in the tender.
Having completed and verified the TTD, the TTD and TD are sent to the Tender
Secretariat at Kementerian Kerja Raya (KKR), before or on the date of the said
advertisement where qualified tenderers may purchase the TD.
1.7 Preparation of Tender Evaluation Report
Once the tender is closed, the Tender Secretariat will return all the TD submitted by the
tenderers to the Design Office for evaluation.
It has to be stressed that the tender evaluation process is confidential. Therefore the
handling of this procedure must adhere to the confidentiality flow of work/information
practice in the department.
Evaluations of the tenders are done in two stages.
Stage 1:
a) Statistical analysis of tender price (cut off analysis)

b) Completeness of Tender submission
c) Mandatory documents
d) Financial capabilities
e) Analysis on present performance of the tenderer
f) Technical analysis of equipment or methods compliance to specification
Stage 2 (only applicable to tenderers offering prices below cut off):
a) Analysis on past performance of the tenderer

b) Analysis on manpower/staff
c) Tender price
d) Sufficiency of minimum capital (Kecukupan modal minimum selepas
mengambilkira Faktor Rendah Harga, FRH)
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Those tenderers, who pass the second stage evaluation, shall be further assessed based
on Special Criteria for final recommendation.
The report will then be assessed by the Tender Evaluation Committee. Pengarah Kanan
CKE (PKCKE) then recommends and submits the report to the Urusetia Lembaga
Tender (Tender Board Secretariat).
1.8 Appointment of Nominated Subcontractor (NSC)
Upon approval by the Tender Board, the successful tenderer shall be informed of his
success as the NSC for the works and the NSC shall obtain the necessary policies and
bonds. The policies and bonds must be checked according to Treasury Circular and
Instructions. Having done these, the DE wills officially handover the entire supervision
of the works and its associated contract administration and management up to and
including the closing of the accounts, to the state JKR Electrical offices. Refer to the Kit
Selia Elektrik.
Simultaneously, the DE shall:
a) Prepare the necessary JKR203 forms,

b) Submit them to the Superintending Officer, SO,
c) Assist the SO to obtain the signatures of the Main Contractor and his NSC i.e. the
Letter of Acceptance (LA), etc.,
d) Distribute copies of JKR203N1 to N7 to the relevant parties,
e) Get the JKR203N form stamped,
f) Prepare the Contract Document,
g) Distribute the Contract Document to the relevant parties.
1.9 Site Supervision
The site supervision shall be carried out by state JKR Electrical offices named by the
SO as his specialist SO Representative, SOR.
Subsequently, the DE’s involvement in the project will be on a periodical basis only i.e.
the occasional site visit and or upon request for more details or clarification from the
state offices. He shall carry out the design audit and design changes where necessary.
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1.10 Towards a Quality Asset Development
To align to the JKR Strategic Framework achieving JKR’s vision and mission to be the
centre of excellence, a holistic approach towards asset facility management is
imperative. Thus CKE has formed a flying squad to become the audit group during the
development stage. The reported findings from these audits shall be shared as lessons
learnt for continuous improvement within the CKE.
The members of this squad are representatives from the various units in CKE. CKE’s
flying squad shall visit the site during the construction, pre-occupancy and post-
occupancy stages, to audit the following:
a) SPK compliance
b) Supervision works
c) Testing
d) Compliance to contract
e) Design audit
f) Hand-over procedures, etc.
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Appendix 1
JADUAL PERANCANGAN AKTIVITI / PROJEK
Projek : ………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………….
Kos PDA : ………………………………………………………………….
Jurutera Elektrik (JE) : ………………………………………………………………….
Penolong Jurutera (PJ) : ………………………………………………………………….
Juruteknik (JT) : ………………………………………………………………….
FILE REF. NO
PRO. Q: DOKUMEN SOKONGAN /
JKR.PK BORANG
STATUS
PROJEK /
PIC
BIL
AKTIVITI NAMA / KOD
(P) (O) JKR CE
BORANG
PERANCANGAN
A
PROJEK
A.1 Penerimaan Projek 01
A.1.1 Buka Fail 02 √  CE/ISO2000/1
Rekod Pendaftaran
A.1.2
Fail Projek
02 √  CE/ISO2000/2
Pasukan
A.2
Rekabentuk
Lantikan HODT &

A.2.1
J/kuasa rekabentuk
01 √  CE/ISO2000/3
Majukan lantikan  JKR.PK(O).01-3

A.2.2
HODT kepada HOPT
01 √ √
 CE/ISO2000/4
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FILE REF. NO
JKR.PK BORANG
STATUS
PROJEK /
PIC
BIL
AKTIVITI NAMA / KOD
(P) (O) JKR CE
BORANG
A.3 Brief Projek
Permohonan projek
A.3.1
brief
01 √  CE/ISO2000/5
Kajian / semakan
A.3.2
projek brief
√  JKR.PK(0).01-3
A.3.3 Lawatan tapak
Perbincangan dengan
A.3.4
pihak pelanggan
Pindaan terhadap
A.3.5
brief (jika perlu)
01 √  JKR.PK(0).01-1
Pengesahan brief
A.3.6 terkini dari pihak 01 √  JKR.PK(0).01-2
pelanggan
Verifikasi harta
A.3.7
pelanggan
02 √  JKR.PK(0).01-2
A.4 Q-Plan & D-Plan
A.4.1 Sediakan D-Plan 02 √  JKR.PK(0).02-1 JE
Majukan D-Plan
A.4.2
kepada HOPT
√  CE/ISO2000/6 JE
 JKR.PK(0).01-4
Dapatkan salinan
A.4.3
Q-Plan
01 √ √  CE/ISO2000/5 JE
 CE/ISO2000/6
Lantikan pegawai
A.4.4
mengurus tender (PMT)
√  CE/ISO2000/7 JE
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FILE REF. NO
JKR.PK BORANG
STATUS
PROJEK /
PIC
BIL
AKTIVITI NAMA / KOD
(P) (O) JKR CE
BORANG
Pendaftaran projek :
A.4.5
e-Pengurusan /
JE
SKALA
B Rekabentuk Konsep
Open design file and

B.1 PT
book
B.1.1 Kaji lukisan arkitek JE
B.1.2 Bincang skop kerja ALL
Rancang rekabentuk
B.1.3 JE
konsep
B.1.4 Kira keluasan lantai PT
B.1.5 Anggar harga √  CE/ISO2000/9A JE
Surat kepada QS
B.1.6 untuk anggar harga √  CE/ISO2000/9A JE
PDA
B.1.7 Salinan PDA
B.1.8 Anggar beban √  CE/ISO2000/9B JE
Perbincangan
B.2 Design Concept dgn 01 √  CE/ISO2000/8 JE
KJE
Electrical design
B.2.1
system
B.2.2 Revise design concept
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FILE REF. NO
JKR.PK BORANG
STATUS
PROJEK /
PIC
BIL
AKTIVITI NAMA / KOD
(P) (O) JKR CE
BORANG
C Rekabentuk Awalan
Plan for room

C.1 JE/PT
requirements
Liase with architect

for space
requirement:
C.2 JE
Electrical,
Telephone, PA,
Security, etc.
Prepare sketches of
C.3 the required room JE/PT
size and locations
Write for
C.4 information JE/PT
coordination to
Mechanical (load
C.4.1 JE/PT
requirement)
Architect (room
C.4.2 requirement & build- JE/PT
ins)
Client (special
C.4.3 equipments / JE/PT
requirement)
Structural (beams
C.4.4 depth / special JE/PT
installation)
Perbincangan dgn
C.5 JE
Design Group
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FILE REF. NO
JKR.PK BORANG
STATUS
PROJEK /
PIC
BIL
AKTIVITI NAMA / KOD
(P) (O) JKR CE
BORANG
Pembahagian tugas &

C.5.1
WBS
√  CE/ISO2000/11 JE
Electrical system (HT,

C.5.2
LV Reticulation)
Pemilihan lampu,
symbols to be used,
C.5.3 drawing style,
drawing no & targets
& KPI
Write to TNB to
C.6 liase for location and 01 √  CE/ISO2000/10A JE
size of Sub-ST
Obtain approval from

C.6.1
TNB
Attend the required

C.7 co-ordination JE
meeting
Rekabentuk
D
Terperinci
D.1 Telephone system
Obtain Tel. U/floor

D.1.1 trunking layout from JE
architect
Locate Tel point &

D.1.2 design telephone JE/PT
system
D.1.3 Draw Telephone system JT
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FILE REF. NO
JKR.PK BORANG
STATUS
PROJEK /
PIC
BIL
AKTIVITI NAMA / KOD
(P) (O) JKR CE
BORANG
Plot for checking and

D.1.4
review 1
03 √  CE/ISO2000/10B JT
Amend and print 3

D.1.5 sets to send to local √  CE/ISO2000/8 JE
TELCO for approval
Obtain approval from

D.1.6
TELCO
JE
D.2 Lighting Design
D.2.1 Calculate lux level √  CE/ISO2000/12 JT
Trace architectural
drawing according to
D.2.2 JT
the list of drawing
prepared
D.2.3 Locate all luminaires JT
D.2.4 Locate all s/s/o JT
D.2.5 Locate all ICT / LAN point JT
D.2.6 Locate all PA point JT
Plot / print for

D.2.7 JT
checking
Drawing checked,
D.2.8
discuss & amend
√  JKR.PK(0).02-2 JT
D.3 Design Schematic
Design the schematic

D.3.1 JT
including the DB
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FILE REF. NO
JKR.PK BORANG
STATUS
PROJEK /
PIC
BIL
AKTIVITI NAMA / KOD
(P) (O) JKR CE
BORANG
Insert schematic
D.3.2 JT
labelling in the layout
Draw the schematic

D.3.3 JT
diagram
Calculate load of each

D.3.4 PT
DB and balance it
Check the drawing so

as the labelling tally
D.3.5
with schematic and
PT
the load
Amend and recheck

D.3.6 until satisfactorily JE
done
If OK plot and pass to

D.3.7 JEP for design review JE
1
D.3.8 Design review 1 √  JKR.PK(0).02-2 JEP/JE
Amend drawing and

D.3.9
recheck
√  JKR.PK(0).02-2 JE/JT
D.4 Distribution system  JKR.PK(0).02-2
Collect, list and

D.4.1
calculate all loads
02 √  CE/ISO2000/12 PT/JT
Calculate volt drop &

D.4.2 PT/JT
check cable size
Check switch gear

D.4.3 JE/PT
rating
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FILE REF. NO
JKR.PK BORANG
STATUS
PROJEK /
PIC
BIL
AKTIVITI NAMA / KOD
(P) (O) JKR CE
BORANG
Locate and label

D.4.4 mechanical JE/PT
switchboards
Design SSB
D.4.5 JE/PT
schematic
D.4.6 Design riser diagram JE/PT
D.4.7 Draw block diagram JE/PT
Main Tel. schematic

D.4.8 JE/PT
diagram & PABX
Main PA schematic
D.4.9 JE/PT
diagram
Lightning protection
D.4.10 PT/JT
system
Plot, check and

D.4.11 PT/JT
amend
Plot, recheck and send

D.4.12 JE
for design review 2
D.5 Design Review 2 JEP/JE
Design LV boards &

D.5.1
discuss with JEP
√  JKR.PK(0).02-2 JE
Draw MSB and

D.5.2
associated boards
√  JKR.PK(0).02-2 JE
Check and send for

D.5.3 JE
design review 3
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FILE REF. NO
JKR.PK BORANG
STATUS
PROJEK /
PIC
BIL
AKTIVITI NAMA / KOD
(P) (O) JKR CE
BORANG
D.6 Design review 3 JEP/JE
Amend and plot for

D.6.1
verification
JT
Verifikasi
E
Rekabentuk
E.1 Pengesahan JEP
JEP: Review
E.1.1
rekabentuk
√  JKR.PK(0).02
JEP: Pengesahan
E.1.2
rekabentuk
√  JKR.PK(0).02
E.2 Pengesahan KJE
KJE: Review
E.2.1
rekabentuk
√  JKR.PK(0).02
KJE: Pembetulan
E.2.2
lukisan / rekabentuk
√  JKR.PK(0).03
KJE: Pengesahan
E.2.3
rekabentuk
√  JKR.PK(0).02
PCKE: Pengesahan
E.3 √  JKR.PK(0).02
rekabentuk
Validasi rekabentuk
E.4
(jika perlu)
Penyediaan
F Dokumen Tender &
Perolehan
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CKE.GP.08.03(00).2011
PANDUAN TEKNIK
EDISI 4
CHAPTER
1.0
FILE REF. NO
JKR.PK BORANG
STATUS
PROJEK /
PIC
BIL
AKTIVITI NAMA / KOD
(P) (O) JKR CE
BORANG
Penyediaan senarai
F.1
bahan
Sediakan senarai
F.1.1 kuantiti, senarai 02 PT
jenama barangan
F.2 Mohon no. tender PT
Tentukan kelas
F.2.1 PT
pretender
Sediakan butiran
F.2.2 PT
pengiklanan
Sediakan LO untuk
F.2.3 PT
iklan
Sedia surat & hantar

F.2.4 PT
iklan
F.2.5 Iklan tender PT
Sediakan spesifikasi
F.3 02 PT
& lukisan
Sediakan borang-
F.3.1 PT
borang tender
F.3.2 Sediakan TD & TTD 03 JE/PT
 JKR.PK(O).03-4a
Senarai semakan TD (NSC)
F.3.3
& TTD
03 √ JE/PT
 JKR.PK(O).03-
4b (DC)
PANDUAN TEKNIK
CKE.GP.08.03(00).2011
PANDUAN TEKNIK
EDISI 4
CHAPTER
1.0
FILE REF. NO
JKR.PK BORANG
STATUS
PROJEK /
PIC
BIL
AKTIVITI NAMA / KOD
(P) (O) JKR CE
BORANG
KJE: check and

F.3.4
approve the TTD
Send to Urusetia
F.4 JE/PT
Tender
F.5 Pengiklanan
Lawatan tapak jika

F.5.1 JE
perlu
Jualan dokumen
F.5.2
tender
Sediakan anggaran
F.5.3 JE
jabatan
Lantikan semula
F.5.4 pegawai penilai, jika JEP/JE
perlu
Penerimaan
F.6 JE
dokumen tender
F.6.1 JE: penilaian tender
JEP: semakan
F.6.2
penilaian tender
JEP: semakan &

F.6.3 pengesyoran penilaian
tender
KJE: semakan &

F.6.4 pengesyoran penilaian
tender
PANDUAN TEKNIK
CKE.GP.08.03(00).2011
PANDUAN TEKNIK
EDISI 4
CHAPTER
1.0
FILE REF. NO
JKR.PK BORANG
STATUS
PROJEK /
PIC
BIL
AKTIVITI NAMA / KOD
(P) (O) JKR CE
BORANG
PCKE: pengesahan &

F.6.5
pengesyoran tender
JE: sediakan 10 set

F.6.6
laporan tender
Hantar laporan tender

F.6.7 ke Urusetia Lembaga JE
Perolehan
Keputusan dari
F.7
Lembaga Perolehan
Penyediaan
G
Dokumen Kontrak
PCKE serah kpd.

G.1
KJE/JEP/JEK/JE
Pemberitahu
G.2 penerimaan tender JE/PT
s.k. KJEN
Penyediaan SST &

G.2.1 borang-borang PT
kontrak
Kick off meeting dan

G.2.2 penyerahan pada JEP/JE
KJEN
Edaran SST &

borang-borang
G.2.3 kontrak kpd PT
kontraktor & pihak-
pihak terlibat
PANDUAN TEKNIK
CKE.GP.08.03(00).2011
PANDUAN TEKNIK
EDISI 4
CHAPTER
1.0
FILE REF. NO
JKR.PK BORANG
STATUS
PROJEK /
PIC
BIL
AKTIVITI NAMA / KOD
(P) (O) JKR CE
BORANG
G.2.4 Matikan setem PT
Menyedia dokumen
G.2.5 PT
kontrak
Hantar kepada
BINDERS untuk
G.2.6 PT
buat dokumen
kontrak.
Pengesahan
G.3 KJE
dokumen kontrak
Edaran Dok.
G.4 PT
kontrak
H Pembinaan
H.1 Site meetings ALL
Site visits /
H.2 ALL
supervisions
Check and approve

H.2.1 ALL
samples
Approve shop
H.2.2 JE
drawings
Evaluation on progress
H.3 PT/JT
for payment
Prepare claim
H.3.1
recommendation letter
JE/PT
Factory visit for

H.4 JE/PT
switchboards
PANDUAN TEKNIK
CKE.GP.08.03(00).2011
PANDUAN TEKNIK
EDISI 4
CHAPTER
1.0
FILE REF. NO
JKR.PK BORANG
STATUS
PROJEK /
PIC
BIL
AKTIVITI NAMA / KOD
(P) (O) JKR CE
BORANG
Liaise with
H.5 JE
TENAGA for
H.5.1 ACB settings JE
H.5.2 substation approval JE
H.5.3 connection charges JE
H.5.4 connection of supply JE
Liaise with TELCO

H.6 JE
for
supervision of
H.6.1 JE
manholes fabrication
H.6.2 TELCO inspection JE
application for
H.6.3 JE
telephone lines
All supervision
H.7 forms to be filled PT/JT
accordingly
Final measurement
H.8 PT/JT
on site
H.9 V.O. forms JE/PT
H.10 PPJHK JE
Testing &
I Commissioning &
Handover
PANDUAN TEKNIK
CKE.GP.08.03(00).2011
PANDUAN TEKNIK
EDISI 4
CHAPTER
1.0
FILE REF. NO
JKR.PK BORANG
STATUS
PROJEK /
PIC
BIL
AKTIVITI NAMA / KOD
(P) (O) JKR CE
BORANG
I.1 Testing on site ALL
Check as installed
I.2 ALL
drawings
Receive, records and

distribute man &
I.2.1 PT
distribute as installed
drawing
Pre Handling Over

I.3 ALL
Inspection
I.4 Final rectification
I.5 Handling over
Defects Liability
J
Period
Do final payment
J.1 JE
and close of account
Handle complaints
J.2 and rectification PT
works
Defects joint
J.3 inspection every 3 ALL
months
Final site checking

J.4 or defects 3 months ALL
before DLP ends
J.5 Making good – Final
PANDUAN TEKNIK
CKE.GP.08.03(00).2011
PANDUAN TEKNIK
EDISI 4
CHAPTER
1.0
FILE REF. NO
JKR.PK BORANG
STATUS
PROJEK /
PIC
BIL
AKTIVITI NAMA / KOD
(P) (O) JKR CE
BORANG
Release performance
J.6 JE
bond
Prepare letter and

J.7 pass all files for PT
closing
J.8 Close file JE
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CKE.GP.08.03(00).2011
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EDISI 4
CHAPTER SPACE AND ROOM REQUIREMENT FOR

Page : C2/ 1 of 9
2.0 ELECTRICAL WORKS
2.1 Room Requirements
If the estimated maximum demands (MD) is more than 1000kVA the DE must plan for
11kV main supply intake on consumer side.
For HV supply, TNB normally requires only a HV switch room to house their
switchgears. Adjacent to TNB switch room, the DE is required to provide HV switch
room(s), transformer room(s), LV switch rooms and standby generator set room. All
these rooms should be adjacent or as close as possible to each other to minimize voltage
drop.
In some cases, TNB also requires the consumer to provide space for their transformers
and LV distribution board if LV supply is required for the other LV consumers in the
same site / vicinity.
If LV supply is taken, the TNB requires either a single chamber (1 transformer room) or
double chamber (2 transformer rooms) substation. The type of substation required will
be decided by TNB upon receiving estimated load from DE. The DE is required to
provide a main switch room adjacent to TNB substation.
Criteria to be considered when planning for the location of these rooms:
a) located within the building where the load centre is;

b) near to one another;
c) easily accessible by vehicles and personnel for operation and maintenance
purposes;
d) easily accessible to heavy machinery during installation, replacement and
refurbishment when necessary;
e) have adequate ventilation;
f) away from water sources;
g) free from flood.
Should the above criteria could not be met, the DE should coordinate for additional
requirements with the architect such as double wall if adjacent to the toilet, etc.
In addition to the above rooms there should be electrical services ducts (riser rooms) to
house vertical mains and sub mains for electrical loads at upper floors such as lift
control room, air conditioning plants, floor switch boards (SSB / DB), etc.
Electrical riser rooms should be located as close to the LV switch room as possible.
They should be vertically aligned and ideally be centrally located in the building to
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minimize unnecessary long run of final circuits. There may be a need for more than one
electrical riser room depending on the design of the floor layout.
For buildings with integrated building management system a command control centre
shall be provided to house all the M&E control systems.
For high rise buildings or in the case where heavy loads are located at high levels, it
may be necessary to provide substation at this levels. In this case the floors for these
substations must be specially designed by the structural engineer to cater for the
equipment load. Thus, the structural engineers should be informed early during the
design stage.
Main switch board room should be large enough to allow easy installation and
maintenance. Usually not less than 1.0 m clearance should be allowed between the wall
and the rear of the switch boards. The front clearance of the switch board should be
minimum 1.5 m to provide sufficient space for operation and maintenance of the switch
gears.
Main switch board room should be directly accessible from the exterior of the building.
Early planning and close coordination with the architect, structural engineer and
mechanical engineer is required in order to obtain the above mentioned requirements.
Refer guideline for coordination of builder’s works in connection with electrical

requirement as shown in Table 2.1 for guideline.
2.2 Requirements of TNB Substation
Three set of approved substation design should be obtained from District Business
Manager and forwarded to architect and structural engineer to be included in the
building contract. No other services shall pass through the substation. Cawangan
Kejuruteraan Mekanikal should be contacted to provide automatic fire fighting systems
for the substation.
Lighting points and switch socket outlets shall be provided with a DB. The DB shall be
tapped from TNB LV board.
LV meter panels shall be located in the substation i.e. at TNB switch gear room or at
adjacent main switch room or at adjacent meter kiosk.
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Table 2.1: Guideline for Coordination of Builders Works in Connection with Electrical
Requirement
PROPOSED SIZE (mm)

NO REQUIREMENT CRITERIA / GUIDE
(W X D)
HT Substation
1.0 Build up area > 9100 sq.m
(Refer to Figure 2.1)
Door: 2400(W) × 3000(H)

1.1 TNB HT Room 5500 × 5500
Composite / HDPE
Door: 2400(W) × 3000(H)
1.2 TNB Transformer Room 2500 × 5500
Composite / HDPE
HT Switchgear Room Door: 2400(W) × 3000(H)

1.3 5500 × 5500
(Consumer) Composite / HDPE
For 1 (one) Transformer only (ventilation)
Transformer Room
1.4 2500 × 5500 Door: 2400(W) × 2400(H)
(Consumer)
Composite / HDPE
TNB Substation
2.0 Build up area > 9100 sq.m
Door: 2400(W) × 3000(H)

2.1 TNB Switchgear Room 4600 × 5500
Composite / HDPE
Door: 2400(W) × 3000(H)
2.2 TNB Transformer Room 3000 × 5500
Composite / HDPE
3.0 LV Rooms
Build up area up to 6100 sq.m

Main Switchboard, MSB Door: 2400(W) × 3000(H)
3.1 Room 4000 × 5500
(Refer to Figure 2.3) Composite / HDPE
Exhaust Fan required
Door: 2000(H) × 2000(W)
Generator Room / House
3.2 6000 × 5500 Acou. by Electric Contractor
No ventilation required by Mech.
Sub Switchboard, SSB At least one for every block, on the ground
3.3 2500 × 2500
Room floor similar to MSB room.
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PROPOSED SIZE (mm)

(W X D)
At least one on every floor.

Electrical Riser room
3.4 (DB/SSB Room) 900 x 600 If floor SSB is to be installed in the same
(Refer to Figure 2.4) room then the room should be resized
accordingly.
Will be covered by approved 2 hrs fire
barrier, by Electric Contractor
Floor Opening Subject to size and number Door: to follow UBBL
3.5
(Refer to Figure 2.4) of trunking installed
75 mm kerb around the floor opening
50 mm kerb across the door
3.6 UPS Room 2500 × 3500 24 hrs Air Conditioning
Glazed tiles up to 1500mm from floor

3.7 Battery Room 2500 × 1500 level
Adjacent to UPS room
Air Conditioned
Electrical Maintenance
3.8 3500 × 3500 For big projects where there are in-house
Crew Office
maintenance crew
Control centre to be shared by CCTV,
security, BAS, Fire Prevention, P.A
System, etc.
3.9 Command Control Centre 5000 × 5000 Min. 300mm raised floor system required.
Half-glass (tinted 1 way)/ half brick wall
required for partition facing lobby; others,
full brick with solid.
Must be identified for quarters (Ground
3.10 Tenant Meter Panel Floor) and multi tenant building (within
the vicinity of mail box)
For fluorescent luminaire (150mm)
For Down lights (250mm)
Ceiling Space for For Bay lights (450mm)
Recessed Luminaire The space required
3.11 Mounting depends on the type of The total depth of ceiling space should
luminaire used include beam + a/c duct + luminaries
If the required ceiling space cannot be
provided, haunches in the beam should be
coordinated with the structural engineer.
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PROPOSED SIZE (mm)

(W X D)
Layout of the trenches may differ

according to the layout of the building and
distribution system.
Trenching Requirement for
3.12 HT and LV Room If the ground beams are too deep for
(Refer to Figure 2.6) standard trench depth (900-1200mm),
openings in the beam should be
coordinated and designed for by the
structural engineer.
Cable Access Ducts into
Trenches Min 3 no. 150mm dia. G.I. / Composite
3.13
fiber glass / heavy duty uPVC.
Cable Access Ducts into
Pits Min 2 no. 150mm dia. G.I. / Composite
3.14
fiber glass / heavy duty uPVC.
Cable Access Ducts into Junction box in RC column: 150mm x
3.15 Junction Boxes 150mm x 50mm with service door, for
(Refer to Figure 2.8) decorative fence lighting.
Note: All sizes given may differ according to the size of the project.
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Figure 2.1: Typical 11kV Intake Substation
Figure 2.2: Typical Single Chamber TNB Substation
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Figure 2.3: Typical Combined Switch Room & Generator Room
Figure 2.4: Riser Room & Floor Opening
Note: All dimensions are indicative, actual details to be coordinated with the supply authority.
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Figure 2.5: Ceiling Space for Luminaire Mounting
Figure 2.6: Trenching Requirement
Note: All dimensions are indicative, actual details to be coordinated with the supply authority.
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Figure 2.7: Cable Access Ducts Into Trench / Pits
Figure 2.8: Cable Access Ducts Into Junction Boxes for Fence Lighting
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.
CKE.GP.08.03(00).2011
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EDISI 4
CHAPTER GUIDELINE FOR INTERIOR LIGHTING

Page : C3/ 1 of 32
3.0 USING THE LUMEN METHOD
3.1 Introduction
In lighting design, the DE has to ascertain that his design provides adequate lighting.
Drawings showing the plan and cross section of each room including the proposed
constructional detail of the ceiling and wall, furniture and equipment or machinery
layout are required in lighting design. In order to make necessary detailed calculation
concerning the type and quantity of lighting equipment, additional information on the
surface reflectance of walls, ceiling and floors is required. The level of illumination
obtained must conform to the IES Code or in our case, to JKR Standards.
(See Appendix 1).
3.2 Basic Information On Lighting
3.2.1 Classification of Fittings
The precise definitions can be formulated in terms of percentage of upward light (to
total light output) as illustrated below:-
 Direct
0 – 10%
 Semi Direct
10 – 40%
 General Diffusing
40 – 60%
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 Semi Indirect
60 – 90%
 Indirect
90 – 100%
3.2.2 Selection of Light Source
The choice of lamp type is clearly of importance in any lighting design. Among the
lamp characteristics which have to be taken into account are efficiency, heat output,
size, life, robustness, colour properties and maintainability.
3.2.3 Efficiency
Efficiency is measured in lumen per watt. Generally discharge and fluorescent types
have much higher efficiencies than the tungsten filament lamps. Efficiency of tungsten
filament lamp is in the range of 10 to 15 lumen / watt, for high pressure mercury the
range is 40 to 50 and tubular fluorescent lamps is between 30 to 60.
3.2.4 Heat Output
Less heat is produced in mercury of fluorescent scheme as compared to a tungsten

scheme due to the lower wattage necessary to produce the same lumen output. (Every
watt of electrical energy put into an interior lighting system ultimately appears as heat).
3.2.5 Size
The small size of the filament lamp is valuable whenever precise light control is needed,
e.g. when a definite beam of light is called for. Directional control of the output from a
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fluorescent tube is very limited because of its considerable length. The size of the
luminaire selected is important so as to blend with the internal decoration of the room or
the room’s function.
3.2.6 Lamp Life
The lifetime of a tungsten lamp is dependent on its light output, as one designed for a
long life will have a low light output and vice versa. BS 161 quotes a life of 1,000
hours of tungsten lamp, representing an optimum compromise based on the principle of
getting the most light per unit cost. In contrast the life to fail of a mercury lamp or
fluorescent tube is less important as the lamp life is long.
However the light output falls progressively with time and a stage will be reached where
replacement is worthy so as get a greater light output for the same consumption of
electricity.
3.2.7 Effect of Vibration of Life-Time
Vibration while the lamp is in used can cause premature failure of filament lamps.
Fluorescent & mercury type are less affected by vibration. However, if the design calls
for filament lamps, robust type luminaire may be used.
3.2.8 Lamp Colour Temperature
Filament lamps produce a warm effect, which is different from daylight. ‘Natural’
colour is similar to daylight.
Mercury lamps are bluish-white in appearance and in their colour corrected form, have
an effect on colour which is acceptable in many industrial interiors.
Fluorescent tubes offer an extensive colour choice. They fall into two groups, namely
‘high efficiency’ and ‘de-luxe’. The former produces some 50 to over 60 lumens per
watt but with some sacrifice of colour quality (however the colour rendering is still
better than that of colour corrected mercury lamp). The de-luxe colour is nearly to those
of ‘natural’ colour but with lower efficiency (30 to 40 lumens per watt).
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3.2.9 Comparison between Tungsten and Fluorescent Schemes
In broad terms a tungsten filament scheme is relatively cheap to install but expensive to
run. It would be recommended for low initial expenses cases. Low usage or it is used
intermittently with frequent switching.
Initial cost of a fluorescent scheme is higher but the extra cost been compensated with
higher efficiency lamps.
In a great deal of lighting for effect, in display and in prestige interiors, the precise
control possible with the small tungsten source makes it the immediate choice.
Normally the fluorescent scheme is the choice for the general lighting of an interior.
3.2.10 Comparison between Colour Corrected Mercury and Fluorescent Scheme.
For many commercial and some industrial situations the colour performance of mercury
discharge lamps is inadequate but it can still be accepted.
The limitation of the tubular fluorescent lamp appears in the loading possible per fitting.
In heavy industry, the presence of a travelling crane high mounting of fluorescent fitting
is necessary. Thus in large industrial interiors it is possible to concentrate the lighting
into a relatively small number of high loaded points with resultant economics and
materials in both installation and maintenance.
3.2.11 Glare
Glare is experienced if a source of light (be it a window, a luminaire or a reflecting

shiny surface) is too bright compared with the general brightness of the surrounding.
Glare will makes it more difficult to see detail or contrast in an object and it is known as
disability glare. Discomfort glare is the more common type of glare experienced in
interiors. It causes visual discomfort, though this may not be apparent but the effect is
sense of tiredness, especially towards the end of a working day. This discomfort will
also have an effect on working efficiency.
3.2.12 Glare Index
The level of discomfort glare can be expressed numerically as a glare index. (The
method of calculating glare index is a bit too details to be included in this manual,
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however the reader can consult the references mentioned to learn the method). The
glare index worked out for a particular interior should not be more than the limiting
value found in the IES Code for that particular activity.
3.2.13 Controlling glare
a) One way of reducing glare is to direct visual task away from the line of sight of a
bright luminaire.
b) When luminaries are mounted in regular pattern, the glare index should be
calculated and if it is greater than the limiting value then the following changes
might be necessary:-
i) a change in the orientation of the luminaire

ii) a change in the type of luminaire
iii) a change in the room surface reflectance
c) Open luminaries should be fitted with louvers whose cut off angle is sufficient to
prevent the lamp being seen at normal angle of view.
d) Unscreened fluorescent lamps should be mounted in line with the normal direction
of view and not across it.
e) Other guidelines.
3.2.14 Reducing Fire Hazards
Chokes in fluorescent fittings are a fire hazard due to the high temperatures (130oC -
160oC) when they are in operation.
Fluorescent fittings should be separated from the ceiling (Using insulation blocks) by an
air gap to reduce fire hazards.
Mineral-insulated copper-sheathed cable should be used for wring in places that are
constantly exposed to heat, oil or moisture.
Arc-free (sparkles) switches and fire-proof fittings should be employed in environments

where explosive gas mixtures might be present.
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3.2.15 Flicker
The 50 Hz flicker in discharge lamps can prove distracting to some people. For
fluorescent tube, the 50 Hz flicker occurs mainly at the lamp ends, and the effect is
more apparent in 5 ft. 80 W tubes than the lower rated current tubes. Flicker can be
reduced in these fluorescent lamps of high rated current (5 ft., 6 ft., and 8 ft., tubes) by
employing the shielded electrode type.
Confusing stroboscopic patterns seen when moving objects are illuminated by discharge
lamps (as experienced in workshops) can be diminished by supplementing the light over
the task areas with light from local incandescent lamps.
3.2.16 Lighting and Noise
The induction coil (part of the control of discharge lamps) is usually a source of noise.
The fitting housing may become a resonator for this noise especially if it has loose
fitting parts which are free to vibrate. Thus special precautions must be taken when
lighting equipment is installed in very quiet interiors, such as libraries and places of
worship.
3.3 Interior Lighting Design Work Sheet
Calculation may be made more quickly and efficiently using a well designed format as
follows:
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INTERIOR LIGHTING DESIGN WORK SHEET

Project : _____________________________ Room : ___________________________
Date : _____________________________ Design By : ___________________________
Room Data Lamp & Luminaire Data

1. Length : m
11. Manufacturer
2. Width : m
Room Dimensions
3. Floor Area : m²
12. Catalogue Reference
4. Ceiling ht. : m
5. Ceiling : % 13. Lamps per luminaire
Surface
6. Wall : % 14. Lumen per lamp
Reflectance
7. Floor : % 15. Coefficient of Utilization
Work plane height 8. m 16. Maintenance Factor
Luminance
9. m 17. Design Factor
mounting height
Spacing / Mounting ht.
Room Index (Kr) 10. 18.
Ratio
Illuminance Calculation Room Index (Kr)
No. of luminaires required to produce desired (Line 10) Room Index (Kr)
illumination in LUX
19. Desired illuminance : lux Length × Width
=
20. No. of luminaires : Hm × (Length + Width )
Illuminance achieved for No. of luminaires
installed by considering spacing / mounting ht. Line 1× Line 2
=
Ratio (Line 9 − Line 8)× (Line 1 + Line 2)
21. No. of luminaires installed :
= Line 10
22. Illuminance achieved : lux
Calculating No. of Luminaires

Length × Width × Desired Illu min ance
No. Of Lum. =
Lamp. per Lu min aire × Lumen Lamp × C.O.U × M .F × D.F
Line 3 × Line 19
Line 20 =
Line 13 × Line 14 × Line 15 × Line 16 × line 17
Calculating Illuminance Achieved

Illum. achieved = [ lux ]
Line 21× Line 13 × Line 14 × Line 15 × Line 16 × line 17

Line 22 =
line 3
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3.3.1 Room Data
This is physical data obtained from blue print or by actual measurement. Inside
dimension should be used.
3.3.2 Lamp and Luminaire Data
A wide range of luminaires are available from various manufacturers for various
application like commercial, industrial, decorative, high bay, etc. for light sources –
halogen lamp, CFL, fluorescent tube, HPMV, etc. Refer to Appendix 2 (Lamp – Lumen
table) and Appendix 3 (Luminaire – Coefficient of Utilization table)
3.3.3 Coefficient of Utilization, (C of U)
Coefficient of Utilization is the ratio of the actual flux received on a working plane to
the installed flux. It is a measure of the degree to which the installed lamps has been use
fully applied. The ratio depends on the proportions of the room, the design of the fitting,
and the reflection factors of the rooms’ surfaces. Illumination (E) thus can be expressed
as:
E = C of U × Installed flux per unit area
Note: This formula holds only if the lighting installation is perfectly clean.
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3.3.4 Practical Example on Average Illumination
This is the measure of the average concentration of light on a surface. The unit of
illumination is the lux (lumen/sq. metre) where lumen is the unit of light. Thus if 50%
of the light output of 1 x 18 watt fluorescent lamps ultimately fall on a working plane
measuring 2 m by 3 m. What is the average illumination?
The lighting design Lumens (LDL) of the lamps is given by Appendix 2 to be 1130
lumens (lm).
Total light output = 4 × 1130 lm
Light reaching surface = 50

× 4 × 1130
100
= 2260 lm
Area = 2 × 3m 2
Average illumination = Incident Light

Area
= 2260
= 376.67
2×3
3.3.5 Installed Flux (Lumen)
If we take the light output of the luminaire (light fitting) and multiply by their number,
the product represents the installed flux.
A room is fit by 2 x 18 watt fluorescent lamps and tungsten bulb 100 watt lamp. What is
the installed flux?
Installed flux = (2 × 1130) + (1 × 1160)

= 3420 lm
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3.3.6 Maintenance Factor
Dirt of the fitting has the effect of reducing its light output from it. The conventional
assumption is that on average, lighting installation delivers 80% of the light it would do
if it were perfectly clean. Thus the average maintenance factor = 0.8. A higher
maintenance factor, say 0.9 can be assumed if the fittings are cleaned regularly or it
could be as low as 0.5 in a foundry. Taking dirt into account, the modified illumination
(E), formula achieved is:
E = C of U × Maintenance Factor × Installed flux per unit area.
3.4 Practical Design Example
The DE usually knows the illumination desired. He also has a prior knowledge of the
luminaire he wishes to use. He has to calculate the installed flux and thus number of
fittings needed.
Consider the following general office of floor dimension 12 m (L) by 6 m (W) and
ceiling height 3 m. JKR illuminations standards recommended an illumination of 500
lux. How many lamps are needed to attain this illumination level?
By using the previous Interior Lighting Design Work Sheet, the calculation now will be
as follow:
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INTERIOR LIGHTING DESIGN WORK SHEET

Project : ABC Office Room : General Office
Date : 25/10/2005 Design By : DV
Room Data Lamp & Luminaire Data

1. Length : 12 m
11. Manufacturer XYZ Sdn. Bhd.
2. Width :6 m
Room Dimensions
3. Floor Area : 72 m²
12. Catalogue Reference Mirror Optics
4. Ceiling ht. :3 m
5. Ceiling : 50 % 13. Lamps per luminaire 2
Surface
6. Wall : 50 % 14. Lumen per lamp 3250
Reflectance
7. Floor : 10 % 15. Coefficient of Utilization 0.58
Work plane height 8. 0.85 m 16. Maintenance Factor 0.8
Luminance
9. 3.0 m 17. Design Factor 0.95
mounting height
Spacing / Mounting ht.
Room Index (Kr) 10. 1.86 18. 1.5
Ratio
Illuminance Calculation Room Index (Kr)
No. of luminaires required to produce desired (Line 10) Room Index (Kr)
illumination in LUX
19. Desired illuminance 500 lux Length × Width
=
20. No. of luminaires 13 nos Hm × (Length + Width )
Illuminance achieved for No. of luminaires
installed by considering spacing / mounting ht. Line 1× Line 2
=
Ratio (Line 9 − Line 8)× (Line 1 + Line 2)
21. No. of luminaires installed 12 nos
477 = Line 10
22. Illuminance achieved lux
Calculating No. of Luminaires

No. Of Lum. =
Line 3 × Line 19
Line 20 =
Line 13 × Line 14 × Line 15 × Line 16 × line 17
Calculating Illuminance Achieved

Illum. achieved = [ lux ]
Line 21× Line 13 × Line 14 × Line 15 × Line 16 × line 17

Line 22 =
line 3
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3.5 Arrangement of fittings
Possibly the simplest way of arranging the 8 fitting of luminaires would be to space
them equally in a line down the middle of the room.
12½’
7/8’
3¾’
30’
It is clear that the illumination in the middle would be much higher than that at the
sides.
3.6 Spacing for Uniform Illumination
Besides appearance design, the aim of lighting design is to have uniformity in

illumination over the working plane. Complete uniformity is impossible in practice, but
an acceptable standard is for the minimum to be at least 70% of the maximum (IES
Recommended figure).
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3.7 Spacing / Mounting-height ratio
Ceiling
Height, Hc
Mounting
Height, Hm Spacing
Working Plane
Table 3.1: Maximum Permissible Spacing/Mounting Height Ratio for The Following Type of
Fittings.
Max. spacing Working
Max.
No. Fittings between fitting and positions
spacing
wall. (Generally) next to wall
a) Indirect fittings
b) Semi-indirect fittings
1. (Fittings generally between 1½ Hc ¼ Hc ½ Hc
¼ Hc and ⅓ Hc below
ceiling).
a) Generally diffusing fitting
b) Opal (or similar) base fitting
2. c) Open direct fittings
1½ Hm ½ Hm 1 Hm
(unlouvered) but other
diffusing materials
reflectors.
a) Optically designed prismatic
3. control of down drop light
1¼ Hm ¾ Hm ½ Hm
fitting
b) Louvered fittings
a) Concentrating fittings
4. b) Optically designed specular 1 Hm ½ Hm
reflector fittings
Where: Hc = Ceiling height above the working plane

Hm = Fitting height above the working plane
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Practical Design Example
Example Calculation on Lux Level and Quantity of Fitting.
Nowadays, the use of computer program such as Excel is widely practiced to expedite the
electrical calculations. For example, in lux level calculations, the DE only need to get all the
related information / data of the rooms i.e. width, length, height, etc. and insert them into the
formula. The below diagram shows the example of the calculation using Excel computer
program.
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Diagram 1
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Appendix 1: Room Illumination Level

IES Standards
MS 1525 Panduan
General Building Areas Illumination
Recommendation Teknik JKR
Level
Circulation Area
Corridors, Passageway 100 50 100
Lift 150 100 100
Stairs 150 100 100
Escalator 150 150 100
External Covered Ways 30 50 30
Entrances
Entrance halls, lobbies, waiting rooms 150 100 100
Enquiry desk 500 300 300
Gate houses 300 200 200
Kitchens
Food stores 150 150 - 300 100
General 500 150 - 300 300
Outdoor
Controlled entrance halls or exit gate 150 100 150
Entrance and exit car park 30 50 30
Stores, stockyards 30 50 30
Industrial covered ways 50 50 50
Staff Restaurants
Centre cafeterias, dining room 300 200 300
Medical and First Aids Centres
Consultant room, treatment areas 500 400
Medical stores 100 100
Rest room 150 150 100
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Appendix 1: Room Illumination Level (continue)

IES Standards
MS 1525 Panduan
Level
Staff Room
Changing locker and cleaner’s room,
150 100 150
cloakrooms lavatories
Rest rooms 150 150 150
Store and Stock Rooms
Telecommunication board, switchboard
500
rooms
Cordless switchboard 300 300
Apparatus rooms 150 150
Teleprinter rooms 500 500
Aircraft Maintenance Hangers
Aircraft engine testing 750 600
Inspection and repairs (hanger) 500 500
Boiler House General 150 150
Fire Stations
Appliance room 300 300
External apron 30 30
Garages
External apron general 50 50
Pumps 300 200
Parking areas (interior) general repairs
30 30
servicing
Greasing, pits washing polishing 500 300
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IES Standards
MS 1525 Panduan
Level
Gas Works
Exterior walkways and platforms 50 50
Exterior stairs and ladders 100 50
Retort house, oil gas plants, water gas
plant purifier, indoor coke, screening 100 100
and handling plants
Booster and exhauster houses 150 150
Gauge Tools Rooms
General 1000 600
Inspection and Testing shop
Rough work e.g. counting rough
300 200
Checking of stock parts
Medium work e.g. ‘go’ & ‘no go’
500 400
gauges sub-assemblies
Fine work e.g. radio and
telecommunication equipment,
1000 600
calibrated scales, precision mechanism,
instruments
Very fine work e.g. gauging and
1500 750
inspections of small intricate parts
Minute work e.g. very small instruments 3000 1000
Laboratories
General 750 500
Laundries & Dry Cleaning Works
Receiving, sorting, washing, drying,
ironing (clending) dispatch, drying 300 200
cleaning, bulk machine work
Hand ironing, pressing, inspection,
300
mending, spotting
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IES Standards
MS 1525 Panduan
Level
MACHINE & FITTING SHOP
Rough bench and machine work 300 200
Medium bench and machine work,
ordinary automatic machines, rough 500 400
grinding, medium buffing, polishing
Fine bench and machine work, ordinary
automatic machines, rough grinding, 1000 500
medium buffing, polishing
PHARMACEUTICAL & FINE
CHEMICAL WORKS
PHARMACEUTICAL
MANUFACTURE
Grinding, granulating mixing and
drying, tableting, sterilizing and
washing, preparation of solutions and 500 300
filling, labelling capping, cartooning,
warping
Inspection 750 400
Fine chemical manufacture, plant
300 200
processing
Fine chemical finishing 500 400
Raw material store 300 200
Inspection 750 300
PRINTING WORKS TYPE
FOUNDRIES
Matrix making, dressing type hand and
300 300
machine casting
Front assembly sorting 750 400
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IES Standards
MS 1525 Panduan
Level
COMPOSING PRESS
Hand composing, imposition and
750 500
distribution
Machine, composition-key board 750 500
Machine, composition casting 300 200
Proof press 500 300
Illuminated tables general lighting 300 200
PRINTING MACHINE ROOM
Presses 500 300
Premake ready 500 300
Printed-sheet inspection 1000 500
GRAPHIC REPRODUCTION
General 500 300
Precision proofing, retouching, etching 1000 500
RUBBER PROCESSING
FACTORIES
Preparation needs, dipping molding,
300 200
compounding calendaring
Tyre and tube making 500 300
SHEET METAL WORKS
Bench work, scribing, inspection 750 400
Pressing, punching, shearing stamping,
500 300
spinning, folding
SLAUGHTER HOUSE
General 500 300
Inspection 750 400
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IES Standards
MS 1525 Panduan
Level
WELDING & SOLDERING SHOP
Gas and arc welding rough spot welding 300 200
Medium soldering, brazing spot welding
500 300
e.g. domestic hand ware
Fine soldering, spot welding e.g.
1000 500
instrument
Very fine soldering, spot welding e.g.
1500 750
radio valves
WOODWORKING SHOP
Rough sawing, bench work 300 200
Sizing, planning, rough sanding medium
500 300
and bench work gluing cooperage
Fine bench and machine work fine
750 400
sanding, finishing
OFFICE
General office with mainly clerical task
500 300 - 400 500
and typing office
Deep plan general offices 750 300 - 400 300
Business machine and typing 750 300 - 400 300
Filling room 300 200 300
Conference rooms 750 300 - 400 300
OFFICES & SHOP
Executive office 500 300 - 400 300
Computer rooms 500 300 - 400 500
Punch card rooms 750 300 - 400 600
Drawing offices drawing boards 750 300 - 400 600
Reference table and general 500 300 - 400 300
Print room 300 300 - 400 300
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IES Standards
MS 1525 Panduan
Level
SHOP
Conventional with counters 500 200 - 750 500
Conventional with wall display 500 200 - 750 500
SHOP
Self service 500 200 - 750 500
Supermarkets 500 200 - 750 500
Hypermarkets 500 200 - 750 500
General 500 200 - 750 500
PUBLIC AND EDUCATIONAL
BUILDING ASSEMBLY AND
CONCERT HALLS
Theatre and concert halls 100 100
Cinemas 50 50
Multipurpose 500 300
FURTHER EDUCATION
ESTABLISHMENT
Lecture theatres general 500 300 -500 300
Chalkboard 500 300 -500 300
Demonstration benches 500 300 -500 300
Examination halls, seminar rooms,
500 300 -500 300
teaching spaces
Laboratories 500 300 -500 300
FURTHER EDUCATION
ESTABLISHMENT
Workshop 300 300
Staff rooms, student rooms / students
hostels etc
Gymnasium
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IES Standards
MS 1525 Panduan
Level
LIBRARIES
Shelves, book stack 150 300 - 500 150
Reading table 500 300 - 500 500
Reading rooms, newspaper and
500 300 - 500 500
magazines
Reference libraries 500 300 - 500 500
Counters 500 300 - 500 500
Cataloging and sorting 500 300 - 500 500
Binding 500 300 - 500 500
Closed book store 100 100
MUSEUM & ART GALLERIES
GENERAL
Exhibits insensitive to light 300 300 300
Light sensitive exhibit 150 150
Specially light sensitive exhibit 50 50
SCHOOL
special
Assembly hall general special lighting special lighting
lighting
Platform and stage 300 300 200
Teaching spaces general 300 300 200
General where also used for further
500 300 300
education
Chalkboard 500 300 300
Beedlework rooms 500 300 300
Art rooms
Laboratories 500 300 300
Workshop 300 300 200
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IES Standards
MS 1525 Panduan
Level
Gymnasium 300 300 200
Music practice rooms 300 300 200
TRANSPORT TERMINAL BUILDING
Airport coach and railway station
Reception areas (desk) customs and
500 300
immigration halls
Railway stations booking offices 500 300
Railway station parcel and left luggage
300 200
offices counters
Circulation area 150 100
Waiting area 300 200
HOSPITAL
Ward unit bed heads general 30 - 50 50
General 150 local lighting
Night 0.1
Nurse station evening 300 300
Pharmacies dispensing bench 500 300
Shelves 150
Reception general 300 200
Enquiry desk 500 300
Laboratories 500 300
Operating theatre suits general 400 500
Operating area
Recovery room and intensive care units 30 50 bedhead
X-ray department radio-diagnostic and
500 500
rooms fluoroscopy
Dental surgeries
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IES Standards
MS 1525 Panduan
Level
HOMES
Living rooms general 50 50
Casual reading 150 150
Sewing darningsrudies desk and
300 300
protuged
Bedroom general 50 50
Bedlead kitchen 150 150
Kitchen working area
Bathrooms 100 100
Halls and landings 150 150
Stairs 100 100
Workshops 300 200
Garages 50 50
INDOOR SPORTS &
RECREATIONAL BUILDING
MULTIPURPOSE SPORTS HALLS
Athletics, basketball, bowls, judo 300 200
Hockey 700 500
BADMINTON COURTS 300 300
BILLIARD ROOMS
General 100 150
Table special lighting
CARD ROOMS 300 300
GYMNASIA GENERAL 500 300
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IES Standards
MS 1525 Panduan
Level
SWIMMING POOL
Top pool 500 300
Spectator areas 150 150
Club recreational 300 200
GENERAL
Changing rooms showers lockers rooms 150 150 150
TABLE TENNIS
Club 300 200
Recreational 200 200
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Appendix 2: Lamp - Lumen Table
JENIS LAMPU LUMEN (LDL)

Pendaflour 1x18w 1130
Tungsten Bulb 40W 325
Mercury 80W 2500
Mercury 125W 4600
Mercury 250W 10400
Mercury 400W 18000
Mercury 700W 32000
Metal Halide 70W 5500
Down Light SL16 1000
PL-L/4P 18w 1200
PL-L/4P 24w 1800
PL-L/4P 36w 2900
PL-L/4P 40w HF 3500
PL-L/4P 55w HF 4800
PL-S/2P 5w 250
PL-S/2P 7w 400
PL-S/2P 9w 600
PL-S/2P 11w 900
PL-S/4P 5w 250
PL-S/4P 7w 400
PL-S/4P 9w 600
PL-S/4P 11w 900
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Appendix 2: Lamp - Lumen Table (continue)
JENIS LAMPU LUMEN (LDL)

PL-C/2P 10w 600
PL-C/2P 13w 900
PL-C/2P 18w 1200
PL-C/2P 26w 1800
PL-C/4P 10w 600
PL-C/4P 13w 900
PL-C/4P 18w 1200
PL-C/4P 26w 1800
PL-C/2P 2 x 26w 3600
PL-E/C 9w 230-240V 400
PL-E/C 11w 230-240V 600
PL-E/C 15w 230-240V 900
PL-E/C 20w 230-240V 1200
PL-E/C 23w 230-240V 5000
SL Comfort 9w 350
SL Comfort 13w 550
SL Comfort 18w 800
SL Comfort 25w 1050
SL Prismat 9w 400
SL Prismat 13w 600
SL Prismat 18w 900
SL Prismat 25w 1200
SON 50w Standard 3400
SON PLUS 100w 10000
SON PLUS 150w 16000
SON PLUS 250w 30000
SON PLUS 400w 54000
SON COMFORT 150w 12500
QL 55w 3500
QL 85w 6000
High-Bay 150
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Appendix 3: Coefficient of Utilization Table
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Appendix 3: Coefficient of Utilization Table (continue)
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CHAPTER OTHER LIGHTING Page : C4/ 1 of 4

4.0
4.1 Introduction
Besides the basic indoor lighting, the DE may have to design for other types such as
special lighting for halls, gymnasium, or outdoor facility e.g. façade lighting, courts
lighting, area/security lighting, etc.
4.2 Category of Lamps
Table 4.1: Types of Lamps
NO. TYPE OF LAMP
1. Reflector Lamp:
a) Spotlight
b) Floodlight
2. Incandescent Lamp
a) Halogen
b) Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR)
i) PAR 16
ii) PAR 38
iii) PAR 56
iv) PAR 64
3. High Intensity Discharge Lamp:

a) Mercury Vapour
b) Hydrargyrum Medium-arc Iodide (HMI)
c) Metal Halide
d) Sodium Vapour
i) High Pressure Sodium (HPS/SON)
ii) Low Pressure Sodium (LPS/SOX)
4.3 Indoor / Industrial lighting
Building with high ceiling such as gymnasiums, multipurpose halls, exhibition halls,
etc. shall use less maintenance and high performance type of luminaire such as high-
pressure discharge lamps.
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4.0
The high ceiling lighting design criteria:
TYPE OF
CEILING HEIGHT CRITERIA
LUMINAIRES
Below 5 metre Low Bay Uniform, good glare control

and vertical illumination
Above 5 - 15 metre High Bay
For high bay luminaries, S<1.0 H m . Which is, S is maximum spacing between
luminaries in order to ensure sufficient uniformity and H m is Mounting height (distance
between luminaries and working plane). The lighting system shall be designed by
arrangement of alternating circuits, proper grouping of lighting switches, separate
switching etc. so that necessary light fittings can be switched off if desired.
4.4 Outdoor lighting
For security lighting e.g. 125 W, 150 W or 250 W SON with 6 to 10 meter pole and 30
meter apart, single or double arm for external installation shall be taken from essential
circuit.
For external courts lighting, floodlighting using SON or Metal Halide lamps shall be
considered. The lighting shall be on hot dipped galvanised steel poles/concrete R.C.
poles with climbing rungs or etc. for easy maintenance. If the pole height is 8 meter and
above, type of mid hinge poles can also be considered. Lighting, feeder pillars,
switchboards, distribution board and other equipment installed in the external areas shall
be weather-proof, dust-proof and vermin-proof type to IP65 or higher. The location of
these feeder pillars, distribution board shall be designed near to the courts. The feeder
pillar, distribution board, etc. Shall be hot dipped galvanised or stainless steel.
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4.0
Single court
1 x 400W
Tennis
2 x 400W
Court
Legend:
400 W metal halide c/w 6 meter poles and Mounting bracket (3 - 5 meter offset)
Double court (side by side)
1 x 400W
Tennis Tennis
Court Court
2 x 400W
4 x 400W
Note:
Light fitting - 2 x 400 W and 4 x 400W also can be considering to use 1 x 1000 W and
2 x 1000 W. (400 W – 16 nos, if 1000 W – 10 nos)
4.5 Architectural & Sculptural Lighting
Architectural & Sculptural lighting may consist of floodlight, directional light, etc. It
may be installed to enhance the facade of the buildings or to enhance other special
aspects, taking in orientation, promotion, identity, ambience and entertainment aspects
(if any).
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4.0
Table 4.2: General Illuminance of Spotlight / Floodlight For Sports & Recreational Building
IES Std. JKR Std.

Colour
Service Service Suitable
Area Appearance Notes
Illuminance Illuminance Luminaires
Of Light
LUX LUX
INDOOR:
Gymnasium 300 200 PAR
Multipurpose Hall 700 500 PAR down light. Localize
Auditorium (supplementary) Lighting
Indoor Sport SON/
Facilities 700 500 Metal Halide
(Squash Courts)
Warm
OUTDOOR:
Street Lighting HPS
Security Lighting SON
Refer
Facade Lighting 300 300 Floodlight MS 825
Badminton Courts 300 200
HPS/SON/
Tennis Courts
700 500 Metal Halide
Volley Ball Courts
4.6 Others
There is numerous other special type of lighting such as stadium lighting, high mast
lighting, utility area lighting etc. For these types of lighting, the DE shall liaise with
specialist lighting manufacturers to coordinate the design.
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CHAPTER GUIDELINES FOR SCHEMATIC DESIGN Page : C5/ 1 of 14

5.0
5.1 Labelling of Distribution Board
CKE adopted the following labelling scheme:
DB E 2 A L - R
Red Phase (For single phase DB only)
Lighting (L)/Socket (S)/Power (P)/Mechanical (M)
Location (Zone/Wing)
Level (2 for second floor)
Essential (for Essential supply)
Example:
a) DB Essential (Power)
i) Single phase DB at level 1 zone A yellow phase - DB E1AP – Y

ii) Three phase DB at level 2 - DB E2P
b) DB Normal, without Essential supply (Lighting)
i) Single phase DB at level 1 - DB 1L – R

ii) Three phase DB at level 2 zone B - DB 2BL
5.2 Information Required to be Included in Schematic Drawing
A. Total Connected Load (TCL).
1. Total Connected Load is the sum of all the designed electrical loads in
particular installations. (Please refer to appendix 1)
2. To be written in the schematic drawing as TCL Watts (Amps). e.g. 4434 W
(21.74A).
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5.0
B. Diversity Factor (DF).
1. Diversity Factor (DF) is a factor between Maximum Demand and Total

Connected Load.
2. Normally, DF is just a factor which is obtained from experience and past
project information. It is also the possibility of how certain equipments to be
used in the installations.
3. It differs according to function and the usage of the equipment in the
system. (Refer to Appendix 2).
4. As a norm, DF for lamps is 0.8 and for socket outlets is 0.4. (Depend on the
usage of the building)
C. Maximum Demand (MD).
1. Not all electrical appliances in an installation been used at the same time.
Therefore, Maximum Demand (MD) is the total load used at that particular
instant of time.
2. MD and DF must be estimated so as not to be overdesign or under design.
3. It may be less or equal to TCL.
4. To be written in the schematic drawing as MD Watts (Amps). e.g. 4,000 W
(19.6A).
5. The formula to calculate the MD is :
MD = TCL × DF
D. Protective Current Device / Incoming Switch Gears
1. Refer below to determine the size:
a) For DB, it is based on TCL.

b) For SSB and MSB there are two options depending on the technicality
and economic as:
i) Based on MD + 30% (future)

ii) Based on TCL.
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5.0
5.3 Practical Example.
Design and Drawing of Distribution Board For Lightings and Fans .
Please refer to Schematic Drawing 1;
1. The load requirement for every circuit of lighting and fan must be less than 1000
watts or not more than 10 points.
2. Every lighting and fan circuit uses 6 A rated MCB. For light fitting with higher
wattage, DE should size the MCB based on calculated wattage.
3. To determine the DB ways.
Add another 20% to the required ways designed, i.e.
(R) = 8 + 20% (1.2) = 9.2 ways

(Y) = 8 + 20% (1.2) = 9.2 ways
(B) = 8 + 20% (1.2) = 9.2 ways
Therefore the number of ways required is (3 phase, 10 way DB). Normally the
selection will be an even number.
4. To determine the MCCB rating/Switch gear size.
From schematic drawing 1, it shows:
Total TCL = 15.49 kW (25.35 A)
Therefore the MCCB rating based on TCL will be 40 A TPN 10 kA.
DF = 0.8
MD = TCL x DF
= 15.49 kW x 0.8
= 12.39 kW (20.28 A)
This MD will be used to size the SSB later.
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5.0
5. The RCCB has been standardized as 63 A with 100 mA sensitivity for lighting
and fan DB.
6. To determine the cable size from MCB to final circuit.
For lighting and fan, the final circuit size will be 1.5mm2 PVC cable. (Up to 80 m
radius)
For lamp with higher wattage, DE should calculate the lamp wattage and thus the
required cable size.
7. Name the DB according to the location of the DB.
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5.0
Figure 5.1: Schematic Drawing 1
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5.0
5.4 Design and Drawing of Distribution Board for Switch Socket Outlet (S/S/O).
Refer to Schematic Drawing 2;
1. Every radial circuit must not exceed 1500 watts with a maximum of 6 numbers of
13 A outlets. As a norm, each room is equipped with at least 2 numbers of S/S/O
for general usage and if there are computer, additional 2 socket outlet will be
allocated for each computer.
2. Sizing of MCB
Normally the MCB used are 20 A or 32 A. It will be depending on the type of

circuit used:
 Ring circuit – 32 A (not more than 10 numbers of S/S/O).
 Radial circuit – 20 A (not more than 2 numbers of S/S/O).
 Radial circuit – 32 A (not more than 6 numbers of S/S/O).
3. To determine the number of ways in a DB.
Add 20% to the circuit used i.e.
(R) = 5 + 20% (1) = 6 ways

(Y) = 5 + 20% (1) = 6 ways
(B) = 5 + 20% (1) = 6 ways
Therefore the number of ways used will be 6 ways 3 phase. The number of ways
is normally an even number.
4. To determine the MCCB rating/Switch Gear.
From schematic drawing 2, it shows that:
Total TCL = 19.5 kW (31.9 A)
Therefore based on TCL, the MCB selected will be rated at 40 A TPN 10 kA.
DF = 0.5
MD = TCL x DF
= 19.5 kW x 0.5
= 9.75 kW (16.0 A)
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5.0
5. To determine the RCCB sensitivity.
Required to have 2 different DB for S/S/O.
a) DB used for portable equipment
DB used for portable equipment, the RCCB sensitivity used will be 30mA
in accordance with Electricity Regulation 1994 – Reg. 36 (3).
b) DB used for computer.
DB for computer load, the RCCB sensitivity chosen will be based on the
number of computer used. As a rule of thumb, the leakage current for a
computer (monitor + CPU + printer) is estimated to be 1.5 mA to 3 mA. In a
worst case scenario, 30 mA RCCB can only cater 10 numbers of computer
before it trips. Therefore DE is suppose to calculate the quantity of
computer used and selects the RCCB for that particular DB. Normally the
next size used will be 100 mA sensitivity instead of 30 mA. This selection is
in accordance to Electricity Regulation 1994 – Reg. 36 (4).
Maximum rated current for the RCCB will be 63 A.
6. DB for computer load is required to use SPD Class II type B. Refer to Chapter 17
SPD information.
7. To determine the cable size for S/S/O circuit.
 For radial circuit (20 A MCB), 2.5 mm² PVC cable is used.
 For radial circuit (32 A MCB), 4 mm² PVC cable is used.
 For ring circuit, 2.5 mm² PVC cable is used.
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5.0
5.5 Design and Drawing of Distribution Board for other loads.
Please refer to Schematic Drawing 3;
1. Separate DB will be design for mechanical loads e.g. Air-cond, pumps etc.
2. To determine the MCB rating.
 For air-cond (window or split unit) with compressor more than 2 h.p the
MCB rating used will be 32 A.
 Water heater also uses the same MCB rating with RCBO.
 For other load the size is based on the actual load.
3. Usually we use DF = 1 for mechanical load but DE is requested to know the

operation of this mechanical load before applying the DF.
4. To determine the number of ways for the DB is the same as determining DB way
for lighting and S/S/O.
5. To determine the MCCB rating/Switch Gear.
From schematic drawing 3, we find that:
Total TCL = 40.33kW (66.0 A)
Therefore based on TCL MCCB rating will be 100 A TPN
DF =1
MD = TCL x DF
= 40.33 kW x 1
= 40.33 kW (66.0 A)
6. To determine the RCCB sensitivity.
For circuit which have mechanical load eq. Compressor, motor etc. the RCCB
sensitivity will be 100 mA for 1 phase and Earth Leakage Relay (ELR) for 3
phase.
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For water heater the RCCB sensitivity is 10 mA.
7. To size the cable used from MCB to the final circuit.
It is required to calculate in the requirement submitted by Mechanical Engineering

Branch.
For Aircond (window or split unit) with compressor not more than 2 h.p, cable
used will be 4 mm² PVC and equipment used more than 3 h.p, cable used will be
6 mm² (depending on the volt drop, motor type and distance etc).
Please refer to IEE 16th. Edition Table 9D1.
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5.0
Appendix 1: TCL Guide (updated: 15.5.2006)
NO DESCRIPTION ESTIMATED LOAD

1 18W Fluorescent 24W
2 36W Fluorescent 42W
3 60W Tungsten 60W
4 100W Tungsten 100W
5 1 × 8W (F) EL 10W
6 2 × 8W (F) LAMPU ‘K’ SIGN 20W
7 9W PLC 15W
8 11W PLC 17W
9 13W PLC 19W
10 18W PLC 24W
11 9W PLCE 10W
12 11W PLCE 12W
13 13W PLCE 14W
14 18W PLCE 20W
15 50W Halogen Bulb 50W
16 70W Metal Halide/SON 80W
20 Obstruction Light 100W
21 Electric Bell Ignore
22 2 × 8W (F) Insect Killer 20W
23 1500mm Ceiling Fan 80W
24 1200mm Ceiling Fan 60W
25 400mm Wall Fan 60W
26 500mm Wall Fan 80W
27 400mm Automatic Fan 80W
28 200mm Exhaust Fan 15W
31 13A 3P Switched Socket Outlet 250W
32 15A Switched Socket Outlet 500W
33 15A SPN Isolator Motor H.P. rating
36 15A TPN Isolator Motor H.P. rating
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NO DESCRIPTION ESTIMATED LOAD

41 1 HP Air-Cond 746W
42 1.5 HP Air-Cond 1119W
44 2.5 HP Air-Cond 1865W
46 Water Heater 3Kw
47 Cooker 7.5Kw
48 Booster Pump Motor H.P. rating
49 Fire Fighting Pump Motor H.P. rating
50 Fire Fighting Panel 250W
51 CO2 Point 500W
52 SATS System 500W
53 HI KLEEN System Motor H.P. rating
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5.0
Appendix 2: Diversity Factor (DF)
Updated: 21st March 2008
Dining Hall/ Canteen

Health Hostel Lab
Quarters
Mosque
School
Office
Hall
Building
Computer
Essential
Essential
Executive
Science
School
Non-
Lamp/ Fan 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
13A S/S/O 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.5
15A S/S/O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
AC Motor
1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1
Pump
Outdoor
1 1 1 1 - - - - 1 1 1 1
Lighting
Water Heater - - - - - - 1 1 - - - 1
Cooker Unit 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - -
Isolator 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - -
Note: * DF may be relook based on the day and night profile usage.
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CHAPTER SWITCHBOARDS AND DISTRUBUTION

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6.0 SYSTEM
6.1 Type of Switchboards
a) Floor Standing Front & Rear Access Switchboard.

b) Floor Standing Front Access Switchboard.
c) Wall Mounted Switchboards.
Normally it shall be designed to withstand fault condition of not less than 50kA of 415V
for 1 second as defined in IEC 60439-1 and shall be of minimum Form 2B when the
supply being supplied from the substation’s transformer or otherwise stated by the DE.
6.2 Type of Incoming Switchgear
a) Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) – normally being used.

b) Moulded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB).
They shall be certified for minimum rupturing capacity of 50kA at 415V for 1 second as
defined in IEC 60947 or otherwise specified to have a breaking capacity of 31 MVA at
415 V with a short time rating of 1 second.
6.3 Number of TNB Incomers
In normal cases TNB will supply the main switchboard with one incomer i.e. comes
from a transformer. In some cases TNB will supply the main switchboard with 2
incomers i.e. comes from 2 transformers.
This may happen when:-
i) A single transformer is insufficient to cater for the total load of the installation, or
ii) A more secured supply system for the installation is required.
When the main switchboard is being supplied with two incomers, a 4 pole coupler
between the two sections of the main busbars should be introduced. The coupler must
be mechanically interlocked with the other two incoming Circuit Breaker (CB). This is
to ensure that the coupler can only to closed if either one of the two incoming CBs is
opened.
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6.0 SYSTEM
6.4 Outgoing Switchgears
Types of outgoing switchgears are:
a) ACB
b) MCCB
c) Switch fuse
d) Fuse switch
The selection of the type of switchgears above depends on the current ratings of the
load.
6.5 Type of supply to switchboards
a) Normal supply (from TNB).

b) Essential supply (from generator set and Uninterruptible Power Supply, UPS).
6.6 Drawings and Sub Switch Board (SSB) Design
Refer to Fig. 6.2: Drawing schematic 1: SSB F;
1. There is no fixed number of outgoings from the SSB. It is determined by the

number of outgoing loads supplied from the SSB and a reasonable spare ways to
be considered.
2. Sizing of MCCB/Switchgear and busbar.
Sizing of MCCB/Switchgears and busbar is depends on the Maximum Demand

(MD) of the outgoing (downstream) loads.
Figure 6.1 show the concept schematic for selection of switchgears and Table 6.1
shows the numbers of Distribution Boards (DB) connected to the SSB F and their
sizes of switchgears.
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6.0 SYSTEM
DB 1 DB 2 DB 3 Downstream
The breaker
size depends
on TCL load.
SSB 1 = DB1+DB2+DB3 SSB 2
The breaker
size depend on
MD SSB
MSB = SSB1+SSB2 Upstream
The breaker size

depend on MD
MSB + 20%
Figure 6.1: Calculation Concept for Determination of Switchgear Size.
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6.0 SYSTEM
Table 6.1: SSB F

DB DB TCL MD TCL MD
Level S/Gear
Lighting Power (kW) (kW) (AMP) (AMP)
DB GAL 15.49 12.39 25.35 20.28 40A TPN MCCB
DB GBL 12.59 10.07 24.61 16.48 40A TPN MCCB
DB GCL 10.20 8.16 22.69 13.36 40A TPN MCCB
G
DB GAP 14.0 7.0 27.91 11.46 40A TPN MCCB
DB GBP 19.50 9.75 31.91 15.96 40A TPN MCCB
DB GCP 16.25 8.13 31.60 13.31 40A TPN MCCB
DB 1CL 12.82 10.26 20.98 16.79 40A TPN MCCB
DB 1BL 10.40 8.32 17.02 13.62 40A TPN MCCB
DB 1CP 4.25 2.13 20.83 10.44 40A TPN MCCB
1
DB 1BP 3.50 1.75 17.16 8.58 40A TPN MCCB
CCTV 4.0 2.0 19.61 9.80 40A SPN MCCB
CL 1 4.76 3.80 23.33 18.63 32A SPN MCCB
Total 127.76 83.76 263.0 168.71 250A TPN MCCB
From the Table 6.1 above, the sizing MCCB for SSB F is 250 A TPN.
3. Busbar ratings shall not be less than the rating of the incoming switchgear.
Busbars shall be of tinned copper type.
4. Type of leakage protection relay are:-
a) ELR with ZCT : 20A ≤ MCCB ≤ 250A (3 phase)

b) OC/EF : MCCB > 250A
Protection relay shall be installed as follows:-
i) Upstream: For isolators/mechanical loads.

ii) Downstream: Loads within the same building.
iii) Upstream & Downstream: Loads at different building (a underground cable)
5. The Surge Protection Device (SPD) shall be designed to requirement.
6. Cable sizing from the SSB to DBs to refer to Chapter 7.

‘Reticulation Cable Size and Voltage Drop Calculation’
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6.0 SYSTEM
7. Measuring and Monitoring Devices.
The selection of measuring and monitoring devices depend on the rating of the
incoming switchgear and the usage of the panel, which shall include the
followings:-
a) Incoming phase indicating light – LED type c/w fuse

b) Voltmeter
c) Ammeter
d) Kilowatt hour meter
e) Items b, c and d may be replaced with a digital power meter to connect to
electrical building automation system (SCADA) enabling collecting data
and may be used for measurement of efficiency and improvement etc.
8. Earthing Busbar.
Busbar sizes shall be based on the fault Current Rating. Refer to Table 6.2.
Table 6.2: Dimension of Main Earthing Bars and Earthing Conductors
Prospective Earth Fault Main Earthing Bars Earthing Conductors

currents (I) for 1 s duration (mm x mm) (No. x mm x mm)
I ≤ 20 kA 25 x 6 2 sets of 1 x 25 x 3
20 kA < I ≤ 30 kA 31 x 6 2 sets of 2 x 25 x 3
30 kA < I ≤ 40 kA 38 x 6 2 sets of 2 x 25 x 3
40 kA < I ≤ 50 kA 50 x 6 2 sets of 2 x 25 x 3
9. The SSB shall be labeled to indicate its location.
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6.0 SYSTEM
6.7 Design and Schematic Drawing for Main Switch Board (MSB)
Refer to Figure 6.3 Schematic Drawing 2.
1. MSB shall have enough outgoings to the required load and a reasonable spare
ways for future consumption.
2. Sizing of MCCB / Switchgears and Busbar.
Sizing of MCCB / Switchgear and busbar depends on the total Maximum Demand
(MD) of the outgoing and with additional 20% for some ways. Please refer to
table 6.3.
Table 6.3 shows the total load has been connected to Non Essential MSB.
Table 6.3: MSB Non Essential
TCL MD TCL MD MCCB

No. MSB Non E
(kW) (kW) (Amp) (Amp) Rating
1 SSB G 127.76 83.76 263.0 168.71 250 A
2 Feeder Pillar 5.91 4.73 9.67 7.74 40 A
3 MSB Essential 420.00 409.00 687.40 669.39 800 A

MSB FAMA
4 79.80 63.84 130.61 104.48 150 A
(Existing)
STP (Sewerage
5 10.00 10.00 16.37 16.37 40 A
Treatment Plant)
Total 643.47 571.33 1107.05 966.69 1200A TPN
MD + 20% = 966.69 + 193.34

= 1160.02 A
Base on calculation above, where the Maximum Demand + 20 % (future) is

1160.02 A, the sizing of switchgear for MSB Non Essential is 1200 A 4 Pole.
The sizing of busbar panel must be same rating as incoming switchgear. The
busbar must be tinned copper type.
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6.0 SYSTEM
3. The SPD must be mentioned.
4. Determination of cable size from SSB to DB.
Refer to the chapter 7, ‘Reticulation Cable Size and Voltage Drop Calculation’.
5. Facility of measuring and monitoring devices.
The facility of measuring and monitoring devices at SSB is depending to the

incoming switch gear rating and the usage of the panel. The itemised need to
install is:-
a) Incoming phase indicating light – LED type c/w fuse.

b) Voltmeter.
c) Ammeter.
d) Kilowatt hour meter.
e) Items b, c and d may be replaced with a digital power meter to connect to
electrical building automation system (SCADA) enabling collecting data
and may be used for measurement of efficiency and improvement etc.
6. Switchboard Earthing busbar - indicate the bar, its size to be referred to Table 6.2
L-S1, according to the fault current rating.
7. The MSB shall be labeled to indicate its location.
a) MSB NE (Non Essential).

b) Supply direct from TNB.
c) MSB E (Essential).
d) Supply from Generator Set.
e) MSB Mechanical, etc.
8. Block diagram.
(Refer to Figure 6.4: Schematic drawing 3)
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6.0 SYSTEM
Figure 6.2: Drawing Schematic 1: SSB F
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6.0 SYSTEM
Figure 6.3: Schematic Drawing 2: MSB Non Essential
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6.0 SYSTEM
Figure 6.4: Schematic Drawing 3: Typical Block Diagram
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CHAPTER RETICULATION CABLE SIZE AND

Page : C7/ 1 of 11
7.0 VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATION
7.1 Introduction
The tabulated current-carrying capacity relates to a single circuit in the installation

methods shown in Table 4A (Refer to IEE Wiring Regulation Sixteenth Edition page
181, 182, 183, 184 & 185), in an ambient air temperature of 30°C. The current-carrying
capacities given in the tables for AC operation apply only to frequencies in the range 49
to 61 Hz.
The tabulated current-carrying capacity relates to continuous loading and is also known
as the ‘full thermal current rating’ of the cable, corresponding to the conductor
operating temperature indicated in the headings to the tables concerned. It is intended to
provide for a satisfactory life of conductor and insulation subject to the thermal effects
of carrying current for sustained periods in normal service. A cable may be seriously
damaged, leading to early failure, or its service life may be significantly reduced, if it is
operated for any prolonged period at a temperature higher than the indicated value.
In addition, there are other consideration affecting the choice of the cross-sectional area
of a conductor, such as the requirements for protection against electric shock, protection
against thermal effects, over current protection, voltage drop and the limiting
temperatures for terminals of equipment to which the conductors are connected.
Other than that, the conductors will need to be sized in accordance with the relevant
circuit criteria. This sizing will also have to be taken into account the type of cable and
its insulation. Other requirements that will also affect the size indirectly may include:
availability, type of building, environment, security, life expectancy, adaptability,
aesthetics and cost.
7.2 Correction factors for current-carrying capacity
In order to determine the current-carrying capacity of the cable, it may be necessary to

apply one or more correction factors to the tabulated value given in the appropriate table
for the cable.
a) For ambient temperature
Tables 4C1 and 4C2 (Refer to IEE Wiring Regulation Sixteenth Edition page 188)
give the correction factor to be applied to the tabulated current-carrying capacity
depending upon the actual ambient temperature of the location in which the cable
is to be installed.
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b) For grouping
Tables 4B1, 4B2 and 4B3 (Refer to IEE Wiring Regulation Sixteenth Edition page
186 & 187) give the correction factor to be applied to the tabulated current-
carrying capacity where cables or circuits are grouped.
c) For thermal insulation
For a cable installed in a thermally insulating wall or above a thermally insulated

ceiling the cable being in contact with a thermally conductive surface on one side,
the rating factor to applied may, in the absence of more precise information, be
taken as 0.75 times the current carrying capacity for that a cable likely to be
totally surrounded by thermally insulation material. The applicable rating factor
may be as low as 0.5
7.3 Relationship of current-carrying capacity to other circuit parameters
The relevant symbols used in the Regulations are as follows:
Iz the current-carrying capacity of a cable for continuous service, under the

particular installation condition concerned
It the value of current tabulated in the Table with referring to the IEE Wiring
Regulation Sixteenth Edition for the type of cable and installation method
concerned, for a single circuit in an ambient temperature of 30°C
Ib the design current of the circuit, i.e. the current intended to be carried by the
circuit in normal service
In the nominal current or current setting of the device protecting the circuit against
over current
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C a correction factor to be applied where the installation conditions differ from

those for which values of current-carrying capacity are tabulated in IEE Wiring
Regulation Sixteenth Edition. The various correction factors are identified as
follows:
Ca for ambient temperature

Cg for grouping
Ci for thermal insulation
Ct for operating temperature of conductor
In all circumstances I z must be not less than I b and I n also must be not less than
I b. However CKE practice is Iz > In > Ib
7.4 Determination of the size of cable
As a preliminary step it is useful to identify the length of the cable run and the
permissible voltage drop for the equipment being supplied. The permissible voltage
drop in mV, divided by I b and by the length of run, will give the value of voltage drop
in mV/A/m which can be tolerated. A voltage drop not exceeding that value is identified
in the appropriate table and the corresponding cross-sectional area of conductor needed
on this account can be read off directly before any other calculation are made.
The conductor size necessary from consideration of the conditions of normal load and
overload is then determined. All correction factors affecting I z (i.e. the factors for
ambient temperature, grouping and thermal insulation) can, if desired, be applied to the
values of I t as multipliers. This involves a process of trial and error until a cross-
sectional area is reached which ensures that I z is not less than I b and not less than I n of
any protective device it is intended to select. In any event, if a correction factor for
protection by a semi-enclosed fuse is necessary, this has to be applied to I n as a divisor.
It is therefore more convenient to apply all the correction factors to I n as divisors.
Once the cable type and other characteristics have been considered, the conductor size
can be determined. This size will be dependent upon the current required by the circuit
load.
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The following procedure enables the designer to determine the size of cable it will be
necessary to use in order to comply with the requirement for overland protection.
1. For single circuits
Divide the nominal current of the protective device (I n ) by any applicable

correction factor for ambient temperature (C a ), then further divide by any
applicable correction factor for thermal insulation (C i ).
The size of cable to be used is to be such that it’s tabulated current-carrying

capacity (I t ) is not less than the value of nominal current of the protective device
adjusted as below:
In
It ≥
C a Ci
2. For groups
Divide the nominal current of the protective device (In) by the correction factor
for grouping (Cg) given in Tables 4B1, 4B2 or 4B3:
In
It ≥
Cg
Where a rewire able fuse to BS036 is to be used, an additional factor (0.725) must
be included, hence
In
It ≥
0.725 C a C i C g
Thus, the factors to determining current carrying capacity of conductors will be

such as:
a) cross-sectional area
b) type of cable or conductor
c) method of installation
d) number of conductors grouped together
e) Environmental conditions, e.g. high ambient temperature, enclosure in
thermally insulating material.
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Once the factors that apply to a particular conductor have been ascertained the
value of It can be found by calculation and reference then made to the relevant
table i.e. 4D1A (single core PVC insulated), to obtain the cable size.
7.5 Voltage Drop
Values of voltage drop are tabulated for a current of one ampere for a meter run i.e. for
a distance of 1 m along the route taken by the cables, and then present the result of the
voltage drops in the entire circuit conductor. For any given run the values need to be
multiplied by length of the run in meters and by the current the cables are to carry, in
amperes. The voltage drop for any particular cable run must be such that the voltage
drop in the circuit of which the cable forms a part does not exceed 4% of the nominal
voltage of the supply. As a guide, refer to the following diagram. Volt drop from DB to
final point need not be calculated. It is assumed to be negligible since we are limiting
our final circuit to not more than 80 meters from the DB.
DB DB
1%
DB
1.5% SSB
1.5%
4% SSB 4%
1%
4%
2.5%
SSB
2%
MSB / SOURCE
Figure 7.1
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However for external lighting the volt drop from DB to final point must be calculated.
The total must not exceed 4%.
MSB SSB DB CL 0.5%

Final Point
2% 1.5%
4%
Figure 7.2
The voltage drop calculated from the formula:-
V × L × In
Voltage Drop, VD = d
1000
Where,
Vd = permissible voltage drop (mV/A/m)
In = the device current of the circuit (A)
VD = volt drop (V)
L = length of cable (m)
It is pertinent to point out that the cable rating must always be higher than (or equal to)
that of the fuse or circuit breaker that is supposed to protect that part of the installation.
7.6 Type of cables commonly used
It used to be a standard practice in CKE to use PVC/PVC cables for non conduit wiring
(surface and concealed). However these two (2) types of wiring are not used anymore in
CKE. All wiring must now be in conduit using PVC insulated cables.
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Underground cables that are widely used:
a) PILCDSTAS Cable (Paper Insulated, Lead Covered, Double Steel Tape

Armoured and Served Cable).
This is use conjunction with cable-box termination and is available only in the 3
phase 4 core types, normally used when the 3 phase line current exceeds 40 A.
b) PVC/SWA/PVC Cable (Polyvinyl Chloride / Steel Wire Armoured / Polyvinyl

Chloride Cable).
This cable is used with cable gland terminations and is available both in the 3
phase 4 core as well as in the single phase 2 core. It is generally used when the
current demand is less than 60 A.
c) XLPE / SWA / PVC Cable. (Crosslinked Polyethylene / Steel Wire Armoured /

Polyvinyl Chloride Cable)
Normally used for 35 mm² and above.
For more information on other types of cables refer to manufacturers. Unless otherwise
required all cables used for JKR projects shall be copper.
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TCL = 15.49kW (25.35A)

DB GAL MD = 12.39kW (22.28A)
Rating MCCB = 40A TPN
1.5% L2
TCL = 127.76kW (209.0A)

SSB G1 MD = 83.76kW (137.09A)
SSB G3
2.5% L1
SSB G2
IMD + 30% = 1122.08A

MSB NE
MD = 527.36 kW
IMD = 863.14A
Figure 7.3
Allowable voltage drop:
2.5% = 10.375 V 3 phase

1.5% = 6.225 V
Iz > In > Ib
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i) Calculate cable size used and voltage drop from SSB G to DB GAL
a) Consider copper conductor used e.g. single core PVC insulated cable and
installation method is enclosed in conduit on a wall where L2 = 60 metre.
Iz > In > Ib
Refer to table 4D1A from IEE Wiring Regulation Sixteenth Edition, I z = 50 A
I z > 40 > 22.28

50 > 40 > 22.28
From value of I z we get cable size of 10 mm².
From table 4D1B voltage drop (per ampere per metre), V d = 4.4 mV/A/m
Voltage drop (V D ) = V d x L2 x I n / 1000

= 4.4 x 60 x 40 / 1000
= 10.56V
Therefore cable to be used is 4 x 10 mm² PVC in conduit.
b) Say L2 is longer i.e. L2 = 80 metre

= 4.4 x 80 x 40 / 1000
= 7.84 V
(exceeding allowable voltage drop of 6.225 V)
Thus, 4 x 10 mm² PVC in conduit cannot be used.
Check again the I z value.
Refer to table 4D1A from IEE Wiring Regulation Sixteenth Edition, I z = 68 A
I z > 40 > 22.28

68 > 40 > 22.28
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From table 4D1B voltage drop (per ampere per metre), V d = 2.8 mV/A/m

= 2.8 x 80 x 22.28 / 1000
= 4.99 V
Therefore cable to be used is 4 x 16 mm² PVC in conduit.
ii) Calculate cable size used and voltage drop from MSB NE to SSB G
a) Consider copper conductor XLPE/SWA/PVC cable, installed underground where

L1 = 110 metre
Iz > In > Ib
Refer to table 4E4A from IEE Wiring Regulation Sixteenth Edition, I z = 251 A
I z > 250 > 137.09

251 > 250 > 137.09
From table 4E4B voltage drop (per ampere per metre), V d = 0.60 mV/A/m

= 0.60 x 110 x 137.09 / 1000
= 9.05 V
Therefore cable to be used is 4 core 70 mm² XLPE/SWA/PVC laid in the ground.
b) Say L1 is longer i.e. L1 = 155 metre

= 0.60 x 155 x 137.09 / 1000
= 12.75 V
Thus, 4 core 70 mm² XLPE/SWA/PVC cannot be used.
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Refer to table 4E4A from IEE Wiring Regulation Sixteenth Edition, I z = 304 A
I z > 250 > 137.09

304 > 250 > 137.09
From table 4E4B voltage drop (per ampere per metre), V d = 0.45 mV/A/m

= 0.45 x 155 x 137.09 / 1000
= 9.56V
Therefore cable to be used is 4 core 95mm² XLPE/SWA/PVC laid in the ground.
c) Say L1 is longer i.e. L1 = 250 metre

= 0.60 x 250 x 137.09 / 1000
= 20.56 V
Thus, 4 core 70 mm² XLPE/SWA/PVC cannot be used.
Refer to table 4E4A from IEE Wiring Regulation Sixteenth Edition.
Refer next value of I z and calculate the volt drop until the acceptable volt drop is
achieved. In this case the I z that result in an acceptable volt drop is I z = 406 A
I z > 250 > 137.09

406 > 250 > 137.09
Therefore cable to be used is 4 core 150 mm² XLPE/SWA/PVC laid in the

ground.
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8.0
8.1 Introduction
The effects of a low power factor in an installation are well known. These include:-
i) A penalty charge in the electricity bill

ii) Extra losses in the feeder cable
iii) A significant voltage drop in the cables
iv) A reduction of the effective capacity of the cables
v) A reduction in the power available at the transformer
vi) A significant voltage drop at the secondary of the transformer
vii) Significant losses in the transformer
There are basically two types of equipment for improving the power factor of an
installation:-
a) By rotary phase advancers, synchronous condensers or synchronous motors

b) Static capacitors.
For normal installations, the capital cost of rotating machinery, both synchronous and
phase advancing, makes its use uneconomical and, in addition, the wear and tear
inherent in all rotary machine involves additional expenses for upkeep and maintenance.
Capacitors, on the other hand, have a very low initial cost, have minimal upkeep costs
and can be used with high efficiencies on all sizes of installations. They are compact,
reliable and convenient to install and thus is the more satisfactory equipment for power
factor improvement.
The sitting of the capacitors in an installation depends on whether each piece of

equipment, example a motor, is being individually corrected or the plant/installation as a
whole is being corrected as a block (bulk or central correction).
As a rule of thumb, switchboards exceeding 200 A shall be installed with power factor
correction board.
8.2 Individual Correction
This is used in small installations on motors constantly in operation or, in the case of
kVA maximum demand tariffs, on certain motors known to be in operation at the time
of maximum demand. It should not be applied where the motors are used for haulage,
cranes, and colliery winders of where “inching” or “plugging” and direct reversal takes
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place. Individual correction of tandem (or two seed motors) should be avoided. If
correction is necessary, the capacitors should never be connected directly to the low
speed component but a contactor arrangement installed using one capacitor for both
windings.
In general, this method is not profitable for motors less than 10 kW.
8.2.1 Advantages of Individual Correction
This method reduces the current loading on the distribution system with consequent
improvement in the voltage regulation. Also no additional switchgear is required as the
capacitor is connected directly across the motor terminals and, therefore, switched with
the load by the motor starter.
8.2.2 Disadvantages of Individual Correction
Several small capacitors installed at various individual loads may cost more than a
single capacitor of total equivalent rating centrally installed. Also the capacitors have a
low utilization factor as the capacitor operates only when the particular load is used.
8.2.3 General Considerations
a) One size of capacitor will give constant value of power factor over the normal low
range since variations in motor kVAr are comparatively small.
b) Since connection of the capacitor directly across the motor results in a lower load
current, the overload setting on the starter should be reduced in order to obtain the
same degree of protection.
c) When star delta starting is used, a standard three terminal, delta connected
capacitor should be employed, which gives maximum power factor correction at
the start when the power factor of the motor is low.
d) To prevent auto-excitation (i.e. Self excitation of the motor by the stored capacitor
charge – when the motor supply is switched off); ensure that the capacitor current
is equal to or smaller than the motor magnetizing current. A commonly used
value is 90% of the motor no load current.
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e) The capacitor rating required is calculated as follows:-
kVAr =
(
H p × 0.746 × % of full load × tan cos −1 φ1 − tan cos −1 φ 2 )
efficiency (at the above % of full load )
where:
cos ø 1 is the original power factor
cos ø 2 is the required power factor.
f) Motors are usually corrected to a power factor of 0.98 at 75% load.
g) Welding equipment generally have a power factor of about 0.35 lagging but since
welding loads are intermittent and consequently have a low load factor, they are
usually corrected to about 0.6 to 0.8 based on its continuous kVA rating.
h) Figure 8.1 below shows the method of connection for individual power factor
correction of motors.
Capacitor Bank
with Discharge
Resistors
Figure 8.1: Connections for Individual Motor Power Factor Correction
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Table 8.1: Typical Uncompensated PF for Building/Plant
Category Typical uncompensated PF

Hospitals 0.7,..0.8
Machinery- big sized 0.5,..0.6
Machinery-small sized 0.4,..0.5
Office Building-General 0.7,..0.8
Water pumps 0.8,..0.85
Compressor 0.7,..0.8
Vocational School (Welding 0.5,..0.7
Transformer)
School (normal Laboratory) 07,..0.8
Factory (Steel) 0.6,..0.7
Breweries / sawmill / factory 0.6,..0.7
8.3 Bulk or Central Correction
The method is used when the total reactive load varies during the day, but is too small to
be compensated individually because of cost reasons. Also, it may sometimes be
impossible to connect capacitors at the individual load locations due to uncertainty of
loads, high ambient temperatures, restricted space or presence of explosive gases.
8.3.1 Advantages of Central Correction
This is ideal method of obtaining the full electrical and financial benefits of a capacitor
installation. The central location makes supervision easier and with automatic control,
the resulting economics and convenience may outweigh the initial cost.
8.3.2 Disadvantages of Central Correction
Here the loads in the distribution lines are not lightened. The capacitors must also be
provided with protective and isolating gear. This was previously done manually but
manual switching requires surveillance which may not be convenient to provide.
Therefore it is now to be done automatically (but at a higher cost).
8.3.3 General Considerations for central automatic power factor correction
a) The equipment consists of a capacitor bank subdivided into two or more steps,
each step or capacitor being controlled by a contactor.
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b) In turn the contactors are controlled by a reactive relay. The reactive relay
consists of a potential coil connected across 2 phases of the supply load and a
current coil taken from a current transformer on the third phase – so as to obtain a
90o phase displacement at unity power factor. The utilization category of
contactor for the switching of capacitor banks is AC-6b.
c) The number of stages installed is usually a compromise between the technical

requirement and cost. The aim is to have each contactor switching its maximum
rated capacitance and, at the same time, have the capacitor bank divided into the
most economic subsections, so that all variations in load can be corrected.
d) To determine the rating of the capacitor needed, the following formula is used:-
Q = P (tan ø 1 – tan ø 2 )
Where: Q is the rating of the capacitor required in kVAr

P is the installation load in kW
Cos ø 1 is the initial power factor, and
Cos ø 2 is the required power factor.
The above formula is derived from the Figure 8.2 which shows the effect of
correction.
Figure 8.2: The Effect of Correction
Alternatively, the required rating can be obtained from tables which give the
required values of (tan ø 1 - tan ø 2 ) . This is given by ‘k Value’ in Table 8.2
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e) It is necessary to set the relay to operate with the particular current transformer
used. On most relays, this is usually achieved by means of a C/K setting, where
C = size of capacitor being switched (in kVAr), and

K = ratio of current transformer primary to secondary.
Example: For C = 100 kVAr and K = 2000/5 = 400
C/K = 100/400 = 0.25
f) To prevent “hunting” i.e. continuous switching in and out of a capacitor step, the
sensitivity limit of the regulator is set such that it is greater than the current of one
capacitor step. In practice the regulator is usually set to react to changes
corresponding to about 2/3 of the current of one capacitor step.
g) A typical connection of an automatic relay is as shown:-
Figure 8.3: Typical Connection of An Automatic Relay
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Table 8.2: ‘k Value’

Power factor of load
SIZE OF CAPACITOR IN KVA PER KW OF LOAD FOR RAISING THE POWER FACTOR (K VALUE)
before applying
capacitor 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 Unity
0.40 1.537 1.668 1.805 1.832 1.861 1.895 1.924 1.959 1.998 2.037 2.085 2.144 2.288
0.41 1.474 1.605 1.742 1.769 1.798 1.831 1.860 1.896 1.935 1.973 2.021 2.082 2.225
0.42 1.413 1.544 1.681 1.709 1.738 1.771 1.800 1.836 1.874 1.913 1.961 2.022 2.164
0.43 1.356 1.487 1.624 1.651 1.680 1.713 1.742 1.778 1.816 1.855 1.903 1.964 2.107
0.44 1.290 1.421 1.558 1.585 1.614 1.647 1.677 1.712 1.751 1.790 1.837 1.899 2.048
0.45 1.230 1.360 1.501 1.522 1.561 1.592 1.626 1.659 1.698 1.737 1.784 1.846 1.988
0.46 1.179 1.309 1.446 1.473 1.502 1.533 1.567 1.600 1.636 1.677 1.725 1.786 1.929
0.47 1.130 1.260 1.397 1.425 1.454 1.485 1.518 1.552 1.588 1.629 1.677 1.758 1.881
0.48 1.076 1.206 1.343 1.370 1.400 1.430 1.464 1.497 1.534 1.575 1.623 1.684 1.826
0.49 1.030 1.160 1.297 1.326 1.355 1.386 1.428 1.453 1.489 1.530 1.578 1.639 1.782
0.50 0.982 1.112 1.248 1.276 1.303 1.327 1.368 1.403 1.441 1.481 1.528 1.598 1.752
0.51 0.936 1.066 1.202 1.230 1.257 1.291 1.323 1.357 1.395 1.435 1.483 1.544 1.686
0.52 0.894 1.024 1.160 1.188 1.213 1.249 1.281 1.315 1.353 1.393 1.441 1.502 1.644
0.53 0.850 0.980 1.116 1.144 1.171 1.205 1.237 1.271 1.309 1.349 1.397 1.458 1.600
0.54 0.809 0.939 1.075 1.103 1.130 1.164 1.196 1.230 1.268 1.308 1.356 1.417 1.559
0.55 0.769 0.899 1.835 1.863 1.080 1.124 1.156 1.190 1.228 1.268 1.316 1.377 1.519
0.56 0.730 0.860 0.996 1.024 1.051 1.085 1.117 1.151 1.189 1.229 1.277 1.338 1.400
0.57 0.692 0.822 0.958 0.986 1.013 1.047 1.079 1.113 1.151 1.191 1.239 1.300 1.442
0.58 0.655 0.785 0.921 0.949 0.976 1.010 1.042 1.076 1.114 1.154 1.202 1.263 1.405
0.59 0.618 0.748 0.884 0.912 0.939 0.973 1.005 1.039 1.077 1.117 1.165 1.226 1.368
0.60 0.584 0.714 0.848 0.878 0.905 0.939 0.971 1.005 1.043 1.083 1.131 1.192 1.334
0.61 0.549 0.679 0.815 0.843 0.870 0.904 0.936 0.970 1.008 1.018 1.096 1.157 1.299
0.62 0.515 0.645 0.785 0.809 0.836 0.870 0.902 0.936 0.974 1.014 1.062 1.123 1.265
0.63 0.483 0.613 0.749 0.777 0.804 0.838 0.870 0.904 0.942 0.982 1.830 1.091 1.233
0.64 0.450 0.580 0.716 0.744 0.771 0.805 0.837 0.871 0.909 0.949 0.997 1.058 1.200
0.65 0.419 0.549 0.685 0.713 0.748 0.774 0.806 0.848 0.876 0.918 0.966 1.027 1.169
0.66 0.388 0.518 0.654 0.682 0.709 0.743 0.775 0.809 0.847 0.887 0.935 0.996 1.138
0.67 0.358 0.488 0.624 0.652 0.679 0.713 0.745 0.779 0.817 0.857 0.905 0.966 1.108
0.68 0.329 0.459 0.595 0.623 0.650 0.684 0.716 0.750 0.788 0.828 0.876 0.937 1.079
0.69 0.299 0.429 0.565 0.593 0.620 0.654 0.686 0.28 0.758 0.798 0.848 0.907 1.049
0.70 0.270 0.400 0.534 0.544 0.591 0.625 0.657 0.691 0.729 0.769 0.811 0.878 1.028
0.71 0.242 0.372 0.508 0.536 0.563 0.597 0.629 0.663 0.701 0.741 0.783 0.850 0.992
0.72 0.213 0.343 0.479 0.507 0.534 0.568 0.600 0.634 0.672 0.712 0.754 0.821 0.963
0.73 0.186 0.316 0.452 0.480 0.507 0.541 0.573 0.607 0.645 0.685 0.727 0.794 0.936
0.74 0.159 0.289 0.425 0.453 0.480 0.514 0.546 0.580 0.618 0.658 0.700 0.767 0.909
0.75 0.132 0.262 0.398 0.426 0.453 0.487 0.519 0.553 0.591 0.631 0.673 0.740 0.882
0.76 0.105 0.235 0.371 0.399 0.426 0.460 0.492 0.526 0.564 0.604 0.652 0.713 0.855
0.77 0.079 0.209 0.345 0.373 0.400 0.434 0.466 0.500 0.538 0.578 0.620 0.687 0.829
0.78 0.053 0.183 0.319 0.347 0.374 0.408 0.448 0.474 0.512 0.552 0.594 0.661 0.803
0.79 0.026 0.156 0.292 0.320 0.347 0.381 0.413 0.447 0.485 0.525 0.567 0.634 0.776
0.80 - 0.138 0.266 0.294 0.321 0.355 0.387 0.421 0.459 0.499 0.541 0.688 0.730
0.81 - 0.104 0.240 0.268 0.295 0.329 0.351 0.395 0.433 0.473 0.515 0.582 0.724
0.82 - 0.078 0.214 0.242 0.269 0.303 0.335 0.369 0.407 0.447 0.489 0.556 0.698
0.83 - 0.052 0.188 0.216 0.243 0.277 0.309 0.343 0.381 0.421 0.463 0.530 0.672
0.84 - 0.026 0.162 0.190 0.217 0.251 0.283 0.317 0.355 0.395 0.437 0.504 0.645
0.85 - - 0.136 0.164 0.191 0.225 0.257 0.291 0.329 0.369 0.417 0.478 0.620
0.86 - - 0.109 0.140 0.167 0.198 0.230 0.264 0.301 0.343 0.390 0.450 0.593
0.87 - - 0.083 0.114 0.141 0.172 0.204 0.238 0.275 0.317 0.364 0.424 0.567
0.88 - - 0.054 0.085 0.112 0.143 0.175 0.209 0.246 0.288 0.335 0.395 0.530
0.89 - - 0.028 0.059 0.086 0.117 0.149 0.183 0.238 0.262 0.309 0.369 0.512
0.90 - - - 0.031 0.058 0.089 0.121 0.155 0.192 0.234 0.281 0.341 0.484
0.91 - - - - 0.027 0.058 0.090 0.124 0.161 0.203 0.250 0.310 0.453
0.92 - - - - - 0.031 0.063 0.097 0.134 0.176 0.223 0.283 0.426
0.93 - - - - - - 0.032 0.066 0.103 0.145 0.192 0.252 0.395
0.94 - - - - - - - 0.034 0.071 0.113 0.160 0.220 0.363
0.95 - - - - - - - - 0.037 0.079 0.126 0.186 0.329
0.96 - - - - - - - - - 0.012 0.089 0.149 0.292
0.97 - - - - - - - - - - 0.047 0.107 0.250
0.98 - - - - - - - - - - - 0.060 0.203
0.99 - - - - - - - - - - - 0.143
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8.4 General
i) Selection of Current Transformers for power factor relays.
a) The primary rating of the CT is based on the line current of the system at its
original power factor.
b) The secondary rating depends on the current rating of the power factor relay
used and is usually 5 amps.
c) The burden of the CT depends on the Volt-Ampere consumption of the relay

and is usually less than 5 VA. If the CT is far from the battery, a 10 VA CT
may have to be used to take into account of the I2R losses in the cables.
d) In some cases, it may be necessary to summate the currents in more than

one circuit. A suitable auxiliary summation CT can be used.
ii) Rating of Switchgear
The duty imposed on switchgear and fuse gear used with capacitors is heavier
than that in normal circumstances due to:-
a) At the instant of switching, a large transient current will flow.
b) High overvoltage transients can occur when capacitors are disconnected by

switching devices which allow restricting of the arc.
c) The switchgear has to carry continuously the full rated current of the
capacitor at all times the capacitor is in circuit.
d) At light loads when the voltage may be higher than normal, the capacitor
currents will be increased accordingly.
e) If harmonics are present in the supply voltage, the capacitor current will be
increased.
In view of this, it is normal to have switchgear of ratings higher than the rated
current of the capacitor. Often a factor of 1.5 times the rated current is used.
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iii) General Considerations in the Installation of Capacitors
a) For capacitors directly connected to motor terminals, all capacitor banks

should have a switching device equipped with an appropriate automatic trip.
b) A discharge device should be provided for every capacitor equipment unless

it is connected directly to other electrical equipment providing a discharge
path without a disconnecting switch, fuses cut-out, or series capacitor
interposed.
c) Self healing dry type capacitors should normally be specified for all
installation due to their superior qualities and ease of maintenance.
d) To reduce the current loading in the distribution system, the power factor
correction should be done as close as possible to the load.
e) Apart from the individual and the bulk central corrections methods, other
methods are possible. These are in effect variations and combinations of the
above mentioned two methods. They are:-
 Group compensation e.g. One capacitor bank for a group of motors.

 Fixed central compensation.
 Combined compensation - a combination of fixed, automatic group
and individual compensations.
f) Very often at the time of installing the power factor correction system, the
load has not built up yet. The power factor correction system should thus
either be designed to cater for future loads or provisions be made in
switchgears, cables, accessories, space, etc. for easy extension of the system
in the future.
iv) Maintenance of power factor correction capacitors.
a) Capacitors being static equipment, do not generally require the same degree
of care as rotary machinery, but nevertheless, require regular maintenance.
b) Capacitors should normally be inspected every 12 months – preferably 6

months. Inspection time intervals are governed mainly by conditions on
site. Humid atmospheres or those subjected to chemical fumes, dirt or dust
requires more frequent attention.
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c) Before examination the apparatus should be switched off and time allowed
for complete discharge as stated on the rating plates. Current transformers
must never operate with the secondary circuit open. If it is not being used,
the secondary terminals must be short-circuited.
d) Conditions of exterior finish and protective paint should be in good

condition. If necessary, it should be repainted.
e) The terminal box cover should be removed and inspected for abnormalities.
Special care should be taken of:
i) Condition of cable
ii) Condition of interior paint work (repainting if necessary)
iii) Tightness of nuts and bolts – especially of earth connections
iv) Removal of dust and other foreign matter
v) Cleanliness – particularly of insulators and terminals
8.5 Series Blocking Reactors
Where series blocking reactors (hereafter referred as ‘reactors’) are specified in the
Drawings and/or Bill of Quantities, they shall be of dry type copper windings rated at
440 volts, 50 Hz and class H insulation connected in series with the capacitors suitable
to operate in ambient temperature up to ˚C.40Unless otherwise specified in the
Drawings and/or Bill of Quantities, the kVAr rating (reactance) of the reactor shall be
7% to the kVAr rating (reactance) of the capacitor to where the reactor will be
connected.
The reactors shall be securely fastened and installed in a separate compartment of the
power factor correction board. If necessary, rubber pad shall be used to reduce noise.
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8.6 Switching Sequence
The regulator shall incorporate minimum following automatic switching sequence

modes, viz. cyclic switching sequence and multi-step switching sequence allowing
minimum following combinations of switching programme of capacitors stages:
a) 1:1:1:1:1:1:….
b) 1:1:2:2:2:2:….
c) 1:1:2:2:4:4:….
d) 1:2:2:2:2:2:….
e) 1:2:4:4:4:4.....
f) 1:2:4:8:8:8:….
The first three control output may be allowed to be set as fixed steps which are not
included in the normal control cycle but are switched on immediately after the regulator
is switched on and always remain switched on.
8.7 Comparison Method of Installation
Table 8.3: Different Method of Power Factor Correction
METHOD ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Individual Most technically efficient, most Higher installation and

Capacitors flexible maintenance cost
Most economical, fewer Less flexible, requires switches
Fixed Bank
installations and/or circuit breakers
Best for variable loads, prevents
Automatic Bank Higher equipment cost
over voltages, low installation cost
Most practical for larger numbers
Combination Least flexible
of motors
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Given maximum demand (MD) = 685.60 kW

Assume Power Factor to be corrected is from 0.75 to 0.9. Calculate capacitor step for
power factor correction and MCCB size at MSB where the power factor correction
board will be locate.
1) Make assumption:
Power Factor Correction = 0.75 to 0.9
2) Refer table 1, k value = 0.398
Q (kVAr) pf correction at 3Ф 415 = MD × k

= 685.6 × 0.398
= 272.87 kVAr 415
Q (kVAr) pf correction at 3Ф 525 = Q (kVAr) 415 × (525/415)²

= 272.87 × 1.6
= 436.59 kVAr
Q (kVAr) 525 with 7% reactance = Q (kVAr) 525 × 0.93

(Industry practice) = 436.59 × 0.93
= 406.03 kVAr
≈ 400 kVAr
3) Capacitor step:
Step 1 = 10% of Q (kVAr) 525 with 7% reactance

= 40 kVAr
≈ 50 kVAr
If use step 1:1:1:1:1:1….. = 50+50+50+50+50+50+50+50

= 400
= 8 step
If use step 1:1:2:2:2:2…. = 50+50+100+100+100

= 400
= 5 step
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4) MCCB size at MSB
I 415 = Q (kVAr) 525 with reactance / (525/415)²

√3 × 415
= 400 / 1.6
√3 × 415
= 347.80 A
I 415 (50% higher) = 347.8 + 50%
= 521.7 A
MCCB size = 600 A
Therefore main incomer is 600 A.
5) However we need to ensure that the capacitor in the first step must not be more
than 5% of the incomer size, otherwise the system may not be initiated.
To verify, 5% of 600 A = 30 A equivalent to 21 kVAr.
Therefore in this case the first step should be 20 kVAr instead of 50 kVAr.
6) Therefore the possible options for the steps may be as follow:
1) 1:1:1:1:1:1:…. (not possible, to many step to reach 400 kVAr)

2) 1:1:2:2:2:2:…. (not possible, to many step to reach 400 kVAr)
Possible step to use:
1:1:2:2:2:4:4:4 = 20:20:40:40:40:80:80:80
= 400
= 8 step
7) According to the market, maximum step = 14
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9.0
9.1 Generating Set
There are occasions when the TNB electricity supply fails and a building is left without
electricity. In some buildings the risk of being totally without electricity is unacceptable
and some provision must be made for an alternative supply to be used in such an
emergency. Many consumers have installed standby generating sets in their building to
maintain a supply for their essential loads.
The majority of small standby sets installed will be powered by diesel engines, as these
are the most readily available prime movers, and most economic in capital costs,
operation and maintenance. Most emergency sets can be started either manually or
automatically. A manual start is simple, but it involves a substantial delay during which
the building is without power. This delay can be minimized to about 10seconds by
automatic starting, initiated by a sensing unit which detects a drop in the mains voltage.
The location of a generator room and the layout of generator set are important as they
affect the performance of the equipment. Generator rooms should have as many external
walls as possible. In any case, it is not advisable to have less than 2 external walls.
Additionally the location of the room also affects the surrounding environment and
persons. Therefore the DE shall apply noise reduction / acoustic treatment so that noise
level is not more than 65dB(A) measured at receptor. This is in line with the
requirements of Seksyen 23, Akta Kualiti Alam Sekeliling 1974. According to Peraturan
36 Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling (Udara Bersih) 1978, the approval from Jabatan
Alam Sekitar (DOE) has to be obtained for generator sets that burn fuel at > 15 kg/hr
(which has been equated to > 60 kVA).
The minimum clearance height of the generator set room should be given careful
consideration during planning stage. If the minimum clearance height is insufficient, the
exhaust system may not be able to be properly installed resulting in high back pressure.
This effects the performance of the generator set and increase the noise level as well.
Generator set should be so installed such that the radiator can discharge the hot air
through an external wall away from occupied areas. Air intake should preferably be
from the opposite side of the wall through which the radiator discharges the hot air. If
the construction of the room is such that the volume of intake air is insufficient, then
forced air intake by means of electric blower fan has to be installed.
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Some common terminologies associated with backup systems:
a) Emergency load – back up supply from generator set only.

b) Essential load – critical loads which cannot afford any break in power supply
hence will normally be backed up with supply from UPS equipment which in turn
may or may not be connected to a generator.
c) Uninterrupted Power Supply, UPS.
9.2 Load Assessment and Sizing the Generator
Designing a generator set installation requires consideration of equipments and

installation requirements for various reasons and intended use. These are usually driven
by mandatory installations to meet requirements of building codes (legally required)
and/or risk of economic loss due to loss of electric power (generally associated with
power availability or reliability).
Safety to human life or to healths hazards are typically the paramount requirements of
the code referenced from the regulations of federal, state, local or any other
governmental authority. These type of applications typically involve facilities such as
health care (hospitals, nursing care, clinics), high rise construction, and places of
assembly (theaters, assembly halls, sporting facilities, hotels).
Requirements due to economic reasons are typically justified by a mitigation of the risks
of loss of services, data or other valuable assets. This type of system has become more
frequent as power availability has become more critical. These genset system back up
power facilities like industrial and commercial buildings and serve loads such as data
processing, communications, heating, refrigerations and critical processes. Generators
are often justifiable where loss of utility power could cause discomfort or interruption of
critical process threatening products or process equipment.
Some common needs are outlined below:
Lighting : Egress lighting for evacuation, illuminated exit signs,

security lighting, warning lights, operating room
lighting, elevator car lighting, generator room lighting
etc..
Control Power : Control power for boilers, air compressors, and other
equipment with critical functions.
Transportation : Elevators for fire department use.
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Mechanical Systems : Waste water treatments etc.

Heating : Critical process boilers
Refrigeration : Blood banks etc..
Production : Critical power for laboratory, pharmacies etc..
Space conditioning : Cooling for computer rooms equipments, ventilation for
hazardous atmospheres etc..
Life support : Hospitals, nursing homes ,other health care facilities
Communication systems : Police, fire stations, high rise public address systems
etc..
Data processing : UPS etc..
Signal systems : Air traffic control etc..
Therefore, it is necessary to determine to which loads one proposes to maintain a supply

under emergency conditions. As above example, these loads may consist those of static
loads and motor loads.
The generator is sized with the main loads plus 20% on other power requirements such
as lightings, small motors, etc.
Static load consist of lamps, communication equipment, etc. – items which do not
involve rotating machinery. Static loads are expressed in kW.
Motor loads are those electrical motors which power such things as fireman lifts,
pressurization fans and fire fighting equipment. These motor loads are also expressed in
kW, but they also place an additional demand on the electric supply. This demand is the
starting kVA (skVA). The starting kVA for a motor of 5 kW or more is 5.5 to 6 times
the rated kVA and it is 8 to 10 times approximately in the case of one of 5 kW or lower.
At starting, the motor normally apply a fairly large load to the generator. Under the
rated full load, most motors require about 1.4 kVA per kW. It is therefore easy to find
out kVA values on the basis of output kW.
Thus to determine the total load,
a) Add up the static loads in kW to establish the total static load.

b) Identify the individual motor loads and compute their total kW value.
c) Then individually calculate the starting kVA of each motor.
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9.2.1 Some Notes on European Design Motors
The essential data is on the nameplate of European design motors. The motor capacity
(output) may be expresses in horse-power (hp), or in kW; and there will be no code
letters as in American Design Motors. If the name-plate includes hp, multiply this
figure by 0.85 to determine the kW requirement (same process as with American design
motors, refer 1.1.2). If the nameplate lists motor capacities in kW, multiply this
mechanical kW figure by 1.15 to determine the electrical kW requirement from the
generator set (1.15 is derived from the reciprocal of typical electric motor efficiency of
88% of 0.88:- 1/0.88 = 1.15).
The nameplate may list the starting kVA (skVA) or may list a figure, LRA, which
means ‘Locked Rotor Amperes’. To arrive at the skVA, the following formula should
be applied,
skVA = LRA x rated voltage x 1.732

1000
Establish the total kW demand: The static load kW should be added to the motor load
kW. When this exercise is completed for all static and motor loads, the total figure is
the minimum generator set capacity of the selected generator set.
9.2.2 Some Notes on American Design Motors
The motor hp and NEMA (National Electric Manufacturer’s Association) code letter
will be shown. These two items allow you to determine quickly the motor power
requirement in kW and the starting requirement in kVA.
For kW requirement, multiply the nameplate hp by 0.85 (0.85 is derived from the
conversion of 0.716 kW /hp divided by a typical motor efficiency of 0.88). The result
closely approximates the motor kW demand at full load. For skVA – refer to the
NEMA code letter in Table 9.1. Multiply the related skVA /hp figure by the motor
nameplate hp.
E.g.: A 100 hp Code F motor has a skVA of 100 x 5.5 = 550 kVA.
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Table 9.1: Identification of Code Letters on Typical US Design 3 Phase Induction Motors
NEMA skVA per horsepower
Code letter (multiplier)
Motors with these code letters are usually Three Phase
A 3.1
B 3.5
C 4.0
D 4.5
E 5.0
F 5.5
G 6.2
H 7.0
J 8.0
Motors with these code letters are usually Single Phase
K 9.0
L 10.0
M 11.0
N 12.5
P 14.0
R 16.0
S 18.0
T 20.0
U 22.0
V 25.0
NOTE: Wound rotor motors have no code letters.
9.3 Check for Voltage Dip
The next step is to establish if the generator set with the required kW capacity will be
adequate to cope with the motor skVA needs. Manufacturers usually provide tables
listing voltage dip versus skVA. Each motor is checked against the generator set skVA
capacity for the probable voltage dip. This figure is compared with the acceptable
voltage dip. If the expected dip exceeds the acceptable dip, the generator size will have
to be increased or the starting requirement of motors will have to be reduced.
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Some notes on generator set performance to voltage dip:
 Transient performance depends on turbo charging system (turbo lag effect), Brake
mean effective pressure of engine (pme), Speed governor characteristics,
Alternator excitation system characteristics, Voltage regulator behavior,
Rotational inertia of the genset
 ISO8528 & ISO3046 provide guide values for step loads as a function of brake
mean effective pressure (pme) .They provides a common standard to compare
transient performance and categorizes the engine/genset performance into 4
classes viz. G1, G2, G3 and G4. The guidelines are set to determine the level of
step loading that can be applied based on the bmep of the engine.
 Recovery characteristics can be determined to meet the following values stated in

the respective category as below :
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9.4 Dimension Guideline for Generator Set Installation
Table 9.2 shows some guideline of generator plinth size, room size and other
requirement for the installation. When installing the generating set and components in
the restricted confines of a genset room, care must be taken that easy access is provided
for carrying out routine servicing.
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9.0
Table 9.2 : Recommendation For Generator Room And Plinth Sizes

Generator Generator Plinth
Generator Rated Generator Physical Size (mm) Oil Tank Size AIS Size (mm) ADS Size (mm) Recommended Room Size Door Size
Weight Size
kW kVA L W H KG L x W x H (mm) L x W x H (mm) WxHxT WxHxT L W H WxHxT
20 25 1408 556 900 600 1000 x 500 x 350 1400 x 550 900 x 600 x 900 900 x 600 x 900 3400 4000 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
32 40 2149 710 1341 820 1000 x 500 x 350 2100 x 700 900 x 600 x 900 900 x 600 x 900 3900 4000 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
35.2 44 2149 710 1341 820 1000 x 500 x 350 2100 x 700 900 x 600 x 900 900 x 600 x 900 3900 4000 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
40 50 2149 710 1341 820 1000 x 500 x 350 2100 x 700 900 x 600 x 900 900 x 600 x 900 3900 4000 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
48 60 2149 710 1341 905 1000 x 500 x 350 2100 x 700 900 x 600 x 900 900 x 600 x 900 3900 4000 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
52 65 2149 710 1341 905 1000 x 500 x 350 2100 x 700 900 x 600 x 900 900 x 600 x 900 3900 4000 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
60 75 2149 710 1341 945 1000 x 500 x 350 2100 x 700 900 x 600 x 900 900 x 600 x 900 3900 4000 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
66 82.5 2149 710 1341 945 1000 x 500 x 350 2100 x 700 900 x 600 x 900 900 x 600 x 900 3900 4000 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
80 100 2515 845 1545 1222 1000 x 500 x 500 2500 x 850 900 x 600 x 900 900 x 600 x 900 4400 4200 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
88 110 2515 845 1545 1222 1000 x 500 x 500 2500 x 850 900 x 600 x 900 900 x 600 x 900 4400 4200 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
108 135 2700 900 1545 1417 1000 x 500 x 600 2500 x 850 900 x 600 x 900 900 x 600 x 900 4400 4200 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
120 150 2700 900 1545 1417 1000 x 500 x 600 2500 x 850 900 x 600 x 900 900 x 600 x 900 4400 4200 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
128 160 2953 990 1717 2001 1000 x 600 x 600 3600 x 1500 x 510 900 x 600 x 900 900 x 600 x 900 5600 5000 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
140 175 2953 990 1717 2001 1000 x 600 x 600 3600 x 1500 x 510 900 x 600 x 900 900 x 600 x 900 5600 5000 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
144 180 2953 1020 1717 2001 1000 x 600 x 600 3600 x 1700 x 510 900 x 600 x 900 900 x 600 x 900 5600 5200 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
160 200 2967 1020 1717 2043 1000 x 600 x 600 3600 x 1700 x 510 900 x 900 x 1200 900 x 900 x 1200 6200 5200 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
176 220 2967 1020 1717 2043 1000 x 600 x 600 3600 x 1700 x 510 900 x 900 x 1200 900 x 900 x 1200 6200 5200 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
184 230 2967 1020 1717 2107 1000 x 600 x 600 3600 x 1700 x 510 900 x 900 x 1200 900 x 900 x 1200 6200 5200 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
200 250 2967 1020 1717 2107 1000 x 600 x 600 3600 x 1700 x 510 900 x 900 x 1200 900 x 900 x 1200 6200 5200 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
220 275 3077 1020 1717 2150 1000 x 600 x 600 3600 x 1700 x 510 975 x 900 x 1200 900 x 900 x 1200 6200 5200 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
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9.0
Generator Generator Plinth

Generator Rated Generator Physical Size (mm) Oil Tank Size AIS Size (mm) ADS Size (mm) Recommended Room Size Door Size
Weight Size
kW kVA L W H KG L x W x H (mm) L x W x H (mm) WxHxT WxHxT L W H WxHxT
240 300 3500 1219 1813 3090 1000 x 800 x 600 4000 x 1800 x 510 1500 x 1200 x 1200 1300 x 1300 x 1200 6600 5200 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
280 350 3500 1219 1813 3180 1000 x 800 x 600 4000 x 1800 x 510 1500 x 1200 x 1200 1300 x 1300 x 1200 6600 5200 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
300 375 3500 1219 1662 2350 1000 x 1000 x 1000 4000 x 1800 x 510 1500 x 1200 x 1200 1300 x 1300 x 1200 6600 5200 4000 1800 x 2100 x 75
320 400 3560 1430 2000 2350 1000 x 1000 x 1000 4200 x 1900 x 510 1500 x 1200 x 1200 1300 x 1300 x 1200 6800 5300 4500 1800 x 2100 x 75
360 450 3560 1430 2000 2530 1200 x 1000 x 1000 4200 x 1900 x 510 6800 5300 4500 1800 x 2100 x 75
400 500 3585 1520 2108 4738 1200 x 1000 x 1000 4200 x 1900 x 510 1950 x 1200 x 1500 1300 x 1300 x 1500 7200 5300 4500 1800 x 2100 x 75
440 550 3689 1520 2108 5100 1200 x 1000 x 1000 4200 x 1900 x 510 1950 x 1200 x 1500 1300 x 1300 x 1500 7200 5300 4500 1800 x 2100 x 75
520 650 4200 1800 2108 5200 1200 x 1000 x 1000 4600 x 2100 x 510 1950 x 1200 x 1500 1625 x 1625 x 1500 7600 5500 4500 1800 x 2100 x 75
600 750 4485 1800 2500 5700 1200 x 1200 x 1000 4800 x 2100 x 510 2275 x 1500 x 1500 1950 x 1950 x 1500 7800 5500 4500 1800 x 2100 x 75
680 850 4800 2000 2550 7000 1200 x 1200 x 1000 5000 x 2400 x 510 8300 5800 4500 1800 x 2100 x 75
728 910 4800 2100 2550 7500 1200 x 1200 x 1000 5000 x 2500 x 510 8300 5900 4500 1800 x 2100 x 75
800 1000 4800 2100 2800 9700 1200 x 1200 x 1200 5000 x 2500 x 510 3250 x 1500 x 1500 2100 x 2100 x 1800 8300 5900 5000 2400 x 2400 x 75
1000 1250 5306 2100 2800 10670 1500 x 1500 x 1200 5400 x 2500 x 510 3900 x 1500 x 1500 2400 x 2400 x 1800 8800 5900 5000 2400 x 2400 x 75
1080 1350 5306 2100 2800 10000 1500 x 1500 x 1200 5400 x 2500 x 510 3900 x 1500 x 1500 2400 x 2400 x 1800 8800 5900 5000 2400 x 2400 x 75
1200 1500 5500 2222 2800 11450 1500 x 1500 x 1200 5500 x 2600 x 510 3900 x 1500 x 1500 2400 x 2400 x 1800 9000 6000 5000 2400 x 2400 x 75
1400 1750 6500 2530 2920 14000 1500 x 1500 x 1500 5970 x 2700 x 510 10000 6200 5000 2400 x 2400 x 75
1460 1825 6500 2530 2920 15000 1500 x 1500 x 1500 5970 x 2700 x 510 10000 6200 5000 2400 x 2400 x 75
1600 2000 6500 2530 2920 15000 1500 x 1500 x 1500 5970 x 2700 x 510 4500 x 1800 x 1800 3000 x 3000 x 2100 10000 6200 5000 2400 x 2400 x 75
1800 2250 6500 2530 2920 15000 2000 x 1500 x 1200 5970 x 2700 x 510 4500 x 1800 x 2100 3000 x 3000 x 2100 10000 6200 5000 2400 x 2400 x 75
Notes: 1. Data reference from Perkins and Caterpillar Engine Model

2. AIS – Air Intake Silancer, ADS – Air Discharge Silancer
3. L – Length, W – Width, H – Height, T - Thickness
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a) Side view of a typical layout of the standby generator.
b) Typical layout Front for the standby generator.
NOTE: Dimensions are based on the Power 1250kVA
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c) Rear view of a typical layout of the standby generator.
d) Diagram Layout Alternatives for standby generator
NOTE: Dimensions are based on the Power 1250kVA
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9.5 Uninterruptible Power Supply
Uninterruptible power supply equipment (UPS) shall be installed to provide emergency

power supply to critical services. The UPS shall be of rotary/ dynamic type or static
type:
a) For the rotary/dynamic type UPS system with flywheel energy storage/kinetic
machine energy storage module shall be of sufficient capacity for the present
loads and with 20% spare capacity future extension.
b) For the static type UPS system shall be complete with static bypass switch,
minimum 12 pulse rectifier/charger, maintenance bypass switch, harmonic
reduction facilities such as input harmonic filter trap, input transformer/choke etc.
so as to reduce the harmonics generated in both the input circuit and output
circuit.
The UPS equipment shall be completed with all necessary control, indication and alarm
facilities, both local and remote. The status of the UPS equipment shall be continuously
monitored by the plant monitoring system.
The static type UPS, including the battery, shall be of sufficient capacity for the present
loads and with 20% spare capacity future extension. The battery capacity shall be not
less than 15 minutes at the capacity of the UPS, including future extension. The battery
shall be vented nickel cadmium type installed in a separate room adjacent to the UPS
equipment.
The UPS shall be of the combination system whereby the UPS generator shall be in
parallel with the standby generator set. The UPS rooms shall be 24 hours air-
conditioned and the battery rooms shall be well ventilated.
In some cases of UPS installation, Isolation Transformer may be required to be installed

for a purpose of avoiding high ‘floating voltage’ and relay tripping during changeover
period.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Fuel Energy KJ/sec (KW)
Alternator
Electrical
Engine
Power
Net Engine KWe
Fan
Brake
Radiator Power
KWb
Net Engine KWb = Gross Engine KWb – Fan KW
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Alternator
Electrical
Engine
Power
Net Engine KWe
Fan
Brake
Radiator Power
KWb
Specific fuel consumption = grams / KWH
Note : Most SFC data is based on KWb. For SFC data based on KWe,
divide by alternator efficiency
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Alternator
Electrical
Engine
Power
Net Engine KWe
Fan
Brake
Radiator Power
KWb
Fuel consumption in liter/hour = SFC x KWb

840
* Based on diesel fuel density of 840gram per liter
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Alternator
Electrical
Engine
Power
Net Engine KWe
Fan
Brake
Radiator Power
KWb
Alternator Output KWe = KWb x Alternator Efficiency
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Fixed concrete block

The fixed concrete block is a proven method and prefered in som installations.
In these cases the Gen.Set base frame is tightly bolted to the concrete block.
The recommended concrete block size should allow app. 400-500 mm surround
on all sides of the complete Gen.Set.
The depth of the concrete block is calculated as follows:
Bolt pocket
Weight of complete Gen.Set

D= D
dxWxL
L
D = Depth of concrete block in metre. Subsoil
d = Density of concrete in kg/m3 (use 2400 kg/m3)
W = Width of concrete block in metre.
L = Length of concrete block in metre
VENTILATION SYSTEM
Air Discharge Opening Air Intake Opening

should be at least 25% should be at least
larger than radiator 50% larger than
matrix Air Discharge Opening
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9.6 Cabling
Power cables must be adequately supported throughout their length but at the alternator
end, provision must be made to allow for movement of the generator set which occurs
when starting and stopping.
The specific requirement of the current carrying capacity of the power cables must be
adequately sized to suit the genset output rating (including the 10% overload capacity
where applicable).
The nominal amperage of a three phase generator set can be calculated as follows:
Nominal amperage (A) = Nominal KVA rating of genset x 1000

Gen set Nominal voltage x 1.73
The cable manufacturers tables should then be consulted to establish the size of the
cable required. The genset must also be adequately earthed. Allowance for the type of
cable used, voltage drop, ambient temperature, installation method and insulation
material must be made and not to be forgotten.
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10.1 Introduction
Power supply to a new development can be taken in from TNB at 415 V Low Voltage
(LV) or 11 kV High Voltage/Tension (HT) or 33 kV HT depending on the estimated
maximum demand and the acreage of the project concerned. Hence the determination of
the MD is important for the long term planning of incoming supply.
10.2 11 kV Intake
10.2.1 Criteria
Previously, 11 kV intake is generally required for loads with estimated MD exceeding 1

MVA. Since March 2007 referring to TNB’s Electricity Supply Application Handbook
(ESAH) second edition, it clearly states that customers with MD approaching 1 MVA
have the option of taking supply at 11 kV, if so desired. However, for MD ranging
between 1000kVA to 5000 kVA, the supply voltage must be at 11 kV that is directly fed
through TNB’s 11 kV switching station.
10.2.2 System
The 11 kV distribution system consists of an 11 kV main intake substation and a

number of distribution substations belonging to the consumer. In the past, these
consumer substations were known as JKR distribution substations because JKR was the
party who designed, operated and maintained the substations and its LV switchboards.
Nowadays, many consumers outsource the design, operation and maintenance to a third
party. However for clarity, these distribution substations will be called JKR substations.
In its simplest terms the 11 kV system involves selection of transformers, HT

switchgears, cabling, protection system and making up the associated circuiting of
schematic wiring diagrams showing how they are connected to the incoming supply and
also how they are interconnected.
The DE shall also decide whether to have a single feeder or double feeder and whether
to have a connection as a ring circuit or radial circuit. The decision made depend on the
importance of the building function which cannot afford down time. The DE shall also
limit the transformer to a maximum of 2000 kVA only. It is recommended to use more
than 1 transformer in this case. Mechanical loads should be supplied from a separate
transformer than the other electrical loads. This is to safe guard the ICT load. However
this consideration should take into account the constraints on site, loads, operational
costs and overall budget.
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A simple 11 kV distribution system is shown in Figure 10.1 where it consists of the

following:
a) Radial circuit - Substation 1

b) Ring circuit - Substation 2, Substation 3, Substation 4
c) Spur circuit - Substation 5
In the 11 kV distribution system, ring circuits are preferred for the following reasons:
a) When the 11 kV distribution network is connected as a ring circuit, it improves

the reliability of the power supply. In the event of a cable fault, the fault can be
isolated and supply can be restored as shown in Figure 10.2.
b) Easier to cater for any increase in loads. Additional loads can be tapped from the
ring circuit as a spur circuit such as substation 5 in Figure 10.1. Alternatively,
additional loads can be tapped by adding more substations in the ring circuit. In
each case, it is subjected to the design maximum demand of the system.
Figure 10.1: A Simple 11 kV Distribution System
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Figure 10.2: Fault at 11 kV Distribution System
As far as possible taking supply at 11 kV is avoided due to the difficulty in getting

Competent Personnel (charge man holding high pressure certificate issued by the
Energy Commission) for the 11 kV operation and maintenance. When the intake is at 11
kV, the following practice is generally acceptable to TNB viz:
i) Supply authority gives 11 kV supply up to the JKR 11 kV main switchgear
ii) HT bulk metering at either the JKR 11 kV switchgear or the TNB’s 11 kV switch
room
iii) The 11 kV distribution is done by JKR.
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10.2.3 The Main Intake Substation
10.2.3.1 The standard design of the 11kV main intake substation
The standard design is usually a two chamber type i.e. one chamber houses the TNB 11
kV switchgear and the other chamber houses the JKR 11 kV switchgear as shown in
Figure 10.3.
Figure 10.3: Typical 11 kV Main Intake Substation
10.2.3.2 The 11kV Circuit Breaker (CB) Switchgear.
a) The CB is to perform very arduous duties under different circumstances.
b) The performance is to the large extent dependent on the nature of the circuits in
which it is connected.
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c) The ratings refer to the characteristic values that define the working conditions for
which the CB is designed and built.
d) The CB must be capable of carrying continuously the full load (FL) current
without excessive temperature rise and should be able to withstand the
electrodynamics forces.
e) CB should also be in a position to interrupt fault current safely.
f) The standard ratings of different classes of CB are given in various International

Standards e.g. BS 116 and IEC 56.
g) According to IEC Specifications 56-1(1954), an AC Circuit Breaker has the

following ratings:
1) RATED VOLTAGE – is the highest RMS voltage above nominal system

voltage fir which the CB is designed and is the upper limit for operation.
2) RATED CURRENT – is the RMS value of current in Amperes which the

CB is capable of carrying continuously without exceeding the limit of
observable temperature rise.
3) RATED FREQUENCY – is the frequency in Hertz (c/s) at which it is

designed to operate.
4) RATED BREAKING CAPACITY:
a) Symmetrical Breaking Capacity is the value of symmetrical breaking

current which the CB is capable of breaking.
b) Asymmetrical Breaking Capacity is the value of asymmetrical

breaking current which the CB is capable of breaking.
Conventionally, the Breaking Capacity (BC) is given by:
MVA = √3 x Rated Voltage x Breaking Current (kA)
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5) RATED MAKING CURRENT CAPACITIES: This value characterizes the

capability of the CB to close the contact against short-circuit currents
a) Making current is the RMS value of total current (AC + DC) which
are measured from the envelope of the current wave at the time of the
major peak.
b) It may also be expressed in terms of instantaneous value of current

which is measured at the first major peak of current wave (Ipk).
c) The making capacity of CB is the current that the CB is capable of

making.
d) The absence of any indication to the contrary on the name-plate

ratings implies that each rated capacity is the value given by:
Rated Making Capacity = 1.8×√2×Symmetrical Breaking Capacity.
(Factor 1.8 is employed to account for the asymmetry present in the short
circuit current).
6) RATED SHORT TIME CURRENT – is the RMS value of current that a CB

can carry in a fully closed position without damage for the specified short
time interval under prescribed conditions. It is normally expressed in term of
kA.
Generally there are three types of 11kV CB Switchgears:-
a) SF6 Circuit Breaker

b) Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)
c) Oil Circuit Breaker (OCB)
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Example:
Data Given on Nameplate Rating of VCB:
Rate Voltage : 12 kV
Rated Insulation Level : 75 kV Impulse
Rated frequency : 50 Hz
Normal Current : 630 A
Breaking Current : 20 kA
Short Time Current (IEC 56) : 20 kA, 3 second
Making Current = 1.8 x √2 x 20

= 51 kA
Breaking Capacity = √3 x 12 x 20
= 416 MVA
10.2.4 The JKR Distribution Substation
10.2.4.1 Standard design of distribution substation.
The standard design of the JKR distribution substation is shown Figure 10.4. The
distribution substation is usually a three chamber type i.e. one chamber houses the 11
kV switchgears, the second chamber houses the transformer and the third chamber
house the LV main switchboard.
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Figure 10.4: Standard Design of Distribution Substation
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Figure 10.5: Typical 11 kV Single Line Diagram
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10.2.4.2 Types of 11kV Switchgears
a) Circuit Breakers
Similar to the Main Intake 11 kV CB Switchgear.
b) Ring Main Units, RMU
The range includes extensible and non-extensible RMU suitable for outdoor or
indoor Installations. Various switchboard configurations can be built up
 2 x ring switch + 1 x circuit breaker

 2 x ring switch + 2 x circuit breaker
 2 x ring oil switch + 1 x oil switch fuse unit
 2 x ring oil switch + 2 x oil switch fuse unit
Rated Voltage : 12 kV
Frequency : 50 Hz
Normal current, Ring Switch : 630 A
Circuit Breaker : 630 A
Short Circuit breaking current, CB : 20k A
Short time withstands current : 20 kA, 3 seconds.
10.2.4.3 Transformer
a) Selection of Transformer
Size of transformer is chosen based on its capacity to meet the Maximum Demand
on the LV side. It is a usual practice to size-up the transformer 10 to 25% more for
future load growth. Power transformers used are usually of the oil-immersed type
although cast-resin type is also specified. The vector group of the transformer is
DYN. Commonly encountered 11 kV/433 kV transformer ratings are:-
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Table 10.1: Selection of Transformer
Size (kVA) H.T Current (A) L.V Current (A)

100 5 139
200 10 278
300 16 417
500 26 696
750 39 1043
1000 52 1391
1250 66 1739
1500 79 2087
b) Example:
What is the size of transformer suitable to cater for MD = 350 kW with 20%
future load increase.
Now, total load = 350 x 1.2

= 420 kW
= 494 kVA
Transformer size (11 kV/433 kV) is 500 kVA.
c) The JKR practice is for the DE to limit the transformer size to a maximum rating
of 2000 kVA only. If bigger sizes are required it is recommended to install more
than one transformer e.g. It is a good practice that mechanical loads be supplied
from a separate transformer than the other electrical loads. This safe guards the
ICT load. However these considerations should take into account the constraints
on site, loads, operational costs and overall budget.
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10.2.5 Protection System and Practice
10.2.5.1 The Protection of Distribution Feeders
 Pilot wire Protection System

 Inverse Time over current and Earth Fault Protection
 Factors affecting the choice of distribution feeder protection.
10.2.5.2 The Protection of Transformer
The various forms of protection schemes for transformers are as follows:
1) Electrical Detection Scheme
 Differential Protection
 Restricted Earth Fault Protection
 Over current and Earth Fault Protection
2) Non-Electrical Detection Scheme
 Bucholz Gas & Oil Detection

 Winding Temperature Alarm
10.2.5.3 Earthing
A common earth bar 25mm x 6mm is run along the walls of the transformer room.
Earthing of non-current carrying metal parts are connected to the common bar with
same sized copper tape. The neutral earth of the transformer secondary is to be by
insulated earthing conductor. A common practice to ensure extra bonding is to solder
the steel tape of HT cable with bare copper conductor, 50 mm2. The latter is bolted to
be earth bar at the cable box. Earthing value is limited to 1 ohm max in order not to
effect the grading on earth fault. Refer BS 162:1961.
10.2.5.4 Current and Voltage Transformer
The choice of a class of accuracy higher than is necessary is not economical and can
result in transformer being excessively large requiring considerable space in the
switchgear for its accommodation. The accuracy class and guidance on selection is
given in the relevant British Standards which are reproduced for easy reference in Table
10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6 and 10.7. The commonly used class is marked with an
asterisk.
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Table 10.2: Voltage Transformer: BS 3941:1975

Accuracy Class Designation
Percentage Voltage Phase Displacement
Accuracy Class
(Ratio)Error Minutes Centiradians
0.1 + 0.1 +5 + 0.15
0.2 + 0.2 + 10 + 0.3
0.5 + 0.5 + 20 + 0.6
1.0* + 1.0 + 40 + 1.2
3.0 + 3.0 not specified not specified
Table 10.3: Voltage Transformer: BS 3941:1975

Guidance on the Application
Application Class of Accuracy

Precision testing or as a standard for testing of Voltage Transformer. 0.1
Metering of precision grade in accordance with BS 37. 0.5
Meters of commercial grade in accordance with BS 37. 1.0
Precision measurements (indicating instruments, recorders And
0.2 or 0.5
electronic integrating meters).
General Industrial measurements (indicating instruments &
1 or 3
Recorders).
Approximate measurements 3
Table 10.4: Current Transformers: BS 3938:1973

Limits of error for Accuracy Class 0.1 to 1.0
± percentage current (ratio) ± phase displacement at percentage of rated current shown
error at percentage of rated below
current shown below Minutes Centiradians
Class 10 up 20 up 10 up 10 up 10 up 20 up
100 100 100
to to but to but to but to but to but
up to Up to up to
but not not incl not incl not incl not incl not incl
100 120 20 20 120 20 100 120
incl 20
0.1 0.25 0.2 0.1 10 8 5 0.3 0.24 0.15
0.2 0.5 0.35 0.2 20 15 10 0.6 0.45 0.3
0.5* 1.0 0.75 0.5 60 45 30 1.8 1.35 0.9
1* 2.0 1.5 1.0 120 90 60 3.6 2.7 1.8
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Table 10.5: Current Transformers: BS 3938:1973

Limits of error for Accuracy Class 3 and Class 5
± percentage current (ratio) error at

percentage of rated current shown below
Class
50 120
3 3 3
5 5 5
Table 10.6: Current Transformers: BS 3938: 1973

Limits of error for Accuracy Protective Class 5P and Class 10P
Phase displacement at Composite error
Current error at
Accuracy rated primary current at rated accuracy
rated primary
Class limit primary
current % minutes centiradians current %
5P ±1 5
10P* ±3 ± 60 ± 1.8 10
Table 10.7: Selection of Class of Accuracy of measuring Current Transformers
Application Class of accuracy

(1) Precision testing, or as a standard for testing other current 0.1
transformer
(2) Meters of precision grade in accordance with BS 37 0.2
(3) Meters of commercial grade in accordance with BS 37 0.5 or 1.0
(4) Precision measurement (indicating instruments and recorders) 0.1 or 0.2
(5) General industrial measurements (indicating instruments 1 or 3
and recorders)
(6) Approximate measurements 5
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10.2.6 The 11 kV Underground Cable
For high voltage, the size of the cable is usually based on the SHORT CIRCUIT
RATING of cable rather than the current carrying capacity.
At 11 kV, the SHORT CIRCUIT RATING of the switchgear as required by the supply
authority is 350 MVA for 3 seconds. Therefore the cable chosen shall be able to
withstand short circuit current of 18.4 kA for 3 second. Refer Figure 10.6 and Figure
10.7.
10.3 415 V Intake
10.3.1 415 V Intake with TNB Substation
a) Criteria
In the case of 415 V intake, TNB generally would request for a substation if the
estimated maximum demand of the load exceeds 200 kVA.
b) System
In this system, supply authority will give 415 V supply up to the JKR Main
Switchboard in the JKR main switch room which is usually annexed to the supply
authority substation as shown in Figure 10.4.
It is a standard supply authority practice that consumer main switch room is

annexed to the supply authority substation. The reasons for the above practice are:
1) To avoid excessive voltage drops
2) Supply authority use Single Core PVC cable for connection between
transformer and consumer main switchboard.
For project with large acreage and loading between 500 kVA to 1.5 MVA, supply
authority has given approval to give supply with more than one 415V intake. Each
415 V intake would be separately bulk metered at the consumer Main switch
room. LV distribution is done by JKR. This approval is given on a case by case
basis.
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A typical project example is the Kuala Lipis Infantry Battalion Complex where
the estimated maximum demand is 1.5 MVA and supply authority agreed to give
2 substations. The LV distribution in the complex is done by JKR using overhead
lines.
c) Standard design of supply authority substation with JKR switch room
The standard design of supply authority substation with JKR switch room annexed
is shown in Figure 10.4.
10.3.2 415 V Intake without TNB Substation
415 V intake with no supply authority substation i.e. direct from the existing supply
authority services usually is meant for small load an estimated maximum demand of
less than 200 kVA.
10.4 Bulk Metering
In large complexes, the common practice is to take in bulk supply from TNB. TNB’s
bulk meter is installed in the JKR main switch room while the individual sub-meters are
installed by JKR for every unit of the quarters, canteen, etc. These sub meters are read
by the staff of the clients and the charges are recouped from the occupants.
For the armed forces projects, this bulk metering and sub-metering policy had been
agreed and approved since 1980 by the following parties:
1) The Chief Electrical Inspector (via letter KPL.8/1/83 bhg. 1/95 dated 18.1.1980)
2) The Commercial Manager LLN (via letter CMD 14/15/44.5/159 dated 15.1.1980)
3) The Ministry of Defence
4) The Public Works Department
This request for the bulk metering and JKR sub-metering is from the Ministry of
Defence for reasons as follows:
1) Armed forces personnel are always on the move such as transfer. Therefore,
matters such as signing of the supply authority contracts, the paying of deposits
would cause tremendous administrative problems to the supply authority as well
as to the armed forces.
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2) Armed forces personnel are always on temporary move such as operations. These
operations may last a few months. Since the supply authority bill will not be paid
for that few months, very often they may return and find that the electricity supply
has been disconnected.
3) In the case of the married quarters, the Ministry of Defence provides free lighting
for common areas such as staircase, entrance lobby, etc.
For other large complexes such as institutions of higher learning, the same practice /
arrangement may not necessarily be acceptable to all parties. The DE shall be
responsible to ascertain the metering arrangements required by the client and finalise
them before the design can be completed.
10.5 33 kV Intake
For loads greater than 5000 kVA TNB normally requires a 33 kV Pencawang
Pembahagian Utama, PPU. This PPU is known as Pencawang Masuk Utama, PMU to
the consumer. However the DE should approach 33 kV PMU with caution. The DE
must discuss/query whether the 33 kV PMU belongs to TNB or to the client because
there are many other operational maintenance aspects that have to be taken into account
e.g. the availability of the required competent person in the market to operate the PMU.
In addition if it belongs to the TNB then decision/conditions should be made that the
PPU shall cater only for that client and not for TNB to supply to other clients. The
consumer may be metered at 11 kV tariff or 33 kV tariff. This must be discussed and
finalized with TNB and made clear to the consumer.
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Figure 10.6: Short Circuit Rating for Stranded Copper Conductors
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Figure 10.7: Short Circuit Rating for Stranded Aluminium Conductors
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11.1 System Design Procedure
Public address systems of various scales are used in all fields of today's world for
various purposes at various locations. A system engineer designs a system suitable to a
specific application. In all cases, he starts it with preparing a system plan for the
customer, involving the purpose of use, budget, and specifications.
Toward achieving an appropriate system design within the budget of the system plan, it
is important to clarify the main purpose of acoustic devices to be used and to decide
whether to select or not to select incidental functions (such as additional functions
which may be of help if provided). It is also necessary in selecting system components
to carefully study not only their performance but the ease of operation and the use of PA
system as well as reliability (i.e., capability of performing the intended function
whenever required). A general system design procedure is shown in the flow chart for
system design at Appendix A.
11.2 Acoustic Design Basics
The first problem raised in designing a public address system concerns the noise and
acoustic characteristics of the place where the system will be installed.
Noise can be generally classified into two kinds, that is, noise inside the building, and
noise outside. Noise inside the building includes, for example, the noises produced by
the elevators and air conditioners, talking people, machines at work, and the goods
carried on the floor. Outside noise may be such that produced by traffic, construction
work, waves of the sea, or running water in a river. It generally varies much depending
on the kind of its source, its distribution, the topography, and the buildings in the
neighbourhood. It can also vary greatly from time to time.
The acoustic characteristics can pose a problem particularly when a public address
system is installed indoors. The main factors involved are reverberation and echo.
A room that has walls of a heavy and hard material with small acoustic absorptive (for
example, concrete, slate, or plywood walls) generally has a long reverberation time.
Specifically, slate covered factories in the shape of a dome, parking areas in buildings,
and gymnasiums have a long reverberation time. Reverberation lowers sound clarity,
and is detrimental to acoustics at low frequencies, particularly in rooms which are not
acoustically well designed.
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Echo is a reflection of the original sound heard later. Reflected sounds reaching the ear
within 1/20 second (50 ms) from the direct sound reinforce the original sound so that
they sound like a signal sound with reverberation. If reflected sounds reach the ear later
than that, the reflected sounds are heard as an echo because they sound separate from
the direct sound. The echo so seriously affects sound clarity that it makes a music
performance impossible. It is the most harmful of all acoustic ill effects.
Outdoor echoes, such as caused by winds, mountains, buildings, and topographical

features, also pose a problem. Therefore, when selecting speaker locations, high places
where the speakers can take best advantage of fair winds, and places less likely to be
troubled by echoes are chosen. Another way of coping with this problem is to locate
small-powered speakers at many points.
11.2.1 Noise and Speaker Sound Pressure
If noise level is higher than the level of the sound coming out of the speaker, the speaker
sound cannot be heard. No matter how close the speaker may be its sound cannot be
heard if noise level is too high. The required difference between speaker sound and
noise levels varies depending on the kind and degree of noise, but at least a sound
pressure difference of 6 to 10 dB (2 to 3 times) is necessary for making announcements,
or at least about 3 dB (about 1.5 times) for background music or other music programs.
For reference, noise levels at various locations are shown in the table 11.1 below.
Table 11.1: Noise Levels

Near jet aircraft engine 120 dB
Under railway girder 100 dB
Road intersection 80 dB
Noisy office 60 dB
Suburban housing area 40 dB
Tree leaves rustling in breeze 20 dB
Minimum audible sound 0 dB
Note: Generally, noise level is high at low frequencies, and low at high frequencies.
Noise level is measured with a noise meter, and measured noise levels in WRMS are
used.
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11.2.2 Speaker Output Sound Pressure and Sound Attenuation
 Output sound pressure
Speaker specifications include output sound pressure, which represents the sound
volume that can be produced by the speaker, measured by applying a 1-watt input
to the speaker and measuring the sound one meter away from it.
Figure 11.1: Speaker Sound Pressure
Output sound pressure is expressed in decibels (dB), which is equal to phons used
to express noise Thus, dB and phons are generally used to express the same in
noise calculations. Output sound pressure also represents the speaker capacity (or
efficiency) of converting electrical signals into sound, which varies from 85 dB to
110 dB with the type kinds of speakers.
Table 11.2: Difference In Output Sound Pressure With Type Kinds Of Speakers
Speaker Output sound pressure

Ceiling / wall mount speaker 85 to 93 dB
Column gymnasium speaker 90 to 106 dB
Horn speaker 95 to 110 dB
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What will be the output sound pressure level if a higher input of 2 watts and more
is applied to the speaker? The output sound pressure increases as shown in the
Table 11.3 below.
Table 11.3: Loudspeaker Input Versus Increased Sound Pressure

Loudspeaker Increased Sound Loudspeaker Increased Sound
Input Pressure Input Pressure
(W) (dB) (W) (dB)
1 0 16 12
2 3 20 13
3 5 25 14
4 6 30 14.8
5 7 32 15
6 8 40 16
7 8.5 50 17
8 9 60 17.8
9 9.5 70 18.5
10 10 80 19
13 11 90 19.5
15 11.8 100 20
Note: A double input gives an increase of 3 dB
Output sound pressure (dB), when an input of a certain watts is applied to the
loudspeaker = (Output sound pressure in dB in the loudspeaker specifications) +
(Increased sound pressure in dB).
Example 1: A 3-watt input is applied to speaker below
The output sound pressure of the speaker is 92 dB (1 m, 1W). If a 3-watt input is

applied, the sound pressure increases by 5 dB. Thus, 92 dB + 5 dB = 97 dB (1 m).
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Example 2: A 15-watt input is applied to speaker below
The speaker is a horn type speaker, which features a high output sound pressure of
101 dB (1 m, 1 W). If a 15-watt input is applied to it, 101 dB + 11.8 dB = 112.8 dB
(1 m).
As is clear from the two examples above, the higher the output sound pressure, the
higher sound can the loudspeaker produce more efficiently.
In terms of amplifiers, the same sound pressure can be obtained from a smaller
powered amplifier if the loudspeaker has a high output sound pressure. Assume that
we now have a 87 dB loudspeaker and a 90 dB loudspeaker here, for example;
Figure 11.2: Output Sound Pressure and Required Input Power
To produce a sound pressure of 90 dB from the 87 dB loudspeaker, its output sound

pressure must be increased by 3 dB. This means that a 2-watt input must be applied
to the 87 dB loudspeaker.
Thus, if loudspeakers that have a difference of 3 dB in sound pressure are used, an

amplifier with twice the output of the other must be used. If the difference is 6 dB, an
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amplifier with four times the output power must be used. If the difference is 9 dB, an
amplifier eight times as powerful is required.
What will be the total output sound pressure in dB if two or more loudspeakers, each
with an output sound pressure of X dB, are installed in the same place in the same
direction?
If a 1 watt input is applied to two 90 dB loudspeakers, their total output sound

pressure increases by 3 dB to 93 dB, which is the same as when a 2 watt input is
applied to one of them.
If a 1 watt input is applied to three 90 dB loudspeakers, the result will be same as

when a 3 watt input is applied to one of them. That is, the total output pressure
increases by 5 dB to 95 dB.
Table 11.4: Increased Sound Pressure Where Two Or More Loudspeakers Of The
Same Capacity Are Installed In The Same Place
Number of loudspeakers Increased sound pressure

1 0 dB
2 + 3 dB
3 + 5 dB
4 + 6 dB
Incidentally, the rated output sound pressure of a loudspeaker applies where a certain
specified sound source, not a speech or music, is used. In the past, the required sound
pressure was often calculated from the rated output sound pressure. This, however,
does not have a peak factor (allowance for speeches or music) so that .sound
becomes distorted at peak level
Therefore, we calculate the required sound pressure by adding the peak factor for the
peak of the program source to the required sound pressure difference, which is the
difference between noise level and the average sound pressure of the program source.
Sound clarity increases as the required sound pressure difference increases. A.

difference of about 6 to 10 dB between noise and the average sound pressure of the
program source is normally sufficient.
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The peak factor (the difference between the average sound pressure and peak sound
pressure of a program source) varies from one program source to another, but it is 10
dB for speeches and background music, or 20 dB for music.
This can be summarized as follows:
Required sound pressure = Noise level + Required sound pressure

difference + Peak factor
Speeches and Background Music
Required sound pressure = Noise level + (6 to 10 dB) + 10 dB

= Noise level + (16 to 20 dB)
Music
Required sound pressure = Noise level + (6 to 10 dB) + 20 dB

= Noise level + (26 to 30 dB)
Table 11.5 below shows the required sound pressures at various locations
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Table 11.5: Noise Levels and Required Sound Pressures
Noise level
Noise effect Description Required sound pressure
(dB)
120  Near aircraft engine If noise level is 100 dB or more,
110  Siren, automobile horn a sound pressure of more than
 Under railway girder, 120 dB (maximum audible
Conversation 100 sound level) may be necessary
inside electric train
inaudible (varying depending on noise
frequency) so that
90  Machine shop announcements will be hardly
audible.
Conversation  Road intersection,
80
hardly audible printing shop
100 dB or more
Must speak  Department store,
70
aloud noisy office
 Restaurant, hotel
60 lobby, office, urban
housing area
70 to 90 dB
50  ………….. Where music is
 Suburban housing the primary
Normal 40
area, hospital, hotel sound source,
conversation
30  Broadcasting studio 80 to 100 dB
possible
 Tree leaves rustling in 70 dB or
20
breeze more (Noise
10  Whisper can be nearly
 Minimum audible ignored)
0
sound
11.2.3 Sound Attenuation
Speaker output sound decreases in volume as the distance from the speaker increases.
Sound volume (sound pressure) decreases in inverse proportion to the square of
distance.
Table 11.6 below shows sound attenuation outdoors (wherein air density difference,
temperature difference, wind direction, reflection from obstacles, refraction, etc. are
ignored).
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Table 11.6: Distance from Speaker and Sound Attenuation in Free Space
Distance Attenuation Distance Attenuation

1m 0 dB 28 m 29 dB
2m 6 dB 30 m 29.5 dB
3m 9.5 dB 32 m 30 dB
4m 12 dB 36 m 31 dB
5m 14 dB 40 m 32 dB
6m 15.5 dB 45 m 33 dB
7m 17 dB 50 m 34 dB
8m 18 dB 56 m 35 dB
9m 19 dB 60 m 35.5 dB
10 m 20 dB 64 m 36 dB
11 m 21 dB 70 m 37 dB
13 m 22 dB 80 m 38 dB
14 m 23 dB 90 m 39 dB
15 m 23.5 dB 100 m 40 dB
18 m 25 dB 150 m 43.5 dB
20 m 26 dB 200 m 46 dB
22 m 27 dB 300 m 49.5 dB
25 m 28 dB 400 m 52 dB
Sound attenuation indoors is less than that in free space, varying depending on the
acoustic characteristics of the room. Generally, public address systems are designed
with sound attenuation in free space as reference, using the above as peak factor.
Sound attenuation also varies with frequency. That is, a high-frequency sound
attenuates more than a low-frequency sound.
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Figure 11.3: Sound Pressure Attenuation Indoors Versus Distance
The sound pressure at a point a certain distance away from the speaker is calculated
as follows:
[Output sound pressure (dB) where an input of a certain wattage is applied] —

(Attenuation by distance (dB)].
Suppose that the rearmost seats in an auditorium are 25 meters away from the
speakers. The speaker output sound pressure required to reach them at 80 dB level is,
by compensating for attenuation of the original sound pressure:
80 dB + 28 dB = 108 dB.
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Example 1:
What wattage of input must be applied to the speakers of a PA system in an office?
Step 1
Suppose that the noise level indoors is 60 dB. If the required sound pressure
difference is 6 dB, the required sound pressure will be, by adding a peak factor of 10
dB:
Required sound pressure = Noise level + Peak factor + Required sound

pressure difference
= 60 dB + 10 dB + 6 dB
= 76 dB.
Step 2
A sound pressure of 76 dB is required at the listening points, which are 1.7 meters
away from the speakers.
This means an attenuation of about 5 dB.
Speaker sound pressure = Required sound pressure + Attenuation

by distance
= 76 dB + 5 dB
= 81 dB.
Step 3
To achieve a uniform sound pressure, the speakers are so arranged that their
directional angles cross at the listening points on condition that their service area is
90° each.
Speaker to speaker distance = 2 x (2.7 m — 1 m) = 3.4 = 3 m
Thus, the speakers are installed on the ceiling 3 meters apart.
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Step 4
Selecting a speaker:
A ceiling speaker was selected. This speaker has an output sound pressure of 92 dB
(1 m, 1 W) so that enough sound volume can be obtained even if an input of about
0.1 watt is applied to it.
Actually, the total input wattage is the input wattage per speaker multiplied by the
number of speakers.
Example 2:
What wattage of input must be applied to the speakers of a sound reinforcement

system in, for example, a gymnasium or auditorium?
Step 1
Suppose that the noise level at the audience seats is 60 dB. If the required sound
pressure difference is 6 dB, the required sound pressure will be, by adding a peak
factor of 20 dB:
Required sound pressure = Noise level + Peak factor + Required sound

pressure Difference
= 60dB + 20dB + 6Db
= 86dB.
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Step 2
Even the rearmost row of seats must have a sound pressure of 86 dB. Because it is 14
meters away from the speakers, the original sound pressure will be attenuated by 23
dB.
Speaker sound pressure = Required sound pressure + Attenuation by distance

= 86 dB + 23 dB
= 109 dB.
Step 3
As shown, a speaker sound pressure of 109 dB is necessary. Because two speakers

are used here, the required sound pressure per speaker is 109 dB minus 3 dB, that is,
106 dB.
Step 4
Next is the selection of a speaker model. A column speaker was selected. The
speaker has excellent directivity and provides satisfactory performance for music as
well. The output sound pressure of the speaker is 95 dB (1 m, 1 w).
Increased sound pressure = Speaker sound pressure - Output sound pressure

= 106 dB – 95 dB
= 11 dB.
This can be obtained by applying a 13 watt input. The selection of the column
speaker is correct because its rated input is 15 watts.
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11.2.4 Sound Insulation and Transmission
Sound insulation and transmission have two meanings. One is to shutting out the
sounds or announcements that originate in the next room, and the other is to transmit
sounds or announcements through a door, for example.
These are calculated as follows:
Transmitted Sound Pressure (dB)

= Incident Sound Pressure (dB) – Transmission Loss (dB)
Example 1:
Sound pressure (dB) at the listening point
= 90 dB - (Loss at 2 m: 6 dB) - (Transmission loss: 20 dB) - (Loss at 3 m: 9.5 dB)
= 54.5 dB.
Under this condition, the sound from the speaker is louder than the noise level at the
listening point, and can be heard through the door.
Transmission Losses
Glass window (3mm thick) Approx. 10 dB
Wooden door (9mm thick) Approx. 25 dB
Concrete block (100mm thick) Approx. 45 dB
Concrete (100mm thick) Approx. 50 dB
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11.2.5 Frequency Characteristics (Effect of a graphic equalizer)
The human ear is sensitive to sounds of 2,000 Hz to 6,000 Hz. In other words, one of
the conditions for good audibility is to produce aloud sounds of 2,000 Hz to 6,000
Hz.
Each building or room has its own reverberation time frequency characteristic, which
means the reverberation time characteristic of that building or room against sounds
from low to high.
Generally, gymnasiums and auditoriums have such a structure and interior materials
that bass sound can hardly be absorbed. That is, bass sound lingers on and thus is
emphasized.
Suppose an acoustic system having a very flat characteristic is used in a gymnasium.
The actual sound in a gymnasium having a reverberation time frequency

characteristic such as shown in Fig. 1 will be as shown in Fig. 2. If bass sound is
emphasized, the sounds within the range of 2,000 Hz to 6,000 Hz that is necessary
for, clarity fall, resulting in less clear sounds.
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A graphic equalizer for sound field correction electrically corrects this phenomenon.
The graphic equalizer can vary sound level at every certain frequency. If the power
response is as shown in Fig. 2, the graphic equalizer suppresses the sounds of up to
1,000 Hz, and slightly raises treble sounds of 2,000 Hz and upward.
Clarity can be raised as described above.
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11.3 Speaker Selection
Speaker selection and arrangement is so important that the performance of an acoustic

system depends mostly on it. Such troubles as poor clarity and lack of volume are often
caused by the wrong selection or arrangement of speakers.
11.3.1 Type Kinds of Speakers
Speakers can be roughly classified into indoor and outdoor types, which can be
further broken down by place of use and purpose of use as shown in the Table 11.7
below.
Table 11.7: Type Kinds of Speakers
Use
Kind of Speaker
Public Address Background Music Music
Ceiling Mount √ √
Wall Mount √ √
Indoor Column √ √
Horn √
CLEARHORN √ √
Column
√ √ √
(Weatherproof)
Outdoor
Horn √ √
CLEARHORN √ √ √
The required reproducing frequency bandwidths of speakers by use are explained.
 Public address
Generally, a frequency band of about 200 to 6,000 Hz can achieve the purpose. In
the worst case, the required frequency band is from about 250 to 4,000 Hz, which
corresponds to the voice frequency band of man.
 Background music
Background music, including music in a light sense of the word, requires a

frequency band of about 100 to 8,000 Hz.
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 Music
In a hall primarily designed for amplifying music, a frequency band of about 40 to

15,000 Hz is necessary. Therefore, conditions for music reproduction are stricter
than in the other cases, and special care must be taken in selecting speakers for it.
11.3.2 Speaker Arrangement
Speaker arrangement varies with the electrical input to be applied and speaker
efficiency as mentioned before. Where speakers are used indoors, the purpose of use,
acoustic characteristics (reverberation, echo, and sound insulation), and speaker
directivity must also be taken into account. Where speakers are used outdoors,
weather resistance to winds and rains must be additionally considered.
Generally, there are three types of speaker arrangement normally applied in sound
system design:-
11.3.2.1 Centralized system
This system places speakers in a centralized position to operate in a single direction;

and has the advantages of providing a directional sense and low installation cost. The
former is particularly effective for lectures, speeches, and concerts where the visual
direction must meet the sound direction.
It also has disadvantages: Difficulty of providing a uniform level; poor clarity caused
by reverberation and echo; and large output power required where noise level is high.
In factories where much noise is produced, the dispersed system mentioned next is
suitable.
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11.3.2.2 Dispersed system
This system uses speakers in a dispersed arrangement. It is suitable to background

music because it provides uniformity of sound level. If a small electric input is
applied to one of the speakers to narrow the audible range, sound reflection decreases
so that clarity can be increased where reverberation time is long.
If many speakers of the system interfere with one another, it can lower sound quality.
The important point for the dispersed system is to correctly select a number of
speakers and the operating range of each speaker.
The dispersed system costs more to install than the centralized system.
11.3.3 Composite system
This is a combination of the centralized system and the dispersed system. It uses
centralized speakers to achieve the intended sound pressure and small powered
auxiliary speakers in a dispersed arrangement at points where sound pressure is short
of the required level. The composite speaker system is frequently seen in auditoriums
and gymnasiums.
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11.3.3.1 Speaker Arrangement Indoors
a) Restaurants, Offices, Stores.
Because the ceiling is generally low, install many ceiling mount speakers of about
1 W to 3 W.
Determine a number of speakers suitable to the room size.
Install speakers zigzag to achieve a uniform sound pressure.
The following Table 11.8 applies where noise level is 60 dB, the peak factor 10
dB, and the required sound pressure difference 6 dB.
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Table 11.8: Ceiling Height And The Coverage Of Each Speaker

Coverage of one
Ceiling height Speaker spacing Input per speaker
speaker
2.5 m 3m Approx. 9 m² 1W
b) Classrooms and Offices
Select 1 to 6 watt wall mount speakers suitable to the room size.
The following Table 11.9 applies where noise level is 60 dB, the peak factor 10
dB, and the required sound pressure difference 6 dB.
Table 11.9: Distance From Wall And The Coverage Of Each Speaker
Coverage of one
Distance from wall Speaker spacing Input per speaker
speaker
Up to 4 m 4m Approx. 16 m² 1W
Up to 7 m 7m Approx. 50 m² 3W
Up to 9 m 8 to 16 m Approx. 100 m² 5W
Do not install the wall mount speaker facing each other. If wall mount speakers
are installed facing with each other the sound clarity will be degraded.
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As bi-directional wall mount speaker emits sound in both directions, it is suitable

for wide space or narrow, long areas such as lobbies, waiting rooms or passage
ways of hotels, theatres, movie theatres, hospitals, railway stations, airports, etc.
c) Meeting Rooms, Conference Rooms, Gymnasiums
Select 15 W or 30 W 2-way column speakers suitable to the room size
Install the speakers about 4 meters to the front side on the stage, from where the
microphone is located. Select a number of speakers and their model from Table
(A) where the speakers are intended for music; or from Table (B) where they are
mainly for speeches.
There must be a difference of 20 dB or more between the peak sound pressure and
noise.
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A B
Distance from Distance from

speaker for speaker for
2-way column
Quantity obtaining a sound obtaining a sound
speaker
pressure of 90 dB pressure of 85 dB
(at maximum (at maximum
output) at audience output) at audience
seats. seats.
2 Approx. 10 m Approx. 18 m
15W
30W
d) Noisy Rooms
i. Noise level about 90 dB
If noise level is 90 dB, a sound volume of 96 to 100 dB is necessary.
Use horn speakers which are efficient.
Distance for obtaining

Horn speaker Speaker spacing
100 dB at peak output
5W Approx. 3 m Approx. 3 m
10 W Approx. 4.5 m Approx. 4 m
15 W Approx. 7 m Approx. 6 m
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Distance for obtaining

Horn speaker Speaker spacing
96 dB at peak output
5W Approx. 5 m Approx. 4 m
ii. Noise level about 100 dB
If noise level exceeds 100 dB, the speaker sound cannot be distinguished from
the noise even if the volume is raised above the level.
If noise level is about 100 dB, install a horn speaker of about 5 to 10 watts near
each listener.
e) Speaker Arrangement Outdoors
i. Factory premises
Install horn speakers of 7 or 15 watts on the premises at the necessary position

in a dispersed way.
If speaker sound (sound within a vertical dispersion range of 60°) directly hits
the building opposite the speaker, its reflected sound adversely affects clarity.
Install the speakers so that the upper limit of the vertical dispersion range will
be at the ground level of the opposite building.
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ii. Streets and shopping centres
 Install horn speakers of 7 or 15 watts in a dispersed way.

 Speakers may be installed by either method A or B, but method B is
recommended because it provides better sound uniformity and clarity than
method A.
iii. Athletic fields, parks, etc.
 Install horn speakers or weatherproof column speakers of 20 or 30 watts in a

centralized arrangement.
 Install the speakers on building roof or on top of a pole, or other elevated
location.
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iv. Mosques, etc.
 Install horn speakers of 30 to 50 watts at as high a place as possible. Install

them in a circular arrangement to emit sound in all directions.
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 If sound pressure is not enough with a single speaker, combine plural

speakers vertically to provide directivity.
 Where speaker sound must reach far and wide, speaker output power must
be somewhat greater than normal because the effects of winds, topography,
temperature difference, and noise variations cannot be ignored.
Distance from speaker

Speaker Quantity for obtaining a sound
pressure of 90 dB (at
maximum output) at
audience seats.
1 Approx. 200 m
2 Approx. 300 m
30 W
3 Approx. 400 m
4 Approx. 600 m
1 Approx. 350 m
2 Approx. 500 m
50 W
3 Approx. 700 m
4 Approx. 1,000 m
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11.4 Amplifier selection
After determining speaker arrangement and the required input to each speaker, the total
required input (wattage) can be calculated, and an amplifier that has an output power
corresponding to it can be selected. Select an amplifier on the basis of, not the
maximum output, but the rated output wattage. If additional speakers are planned to be
installed in the future, take this into account in selecting an amplifier wattage.
The number of input and output terminals, input and output impedances and levels must
also be studied. Performance wise, frequency response, signal-to-noise ratio, and
distortion factor also need to be examined. If the speakers are used exclusively for
music, the specifications must also be more strict than in other applications.
11.4.1 Amplifier Wattage Selection from Speakers
Too small an amplifier output cannot produce enough sound volume, whereas too
great an amplifier output can damage the speakers due to the excessive input applied
to the speakers. This problem is particularly true of low-impedance speakers.
a) High-impedance speakers
A system involving multiple speakers normally uses high-impedance speakers

connected parallel. As you know, the combined impedance of speakers connected
parallel is smaller than the impedance of the individual speakers. It is necessary
for an amplifier to meet the following condition in order to drive speakers
properly.
Amplifier output impedance ≤ Combined impedance of speakers
Therefore, an excessively large number of speakers cannot be connected to an

amplifier. To allow simple designing of such a system, the output voltage of the
amplifier is regulated at constant level. This is called a 100-V line or 70-V line. A
large-output amplifier may be described as one which can supply a large current at
a constant voltage.
Because the amplifier output voltage is constant, the input power applied to the
speakers can be automatically determined from the input impedance of each
speaker. As many speakers as desired can be connected to an amplifier if their
total input is within the limits of the rated output of the amplifier.
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Rated amplifier output ≥ Total speaker input
Rated amplifier load impedance ≤ Combined speakers input impedance
100 2
Speaker input (100 V line), P =
Z
70 2
Speaker input (70 V line), P =
Z
Where:
P : Speaker input (W)

Z : Speaker impedance (ohms)
Example 1:
The input impedance is 3.3 k ohms or 10 k ohms. If it is 3.3 k ohms where a 100-
V line is used,
If the amplifier with an output power of 30 watts is used, up to ten speakers can be
connected to it if the input impedance is 3.3 k ohms; or up to 30 speakers can be
connected to it if the input impedance is 10 k ohms. Since the output sound
pressure of the WS-4000BN is 92 dB, sound pressures of 97 dB and 92 dB can be
produced respectively. (Sound pressure increase by 3-watt input is 5
dB).Maximum numbers of speakers to be connected to typical models are shown
in the table below.
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Example 2:
What amplifier output wattage is necessary for the speakers connected as shown
below?
Calculate W1 to W6 for each speaker, and select an amplifier that has an output
greater than the calculated total.
W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 + W5 + W6
100 2 100 2 100 2 100 2 100 2 100 2

= + + + + +
10 × 10 3 3.3 × 10 3 2 × 10 3 1 × 10 3 3.3 × 10 3 1.66 × 10 3
= 28 W
Speaker Input to each Connectable number of speakers

impedance speaker, W 30 W 60 W 120 W
330 Ω 30 1[ 15 ] [2] 2 [4] 4 [8]
400 Ω 25 1[12.5] [2] 2 [4] 4 [9]
500 Ω 20 1[ 10 ] [3] 3 [6] 6 [ 12 ]
670 Ω 15 2[ 7.5 ] [4] 4 [8] 8 [ 16 ]
1k Ω 10 3[ 5 ] [6] 6 [ 12 ] 12 [ 24 ]
1.66k Ω 6 5[ 3 ] [ 10 ] 10 [ 20 ] 20 [ 40 ]
2k Ω 5 6[ 2.5 ] [ 12 ] 12 [ 24 ] 24 [ 48 ]
3.3k Ω 3 5[1.25] [ 10 ] 20 [ 40 ] 40 [ 80 ]
4k Ω 2.5 12[1.25] [ 24 ] 24 [ 43 ] 48 [ 96 ]
5k Ω 2 15[ 1 ] [ 30 ] 30 [ 60 ] 60 [120]
10k Ω 1 30[ 0.5 ] [ 60 ] 60 [120] 120 [240]
Note: Numbers given in [ ] indicate those for the 70 V line.
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The above condition is satisfied by an amplifier with a rated output of 30 watts.

Remember not to select an amplifier output by simply totalling the rated inputs of
the speakers to be used. This method, however, can end with the same result in
some cases.
11.4.2 Low-impedance speakers
If low-impedance speakers are used, the amplifier delivers its full output power.
Even in this case, the following conditions must be met. Rated amplifier load
impedance (ohms)
output (w) input (w)
Example 1:
If the volume is raised in a connection as shown below, the 30-watt output of the
amplifier is fully applied to the speaker and damages the 15-watt speaker.
Example 2:
In a connection as shown below, only a 15-watt input is applied to the speaker

because the speaker impedance is double the amplifier impedance of 4 ohms.
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Example 3:
If speaker are connected parallel, the combined impedance will be:
Therefore, the full output of 30 watts is applied to them from the amplifier. That is,
15-watt output is applied to each speaker. The 15-watt speaker can take it but the 5
watt speaker will break down.
The above can be summarized as shown in the table below. (Rated amplifier load
impedance: 4 ohms)
Speaker Input applied to each Number of speaker that

impedance speaker can be connected parallel
4 ohms Total rated output 1
8 ohms Half the rated output Up to 2
16 ohms Quarter of the output Up to 4
When using low-impedance speakers, consider the above in selecting an amplifier

wattage
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11.5 Microphone selection
In selecting a microphone, directivity, frequency response, impedance, balanced or

unbalanced type, etc .must be studied depending on the purpose of use and the location.
The wrong use can cause poor tonal quality, lack of volume, or howling. It is important,
therefore, to fully explain the correct method of using the microphone to the user.
First, select a place of use, and a type of microphone suitable to the purpose of use. It is
necessary for this purpose to be fully familiar with the basic characteristics of the
microphone.
11.5.1 Types of microphone (Based on method of signal generation)
11.5.1.1 Condenser microphone*
A microphone utilizing a capacitor (condenser) as a pickup element. Electronics are

usually contained in the microphone body and a polarizing voltage is necessary; so
external or battery power is required, and output levels are usually higher than other
types of microphones. Condenser microphones are commonly used for high quality
audio applications.
11.5.1.2 Electrets condenser microphone*
A variation of a standard condenser microphone where the element is permanently

charged so no external polarizing voltage is necessary. However, due to the electret's
very high impedance, an electronic impedance converter is usually built in and does
require a small amount of voltage from a battery or external supply.
Electrets condenser microphones have similar characteristics to condenser

microphones. Their small size and light weight make them particularly suitable for
studio use (tie-clasp livelier microphones etc.) and for speech microphones in which
clear tones are required.
11.5.1.3 Dynamic microphone*
A type of microphone which converts acoustical to electrical energy by means of a

permanent magnet and a moving coil. Dynamic microphones do not require external
power.
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As dynamic microphones are rugged in construction, they provide stable

performance and are easily handled. They generate minimum noise when used in
windy conditions, and as such they are used in speech and vocal applications.
[* Partially from the CAMEO/Dictionary of Creative Audio Terms]
11.5.2 Microphone Sensitivity
If a 1,000 Hz tone of 1 µbar (microbar) is applied to a microphone at a distance of 50

cm, and if it produces an output of 1 V, this microphone has a sensitivity of 0 dB.
That is, microphone sensitivity represents the capacity of quantitative conversion
from sound into electricity. Incidentally, a tone of 1 µbar is equivalent to a speaker
output sound pressure of 74 dB, which is the level of an ordinary human voice heard
at a close distance.
A -50 dB microphone has higher sensitivity than a -70 dB microphone by 20 dB. If a

50 dB amplifier is used, its output will be 0 dB.
11.5.3 Microphone Frequency Response
Generally, the range of frequencies audible to the human ear is about 20 to 18,000
Hz.
A microphone is considered having good characteristics if it has a wide frequency

band. But a microphone having the required frequency range, through it may be
somewhat narrow, can well serve the purpose depending on what it is used for. In
paging applications, for example, a microphone that can cover the human voice
frequency range of about 150 to 6,000 Hz is satisfactory for the purpose.
A microphone with the unnecessary portion of the bass range cut off can rather
permit amplification of clear sound with less "confinement" of sound.
It is important, therefore, to select the correct microphone for the purpose.
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11.5.4 Microphone Directivity
Directivity means the sensitivity difference of a microphone in the direction of the

sound source, and can be generally classified into two kinds as follows:
11.5.4.1 Unidirectional (cardioid)*
A microphone with a heart-shaped pickup pattern that is sensitive to sound in the

forward direction (0o) and rejects sound from the rear of the mic (180°). At the sides
(90° and 270°) the cardioid is about half as sensitive as the front.
This type of microphone is suited to use in cases in which only a selected sound is
required. Since it is resistant to howling when used in public address systems, it is
commonly used for a wide variety of purpose.
11.5.4.2 Omni directional*
A microphone that is equally sensitive to sounds in all directions. This type of

microphone is suited to use in cases in which the selected sound, as well as reflected
sound, and other sounds in the area, are required to give an impression of the
surrounding sound environment.
[* Partially from the CAMEO/Dictionary of Creative Audio Terms]
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11.5.5 Output Impedance
The output impedance of a microphone means the impedance of its terminal which is
connected to an amplifier. It is necessary to match the input impedance of the
amplifier with the output impedance of the microphone. Actually, however, a
microphone may be connected to an amplifier having impedance higher than the
microphone output impedance.
Microphones come in two output impedances, high and low. An impedance of 10 k

ohms or more is called high impedance; and an impedance of 600 ohms or less is
called low impedance. There are also dual impedance type microphones, which can
be easily converted from one impedance to the other or not verse with a switch or by
changing the plug and internal connections.
 High impedance
Cable extension distance 10 m or less

To extend cable Use microphone mixer
Sensitivity (output level) Relatively high: About -60 dB
Output impedance 20 k ohms to 50 k ohms
Connector TS phone plug
 Low impedance
Cable extension distance 70 to 80 m (balanced type) or 20 m (unbalanced type)

To extend cable Use microphone mixer
Sensitivity (output level) Relatively high: About -75 dB
Output impedance 200 ohms to 600 ohms
Unbalanced type TS phone plug
Connectors TRS phone plug
Balanced type
XL type connector
11.5.6 Balanced Type, Unbalanced Type
The noise induced in the microphone cable is amplified together with the voice
signals by the amplifier.
Therefore, all microphones use a shielded cable to prevent externally induced hum
and noise. The type which uses a two-conductor shielded cable is called the balanced
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type; and that which uses a single-conductor shielded cable is called the unbalanced
type.
 Balanced type
Impedance Low impedance

Plug TRS phone plug, XL-type connector
Hot
Output circuit Cold
Ground
 Unbalanced type
Impedance High impedance, low impedance

Plug TS phone plug
Hot
Output circuit
Ground
The balanced type is recommended where the microphone is used far away from
the amplifier because it is less susceptible to externally induced noise and
provides constant tonal quality. In this case, however, the amplifier must have a
balanced type input terminal. Some unbalanced type microphones use a two-
conductor shielded cable. These microphones can be converted to the balanced
type if its TS phone plug is changed to a TRS phone plug or a XL-type connector.
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 Shielded cable and plug connection
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11.5.7 Microphone Selection
Select a suitable microphone by referring to the foregoing explanation. Here are

typical examples of microphone selection.
Paging and Public Address
Unidirectional dynamic microphone Unidirectional dynamic microphone
Vocals
Unidirectional dynamic microphone Unidirectional dynamic microphone
Meetings and Speeching
Unidirectional electrets condenser microphone
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Outdoor
Unidirectional dynamic microphone with drip-proof filter
Interviews
Omnidirectional electret condenser microphone with tie-clip holder
11.6 Connecting Speakers
11.6.1 Basic Connection
The output stage of an amplifier contains an output transformer. This transformer is

wired as follows.
Connect speakers so that the COMMON terminals are connected to (-), and the 4
ohm terminal of the low-impedance speaker, or the 100 V or 70 V terminal of the
high- impedance speaker, is connected to (+) (low and high impedance terminals
cannot be used simultaneously, 100 V and 70 V lines cannot be used
simultaneously). As the rated load impedance of the 70 V line is half that of the 100
V line, twice the quantity of speakers can be connected when the 70 V line is used
(the speaker input, however, will be half that for the 100 V line). For these reasons,
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the 70 V line is used in cases such as BGM broadcasting in which a large number of
speakers with relatively small input rating are used.
11.6.2 Using Volume Controller
Volume controller may be used only with high-impedance speakers. The wiring for
the volume controller is of either the 2- or 3-wire system. Volume control for each
speaker is possible with both the 2 and 3 wire systems. However, when it is OFF,
emergency announcement is impossible in case the 2 wire system is used; but
possible in the 3 wire system.
The user should be advised to note that the 2 and 3 wire volume controls are exactly
the same. As is obvious from the circuit diagram above, ALL terminal is normally
connected to COMMON. However, when the all speaker switch is ON, it is
connected to the 100 V output of the output transformer. Since accurate attenuation
is not obtained if the volume controller is not suited to the impedance of the
connected speaker, a volume controller having the same wattage rating (or a wattage
rating within the specified range) as the speaker must be selected. A number of
speakers can be connected and controlled together by a volume controller within the
specified rating.
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 Volume Controller Selection Table
No. Suitable Rating, W

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3 to 5
4. 6 to 30
a) Speaker Wiring
As wiring between the amp and speakers must be designed with consideration for
transmission losses, line loop resistance must be no more than 10% of the
combined impedance of the speakers or the rated load impedance of the amp.
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For Example:
If the rated load impedance of the amp is 330 ohms and wiring is 1.0 mm in
diameter, what is the maximum length of the wiring?
The line resistance of annealed copper wire (single strand) is 22.9n/km (at 20°C).
The maximum length of wiring is calculated with the following equation:
Loop resistance < = 10% of the rated load impedance

2 x 22.9L <= 330 x 0.1
L <= 0.72
The maximum length of wiring, therefore, is approximately 700 m. Maximum

allowable distance between an amplifier and a speaker is shown below.
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11.6.3 Radio Antennas
11.6.3.1 AM Radio Antennas
AM radio antennas are always required. In strong broadcast areas, a 2 to 5 m vinyl-

covered wire should be attached to the wall or ceiling in a horizontal attitude and as
high as possible. Coaxial cable should be used between the antenna and a radio tuner.
Table 11.10: Guideline for Audio Visual Requirement and Criteria
PROPOSED SIZE
NO ROOM TYPE CRITERIA / GUIDE
(mm)
1.0 General System

P.A. Equipment 2000 x 2500
1.1
Room
Security Control Can be combine within the Command
1.2 3000 x 4000
Room Control Centre
For MATV / AV / Security / Sound
1.3 Riser Room 1200 x 900 Systems
Door kerb:100mm – 150mm
Will be covered by approved 2 hrs fire
barrier
1.4 Floor Opening 200(w) x 1200(l) Door to follow UBBL
75mm kerb around the floor opening;
50mm kerb across the door
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PROPOSED SIZE
(mm)
Shall be acoustically treated and sound
insulated
2.0 Auditorium
Sound insulation required if metal roofing
used
Fully carpeted, air conditioned
4000(l) x 3500(w)
Full height partitioned (brick wall or
AV Control
2.1 sound insulated partition)
Room 2000 x 900(h)
Sliding glass window: tinted, 800mm
from floor level
1500 x 2000 Size is for one cubicle
Sound insulation shall follow ISO Std:
i.e. full height partitioned (brick wall or
SIS Cubicle /
2.2 sound insulated partition)
Room
Fully carpeted, air conditioned
Glass window: tinted, 800mm from floor
1000 x 900(h) level
Back Projection For fixed screen system, behind the stage
2.3 6000(d)
Room / screen
Required to support the I-beams across
Stage Cross
the stage area: for all the lighting barrels
2.4 beams and roof
and curtain railings
supports
Approximate load: 4000 kg
For maintenance of stage equipments
Catwalk Ceiling
2.5 Recessed catwalk within the acoustic
Catwalk
ceiling for maintenance
Meeting /
Operation /
3.0 Seminar / Board
Rooms (Single
volume rooms)
2500 x 3000 Fully carpeted, air conditioned
Fully height portioned (brick wall or
AV Control sound insulated partition)
3.1
Room Sliding glass window: tinted, 800mm
from floor level
1200 x 900(h) Sliding board built-ins required
NOTE: All sizes given may differ according to the sizes of the project.
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Appendix A
Flow Chart for System Design
START
Construction drawings (layout, plane figure, cross sectional view) obtained
Public address system’s purpose of use, requirements, specification, and

budget determined
Acoustic characteristics of the installing location (noise level, reverberation,

echo, etc) and environmental conditions studied
An outline of the public address system and its location determined
• Selecting speakers
• Selecting amplifiers
• Selecting microphones
• Selecting related products
• Modifications: determine specifications of specially ordered items
Piping and wiring materials selected
• Kinds and quantities of wiring materials determined

• Selecting pipes and ducts
• Selecting parts necessary for wiring and equipment installation
Drawings (system block diagram, layout, specification, wiring diagram, etc)

prepared
Quotation prepared
No
Approved?
Yes
INSTALLATION
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Appendix B: Schematic Diagram of PA Systems
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SOUND REINFORCEMENT SYSTEM Page : C12/ 1 of 15
12.0
12.1 Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to discuss some design concept and guidelines for the
installation of sound system in halls. Quite often sound reinforcement system is
required in multipurpose halls such as school hall with a stage, flat floor and with some
intruding noise. Normally, such halls are long, wide, and rectangular in shape and with
high ceiling. If a hall is acoustically treated i.e. the walls are treated with sound
absorbent material, ceiling is installed with perforated material and the floor is covered
with parquet flooring of carpeted, reflection and reverberation of sound will not cause
too much problem. However, halls with poor acoustical environment will produce
sound that is not intelligible and quite reverberant. In such cases, special care must be
taken in the positioning and selection of loudspeaker system and other audio equipment.
12.2 Design concept
The intended sound system shall pick up, amplify, distribute and reproduce voice and
all other signal program satisfactorily. Most of the halls are probably designed for
multipurpose, such as speech reinforcement, music, drama performance etc. Therefore
system versatility is direct sound, early reflections from halls, ceiling, stage and
reverberant sound. The rectangular hall with stage at the parallel walls which may give
added full nest. The disadvantage is that the hall is usually long and thus the front and at
the back will be great. As a rule of thumb for every doubling of distance from the sound
source, this results in a decrease in sound pressure level of 6dB. The ambient noise for
hall can be in a range of 40dB to 75dB, depends on the capacity of seated audience.
Exhaust fans and wall bracket fans in the hall contribute noise when they are running.
Generally, the speech from the loudspeakers must be louder than the ambient noise by
at least 10dB in order to be intelligible.
It is generally reckoned that four factors contribute to articulation at any point in the
hall. The first is the background noise level which ‘masks’ the required sound. The
second factor is the level of speech above the threshold of hearing. This will depend on
the distance from the speaker, the volume of hall and the nature of the surrounding
(whether they are highly reflecting or not). The third factor is the reverberant time, if
this is very short there will be insufficient reverberant energy to maintain the level of
speech. On the other hand, if it becomes too long, sound of successive syllables
overlaps, and the resulting ‘masks’ the speech. The last factor is the shape of the hall if
the speech isn’t to sound. Unnatural, it is important that the amplified sound shall arrive
at the listener just after the sound which has travelled direct from the speaker. Echo can
be avoided if the direct and reflected path is kept less than 16 meter. However, if the
difference between the reflected and direct sound is 10 dB or more, the reinforcement
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system for halls must be loud enough with sufficient acoustic gain, articulation loss of
consonants in speech and cover the listeners with uniformity.
The sound system shall be capable of supplying 90 dB SPL program level plus 10db
peaking factor. The system shall have even distribution of the reinforced sound
throughout the seating area, typically plus or minus 3dB front to the back and site to site
for one-octave band centre at 400 Hz in addition to this, the system shall have uniform
frequency response throughout the audience area. Typically plus or minus 3dB as
measured with 1/3 octave band of pink noise at position across the main seating area. It
shall have adequate dynamic range at an acoustic distortion level sufficiently low to
ensure minimum listening fatigue. Signal to noise ratio of the entire system from inputs
of main mixer to output of power amplifier shall not be less than 80 dB.
Proper design and selection of equipment, especially loudspeaker system is important.

If the acoustic of the hall is food i.e. the reverberation time is correct for speech and
there are no specific acoustics defects such as echoes or ‘dead’ areas, a sound
reinforcement system will only be needed to make the speech louder, particularly at the
back of the hall. One of the methods that may employ is to have two column
loudspeakers on either side of the centre – line, i.e. either side of the proscenium arch.
Thus nobody will be very far off the axis of one other further from the microphone such
that feed-back will be reduced. But, there are two disadvantages. The first is receiving
two loudspeaker sounds. The real sound will arrive first, and if it is loud enough it will
determine the apparent direction of the speech as coming from the man speaking, which
is good. If however, it is not loud enough, the speech will appear to be coming from
either one side or the other. This can be irritating. The other disadvantage is that for
those who are nearer to either of the loudspeakers than they are to the man speaking, the
speech will appear to be coming from the loudspeaker.
For large hall with balcony, second pair of subsidiary loudspeakers can be placed at
mid-hall or about a third way from the stage. The subsidiary loudspeakers can be
delayed. The time delay introduced shall of course correspond to the time taken for the
sound from the stage to reach the rear of the hall, less the time taken for the sound from
the mid-hall speaker to reach this area. The amplitude of this subsidiary loudspeaker
shall be such that the sound from them reaching the listeners shall not be more than 10
dB up on the sounds reaching them from the front of the hall. Therefore, for halls with
bad acoustics, long reverberation time and distances to be covered by the loudspeakers
are great, subsidiary smaller loudspeakers with proper time delay shall be introduced to
solve the problems. In order to avoid the chance of indirect coupling, reflection directly
from the rear wall can be reduced by facing the second pair loudspeakers towards to
rear corners. We must make sure that maximum of the rated acoustic energy is directed
towards the audience and not toward reflective walls and ceilings. The extant of
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reflections will depend on the nature of the seats. Some seats will act as absorbent. A
well filled audience area has absorption very close to 100%. The important frequency
bands which influence the intelligibility are the octave band of 2 and 4 KHz. It is
important to match the angle of the loudspeaker with the height above floor level.
Angling difficulties are increased with the height, 1.8 - 3.0 meter between floor and
bottom of the loudspeaker will prove about right in most cases. Two separate
amplifiers, each feeding a different pair of loudspeakers, fed from the same mixer can
be employed.
The main reason column loudspeaker is used because the sound forward a column
loudspeaker is projected from and with a flat beam. Most of the sound is concentrated
and possess higher directivity. As one walks away from a column speaker, the drop in
volume is barely perceptible until the limit of its range is approached.
Other method of loudspeaker system is to install cluster of loudspeakers in the centre of

stage. This usually consists sets of horns and mid-base loudspeaker. The loudspeaker
can be suspended from the ceiling using suspension bolts or steel wire ropes. Horn with
long throw cover the back seating area and short throw horns cover the front. Stage
monitor speakers are for people on stage or performers in concerts. Portable type is
preferable and can be placed at both sides. Other areas such as backstage, restroom,
dressing room, reception room, foyer etc can be installed with ceiling mounting
speakers or box speakers.
In order to maintain the sound quality, low impedance connection is suggested to

connect between the amplifier and the loudspeakers without using matching
transformer. The loop resistance of the cable should at least be less than one tenth the
load impedance of a loudspeaker. This is required to be so in order to reduce the power
loss the cable resistance causes and also to make large enough a damping factor which
has a close relationship to the sound quality of a loudspeaker. Usually a maximum
length of 45m is allowed between a 8 ohm impedance loudspeaker and amplifier when
1.5mm2 diameter cable is used.
Care must be taken to have proper matching between power amplifier output and
loudspeaker rating. To avoid damage of loudspeaker, the combination of the amplifier
and the loudspeaker shall be determined as follows according to a degree of experience
of a person who operates a system.
a) Inexperience person:-
A continuous rating of the loudspeaker should be identical with a rating of power
amplifier.
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b) Well trained or experience person:-

Match an amplifier rating to a program rating of the loudspeaker.
c) Quality sounds are particular required.

Match an amplifier to a peak input rating of the loudspeaker.
Out of the three cases, case (b) permits the full use of performances of the
loudspeaker and it is also economical.
12.3 Design formula
a) Reverberation Time (RT60) Calculation:-
In order to determine articulation losses, reverberation time of the hall (RT60) needs
to be measured or calculated. Reverberation time is proportional to the volume of a
hall and is inversely proportional to the area. The formula for halls where the
expected RT60 > 2.0 seconds and absorption is relatively uniform and low in value is
given as follows:
0.163V
RT60 =
Sa
Where, V is the volume of the hall in m3

S is the total surface area in m2
a is the average absorption coefficient.
b) Directivity Index (Q)
The directivity of a loudspeaker varies from 1 (omnidirectional) to values above 50

(highly directional). The directional properties of loudspeakers are generally
frequency dependent and hence Q value shall always be qualified by a frequency.
c) Percent of Articulation Loss Consonants (ALcons) Calculation:-
The percent of articulation loss of consonants (ALcons) determined the articulation

score in a hall. An ALcons of 15% is considered to be a practical working limit.
Formula for % ALcons:-
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200 D2 RT60 ( N + 1)
2 2
% AL cons =
VQM
Where, D2 is the distance from the loudspeaker to the farthest listener
RT60 is the reverberation time is seconds
V is the volume of the hall in cubic meter
Q is the directivity ratio
N is the number of loudspeaker groups identical to group 1 (like

sources)
M is the Dc (Critical distance) modifier (usually 1 is chosen except

special instances. Modifier due to audience absorption)
The above formula is used for D2 < DL and DL = 3.16Dc.
When D2 > DL, the formula becomes:-
% AL60 = 9RT60
It is necessary to assume a required signal to noise ratio of 25 dB to make these

calculations valid.
The basic formula can be further converted into the following useful formulas:-
Maximum D2 that allowed an ALcons of 15%,
15VQM
=
200 RT60 ( N + 1)
2
Maximum RT60 that allowed an ALcons of 15%,
15VQM
=
200 D2 ( N + 1)
2
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Minimum Q that allowed an ALcons of 15%
200 D2 RT60 ( N + 1)
2 2
=
15VM
d) Critical Distance (Dc) Calculation:-
In an enclosed space like the hall, the sound field is made up of two components, the
direct and reverberant. With increasing distance from the sound source, the
component changes from direct to reverberant. Dc is defined as the distance in which
the ratio between the direct sound and the reverberation sound comes exactly to 1:1.
A knowledge of Dc provides us with distance at which the furthest distance is
expressed as A x Dc i.e. where A is the number of critical distances. The greater the
reverberation time the less A can be in order to provide 15% ALcons. Critical distance
(Dc) can be obtained from the following equations:-
0.14QRM
DC =
N +1
Where, Q = Directivity Ratio of loudspeaker
R = Room Constant,
Sa
1− a
S = Total surface area in the hall
a = Mean absorption coefficient in the hall
e) Electrical Power Required (EPR) AND Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Calculations:-
When the definite acoustic sound pressure level (SPL) at a given distance (D2) from
the loudspeaker is determined you need two important details in order to compute
how much electrical power is required:-
i) The sensitivity rating of the loudspeaker, measured at 1 meter on axis when the
loudspeaker is fed an input signal of one electrical watt.
ii) The acoustic level change and attenuation between the loudspeaker and the
furthest listener position.
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For example, we desire a 90 dB SPL program level at 32 m (D2). We have chosen a

loudspeaker that has a sensitivity rating of 113 dB SPL at 1m from a 1 watt electrical
input. The wattage to be provided at the loudspeaker input allow a 90 dB SPL
program level to be reached is computed below:-
The acoustic level change (20 log 32) is 30 dB adding 10 dB to allow for the
difference between program level and sine-wave levels plus 30 dB acoustic level
change gives 130 dB SPL at 1 meter from the loudspeaker. Now if 1 watt of
electrical input can produce 113 dB at 1 meter, then 17 dB (130-113 dB) above 1
watt for the required power will need:-
EPR = 1017/10= 50 watts
Hence, a loudspeaker which has a maximum power rating of 50 watt can be used.
The above example is only applicable by assuming the installation is at outdoor. The
formula for Maximum Program Level at a distance D2:
SPLD2 = 10 Log (watts available) - 20 Log D2 + loudspeaker sensitivity (at 1 watt 1

meter).
12.4 Sound equipment and other requirement
Audio equipment shall be of high quality, reliability, durability and good performance.
Audio signal must be mixed, processed and amplified properly. The sound system
configuration shall comprise standard 19” equipment rack, dynamic microphones,
column loudspeakers, desktop mixer, monitor speakers, wireless microphones, intercom
system etc. For large hall, control room is normally provided to place audio equipment
and other stage lighting control equipment. The equipment rack in the control room
shall be of stamped stainless metal plate and provided with side vents. It shall house all
necessary audio equipment such as power amplifier, graphic equalizer, limiter-
compressor, digital delay unit, wireless microphone receiver, cassette player recorder
etc. The rack shall be so arranged that all equipment installed is withdraw able from the
front for servicing and maintenance. There shall be enough space around the power
amplifier to allow an escape of hot air form the power amplifier to allow an escape of
hot air form the power amplifier to allow an perforated panel shall be mounted between
the units mounted and mount a perforated panel large than one unit-size at the top of the
rack.
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12.5 Microphone
The type of microphone used for speech shall possess unidirectional characteristic. The
recommended type is hand-held cardiod microphone mounted on telescopic floor stand
with boom arm. It is especially recommended to use balanced type of microphone in
order to reduce the external noise. In addition, high quality screened microphone cable
high frequency largely varies according to the type of microphone cable. Wireless
microphone such as tie-clip type is recommended for light drama on stage or other
similar purpose. The microphone cable shall not be too long, the sensitivity decreases
over high frequencies due to capacitance between conductors in case of high impedance
microphone. The 3-pin XLR type connector is recommended. There shall be at least
four microphone floor outlets on the stage and two outlets on both sides of the centre of
seating areas and at the back of seating areas.
12.6 Mixer
Input level to the mixer must be properly set within the dynamic range. When the input
is too large, a peak part of the program is clipped and the signal is distorted. On the
other hand, when the input is too small, the inherent noise of a mixer masks the program
signal. Besides level control, mixer panel also has tone control (bass and treble)
function that equalizes the sound quality of the input signal. Other knobs and switches
are grouping function, monitoring function and many other functions. It is
recommended to specify XLR type connector with balanced of input, transformer-
isolated and accepts low impedance sources.
12.7 Limiter-Compressor
Placing a limiter between mixer input and the power amplifier input suppress a peak
component of the program, preventing the distortion from being caused by the peak
clipping of a power amplifier. By using the compressor the overall program level may
be higher for the same clipping level than in the case where it is not used. This effect
proves advantage in high noise level areas. Therefore, limiters and compressors are
used for suppressing a signal higher than the specific level.
12.8 Graphic Equalizer
Graphic Equalizer operates simultaneously at a number of preset frequencies, any of

which may be boosted or cut Independently of the others. It is used of ensure that all
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frequencies can reach unity gain at the same time. After the sound system has been
installed, the entire system can be equalized to its acoustic environment to ensure the
specific tonal response and acoustic gain at each listener’s ears. The recommended
equalizer shall consists of 31 bands centred on frequencies at intervals of 1/3 octave and
covering a frequency range of 20 Hz to 20 KHz.
12.9 Control Room
The control room is best located in the back of seating area. The size of window shall
allow easy glance of the entire stage at his or her eye level. Suitable low level desk top
shall be provided to place mixer console and other equipment. The input patch pave
shall be installed near the console so that the person in charge will have easy access.
The monitor speakers in the control room shall be installed above and behind the mixing
console. The angle of the speaker shall be aiming at the controller’s ears. Wired
intercom system consists of one master station and a few slave units shall be installed
for communication between the person on the stage and the controller in the control
room.
12.10 Cable Selection
For wiring of -80 dBm to -20 dBm signal level, electromagnetic shielded wire shall be
applied. For able with a -20 dBm to + 30dBm signal level, cable materials must be
equal to those of the microphone cable. For speaker cable to connect the power
amplifier and loudspeakers, electromagnetic shielded type of speaker cable shall be
used. Conductor of 1.5mm2 is suitable for high impedance connection of loudspeakers
for law impedance connection of high output speaker, cables with a 5.5mm2 or large
nominal sectional area shall be used. When using shielded cable between sound
equipment, apply a one point grounding principle, the transmission-side shield must be
electrically insulated from the chassis and ground it on the reception side. Also, to avoid
oscillation, hum, induced noise, crosstalk and the like, the microphone line should be as
separated as possible, from other high signal level lines, high frequency equipment,
lighting control lines.
When lighting control system and sound control system are located on the same stage, it
is advised to maximum the reduction of electromagnetic noise, by wiring the sound
system at one of the wing of the stage and the lighting system at the other wing.
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Appendix 1: Schematic Diagram of Sound Reinforcement System
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Appendix 2: Schematic Diagram of Conference System
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Appendix 3: Schematic Diagram of AV and Integrated Control System
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Appendix 4: Schematic Diagram of Intercom System
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Appendix 5: Schematic Diagram of Stage Lighting System
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Appendix 6: Schematic Diagram of SMATV System
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SECURITY SYSTEM Page : C13/ 1 of 1
13.0
Contents of this chapter will be included later.
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14.0
14.1 Introduction
Designing an ICT system is one of the workload in CKE. This chapter will discuss in
general terms the procedure involved. However, this chapter will not discuss on the ICT
technology since IT technology changes rapidly, but will focus more on general terms
and procedure.
14.2 Passive Design
The first section in the ICT design is looking into the passive aspect. Here the focus will
be on structured cabling design. The general terms used are:
a) External backbone
It refers to external cabling between buildings. The cable used shall be of single
mode (for length≥ 500 metre) outdoor/armoured fiber optic type or multi mode
for < 500m. The cable shall be installed through underground pipes and manholes,
and cable trays and trunkings. Refer to Figure 14.1.
b) Internal / Vertical backbone
It refers to cabling between one switch to another in the same building which can
be in different or in the same floors. The cable shall be of indoor multimode fiber
type (for length < 500 metre) or single mode for ≥ 500m. Refer to Figure 14.1.
c) Horizontal cabling
It refers to cabling from the equipment rack to the faceplate of the network port.
These points shall be a minimum of UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) Cat 6 or
latest (EIA/TIA Cat 6 or latest) c/w modular type RJ45 jack, faceplates, patch
cords and RJ45 connectors. Down drop conduits shall be of uPVC Heavy Duty
High Impact or Galvanized Iron (G.I) type and to be installed concealed. Refer to
Figure 14.2.
d) Network point
It refers to interconnection point within the horizontal cabling. The network point
performs a ‘straight-through’ intermediate interconnection between the horizontal
cabling coming from the horizontal termination patch panel and the horizontal
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cabling going to a Multi-User Telecommunications Outlet Assembly (MUTOA)

or the Telecommunications outlet in the work area.
Horizontal Work Area

cable
Vertical
backbone
Equipment
External room
backbone
Figure 14.1: Typical ICT System
14.3 Active Equipment
Active equipment refers to the hardware used for the system such as:
a) Server
b) Switch
14.4 ICT Terminology
Some basic terminology to remember and to be considered when designing the ICT
system:
a) Vertical Cabling = Internal backbone

b) External Cabling = External backbone
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c) Fibre Optic – multimode (length < 500 metre) – for a and b, rack to rack and
building to building
d) Fibre Optic – single mode (length > 500 metre) – for a and b, rack to rack and
building to building
e) Network Point / Port / Outlet
f) RJ45 Connector
g) UTP Cat 5E, Cat 6 = Horizontal Cabling
h) Hub (now obsolete) = Switch
i) UTP Patch panel
j) Cable management
k) Fiber patch panel
l) Local Area Network (LAN)
m) Wide Area Network (WAN) / Campus Network
n) Telecommunication Closet Room (TCR)
14.5 Design Procedure
Upon receiving the design brief from the architect, the DE first must study the client
requirement and prepare a simple analysis of the requirement in order to plan the design
works of the ICT requirement. At this stage, there is meeting, discussion and
coordination with architect regarding the location of riser, TCR, server room etc.
As a norm / electrical design concept, the network point will follow the same route as
S/S/O but in different riser and conduit or trunking. The minimum number of network
point will be based on the number required by client. Please remember that, for UTP
cable, the length from network point to the patch panel must not exceed 90 metre.
When all the network points have been placed onto the layout plan, the next step to
consider is the Telecommunication Closed Room (TCR) location.
TC means Telecommunication Closet refers to equipment racks where all cables (fiber
and UTP) shall be terminated. TC consists of:
a) Fibre Termination Unit = Fibre Patch Panel

b) UTP Patch Panel
c) Cable Management Unit
d) Switch (24 or 48 port)
e) Ventilation Fans
f) Power Supply = Power Distribution Unit (PDU)
g) UPS
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Refer to Figure 14.2.
14.5.1 Example calculation of Rack Sizing
Numbers of network points = 220
Switch type = 24 port
Total switch needed = 220 / 24

= 9.2
≈ 10 units
10 units 24 port switch = 10U
10 units 24 port patch panel = 10U
10 units cable management = 10U
1 unit Fibre Termination Unit = 1U
1 unit UPS = 3U
Total = 34U
30% - 40% Future Expansion = 0.3 × 34

= 10.2
≈ 10U
Thus, Rack Size = 34U + 10U

= 44U
Note: In market there is no 44U Rack size, the close size is 42U rack.
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14.5.2 Standard size for rack
Wall mounted
 9U
 11U
Floor Standing
 15U
 21U
 27U
 32U
 37U
 42U
14.6 More complex ICT system
This is normally where the ICT design works in UPR stops. However the scope is
usually further expanded and more complicated when the ICT works is handled by Unit
Perunding ICT. This may include the integration of voice communication via the digital
network.
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24 Ports Termination Patch Panel

Equipment
Patch Cord, A Horizontal Cable, B
(UTP cable e.g. Cat 6
Switch twisted pair)
Switch
Fiber patch cord
Fiber Patch Panel
RJ 45 face plate
(Network point)
B ≤ 90 meter
A+B+C ≤ 100 meter
Data Patch
cord, C
Rack (TC)
< 500 meter - Multi mode fiber optic cable
≥500 meter - Single mode fiber optic cable
Figure 14.2: Horizontal Cabling
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Table 14.1: Guideline for IT Requirement and Criteria
(Cross refer to Chapter 15 Table 15.4 - some of the spaces/rooms may be shared with
telephone services depending on sizes location and other constrains)
PROPOSED
SIZE (mm)
1 SDF Room May be shared with telephone services
2 MDP Room May be shared with telephone services
3 Fiber Optic room May be shared with telephone services

May be shared with telephone services depending on
4 PABX Room
whether it is IP based or conventional type
Shall be aligned in one straight line for multilevel
5 IT Riser Room
building
May be shared with IT riser room depending on
number of switches etc.
Floor, wall and ceiling must be dust free type
2000 × 3000 finishes
Telecommunication Closed (Minimal size for
6 Ducted air cond outlet from 24 hours central air-cond
Room 1 no. Equitment
or
rack)
2 nos split units AC or enough air flow ventilation
2 nos utility switch socket outlet from essential
supply
Will be covered by approved 2 hrs fire barrier, by
Subject to size Elect. Contr.
and number of
7 Floor Opening Door to follow UBBL
trunking
installed 75mm kerb around the floor opening; 50mm kerb
across the door
Floor wall and ceiling – fire rated, semi glass wall,
dust free finishes
400mm double leafed door (glass with aluminium
frame)
Air conditioning –
• total heat dissipated by equipment in the room:
8 Server Room 7000 x 4000 50,000BTU* (depending on heat generated by
ICT equipment)
• Operating temperature 20C +- 5% with
temperature measured at remote corner
• Operating hours: 24 x 7
Dedicated, alternate and Auto start Aircond System.
Humidity 50% RH
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Fire fighting – no sprinkle system allowed. Use heat

sensor / smoke detector with Argonite gas
Independent grounding busbar not more than 1.0
ohm
Power source - For central UPS:
• 60A Isolator 3 phase essential supply tapped
directly from essential MSB/SSB
• 60A Isolator 3 phase normal supply tapped
from MSB or SSB.
• Minimum 4 no. 13A SSO in general DB
Power source -For standalone UPS:
• Minimum 8 no. 13A SSO dedicated DB in
server room
Telecommunication lines – 20 way DP box
Card access security system
Raised floor
• Material – Simen plaster sandwiched between
8 7000 x 4000 steel top sheet and bottom steel pan
Server Room (continued)
(cont.) (continued)
• Panel tile size – 600mm with pedestals and
stringers
• Overall panel thickness -45mm
• Floor heights – 250mm (unless specified
otherwise) to accommodate under floor
IT/power cable trunking
• Floor finishing – smooth anti static and high
pressure laminate
• Understructure – Rigid grid with stringer
• Concentrated load – 1000lb
• Maximum load per tile 2000lb
• Uniform load – 260lb/ft2
• Rolling load – 600lbs load on a 6” diameter x
11/2” width wheel for 10,000 passes
• Impact load – 120lbs drop from a height of 12”
• Ramp slope – 1/10
Power source – all utility SSO 13A under the
raised floor
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15.0
15.1 Introduction
The extent of work to be executed by JKR begins at the boundary of the project site i.e.
at the first manhole in the client area. From the TM exchange to this first manhole will
be under TM scope of work.
In this chapter we shall be concentrating on ‘The design and the installation of the voice
telecommunication services’ for Government buildings. Internet Protocol (IP) based
communication system if any shall be covered under the ICT scope of works.
Topic shall be subdivided as follows:
a) Building Requirement
b) Design Of Internal Telephone Layout
c) Design Of Internal Telephone Cabling
d) Subscriber Distribution Frame (SDF)
e) Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX)
f) External Work
g) Coordination With TM
There are a few telecommunication utilities in the countries. TM is the largest. Most of
the following information is based on their requirement and practice.
15.2 Building Requirement
There are 3 categories classified by TM:
a) Category 1
 More than 5 storey and any building with total floor space exceeding 650m²
 TM specified underground cable exceeding 50 pairs
b) Category 2
 Less than 5 storey with total floor space less than 650m²
 TM specified underground cable less than 50 pairs
c) Category 3
 Terrace or link houses for residential purpose only,
 Bungalow for residential purpose only.
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TM require that plans for telephone facilities for all Category 1 buildings must be drawn
up by telecommunication engineers or electrical consultant engineers and submitted to
TM for approval. Most of the government complexes fall into this category. All or some
of the rooms as stated in Table 15.4 may be required.
15.3 Design of Internal Telephone Layout
Usually telephone requirements and location are obtained direct from the client
department and then ductings are suitably sized to suit. But TM also gives a basic
guideline to design the size of the under floor duct and the multicore cables as follows:
‘It is estimated that for every 9 sq m to 10.9 sq m of office space, a telephone line is
required and that a 625 sq mm of duct can accommodate 7 line 2-wire 0.63mm gauge
type telephone cable taking into consideration a space factor of 50%’
Hence Table 15.1 below was devised as a guide.
Table 15.1: Guide for Design of Internal Telephone

Max. No. of single
Size junction box (Inner Dimension)
Size of ducts commonly 2-wire cables than
for Floor Ducting
used can be
L×B×D
accommodated
25 mm diameter 6 100 mm × 100 mm × 38 mm to 50 mm
25 mm × 25 mm 7 - ditto -
50 mm × 25 mm 14 - ditto -
75 mm × 25 mm 21 150 mm × 150 mm × 38 mm to 50 mm
100 mm × 25 mm 28 150 mm × 150 mm × 38 mm to 50 mm
(75 mm × 25 mm) × 2 Nos 42 200 mm × 200 mm × 38 mm to 50 mm
Methods of providing final distribution to actual telephone points
a) PVC or mild steel under floor trunking complemented with junction and outlet
boxes, this system is most commonly used and is most versatile since it can be
applied in a grid system or branching layout or perimeter layout.
b) 3 compartments under floor system
c) Hollow skirting along the wall
d) Hollow dados along the wall
e) Chases in the floor
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Generally, the actual system used are a combination of all the above. Trunking /conduit
wiring in the false ceiling are generally not permitted.
15.4 Design of Internal Telephone Cabling
Standard sizes of internal tinned copper conductors, PVC insulated, twin/triple

formations and PVC sheathed cables (all coloured grey) are as follows:
1 pr/ 0.63 mm & 10 pr/ 0.5 mm

5 pr/ 0.63 mm 30 pr/ 0.5 mm
10 pr/ 0.63 mm 50 pr/ 0.5 mm
29 pr/ 0.63 mm 100 pr/ 0.5 mm
30 pr/ 0.63 mm
100 pr/ 0.63 mm
For colour codes refer to Table 15.2 and 15.3 below.
Table 15.2: Colour Code for Internal PVC Telephone Cable with Unit Type
Configuration.
Colour or Conductor Insulation

Pair No.
A leg (1st wire) B leg (2nd wire)
1 White Blue
2 “ Orange
First 5
3 “ Green
4 “ Brown pair unit
5 10 pair “ Grey
6 unit Red Blue
7 “ Orange
8 “ Green Second 5
9 “ Brown pair unit
10 “ Grey
1 pair only White Orange
3 wire White Orange
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Table 15.3: Colour of Binder Tape
Unit No. (10 pair unit) Colour of Binder

1 Blue
2 Orange
3 Green
4 Brown
5 Grey
6 Blue – White
7 Orange – White
8 Green – White
9 Brown – White
10 Grey – White
Cabling to DP boxes from SDF is made up of a combination of the above cables.

Protective conductors or earth wires shall be run continuously from the top to bottom of
the building and connected to SDF. These wires shall be installed and terminated to the
nearest DP boxes in the riser.
It should be noted that all direct lines and other TM facilities at each floor shall be taken
from the respective direct line DPs.
15.5 Subscriber Distribution Frame (SDF)
The SDF is the final termination point of the TM network and the beginning of the
subscriber network. The SDF consist of:
a) Vertical frames or vertical c/w brackets/hooks

b) Termination blocks
c) Earth bar
d) Lightning arrestors
TM room (SDF) which will be handed over to TM upon completion of the project
normally consists of a minimum three verticals namely:
a) VERTICAL NO. 1 - TM incoming vertical

b) VERTICAL NO. 2 - TM outgoing vertical
c) VERTICAL NO. 3 - Equipment (PABX) vertical
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On the distribution side, consumer room (Intermediate Distribution Frame, IDF) can be
combined with PABX room and normally consists of a minimum of three vertical
namely:
a) VERTICAL NO. 1 - From equipment vertical SDF

b) VERTICAL NO. 2 - Outgoing to extension DPs
c) VERTICAL NO. 3 - Incoming from PABX
For a smaller system where SDF is combined in the same room with IDF equipment
vertical can be omitted as shown in Figure 15.1.
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Figure 15.1: System where SDF is Combined in the same Room with IDF Equipment
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15.6 TM Incoming Vertical
TM incoming cables from their exchange shall be terminated at this vertical. Normally a
100 pair vertical is sufficient to cater for the entire telecommunication network of the
project. The size of the termination blocks required for the incoming vertical is
according to the size of the TM incoming cable which in turn depends on the number of
trunk lines to PABX, trunk lines for direct telephones and public phones, data
communication (telefax, telex, digital lines, leased lines, etc).
Connection between various verticals shall be done via jumpers or jumper cables meant
to activate the required lines.
15.7 TM Outgoing Vertical
The TM outgoing vertical shall cater for all direct line DPs. This includes all the trunk
lines to the PABX. The size of termination block shall be the total pairs of all the direct
lines DPs and the PABX trunk lines. The vertical frame shall be sufficiently sized to
house these termination blocks.
15.8 Equipment Vertical
Equipment vertical is required when there is a requirement for PABX. Trunk lines to the
PABX can be distributed either from the equipment vertical to distribution vertical or
the floor direct lines DP for multi tenants high rise building.
The quantity of the termination blocks shall be the summation of total pairs of trunk line
cables designed for maximum capacity of the PABX.
15.9 Distribution Vertical
There are two types of distribution vertical, namely the incoming and outgoing
distribution from PABX for extension lines.
Connection from PABX shall be terminated to the incoming distribution vertical. The
quantity of the termination blocks shall be the summation of extension line cables
designed for. The frame shall be large enough to mount these termination blocks.
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The tie cables for each floor extension DPs shall be pulled from outgoing distribution
vertical. The quantity of the termination blocks shall be the summation of total pairs of
extension DPs design for. The frame shall be large enough to mount these termination
blocks.
15.10 Earth
TM requires that SDF earth resistance to be less than 5 ohms. However, if the earthing
cable for the PABX is connected to the SDF earth bar the earth resistance should then
be less than 1 ohm.
15.11 Lightning Arrestors
Lightning arrestors shall be installed at the TM incoming vertical for the TM incoming
cable and at the Distribution vertical for any other external tie cables (underground or
overhead). The size of these lightning arrestors shall be equivalent to the size of the
cables. It shall also be of the quick connect gas filled type. Typical descriptions of the
SDF may be as follows:
a) Wall mounted SDF c/w 4 no. 200 (4 x 200) pair vertical frames, 550 pairs quick
connect termination block and 3 x 10 pair lightning arrestors. or
b) Wall mounted SDF c/w 6 no. 100 (6 x 100) pair vertical frames, 550 pairs quick
connect termination block and 3 x 10 pair lightning arrestors. or
c) Wall mounted SDF c/w 2 no. 100 (2 x 100) pair vertical frames, 550 pairs quick
connect termination block and 3 x 10 pair lightning arrestors.
15.12 Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX)
15.12.1 What Is PABX Equipment?
PABX is a kind of telephony switching equipment. Others of the same category are key
phone system, PMBX, Hybrid systems, etc.
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15.12.2 When to Use a PABX?
As a basic but non restrictive guide, a PABX is required when there is a need for more
than 40 extensions (this may be the total number of telephone points requested by the
client plus 20 % future development)
A key phone system may be more economical for extension less than 40 and with very
minimal future expansion.
There is also IP base type PABX. The usage and design of such system shall be
discussed with ICT design section.
15.12.3 Sizing of PABX.
a) Sketch all the floor DP boxes schematic diagrams.
b) Totalling the sizes of all DP boxes shall give the maximum capacity of your
PABX.
c) The minimum capacity of PABX shall be the present telephone point requirement.
d) Maximum allowable ratio by TM is 1 DEL: 10 extensions. For flexibility the ratio

may range from 1 DEL to 5, 6, 7 or 8 extension. This depends greatly on the
traffic flow normally expected by the client.
Note: DEL – Direct Exchange Line or Trunk Lines
15.12.4 Working Example:
Referring to schematic diagram in Figure 15.1, we have a 3 storey block with 2 numbers
of 30 pair, 1 number of 20 pair and 1 number of 10 pair extensions DPs.
MINIMUM capacity: 22 + 15 + 20 + 5 = 62 + 20%

= 62 + 12.4
= 74.4 ext
(Rounding up) approx. = 75 ext
No. of trunklines (DEL) = 75 / 6

= 12.5 DEL or approx. 13 DEL
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MAXIMUM capacity: 30 + 20 + 30 + 10 = 90 ext
No. of trunklines = 90 / 6
= 15 DEL
Assuming a heavy traffic flow, the size of the PABX may be as follows, but it is up to
the designer to decide on the economical capacity after consultation with the client :-
Minimum no. of extension lines - 75

Maximum no. of extension lines - 90
Minimum no. of trunk lines - 13
Maximum no. of trunk lines - 15
15.12.5 PABX Specification
The following shall be specified as minimum requirements of a PABX:
a) Type approved by TM
b) Digital
c) Stored program control, SPC
d) Compatible with ISDN technology (using ISDN interface)
e) Port type
f) Maintenance free battery (for small system only)
g) IDF quick connect termination type
h) Earthing shall be less than 1 ohm
i) Testing and commissioning
j) Training
k) Drawing and manuals
15.12.6 PABX Facilities
All PABX have the following type of facilities:
a) minimum or standard facilities

b) optional facilities (card have to be specifically purchased and stated in the BQ,
e.g. Direct In Dialling - DID, ISDN, etc)
c) programmable facilities (group hunting line, call pick up, follow me, etc)
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TM however requires that for the following facilities prior application must be
submitted for their planning as it involves additional TM telephone lines:
a) Tie lines between PABXs

b) DID more than 100 extensions (to reduce traffic congestion)
c) Data line
15.13 Room Requirement
Only PABX with ultimate capacity of more than 300 extensions require separate rooms
by itself, its batteries and its operators. Otherwise separate rooms are not needed, but
when space is not a restriction it is preferable to have these rooms separately for smaller
systems. The PABX room shall be/have:
a) Free from susceptible vibration, always free from direct sunlight and dust.
Moisture must be controlled at 30 – 65% for less than 300 extensions, a normal air
conditioned office is sufficient but bigger systems require 24 hrs air conditioning
at 15 – 30 degrees Celsius.
b) Floor able to withstand 300 – 1000 kg / sq meter depending on type and capacity.
c) Flooring of material that is anti static, easy to clean and not susceptible to
accumulation of dust, preferably vinyl type.
d) Required 2 no. standard 13A 3 pin socket outlet power point. However, PABX of
capacity exceeding 1000 extensions require higher current rating and three phase
supply.
e) Trunking or cable trays must be provided and shall be sufficiently large to

accommodate PABX cables from PABX equipment to SDF room or the riser
distribution box and the operators’ room.
f) Separate IDF required for the PABX terminations.
g) CO2 or other suitable type fire fighting preferred. No water sprinkler allowed.
h) Good to equip with wall mounted lockable cabinets to house manuals for the
PABX maintenance and programming.
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i) PABX shall be placed at least 1 meter from the wall and have a 1 meter allowance
in front for maintenance purposes.
j) For large systems when a separate battery room has to be provided it shall be
located adjacent to PABX rooms and ventilated to prevent harmful effects of
battery acid and fumes.
k) Smaller batteries of the sealed maintenance free type may be installed in a

separate cubicle in the same PABX room.
l) The separate battery room shall be equipped as follows:
• Glazed tiles up to 1.5m around all sides of the wall Exhaust fan
• Minimum room size 3m x 1.8m
• Wash basin
• Exhaust fan
m) When separately provided, the operators room shall be situated not more than 50
meters away from PABX room. It should be sized to comfortably seat the required
number of operators. It shall be of half glass partitions furnished with suitable
operator tables and chairs and with 1 extension line of category C type.
Table 15.4 shows the several types of telecommunication room and criteria.
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Table 15.4: Guideline for Telecommunication Requirement and Criteria

Telecom Operator’s Room
PROPOSED SIZE
(mm)
Telecom Operator’s
1.0 PSTN: TM, Time Tel. Maxis, Bina Riang, etc.
Room
Entry ducts from outside the building shall be
designed to run parallel with the length of the
longer side of the SDF room. Any turning or
bending shall be avoided.
2000 × 2000 SDF room must be flood free either on ground or

1st floor with a 150 mm kerb across doorway
(Up to 50 DEL)
(basement not allowed).
Must be dust free - avoiding louvered doors and
SDF Room 3000 × 3000
1.1 windows.
(Refer Fig. 15.2) (>50 DEL)
Normally equipped with Exhaust Fan, A/C if
located in the basement / lower ground floor
for more refer to
Table 15.5 Must be fitted with suitable lighting
At least 2 no. of 13A power points.
Sprinkler system not allowed.
Must be provided with one lockable cabinet, table
and chair for TM staff use.
1.2 MDP Room < 50 DEL MDP room with telephone pit
Provided with pit or cable trench
Must be flood free either on ground or 1st floor
with a 150 mm kerb across doorway (basement not
allowed).
Must be dust free - avoiding louvered doors and
Minimum windows.
4000(L) × 4000(W) x Equipped with Exhaust Fan, 24 hrs A/C
3000(H)
1.3 Fiber Optic room Must be fitted with suitable lighting
Actual size dependent At least 3 no. of 13A power points.
on TM local 30A 3 phase DB (TNB main supply) for rectifier
infrastructure
Framed Schematic diagram installed on wall
2 separate earthing both less than 1 ohm
Sprinkler system not allowed.
Must be provided with one lockable cabinet, table
and chair for TM staff use.
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PROPOSED SIZE
(mm)
2.0 Consumer’s Room Build up area up to 9100 sq.m

IDF Room
2.1 1500 × 1000 Shall be nearby the SDF Room
(Refer Fig.15.3)
May be combined with IDF Room or located
PABX Room
2.2 1500 × 1500 elsewhere on other floor
(Refer Fig. 15.4)
A/C; 3 nos S/S/O
Separate room for 1 person only
Telephonist/Operator Should not be > 50m away from PABX Room
2.3 1500 × 2000
Room With half glass door or half glass partition
Can also be part of admin, office area
The cable risers stretch from the SDF room to the
full height of the building and have access to
distribution conduits on each floor of the building.
TM’s sizes:
For buildings with large floor areas (longer than
90m) in each storey, more than one cable riser at
<10 storeys strategic points may be planned on every floor.
[0.9m x 0.45m]
This riser hole shall be sealed up with fire resistant
2.4 Riser Room barriers.
≥ 10 storeys
It is important that no other services be allowed in
[1.2m x 0.45m] this enclosure.
Enclosures shall have fire resistant locked doors of
JKR practice according min 2.1m height with the words ‘TELEPHONE
to Fig. 15.5 and 15.6 RISER’ displayed on it
One set of keys of the door shall be kept by owner
for safe custody and the other by TM.
TC and Riser Room
2.4.1 2000 × 3000 Best to be A/C or at least naturally ventilated
(Refer to Fig. 15.5)
Telephone Riser / DP
Room Should not be the same room as IT, but must be
2.4.2 1000 × 900
side by side or nearby
Will be covered by approved 2 hrs fire barrier, by
Subject to size and Elect. Contr.
Floor Opening
2.5 number of trunking Door to follow UBBL
(Refer to Fig. 15.7) installed 75 mm kerb around the floor opening; 50mm kerb
across the door
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15.0
PROPOSED SIZE
(mm)
Infrastructure
3.0
Requirement
Screeding to cover the
50 To cover the boxes (a total provision of 55 mm)
Integrated
3.1 Underfloor Ducting To level the slab (60 mm thick or screeding
5 – 10
System or required). Floor slab shall be recessed to allow for
Raised Floor System 150 – 450 raised floor system
Manholes (external)
3.2 JC9/C For road, tarmac, hard standings
2 sizes: 460 (I) × 460 (w) × 460 (d) or
460 (I) × 460 (w) × 760 (d)
Joint Boxes / Required at all cable access into the building
Telephone Pits Conduit required from floor junction boxes to wall
3.3
(internal) telephone outlet
(Refer to Fig. 15.8) Several different sizes available
Design to follow TM Guidelines of Planning for
Building
Trenching Requirement
Layout of the trenches may differ according to
3.4 (for SDF Room)
projects; Elect. Designer will furnish the info.
3.5 Earthing ≤ 1 ohm
NOTE: All sizes given may differ according to the sizes of the project.
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Figure 15.2: SDF Room
Table 15.5: Standard room size requirement for SDF rooms.
For Incoming Cable SDF Room

Size of Cables Max. No. of
(L × W × H)
(Pairs) Width of Cable Floor
No. of Entry Duct
Tray (mm) (m)
50 – 200 2 300 2.4 × 1.8 × 3 6
200 – 400 2–4 300 – 350 3 × 2.4 × 3 8
400 – 600 4 350 – 400 3.6 × 3 × 3 10
600 – 1000 6 400 4.8 × 3 × 3 12
> 1000 >6 > 400 <6×3×3 > 12
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Figure 15.3: IDF Room
Figure 15.4: PABX Room
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3000mm
300mm
IT
EQ
RACK 2000mm
900mm
Figure 15.5: TC and Riser Room
Figure 15.6: Telephone Riser / DP Room
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Figure 15.7: Floor Opening
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15.0
Figure 15.8: Manholes and Joint Boxes
15.14 Acceptance Test and Training
TM does not test or commission the PABX. It is the duty of the consultant/contractor to
check that all facilities as required in the specification are provided and complied to. It
is also the duty of the consultant/contractor to ensure that appropriate training is
conducted by the PABX supplier / contractor for JKR staff and of course the end users.
At the end of the training the supplier / contractor shall provide hard copy of
programmed extension numbers with circuit and location, programmed telephone
facilities demonstrated during the training session.
15.15 External Works
This topic shall be subdivided into two namely:
a) Civil Engineering work

b) Underground cabling
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15.15.1 Civil Engineering Work
This portion of work involves the construction of manholes, joint boxes, duct laying etc.
Generally, the most common manholes/joint boxes constructed for most JKR projects
are as follows:
a) Telephone pits
b) JB30
c) JC9
d) JRC7
e) JC9/C
f) R2A
And all or some of them may be requires depending on the extent scope of the project
and also on the recommendation and approval of the local TM office. The detailed plans
of all the above may be obtained from the local network offices of TM. TM has
standardized the use of 100mm diameter PVC ducts for all the ducting required.
Usually, these ducts have to be encased in concrete at road crossings and crossing with
other services and when more than 8 ducts are required. TM has also required the use of
GI pipes where drains or streams have to be crossed. GI pipes are also required where
there is insufficient earth coverage underground. As a rule of thumb 110cm of cover is
required above the PVC ducts. The exact maximum distances between joint boxes were
not defined by TM but generally it is about 120 meters for plastic fully filled cables.
Clearance from other services:
Water mains
a) At least (nominal) 150mm running parallel.

b) At least 50mm at crossing
Electricity supplies
a) High voltage single core cables exceeding 650V at least 460mm with no
exceptions.
b) High voltage multicore cables exceeding 650V at least 300mm.
c) Low and medium voltage cables not exceeding 650V at least 50mm
d) Where the two sets of electrical plants cross each other
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15.15.2 Underground Cabling
For JKR projects we are usually required to use underground cables in PVC ducts. It is
recommended by TM that we use Plastic fully filled telephone cables. For this
distribution cable, it is important to specify the parameter of capacitance to be 55 nano
Farad/km.
15.16 Coordination with TM
15.16.1 Plan Approval Process
It is an advantage to have a preliminary discussion between consultant/DE and TM

before submission of proposed infrastructure plan for telecommunication services. It
helps TM to identify the development at an early stage enabling the planning of cable
network for the development. The consultant can obtain relevant information on the
existing plant so that accurate proposal can be made and method on how to link to this
plan can be made. If necessary a site visit is to be arranged so that a better picture can be
obtained. Other issues on the provision of SDF room, frame, blocks and the type of
material to be used are normally discussed during this preliminary meeting. Once all
information has been obtained, the consultant/DE will submit two sets of draft proposal
to TM for checking. A copy of the plan is then returned to the consultant for further
amendments (if required) before submitting four sets of the final proposal for approval.
15.16.2 Implementation
It is the responsibility of the developer (in this case JKR) to engage registered
contractors with Pusat Khidmat Kontraktor under subhead I-9 and VIII-2a/b to carry out
Telecom infrastructure works. Details of the contractor and the work schedule have to
submit to TM before the work begins. During the implementation stage, TM supervisors
will perform spot checks to ensure that the work is executed as planned. Any change to
the plan has to be referred back to TM for further discussion and approval. On the
completion of the work, the consultant/SO representative will have to inform TM for the
joint acceptance test.
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15.16.3 Acceptance Testing
Acceptance testing shall be carried out jointly between TM staff, consultant/SO

representative and the contractor on the following works:-
1. External Civil Works
a) Rodding of ducts installed by contractor right to the duct seal in the

building.
b) Checking the manhole dimensions, fittings and finishing.
c) Checking the duct seal for water leakage into the building.
2. Internal trunking
a) Perforated cable tray finishes such as smooth bending, clearance between

trays and ceilings/other services.
b) Riser trunking, riser DP boxes, riser rooms plus labelling of the DP boxes.
c) Junction boxes and floor trunking, depth of junction boxes, finishing and
draw wires between junction boxes.
3. Cabling
a) Insulation resistance (IR) test for every cable pair provided between SDF
and the individual riser DP.
b) Continuity test for every cable pair from SDF to riser DP.
c) Earth resistance measurement of SDF frame shall be less than 1 ohm.
The foregoing notes are only meant as a brief guide to those who are new to a telephone
system design. More detailed information and knowledge of the telephone service are
definitely required for the complete detail design. However it is hoped that the brief
guide and notes may serve as a stepping stone in the initial design.
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CHAPTER GUIDELINES FOR EXTERNAL/ROAD

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16.0 LIGHTING
16.1 Introduction
Road lighting installation shall provide sufficient visual information for road users to
proceed safely and give them a sense of security. This will be possible if the lighting
installation ensures:
 Reliability of Perception and

 Visual Comfort
These two aspects are interrelated, whereby ease of perception will only be obtained if
both the reliability of perception and the degree of visual comfort are satisfactory.
16.2 Luminance Concept
As the visual sensation received by the retina of the human eye is dependent upon the
luminance distribution in its field of view, quality parameters for lighting should, thus,
be in terms of luminance. For some forms of lighting application this may be either
difficult or even impossible because of the wide range of reflective properties of the
various surface concerned.
However, the visual environment for a driver on a road at night is mainly formed by the
view of the road ahead. The reflective of good surface can be described and measured
with sufficient accuracy for the purpose of luminance calculations.
16.2.1 Parameter Influencing Reliability of Perception
i. Average Road Surface Luminance, Lav
A suitable average road surface luminance not only improves the driver’s eye
sensitivity, but also increases the contrast of possible obstructions on the road.
ii. Overall Uniformity, U o
Lmin
UO =
Lav
In order to ensure sufficient perceptibility at all spots on the road, the permitted
difference between minimum and average luminance must be defined.
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iii. Threshold Increment, TI
Threshold increment is the amount of extra contrast required to see an object

when there is glare, relative to the original contrast. It is the measure of the loss
of perceptibility caused by disability glare.
Threshold contrast means that an object which can be seen when there is no glare
(Threshold Contrast) and cannot be seen when there is glare, unless the actual
contrast is increased.
16.2.2 Parameters influencing Visual Comfort
Visual comfort on the road is not luxury but is the most-important requirement for
traffic safety. Lack of visual comfort also has a harmful/bad influence on the efficiency
of the driver’s eye.
i. Average Road Surface Luminance, Lav
Higher adaptation level of the driver’s eye will provide better visual comfort.
Visual Comfort depends upon the average road surface luminance provided that it
is below the glare level).
ii. Longitudinal Uniformity, Ul
UI = Lmin (lengthwise)
Lmax
The sequence of dark and bright areas of the road that appears in front of a driver
while he is driving is called ‘patchy’ or ‘zebra’ effect, which is very disturbing to
a driver and can be reduced by limiting difference between the darkest and
brightest spots.
iii. Glare Control Mark, G
The discomfort glare experienced by a driver is dependent on the characteristics

of the luminaries used. Glare control mark is the measurement for limiting
discomfort glare.
Discomfort glare is also dependent on the size of the light source and the height of
luminaire. It decreases with the size and height of the light source.
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iv. Visual Guidance
Visual guidance is another important aspect both from a reliability of perception

and the visual comfort point of views.
The visual guidance shall provide the driver a clear indication; both at the
immediate situation and the road ahead.
16.2.3 Recommendations
The standards which must be met by road lighting installations are outlined in various
national recommendations. Several countries base their standards on the international
recommendations formulated by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE).
In Malaysia, the Malaysian Standards MS825: Part 1: 2006 governs the design of road
lightings. Other supporting standards to be referred to are:
i) RD/CEN/TR 13201-2004
- Road Lighting Part 1: Selection & Lighting Class
ii) BS EN 13201-2:2003
- Road Lighting Part 2: Performance Requirement
iii) BS EN 13201-3:2003
- Road Lighting Part 3: Calculation & Performance
16.3 Principle of Road Lighting – Design
There are four basic concepts in lighting design.
16.3.1 Luminous Flux (Φ)
This is the measure of the amount of light radiated from a light source.
Units: LUMENS (lm)
e.g. a 250W High Pressure Sodium Vapour lamp emits approximately 25000 lm of
light.
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16.3.2 Luminous Intensity (I)
It is amount of light leaving the source propagated in an element or solid angle

containing the given direction and the element of the solid angle.
Units: Candela (cd)
Φ I
W = solid angle instradient (SR)
I =Φ
W
= lm
SR
= cd
16.3.3 Illuminance – E
It is the measurement of luminous flux incident on an element of the surface.
Illuminance = Luminous flux

Area
E = Φ/A
= Lumen / sq. metre
= LUX or lumen sq. ft
= foot candle
16.3.4 Luminance – L
The luminance, in a given direction at a point on the surface of a source or a receptor or

at a point on the path of a beam is the quotient of the luminous flux part leaving,
arriving at, or passing through an element of surface at this point and propagated in
direction defined by an elementary cone containing the given direction , by the product
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16.0 LIGHTING
of the solid angle of the cone and the area of the orthogonal projections of the elements
of the surface on a plane perpendicular to the given direction.
Area
Unit luminance = I
projected area
= cd
m²
= I
A cos α
16.4 Recommendations for road lighting
There are requirements that road lighting installation must be met in order to provide
adequate visual conditions for a smooth moving and safe traffic pattern. They are
dependent upon the intensity, speed and composition of the traffic and upon the
complexity of the road system. Road lighting recommendations must therefore state the
different requirements for the different categories of road. Table 16.1, 16.2, 16.3 and
16.4 give information on the selection of lighting class as defined by the MS 825: Part
1: 2006 ‘Road Lighting – Part 1: Lighting Of Road And Public Amenity Areas whereas
Table 16.5, 16.6 and 16.7 summarizes the values of the photometric parameters, for
different classes of lighting class as recommended in BS EN 13201-3:2003 ‘Road
Lighting Part 2: Performance Requirement’.
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Table 16.1: Lighting Classes for Highways and Traffic Routes

Type of
Hierarchy Lighting
Road/General Detailed Description
Description Class
Description
Routes for fast moving long distance traffic. Fully
grade-separated and restrictions on used.
Highwaya Limited access
Main carriageway ME1
Emergency lanes ME4a
Routes for fast moving long distance traffic with little
Trunk and some frontage access or pedestrian traffic. Speed limits are
principal “A” usually in excess of 60km/h and there are few junctions.
Strategic Pedestrian crossings are either segregated or controlled
roads between
route and parked vehicles are usually prohibited.
primary
destinations
Single carriageway and dual carriageways ME2
Routes between strategic routes and linking urban
Major urban centres to the strategic network with limited frontage
network and inter- access. In urban areas speed limits are usually 60 km/h
Main or less, parking is restricted at peak times and there are
primary links
distributorb positive measures for pedestrian safety reasons.
Short-to medium-
distance traffic
Single carriageways and dual carriageways ME2
Classified road (B Rural areas (Zone E1/2c)
and C class) and These roads link the larger villages to the strategic and ME3a
unclassified urban main distributor network.
bus route,
Secondary
distributor
carrying local Urban areas (Zone E3c)
traffic with These are residential or industrial inter-connecting roads
frontage access ME2
with 50 km/h speed limits, random pedestrian
and frequent movements and uncontrolled parking.
junctions
Rural areas (Zone E1/2c)
Road linking Roads link the smaller villages to the distributor
between the main ME5
network. They are of varying width and not always
and secondary capable of carrying two-way traffic.
distribution
Link road
network with
frontage access Urban areas (Zone E3c)
and frequent Residential or industrial inter-connecting roads with 50 ME4b or
junctions km/h speed limits, random pedestrian movements and S2
uncontrolled parking.
NOTES:
1. Public Works Department’s Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 8/86, Chapter 2, may be useful for the
interpretation of road hierarchy in this table.
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2. See table 16.2 for conflict areas.
3. Traffic flow can vary significantly during the night, and use of different lighting levels at some
periods may be considered. For this purpose, a detailed analysis of traffic flow is carried out,
considering hourly flow through the night.
4. If the average daily traffic flow (ADT) is available the selection of lighting classes may be referred to
the authorities concerned. It can be assumed that there is a reasonably consistent relationship between
ADT and peak daily traffic, and that the lighting classes suggested are thus suitable for peak daily
traffic flow.
5. Where lighting levels are reduced at certain periods, any lower levels selected can use the L values
from appropriate lower ME classes, but retain U0 and UL values of the ME class selected for the
peak period.
Free flow link roads

connecting highways may be lit to the same standards as the main carriageway of the
highways they are connecting. Highway slip roads may be lit to one class lower than the main carriageway.
In the case where the main carriageway class is ME1, the slip road class is ME2. Slip road lighting may be
extended to cover the full length of the slip to provide additional lighting at the conflict point.
b
In urban areas consideration may be given to the use of ME3a or ME3b in place of ME2, in view of the
lower traffic speeds and shorter viewing distances.
c
Environmental zone, as given in the ILE publication Guidance notes for reduction of light pollution.
16.4.1 Conflict Areas
Conflict areas are areas where significant streams of motorized traffic intersect with
each other or with other road users (pedestrian and cyclists) such as junctions,
intersections, roundabouts and pedestrian crossings.
Table 16.2: Lighting Classes for Conflict Areas
Traffic route lighting class Conflict area lighting class
ME1 CE0
ME2 CE1
ME3 CE2
ME4 CE3
ME5 CE4
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16.0 LIGHTING
Table 16.3: Lighting Classes for Subsidiary Roads (Pedestrians and Cyclists)
Lighting Class
Crime
R a Value Low Traffic Flowa Normal Traffic Flowb High Traffic Flowc
Rate
E1/E2d E3/E4d E1/E2d E3/E4d E1/E2d E3/E4d
Ra < 60 S5 S4 S4 S3 S3 S2
Low
Ra ≥ 60 S6 S5 S5 S4 S4 S3
Ra < 60 S4 S3 S3 S2 - S1
Moderate
Ra ≥ 60 S5 S4 S4 S3 - S2
Ra < 60 S2 S2 S2 S1 - S1
High
Ra ≥ 60 S3 S3 S3 S2 - S2
NOTES:
1. Crime rates are relative to the local area, not national. Assistance can be obtained from the local crime
prevention officer.
2. The lighting levels shown in this table may be increased by one lighting class in the vicinity of traffic
calming measures.
a
Low traffic flow refers to areas where the traffic usage is of a level equivalent to a residential road and solely
associated with the adjacent properties.
b
Normal traffic flow refers to areas where the traffic usage is of a level equivalent to a housing estate access
road and can be associated with local amenities such as club shopping facilities, public houses, etc.
c
High traffic flow refers to areas where the traffic usage is high and can be associated with local amenities
such as clubs, shopping facilities, public houses, etc.
d
Environmental zone, as given in the ILE publication Guidance notes for reduction of light pollution
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Table 16.3: Lighting Classes for City and Town Centres

Lighting class
Type of Traffic Normal traffic flow High traffic flow
E3ª E4ª E3ª E4ª
Pedestrian only CE3 CE2 CE2 CE1
Mixed vehicle and pedestrian with CE2 CE1 CE1 CE1

separate pedestrian walkways
Mixed vehicle and pedestrian on some CE2 CE1 CE1 CE1

surface
ª Environmental zone, as given in the ILE publication Guidance notes for reduction of light pollution
Table 16.5: ME series of lighting classes

Luminance of the road surface of the Lighting of
Disability glare
carriageway for the dry road surface condition surroundings
_
Class L in cd/m²
Uo Uı Tl in %a SR2b
[minimum
[minimum] [minimum] [minimum] [minimum]
maintained]
ME1 2,0 0,4 0,7 10 0,5
ME2 1,5 0,4 0,7 10 0,5
ME3a 1,0 0,4 0,7 15 0,5
ME3b 1,0 0,4 0,6 15 0,5
ME3c 1,0 0,4 0,5 15 0,5
ME4a 0,75 0,4 0,6 15 0,5
ME4b 0,75 0,4 0,5 15 0,5
ME5 0,5 0,35 0,4 15 0,5
ME6 0,3 0,35 0,4 15 No requirement

a
An increase of 5 percentage points in TI can be permitted where low luminance light sources are used.
(see note 1)
b
This criterion can be applied only where there are no traffic areas with their own requirements adjacent
to the carriageway.
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Table 16.6: MEW Series of Lighting Classes

Luminance of the road surface of the carriageway for
Disability Lighting of
the dry and wet road surface condition
glare surroundings
Dry condition Wet
Class _
L in cd/m²
Uo Ul a Uı Tl in %b SRc
[minimum
[minimum] [minimum] [minimum] [minimum] [minimum]
maintained]
MEW1 2,0 0,4 0,6 0,15 10 0,5
MEW2 1,5 0,4 0,6 0,15 10 0,5
MEW3 1,0 0,4 0,6 0,15 15 0,5

no
MEW4 0,75 0,4 0,15 15 0,5
requirement
no
MEW5 0,5 0,35 0,15 15 0,5
requirement
a
The application of this criterion is voluntary, but it can be applied on motorways
b
An increase of 5 percentage points in TI can be permitted where low luminance light sources are used.
(see note 1)
c
This criterion can only be applied where there are no traffic areas with their own requirements adjacent
to the carriageway
NOTE 1 The threshold increment (TI) indicates that although road lighting improves
visual conditions it also causes disability glare to a degree depending on the type of
luminaries, lamps and geometric situation. Low-pressure sodium lamps and fluorescent
tubes are normally considered to be low luminance lamps. For these lamps, and
luminaries providing less or equivalent luminance, footnote a of table 16.5 and footnote
b of table 16.6 permits higher value.
NOTE 2 Lighting confined to the carriageway is inadequate for revealing the

immediate surrounds of the road and revealing road users at the kerb. The requirements
for the surround ratio (SR) apply only where there are no traffic areas with their own
requirements adjacent to the carriageway, including footways, cycleways or emergency
lanes.
NOTE 3 In some countries, the road surface is damp or wet for a significant part of
the hours of darkness. For a selected wet condition, an additional requirement to the
overall uniformity (Uo) can be made to apply to avoid a serious downgrading of the
performance for some of the damp periods. The relevant table in that case is Table 16.6
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16.0 LIGHTING
Table 16.7: CE Series of Lighting Classes
Horizontal illuminance
Class Ē in lx Uo
[minimum] [minimum]
CE0 50 0,4
CE1 30 0,4
CE2 20 0,4
CE3 15 0,4
CE4 10 0,4
CE5 7,5 0,4
NOTE The CE classes are mainly intended for use when the conventions for road
surface luminance calculations do not apply or are impracticable. This can occur when
the viewing distances are less than 60 m and when several observer positions are
relevant. The CE classes are simultaneously intended for other road users on the conflict
are.
16.4.2 Aids to road lighting design
When designing road lighting installation three aspects shall be considered namely
lighting quality economic and energy efficiency.
The values of the photometric parameters determining the road lighting quality, as
obtained with a particular installation depend on:
a) the type of light source use

b) the luminous intensity distribution of the luminaries used,
c) the reflective properties of the particular road surfaces,
d) the geometry and type of arrangement.
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16.5 JKR Standard Design
16.5.1 Type of Lamps
The two types of lamp used for road lighting are:
i) High – pressure sodium vapour (SON)

ii) Low - pressure sodium vapour (SOX)
The SON lamp is used because of its lumen efficiency, good colour rendering and
longer life. The SOX lamp is normally used to denote junctions but not in some areas
which are prone to fogs. SON lamps are used due to its good visibility in such
situations.
The wattage of lamps used is:-
i) SON – 250W or 400W

ii) SOX – 90W or 135W
16.5.2 Type of Column
The type of column used is hot-dip galvanized steel/concrete/fiberglass reinforced of 10

metres or 12 metres height. They are normally of the planted type or flange mounted
depending on site situation. The length of arm for the column shall depend on the road
profile (median, number and width of lanes etc).
16.5.3 Service Door Cover
The service door cover shall be double slot hinged and the material shall be of
composite fiberglass to prevent vandalism.
16.5.4 Concrete Footing
Concrete footing for flange mounted pole shall be designed according to soil
type/condition and must be approved and endorsed by Civil and Structure Engineer.
16.5.5 Label
Labelling of the pole and feeder pillar shall be of reflective sticker. The label shall be
referred to local maintenance authorities (JKR/PBT/State Government).
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16.5.6 Terminal Block
There are two types of terminal block commonly used in road lighting installation:
i) Cut-Out Neutral Link

ii) Modular Junction Box
For safety purposes modular junction box is preferable.
16.5.7 Type of Arrangement
a) single sided
b) opposite arrangement
c) staggered
d) central median
e) a combination of (a) and (d)
For installation on bridges/elevatated structures, location of cable shall be coordinated

with Road Structural Designer.
16.5.8 Voltage Drop
The total voltage drop along one complete circuit for each phase shall not exceed 20 V
from the supply meter to the last pole.
16.5.9 Type Of Cable
PVC/SWA/PVC underground cable for road lighting shall be either 2-core or 4-core and
maximum of 25 mm2.
16.5.10 Ducting For Underground Cables
All underground cables crossing the roads shall be laid in 100/150mm diameter GI pipe
class C/reinforced fiber composite duct/uPVC pipe class D (encased in concrete). All
underground cables at road shoulders, paved shoulders, bridges and elevated structures
shall use GI pipe class B. For underground cables installed within the New Jersey
Barrier (NJB), HDPE double wall corrugated pipe shall be used if necessary.
For road crossing where open cut is not allowed to lay the pipe (normally existing or
newly upgraded road) horizontal direct drilling (HDD) or pipe jacking (GI pipe) shall be
taken into consideration.
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16.5.11 Supply Feeder-Pillar
The supply for the road lighting lanterns is normally taken from a feeder-pillar which
can either be of a single-phase or a 3-phase system.
16.5.12 Road Safety Audit, RSA
During planning stage, RSA preliminary report should be referred to for any specific
requirement of road lighting and traffic light system that needs to be incorporated in the
electrical design. A set of detail electrical design drawing is to be forwarded to RSA for
their comments. There are 5 stages of RSA:
Stage 1: Feasibility & Planning Stage

Stage 2: Preliminary (Draft) Design Stage
Stage 3: Detailed Design Stage
Stage 4: During Construction and Pre-Opening Stage of A New Project
Stage 5: Audit of an Existing Road
For typical luminaire positions please refer to Annex K of MS825: Part 1: 2006 (Refer
Attachment A)
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16.0 LIGHTING
REFERENCES
Standards publications:
[1] MS825: Part 1: 2006, ‘Lighting of Roads and Public Amenity Areas’
[2] RD/CEN/TR/13201-1:2004, ‘Road Lighting Part 1: Selection of Lighting Classes’
[3] BS EN 13201-2:2003, ‘Road Lighting Part 2: Performance Requirement’
[4] BS EN 13201-3:2003, ‘Road Lighting Part 3: Calculation of Performance’
Other publications:
[1] JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA, Guidelines for the Safety Audit of Roads
and Road Projects in Malaysia
[2] JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA, Arahan Teknik Jalan 8/86 A guide on
geometric design of roads
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16.0 LIGHTING
ATTACHMENT A
MS 825: Part 1: 2006
Annex K
(Informative)
Luminaire and column positions for typical single level junctions and roundabouts using
10 m or 12 m columns
K1. T-junctions
K1.1. T-junctions on straight roads
Typical luminaire positions for T -junctions are shown in Figure K1. Four
luminaries are directly associated with the junction.
a) Luminaire A reveals the end of the minor road to traffic approaching along
it and pedestrians crossing its mouth.
b) Luminaire B reveals both the junction with the minor road to traffic in the
major road (approaching from the right in Figure K1) and a vehicle waiting in
the mouth of the minor road.
c) Luminaire C reveals turning movements to traffic in the major road (approaching
from the left in Figure K1).
d) Luminaire D reveals the traffic conditions in the mouth of the minor road to
traffic entering from the major road.
Figure K1. T -junctions on straight roads

Key
1) Luminaire positions
2) Major road
3) Minor road
NOTE. The design spacing S relates t o the major road
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K2. T-junctions on bends
The design solution for a T -junction with a curved major road can differ from that for
junctions illustrated in Figure K1. Typical luminaire positions for a T -junction
on a bend are shown in Figure K2.
a) T -junction with minor road on inside of bend
Figure K2. T -junctions on bends

Key:
2) Major road
3) Minor road
NOTE. The design spacing S relates to the major road
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K3. Staggered junctions
Two T-junctions (X) and (Y) on opposite sides of t he main road, as shown in Figure
K3, may be considered independently in the first instance as separate conflict area. If
they are closer together, and considered as one area, compromise positions may be
chosen for luminaries A
or B.
Comment
Figure K3. Staggered junctions
Key:
2) Major road
3) Minor road
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16.0 LIGHTING
K4. Crossroads
Typical luminaire positions for a crossroads are shown in Figure K4. Luminaries A
serve to reveal crossing and turning traffic.
Figure K4. Crossroads

Key:
2) Major road
3) Minor road
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K5. Y-junctions and fork-junctions
K5.1 Y-junctions
Typical luminaire posit ions for a staggered arrangement at -junctions are shown in
Figure K5. These luminaries serve to reveal the junction in much the same way
as for T-junctions. Luminaire A reveals road layout and traffic movement along the
minor road.
NOTE. At a Y-junction on a wide road a lighting column on a refuge or traffic

island in the mouth of a wide entry road might be necessary in order to avoid
excessive luminaries spacing.
a) Y-junction with minor road on the right b) Y-junction with minor road on the left
Figure K5. Y -junctions
Key:
2) Major road
3) Minor road
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K5.2 Fork-junctions
A fork -junction may be lit as a bend with luminaries in the major road along the outer
kerb and at appropriately reduced major road design spacing. Typical luminaire.
positions for a staggered arrangement are shown in Figure K6.
NOTE. In order to span the minor road without exceeding this design spacing , there
might be situations where one luminaire has to be mounted on a longer bracket arm or
on a lighting column situated on' a refuge or traffic island in the mouth of the minor
road.
Figure K6. Fork -junctions
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K6. Junctions with triangular islands
In some junctions, traffic from the minor road might be separated from that on the
major road by a triangular island. Figure K7 indicates the possible arrangements of
luminaries where the minor road approaches the major road at an obtuse angle of 135°,
and Figure K8 where the minor road joins the major road at an acute angle of 45°.
Figure K7. Junctions with triangular island (minor road at obtuse angle)
Key:
2) Major road
3) Minor road
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Figure K8. Junctions with triangular island (minor road at acute angle)
Key:
2) Major road
3) Minor road
4) A and B can be al ternate positions, but B is preferred
5) C and D can be separate or combined posit ions, depending on the size of the
island
6) E and F can be separate or combined positions, depending on the size of the island
NOTE. The design spacing S relates to the major road.
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16.0 LIGHTING
K7. Junctions with ghost or traffic islands
Typical luminaire positions for a junction with ghost or traffic islands and right-turn
lanes are shown in Figure K9.
Figure K9. Junctions with ghost or traffic islands and right -turn lanes on the
major road
Key
2) Major road
3) Minor road
NOTE. The design spacing S relates to the major road.
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16.0 LIGHTING
K8. Roundabouts
K8.1 Central traffic island roundabouts
Figure K10 and Figure K11 give examples of typical luminaire positions for
central traffic island roundabouts with different numbers of access roads.
a) Single approach roads
b) Dual and single approach roads

Figure K10. Roundabouts at three -way junctions
Key
2) Central island
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Figure K11. Roundabouts at four -way junctions
Key
2) Central island
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K8.2 Mini-roundabouts
Figure K12 and Figure K13 give examples of typical luminaire position for mini-
roundabouts of different configurations.
Figure K12. Mini -roundabouts at T -junctions
Key
2) Central island
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Figure K13. Double mini -roundabouts (with large right -turning flows)
Key
2) Central island
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ATTACHMENT B
ATTACHMENT B
FLOWCHART OF JKR DESIGN PROCESS
Start Designing
Get Information on Road Profile :

• Limit of Works • Bridges
• Pedestrian Bridge • Elevated Structure
• Conflict Areas • Bus Stop
• Tunnel/Underpass • Junctions
• Median • No. of Lanes
• Width of Lanes • Setbacks
Determine the Electrical Scope :

• Street Lighting • Boundary of Maintenance
• Traffic Lights • Existing System
• Power Supply • Tunnel Lighting
• High Mast
Choose Lighting Class

• Lighting Class (ME1-6, CE0-5 & MEW1-5)
(Refer Table 16.1 – 16.4 : Panduan Teknik)
Obtain Photometric Data From Supplier With

These Requirements:
• Height of Lighting Pole (10m/12m)
• Luminaire Wattage (250W/400W)
• Type of Arrangement (Single-Sided/Opposite/
Staggered/Central Median)
• Arm Length (0.125m/1.5m/2.5m)
Check Photometric Data Output to Meet

Lighting Class Chosen:
• L, Average Luminance (cd/m²)
• U0, Overall Uniformity
• UL, Longitudinal Uniformity
• TI, Threshold Increment
• SR, Surround Ration
• µ, Maintenance Factor
(Refer Table 16.5 & 16.6 : Panduan Teknik)
Arrange Street Lighting Layout Based on

Typical Luminaire & Column Position as in
Annex K of MS 825:Part 1
(Refer Attachment A : Panduan Teknik)
Calculate Cable Voltage Drop For Street

Lighting (max 20V at the last pole) & Choose
The Cable Size
Design the Feeder Pillars
Send Detailed Design to RSA for Comments
End of Design
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CHAPTER LIGHTNING PROTECTION, SURGE

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17.0 PROTECTION AND EARTHING SYSTEM
17.1 Introduction
Lightning is one of nature’s most powerful and destructive phenomena. Lightning

discharges contain awesome amounts of electrical energy and have been measured from
several thousand amps to over 200,000 amps. Even though a lightning discharge is of a
very short duration, typically 200 microseconds, it is a very real cause of damage and
destruction.
The effects of a direct strike are obvious and immediately apparent such as buildings
damaged, trees blown apart, personal injuries and even death. However, the secondary
effects of lightning can caused overall performance of electronic systems severely
affected by lightning induced transients and switching actions, which give rise to
transient over voltages or surges.
A reliable lightning protection scheme must encompass both structural lightning

protection and transient over voltage (electronic systems) protection.
17.2 Lightning Statistic
The major role of lightning protection is to secure a structure from lightning damage by
intercepting flashes and guiding their currents to the ground. Since lightning tends to
strike at the highest object in the vicinity, rods are typically placed at the apex of a
structure and along its ridges; low-impedance copper conductor connects them to the
ground.
The isoceraunic map (lightning threats map) shown in Figure 17.1 below will depict the
number of lightning days per year where Malaysia stands as the world’s number 2
lightning hotspot and with an average of 240 lightning days per annum which is about
40 strikes per square kilometre per year.
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Figure 17.1: Malaysia Lightning Statistics
*Source: Meteorological Department, Malaysia

** ( ) denotes the number of lightning days per year
17.3 Effects of Lightning Strike
17.3.1 Electrical Effects
Main cause of lightning damage is HIGH CURRENT which in turn causes HIGH
VOLTAGES to arise on strickened or affected objects.
As the current is discharged through the resistance of the earth electrode of the lightning
protection system, it produces a resistive voltage drop which may momentarily raise the
potential of the protection system to a high value relative to true earth. It may also
produce around the earth electrode a high potential gradient dangerous to people and
animals.
The resulting voltage drop in the protection system is therefore the arithmetic sum of the
resistive and inductive voltage components. It can be derived by referring to a
simplified example as shown below:
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Where the values given are:
I = 20kA (over 75% of lightning strokes have currents greater than this)
R= 10 ohms, resistance or earth connection
L= 20mH, inductance of tower
17.3.2 Side-flashing
When a lightning protection system is struck, its electrical potential with respect to earth
is raised and, unless suitable precautions are taken, the discharge may seek alternative
paths to earth by side-flashing to other metal in the structure. There is therefore a risk
of flashover from the protection system to any other metal on or in the structure. If such
flashover occurs, part of the lightning current is discharged through internal
installations, such as pipes and wiring, and therefore constitutes a risk to the occupants
and the fabric of the structure.
There are two ways of preventing side-flashing namely:
a) Isolation
b) Bonding
Isolation requires large clearances between the lightning protection system and other
metal in the structure. The main drawbacks to isolation lie in the difficulty in obtaining
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and maintaining the necessary safe clearances and in ensuring that isolated metal has no
connection with the ground. In general, bonding is the more commonly used method.
17.3.3 Thermal effects
For the purposes of lightning protection, the thermal effect of a lightning discharge is
confined to the temperature rise of the conductor through which the current passes.
Although the current is high, its duration is short and the thermal effect on the
protection system is usually negligible.
In general, the cross-sectional area of a lightning conductor is chosen primarily to

satisfy the requirement for mechanical strength, which means that it is large enough to
keep the rise in temperature.
17.3.4 Mechanical effects
Where a high current is discharged along parallel conductors in close proximity of along
a single conductor with sharp bends, considerable mechanical forces are produced.
Secure mechanical fittings are therefore essential.
17.4 Component Parts
The principal components of lightning protection systems are as follows:
17.4.1 Air terminations
The primary function of air termination is to capture the lightning strike to a preferred
point, so that the discharge current can be safely directed via the down conductor(s) to
the grounding system.
The minimum dimension of lightning conductor to form the air termination is 20 x 2.5
mm (50 mm2). Copper and aluminium are the recommended materials for installations
required to have a long life. If there is any difficulty in the use of copper or aluminium,
galvanized steel strip of the same cross-section as that recommended for copper may be
used.
On a reinforced concrete structure, the air termination should be connected to the

reinforcing bars in the number of positions needed for down conductors.
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For buildings where the roof forms part of the air termination network, the minimum
thickness of metal used for roofing not less than those given in Table 17.1 below.
Table 17.1: Minimum Thickness of Sheet Metal Used For Roofing and Forming Part of
The Air Termination Network.
Material Minimum thickness, mm

Galvanized steel 0.5
Stainless steel 0.4
Copper 0.3
Aluminium and zinc 0.7
Lead 2.0
NOTE The figures in this table are based on contemporary building
practice and will be satisfactory where the roof forms part of lightning
protection system. However, damage by way of puncturing may occur
with a direct arc-connected strike.
17.4.2 Down conductors
The function of the down conductor is to provide a low impedance path from the air
termination to the ground system so that the lightning current can be safely conducted to
earth, without the development of excessively large voltages. In order to reduce the
possibility of dangerous sparking (side-flashing), the down conductor route(s) should be
as direct as possible with no sharp bends or stress points where the inductance, and
hence impedance, is increased under impulse conditions.
The position and spacing of down conductors on large structures is often governed by
architectural convenience. However, there should be one down conductor for each 20m
or part thereof of the perimeter at roof level or ground level, whichever is the greater.
Structures over 20m high should have one per 10m or part thereof.
17.4.3 Joints and Bonds
Any joint other than one of welded type represents a discontinuity in the current
conducting system and is susceptible to variation and failure. Accordingly, the
lightning protection system should have as few joints as possible. Therefore, joints
should be mechanically and electrically effective, e.g. clamped, screwed, and bolted,
riveted or welded. With overlapping joints, the overlap should be not less than 20mm
for all types of conductors.
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Bonds are used to join a variety of metallic parts of different shapes and compositions
and cannot therefore be of standard form. Because of their varied use and the risk of
corrosion, careful attention needs to be given to the metals involved, i.e. that of the bond
and of the items being bonded.
17.4.4 Test joints.
Each down conductor should be provided with a test joint in such a position that, whilst
not inviting unauthorized interference, it is convenient for tests. Plates indicating the
position, number and type of earth electrodes should be fitted above each test point.
17.4.5 Earth termination
When dealing with the dispersion of the lightning current (high frequency behaviour)
into the ground, whilst minimizing any potentially dangerous over voltages, the shape
and dimensions of the earth-termination system are the important criteria. In general, a
low earthing resistance (if possible lower than 10 ohm when measured at low
frequency) is recommended.
Based on British Standard BS 6651:1999, the whole of the earth termination network
should have a combined resistance to earth not exceeding 10ohms without taking
account of any bonding to other services. If the value obtained for the whole of the
lightning protection system exceeds 10 ohms, a reduction can be achieved by extending
or adding to the electrodes or by interconnecting the individual earth electrodes of the
down conductors by a conductor installed at least 0.6m below the ground, sometimes
referred to as a ring earth electrode.
From the viewpoint of lightning protection, a single integrated structure earth-

termination system is preferable an is suitable for all purposes (i.e. lightning protection,
power systems and telecommunication systems).
17.4.6 Earth electrodes
Earth electrodes should consist of metal rods, tubes or strips or a combination of these.
Interconnected reinforcing steel in concrete foundations or other suitable underground
metal structures should preferably be used as an earth electrode. When metallic
reinforcement in concrete is used as an earth electrode, special care shall be exercised at
the interconnections to prevent mechanical splitting of the concrete.
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17.5 Management Of The Lightning Protection System
A good engineering practice in any system to be selected has to carefully include the
Risk Assessment analysis based on lightning localized parameter, level of protection
required, type of structures to be protected, area of coverage, bonding selection to the
other system, organized supervision during installation, monitoring for system
performance and maintenance aspect of the system during the operation.
17.5.1 Direct Strike Protection System
‘Zone of protection’ is the volume within which a lightning conductor gives protection
against a direct lightning strike by directing the strike to it. For the design of the air-
termination system, the following methods should be used, independently or in any
combination, providing that the zones of protection afforded by different parts of the
air-termination overlap and ensure that structure is entirely protected.
i) protective angle method;

ii) rolling sphere method;
iii) Mesh method.
i) Protective angle method
Air termination conductors, rods, masts and wires should be positioned so that all
parts of the structure to be protected are inside the envelope surface generated by
projecting points on the air-termination conductors to the reference plane, at a
protective angle to the vertical in all directions.
Figure 17.2 below shows the volume protected by a vertical rod is assumed to
have the shape of a right circular cone with the vertex placed on the air-
termination axis.
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Figure 17.2: Volume Protected by a Vertical Rod
Key
A tip of an air-termination rod
B reference plane
OC radius of protected area
h1 height of an air-termination rod above the reference plane of the area to
be protected.
α protective angle
For structures not exceeding 20 m in height, the angle between the side of the
cone and the vertical at the apex of the cone is known as the protective angle. For
the practical purpose of providing an acceptable degree of protection for an
ordinary structure up to 20 m high and up to a height of 20 m for a higher
structure, the protective angle of any single component part of an air termination
network, namely either one vertical or one horizontal conductor, is considered to
be 45◦. Between two or more vertical conductors, spaced at a distance not
exceeding twice their height, the equivalent protective angle may, as an exception,
be taken as 60◦ to the vertical.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 17.3: Protective Angles and Zone of Protection for Various Forms of Air
Termination
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ii) Rolling Sphere method
Rolling sphere method may be used to identify non-protected parts of tall,

complex structures. For structures exceeding 20 m in height, the protective angle
of any conductors up to the height of 20 m would be similar to that for lower
structures. However, if there is a possibility of such buildings being struck on the
side, it is recommended that the protected volume is determined using rolling
sphere method.
On all structures higher than the rolling sphere radius r, flashes to the side of
structure may occur. Each lateral point of the structure touched by the rolling
sphere is a possible point of strike. However, the probability for flashes to the
sides is generally negligible for structures lower than 60 m.
In general, the smaller the size of the sphere, the greater the protection but the
more costly the installation. Sizes from 20 m to 60 m have been recommended but
BS 6651 recommended that calculations should normally be based on a sphere of
radius 60 m. However, a sphere of radius 20 m should be used for buildings with
explosive or highly flammable contents or which contain sensitive electronic
equipment.
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iii) Mesh method
Method used for protecting large area of flat roof whereby the network of the air-
termination is recommended to be in the form of a grid to reduce the effect of
flashover caused by large induction loops.
Air termination networks may consist of vertical or horizontal conductors or

combination of both. No part of the roof should be more than 5m from the nearest
horizontal conductor except an additional 1 m may be allowed for each metre by
which the part to be protected is below the nearest conductor. For large flat roofs,
this is achieved typically by use of an air termination network mesh of
approximately 10m x 20m. Various forms of air termination are given in Figure
17.4 and 17.5.
Figure 17.4: Air Termination for A Flat Roof
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Figure 17.5: Air Terminations and Concealed Conductors for Buildings Less Than 20m
High With High Sloping Roofs
These are examples of air terminations for various sizes of roof, but the criteria to be
met when designing the roof network are:
 no part of the roof should be greater than 5 m from the nearest conductor.
 a 20 m x 10 m mesh should be maintained.
17.5.2 Transient Over voltage (Electronic Systems) Protection
When lightning strikes a building, transients are generated on adjacent power, data,
telephone and/or RF lines. As these transients pass through electronic equipment on
their way to earth, they can cause both immediate damage or longer term component
degradation.
Today our electronic systems are intrinsically connected to the outside world; not only
by mains power cables, but also through data and telephone lines, RF feeders, etc.
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Transient over voltages from lightning activity up to 1 km away can destroy electronic
equipment inside a building, even when the building itself has not been struck.
Transient over voltages are large, very brief and potentially destructive increases in
voltage. It can be caused by:
i) Resistive coupling: the most common cause of transient over voltages and it will
affect both underground and overhead lines. Resistively coupled transients occur
when a lightning strike raises the electrical potential of one or more of a group of
electrically interconnected buildings (or structures). Common examples of
electrical interconnections are :
 power feeds from substation to building or building to building.

 power supplies from the building to external lighting, CCTV or security
equipment.
 telephone lines from the exchange to the building or between building
telephone lines.
 between building LANs or data communication lines.
 Signal or power lines from a building to external or field based sensors.
ii) Inductive coupling: is a magnetic field transformer effect between lightning and
cables. A lightning discharge is an enormous current flow and whenever a current
flows, an electromagnetic field is created around it. If power or data cabling
passes through this magnetic field, then a voltage will be picked-up by, or induced
onto it.
iii) Current injection from a direct strike: direct lightning strikes to installation wiring
or exposed electrical systems such as sensor heads or aerials may inject sufficient
current into the wires to cause explosive vaporization. This can cause
considerable physical damage to the installation wiring over a considerable length.
iv) Owing to the very high voltages associated with direct injection, damage to other
circuits is possible as a result of high voltage breakdown and flashover on the
terminal blocks, plugs and sockets, etc. so injecting large currents or voltages into
the other circuits and causing multiple failures in them.
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17.6 Surge Protection Devices (SPD) and Location Categories
Surge Protection Devices limit the transient voltage to a level which is safe for the
equipment they protect by conducting the large surge current safely to ground through
the earth conductor system. Current flows past, rather than through, the protected
equipment and the SPD thereby diverts the surge.
The SPD limits both common and difference mode voltages to the equipment. The
voltage which the equipment receives during a surge is called the ‘limiting’ or ‘let-
through’ voltage.
17.6.1 Let-Through Voltage
The larger the transient voltage reaching the electronic equipment, the greater the risk of
interference, physical damage hence system downtime. Therefore, the transient over
voltage let through the protector should be as low as possible as and certainly lower
than the level at which interference or component degradation may occur.
Thus, a good surge protection device must have a low let-through voltage between
every pair of conductors. More importantly, since lightning is a multiple event, the
surge protection device must be able to withstand repeated transient over voltages.
Let-through voltage should be quoted for a relevant standard test.
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17.6.2 Mode of Protection
A transient over voltages can exist between any pair of conductors:
 Phase to neutral, phase to earth and neutral to earth on mains power supplies.
 Line to line and line(s) to earth on data communication, signal and telephone
lines.
Thus, the transient over voltage protection devices should have a low let-through
voltage for all combinations of conductors as shown in Figure below.
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Three categories of protection are addressed in mains power, and their locations are as
follows:
 Location Category C
Surge protection devices installed in the following locations fall into category C.
i) on the supply side of incoming power distribution boards/switchgear (i.e.

boards that bring power into a building, from the supply authority, HV/LV
transformer or another building)
ii) on the load side of outgoing power distribution boards/switchgear (i.e.
boards that take power to other buildings, external lights, pumps etc.);
iii) on the outside of a building.
 Location Category B
Protection devices installed in the following locations fall into category B:
i) on a power distribution system, between the load side of the incoming mains
power distribution board/switchgear and supply side of a socket outlet/fused
connection unit;
ii) within apparatus that is not fed via a socket outlet/fused connection unit;
iii) load side of socket outlets/fused connection units located less than a 20m
cable run from category C.
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 Location Category A
Protection devices installed on the load side of socket outlets/fused connection

units and more than a 20m cable run from category C, fall into category A.
Category A does not appear in small buildings where socket outlets are all less
than 20m from category C.
Within a given location category, the severity levels of the transients encountered
will increase as risk of transients occurring increases. This can be represented by
the system exposure level, which in turn can be derived from the Risk
Assessment.
17.7 Earthing System
17.7.1 Connection of Lightning & Earthing System
A. Separate Lightning & System Earths
1 Strong likelihood of flashover to unbounded equipment connected to system earth

as there exists potential differences.
Voltage at system earth will still rise, due to close proximity of lightning and
2 system earth, but perhaps to a smaller value as compared to case when the earths
are common.
Therefore, the probability of flashover to line and neutral 3 of power supply line
3
is not eliminated.
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B. Common Lightning & System Earths
Likelihood of flashover to line and neutral of power supply line when voltage on
1
earth system (i.e. lightning protection & system earth) rises – as the neutral is
remotely earthed at the Utility substation.
Advantages:
 Little likelihood of side flashes to earthed objects/appliances in the premises.

 A much lower overall earthing resistance.
17.7.2 Coordination of Earthing Systems
It is POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES set up between and in systems which cause

propagation of surge voltages.
 Direct lightning strikes to structures housing equipment systems will cause

potential rises and hence potential differences.
 Entry of lightning currents into the earth will cause Ground Potential Rises (GPR)
and hence Ground Potential Differences (GPD).
To reduce/eliminate GPD, we implement POTENTIAL EQUALIZATION. This can be

achieved by:
 A closed metal box or Faraday cage

 A zero Potential reference grid (ZPRG)
 Bonding between various earth systems.
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Figure 17.6: A Metal Box Used As A Faraday Cage
17.7.3 The Ideal Earthing System
Salient points / requirements of the ideal system which virtually eliminates problems
with surges (next best thing to a closed metal box) are:
a) All equipment is metal-cased

b) All equipment sits directly on a metal sheet to which it is electrically bonded.
c) Everything shares the same low-impedance zero volt reference.
d) For good measure, the metal ‘earth plane’ is at ground level and connected to
ground by a system of rods driven into the soil so that it is at local ground
potential.
e) There is no connection to other electronic systems.
f) The system is physically small; a few square metres at most, so making the
likelihood of a direct strike negligible.
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However, real systems inevitably have cables connected to its systems from the
‘external world’ making a less than ideal system. The connected cables can be mains
power, telephone, telemetry, antennas, computer networks, external lighting power
cables, etc. Voltage surges can be transmitted to and from the equipment via these
cables by potential differences generated.
Therefore, SPDs are required to limit both COMMON and DIFFERENTIAL mode
voltages to the equipment.
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CHAPTER ENERGY EFFICIENCY GUIDELINES FOR

Page : C18/ 1 of 1
18.0 CKE DESIGN
Refer to Energy Efficiency Guidelines for CKE Design [CKE.GP.04.01.(01).2010]
PANDUAN TEKNIK
.
UNITINSPEKTORATDAN PENGURUSAN TENAGA
CAWANGANKEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
IBU PEJABATJKR MALAYSIA
ENERGYEFFIGIENCY
FORGKEDESIGN
GUIDELINES
Approvedby:
Name : lr. Hj.MohdFazliBinOsman
Designation
: PengarahPerkhidmatan
Pakar, Designation
: PengarahKanan,
CawanganKejuruteraan
Elektrik CawanganKejuruteraan
Elektrik
ff
Date : tt//O12oto Date : l{ro/ro
.
CKE.GP.04. 01.(01).2010
Issue : 1
ENERGY EFFICIENCY GUIDELINES Date Issued : 7 March 2008
FOR CKE DESIGN
Revision : 1
Date : 12 October 2010
Page: 1 of 29
Contents Page
1.0 Introduction 3
1.1 Scope 3
1.2 Objective 3
1.3 Responsibility 3
1.4 Method of Compliance 3
2.0 Integrated Design Approach 3
3.0 Lighting Design 4
3.1 Types of Lighting 4
3.2 Electronic Ballast for Fluorescent Lighting 5
3.3 Electromagnetic Ballast 6
3.4 Design Criteria 6
3.4.1 Luminous Environment 6
3.4.2 Luminance Distribution 7
3.4.3 Illuminance 8
3.4.4 Daylight 11
3.4.5 General Principles of Efficient Lighting Practice 11
3.5 Efficiency & Efficacy of Luminance 12
3.6 Lighting Controls 12
3.7 Lighting Zones Control 12
3.8 Guideline for Best Practice 13
UNIT INSPEKTORAT DAN PENGURUSAN TENAGA

CAWANGAN KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK, IBU PEJABAT JKR MALAYSIA
TINGKAT 10, CENTREPOINT NORTH, THE BOULEVARD, MID VALLEY CITY, 59200 KUALA LUMPUR
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Contents Page
4.0 Sub Metering 13
5.0 Transformers Design 14
5.1 Types of Transformer 15
5.2 Parts of Transformer 15
5.3 Types of Transformer Losses 15
5.4 Guidelines on Selection of Transformers 16
5.5 Guidelines on Efficient Utilization of Transformers 16
5.6 Location of Distribution Transformers 17
5.7 JKR Specification in Transformers Design 17
6.0 Renewable Energy 19
7.0 Suggested Methods for Energy Efficiency by Others in JKR 19
7.1 Building Design Specification 19
7.2 Maximise Daylighting / Natural Lighting Used 19
7.3 Energy Efficient Office Equipment and Plug Loads 20
7.4 Energy Efficient ACMV System 20
7.5 Energy Management System (EMS) 21
7.6 Awareness 21
Appendices

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1.0 Introduction
Energy Efficiency (EE) in the JKR context means the efficient utilization of
energy during the operational lifespan of a building where the comfort of its
occupants is not compromised nor sacrificed. Initially EE can be achieved by
wisely taking various energy saving measures during the design stage of the
building. In projects designed by JKR, energy in buildings is associated mainly
with electricity. Often this is mistakenly taken to imply that EE is the sole
responsibility of electrical engineers. In reality, anything that leads to the
eventual end-use of electricity is related to EE in buildings.
1.1 Scope
The guidelines apply to electrical installations for non-residential buildings

either it is a conventional design or design and build such as the peak design
rate of electrical energy usage for all purposes is greater than 10W/m² of gross
floor area.
1.2 Objective
The objective of these guidelines is to ensure that electrical system design

comply with the minimum requirements of MS 1525:2007- Code of Practice on
Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings
(First Revision).
1.3 Responsibility
Head of Design Team (HODT) is responsible for ensuring adherence to these

guidelines.
1.4 Method of Compliance
HODT shall use the EE checklist as in Appendix 3 together with these

guidelines. This checklist shall be submitted during Design Verification and
attached with JKR.PK Form(O).02-2 (Form Review / Verification / Validation).
2.0 Integrated Design Approach
Integrated building design is a process of design in which multiple disciplines

and seemingly unrelated aspects of design are integrated in a manner that
permits synergistic benefits to be realized. The goal is to achieve high
performance and multiple benefits at a lower cost than the total for all the
components combined. This process often includes integrating green design

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strategies into conventional design criteria for building form, function,

performance and cost.
EE in JKR constructed building can be achieved by applying both passive and

active design strategies.
Passive design strategies includes adopting design measures such as building

orientation and shape, site planning, selection of building envelope wall and
roof materials with low thermal mass conductivity, building shading design,
window type and design, type of glazing, daylight harvesting strategy, using
natural ventilation and good landscaping design.
While active design strategies refers to selecting energy efficiency equipment,

utilities systems, control system and strategy that result in direct reduction in
the building energy running costs. This includes using high efficiency Air
Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) system, such as using
Variable Air Volume (VAV) or chilled beam air condition technologies; using
high efficiency motors, pumps and fans, Variable Speed Drivers (VSDs) with
motor driving pumps and fans with variable loads; use of high efficient lighting
system and occupancy sensor and use of effective control system such as
Building Automation System (BAS).
Cawangan Kejuruteraan Elektrik focuses mainly on active design strategy

which includes electric lighting design. Hence, this guideline is developed to
accommodate the strategy.
3.0 Lighting Design
3.1 Types of Lighting
There are many types of lighting products including light bulbs, lamps, ballast,
fluorescent lamps and fluorescent fixtures, troffers, track light, emergency
fixtures, batteries, incandescent lighting, high intensity discharge (HID) lamps
and fixtures, rope lights, mercury lamps, dimmers and other products for area
lighting.
For domestic and industrial use, the selection of lighting, in term of wattage
and colour rendering, is important in ensuring the right environment for a
working area and the efficient utilization of energy, without jeopardizing any
visual elements.

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Several Types of Energy Efficient Light
3.2 Electronic Ballast for Fluorescent Lighting
Although electronic ballast saves substantial amount of energy, it is not widely

used to replace the relatively energy-inefficient standard electromagnetic
ballast because of its higher cost.
Electronic ballast gives significant energy savings with fluorescent lighting,

typically reducing power consumption by around 25%. Electronic ballasts are
designed to last 10 to 15 years lifetime with long burning times and low
switching frequencies. They are more compact and 60% lighter weight than
electromagnetic ballasts.
Using electronic ballasts give freedom from the 50Hz lamp flicker, making
lighting much easier on the eyes. There is no audible hum and lower heat
generation, contributing to improved working conditions. Lamp starting is
instantaneous; these ballasts also prevent stroboscopic effects which can be
dangerous where rotating machinery is used.

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Several Types of Energy Efficient Electronic Ballasts
3.3 Electromagnetic Ballast
The type of electromagnetic ballast must be energy efficient and energy

saving. The Code of Practice has called for fluorescent ballast loss not to
exceed 6.0 W in accordance to MS IEC 60929:1995.
3.4 Design Criteria
3.4.1 Luminous Environment
Good lighting practice for workplace is more than just providing good task
visibility. It is essential that tasks are performed easily and in comfort. Thus,
the lighting must satisfy the quantitative and qualitative aspects demanded by
the environment. In general lighting is to ensure:
i. visual comfort, where the workers have a feeling of well-being

ii. visual performance, where the workers are able to perform their visual
tasks, speedily, and accurately, even under difficult circumstances and
during long periods
iii. visual safety, to see one’s way around the detect hazards.
Accordingly, to have a good lighting design, the following criteria should be

taken into consideration:
i. Luminous environment

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ii. Luminance distribution

iii. Illuminance
iv. Glare
v. Directionality of light
vi. Colour aspects of light and surfaces
vii. Flicker
viii. Daylight
ix. Maintenance
Design values for the quantifiable parameters of illuminance, discomfort, glare

and colour rendering are presented in Appendix 1.
3.4.2 Luminance Distribution
The luminance distribution in the field of view controls the adaptation level of
the eyes, which affect task visibility. A well-balanced adaptation luminance is
needed to increase:
i. visual acuity (sharpness of vision)
ii. contrast sensitivity (discrimination of relatively small luminance
differences)
iii. efficiency of the ocular functions (such as accommodation,
convergence, papillary contraction, eye movements, etc.)
Diverse luminance distribution in the field of view also affects visual comfort
and should be avoided:
i. too high luminance can give rise to glare

ii. too high luminance contrasts will cause visual fatigue due to continuous
re-adaptation of the eyes
iii. too low luminance and too low luminance contrasts results in a dull and
non-stimulating working environment
iv. attention should be given to adaptation in moving from zone to zone
within a building
The luminance of all surfaces is important and will be determined by the

reflectance of and the illuminance of the surfaces. The range of useful
reflectance for the major interior surfaces is given in Table 1 below.
No Interior Surfaces Range of Useful Reflectance

1 Ceiling 0.6 – 0.9
2 Walls 0.3 – 0.8
3 Working Planes 0.2 – 0.6
4 Floor 0.1 – 0.5
Table 1: Range of useful reflectance for the major interior surfaces

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3.4.3 Illuminance
The illuminance and its distribution on the tasks areas and the surrounding
area have a major impact on how quickly, safely and comfortably a person
perceives and carries out the visual task. For spaces where the specific area is
unknown, the area where the task may occur is taken as the task area.
All value of illuminance specified in this guideline are maintained illuminance

and will provide for visual safety at work and visual performance needs. The
details of this can be referred to Appendix 2
3.4.3.1 Recommended illuminance at the task area
The values given in Appendix 2 are the maintained illuminance over the task
area on the reference surface which may be horizontal, vertical or inclined.
The average illuminance for each task shall not fall below the value given in
Appendix 2 regardless of the age and condition of the installation. The values
are valid for normal visual conditions and take into account the following
factors:
i. requirement for visual tasks

ii. safety
iii. psycho-physiological aspects such as visual comfort and well-being
iv. economy
v. practical experience.
The value of illuminance may be adjusted, by at least one step on the scale of
illuminance, if the visual conditions differ from the normal assumptions. The
illuminance should be increased when:
i. unusually low contrasts are present in the task

ii. visual work is critical
iii. errors are costly to rectify
iv. accuracy or higher productivity is of great importance
v. the visual capacity of the worker is below normal.
The required maintained illuminance may be decreased when:
i. the details are of an unusually large size or high contrast

ii. the task is undertaken for an unusually short time.
In area where continuous work is carried out, the maintained illuminance shall
not be less than 200 lux.

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3.4.3.2 Scale of illuminance
A factor of approximately 1.5 represents the smallest significant difference in

subjective effect of illuminance. In normal lighting conditions, approximately 20
lux of horizontal illuminance is required to just discern features of the human
face and s the lowest value taken for the scale of illuminance. The
recommended scale of illuminance is:
20 – 30 – 50 – 75 – 100 – 200 – 300 – 500 – 750 – 1000 – 1500 – 2000 –

3000 – 5000 lux.
3.4.3.3 Illuminance of immediate surroundings
The illuminance of the immediate surroundings areas shall be related to the

illuminance of the tasks area and should provide a well-balanced illuminance
distribution in the field of view. Rapid spatial changes in luminance around the
tasks area may lead to visual stress and discomfort.
The maintained illuminance of the immediate surroundings areas may be lower

than the tasks illuminance but shall not be less than the values given in the
table below.
Illuminance of immediate
Task illuminance lux surrounding lux
≥750 500
500 300
300 200
≤200 Same as task illuminance
Table 2: Illuminance of immediate surroundings and task illuminance
3.4.3.4 Uniformity
The uniformity of the illuminance is the ratio of the minimum to average value.
The illuminance should change gradually. The task area should be illuminated
as uniformly as possible. The uniformity of the task illuminance shall not be
less than 0.7. The uniformity of the illuminance of the immediate surrounding
areas shall be not less than 0.5.

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3.4.3.5 Colour aspects
The colour qualities of a near-white lamp are characterized by two attributes:
i. The colour appearance of the lamp itself

ii. Its colour rendering capabilities, which affect the colour appearance of
objects and persons illuminated by the lamp.
These two attributes must be considered separately.
Colour Appearance
The variation in the amount of colours within a light mixture affects the
appearance of the light in terms of its relative ‘warmness’ or ‘coolness’. To
describe this ‘warmness’ and ‘coolness’ of the colour of the light sources, the
term ‘colour temperature’ is used.
Colour Temperature or Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) due to its

theoretical basis in the study of ‘black body’ radiation should apply only to
source with a continuous spectrum (such as incandescent lamps and natural
light). However, for light sources with non continuous spectral distribution
(such as fluorescent lamps where the spectrum consists of peaks of energy),
CCT is used mainly on an empirical sense (i.e. in a very ‘near approximate’
sense).
Colour Rendering
A more common method of characterizing light sources by its colour is the

Colour Rendering Index (CRI). The CRI compares the spectral energy content
of a light source to that of a standard reference source with full spectrum. The
CRI value is the numerical value and is 100 for full-spectrum natural white-
light. Incandescent lights are considered nearly white and have CRI close to
100. Most lights have CRI typically in the range of 20 – 80.
The CRI model is not a perfect model and should only be used to compare
light source with the same colour temperature. For example, (about) 6000K
daylight fluorescent and clear mercury has CRI of 76 and 22 respectively. The
daylight fluorescent will therefore render colours better than clear mercury. The
difference between a 3400K tungsten halogen with CRI 99 and an ordinary
2800K incandescent with CRI 92 can usually also be differentiated by most
observers. Despite the small difference in CRI values, the tungsten halogen
will render colours more vividly compared to the ordinary incandescent. Colour
rendering is important especially in the case of (building) façade and
monument building.
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3.4.4 Daylight
Daylight may provide all or part of the lighting for visual tasks. Daylight may
create a specific modeling and luminance distribution due to its nearly
horizontal flow from side windows. Daylight can also be provided by roof lights
and other fenestration elements. An automatic or manual switching or dimming
of the lamps is required during day time depending on the visual acceptance
limit.
3.4.5 General Principles of Efficient Lighting Practice
Lighting must provide a suitable visual environment within a particular space,

i.e. sufficient and suitable lighting for the performance of a range of tasks and
provision of a desired appearance.
The maintained illuminance levels for general building areas are as given in
Appendix 2.
Lighting load shall not exceed the corresponding maximum value as listed in
Table 3.
Max. lighting power

Building Types / Space
(W / m²)
Restaurants 15
Offices 15
Classrooms / Lecture Theatres 15
Auditoriums / Concrete Halls 15
Hotel / Motel Guest Rooms 15
Lobbies / Atriums / Concourse 20
Supermarkets / Department
25
Stores / Shops
Stores / Warehouses / Stairs /
10
Corridors / Lavatories
Car Park 5
Table 3: Maximum allowable power (including ballast loss) for

illuminance systems

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3.5 Efficiency & Efficacy of Luminance
The efficiency of a light source depends to large extent on how efficient

(L.O.R) and performance of the lighting fixtures.
A lamp that produces 20 lumens / watt, when installed, may actually distribute
only 10 lumens when covered by dust.
3.6 Lighting Controls
All lighting systems except those required for emergency or exit lighting should
be provided with manual, automatic or programmable controls. For lighting
loads exceeding 100 kW automatic controls should be provided.
3.7 Lighting Zones Control
All spaces enclosed by wall and ceiling height partitions shall be provided with
at least one operated on-off lighting control for each room.
Switch to compacts fluorescent light bulbs, in areas where lights are left on for
long periods of time, or in difficult to reach places.
One switch is provided for each task or group of task within an area of 30 m² or
less. Lighting switch must possibly next to exit door.
The total number of switches shall be at least one switch for each 1kW of
connected load.
Used of a separate circuit where day light can be use and alternate switching
to optimize the use of lighting. In typical side lighting design with window along
one wall it is best to place the luminaries in rows parallel to the window wall
and circuited so that the row nearest the windows will be the first to dim or
switch off followed by successive rows.
Automatic ‘on’ / ‘off‘control switches are required for areas of infrequent use by
using lighting sensors.
For commercial building and offices, lighting in low occupancy area, i.e. M & E
plant rooms, store rooms, meeting rooms, and any other identified areas, an
automatic control system equipped with sensor shall be placed in order to
reduce the energy consumption at that particular area.
For landscaping area in condominiums and apartments, lighting shall be

switched of 30% after 12:00 am due to low occupancy in these areas.

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3.8 Guideline for Best Practice
i. Maintenance
Maintained illuminance depends on the maintenance characteristic of the

lamp, the luminaire, the environment and maintenance programme. The
lighting scheme should be designed with overall maintenance factor calculated
for the selected lighting equipment, space environment and specified
maintenance schedule. The calculated maintenance factor should not be less
than 0.70.
Best practice guideline is established for periodical maintenance and

appropriate selection and usage of lighting equipment.
ii. Determination of Lighting Efficiency
Lighting power consumption in term of kWh is determined as follows:
Average luminance Area, A

on working place, E
X (m²)
Consumption power Operating

X X Hour, T(h)
per lighting (kW)
Luminance Criteria for
flux per X X Maintenance
rational use
one lamp, rate, M
of energy
Ф(m)
4.0 Sub Metering
Electrical energy meters shall be provided for all energy uses of ≥100kVA and
shall be installed at strategic load centres to monitor energy consumption of
key building services such as the outgoing sub-circuits serving, but not limited
to the following:
a) Central air-conditioning system
b) Lifts
c) Major water pumping system
d) Plug loads
e) Lightings
These sub-meters shall be linked to the Energy Management System (EMS)

for monitoring and recording, and control where appropriate, and refer also to
Content 8.5.
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Example of Sub Metering Schematic Diagram
5.0 Transformers Design
The Electrical Supply Industry (ESI) uses transformers in the generation,

transmission and distribution sectors. Decision to purchase what type of
transformers is more of economics where one must compare the higher initial
capital cost to purchase higher energy efficient transformers with the cost of
the losses of lower efficient transformers over time.
Increased cost of energy results in energy conservation and usage of energy-

efficient equipment. Improvement of transformer efficiency results in savings
from reduction in
losses, which will lead to reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels to

produce the electrical energy, thereby resulting in improved conservation of
natural resources towards sustainable development.
This guideline sets out the minimum requirements for achieving energy
efficient design and installation of power transformer without sacrificing safety,
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reliability and quality. The guideline provides guidance on specification,

selection, efficiencies and efficient utilization of liquid-filled transformers. It also
provides guidance on best practice in the design, operation and maintenance
of power transformers.
5.1 Types of Transformer
A Power Transformer is a static piece of apparatus with two or more windings

which, by electromagnetic induction, transforms a system of alternating voltage
and current into another system of voltage and current usually of different
values and at the same frequency for the purpose of transmitting electrical
power.
Transformers are generally classified into two categories as follows:
a) Liquid (Oil) Filled Transformer
A transformer of which the magnetic circuit and windings are immersed

in an insulating liquid (for this guideline, it may be any insulating liquid,
mineral oil or other product) is regarded as oil-filled transformer.
b) Dry Type Transformer:
A transformer of which the magnetic circuit and windings are not

immersed in an insulating liquid is regarded as dry type transformer.
5.2 Parts of Transformer
The transformer essentially consists of the following parts:
a) Magnetic core
b) Windings
c) Insulation
d) Tank
e) Cooling system
f) Bushings
g) Tap-changers
5.3 Types of Transformers Losses
Transformers losses can be broadly classified into 2 categories as follows:
a) No-load losses consists of the following components:

i) Hysteresis losses in core laminations
ii) Eddy current losses
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iii) I²R losses due to no load currents

iv) Stray losses
v) Dielectric losses
b) Load losses consists of the following components:

i) Losses in windings due to load current flow
ii) Conductor eddy current losses
iii) Losses at auxiliaries
5.4 Guidelines on Selection of Transformers
The following are the selection criteria:
a) The type of transformer

b) Voltage transformation ratio
c) The winding connection and vector group
d) The impulse withstand voltage
e) The impedance voltage
f) Flux density
g) The transformer losses and transformer efficiency
h) The tapping range
i) Limits of temperature rise
j) Class of winding insulation
k) Noise
l) Design and construction
5.5 Guideline on Efficient Utilization of Transformer
The following are the engineering considerations for the efficient utilization of
transformers:
a) Sizing of capacity
b) Balanced loading of transformers operating in parallel
c) Load factor
d) Transformer impedance
e) Design and construction
f) Effects of power quality and harmonics
g) Choices of transformer core materials
h) Techno-Economic Life Cycle Costs

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5.6 Location of Distribution Transformers
Location of distribution transformers should comply with table below:
Load fed by Transformers Distance of Transformer from Load

Centres
> 600 A Not more than 20 meters
300 A to 600 A Not more than 100 meters
5.7 JKR Specification in Transformers Design
5.7.1 The 33/11kV transformers shall be suitable for conditions operation on a three
phase 50 Hz high voltage transmission system at the voltage specified and,
unless specifically stated otherwise, the neutral earthing conditions for these
systems will be as follows:
0.415kV Solidly earthed
11kV Solid or resistance earthed
33kV Solid or resistance earthed
5.7.2 The transformers shall be of low iron loss and low copper loss cast resin dry
type complying with the relevant Malaysian Standard or IEC
recommendations.
5.7.3 The air conditioning plus the other mechanical system shall be supplied by its
own transformer.
5.7.4 The no-load loss, load loss and total losses shall not exceed the values
specified in table below. The tolerance shall be in accordance with MS IEC
60076-1, which allows +10% on total losses, and +15% on no-load and load
losses, provided that the tolerance for total losses is not exceeded.
Dry-type
Rated Power No Load Loss On-Load Loss Total Losses
(kVA) (W)* (W)* (W)*
400 810 4520 5330
500 840 5350 6190
630 1140 5910 7050
800 1420 5500 6920
1000 1580 6650 8230
1250 1880 8170 10050
1600 2290 9650 11940
2000 2860 12940 15800
2500 3330 14990 18320
۫
(at 120۫
C)

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Oil-Filled
Rated Power No-Load Loss On-Load Loss Total Losses
(kVA) (W)* (W)* (W)*
100 300 1500 1800
300 600 2800 3400
500 1000 4100 5100
750 1200 6000 7200
1000 1400 7000 8400
5.7.5 Power transformer loadings shall not exceed 70% of rated capacity under
normal conditions. The choice of power transformer sizes shall take into
consideration harmonics as well as current and future fault levels. There shall
be provision for forced cooling of the transformer.
5.7.6 The transformer Test to be carried out shall cover but not limited to the
following:-
1. Routine Tests
a) Induced voltage dielectric test
b) Applied voltage dielectric test
c) Measurement of no-load losses and the no-load current
d) Measurement of the resistance of MV and LV windings
e) Measurement of the impedance voltage and load losses
f) Measurement of the transformation ratio and verification of the

vector group
2. Type Tests
a) The temperature rise test
b) The lightning impulse test
3. Special Tests
a) Measurement of the partial discharge level
b) Measurement of the noise level

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5.7.7 Adequate ventilation system shall be provided for the Transformer Room.
6.0 Renewable Energy
Cawangan Kejuruteraan Elektrik shall drive the adoption of renewable energy

(RE) in the built environment as an effort to support RE policy in Malaysia and
to offer an alternative way to produce energy which is sustainable.
Potential RE project shall be assessed by the availability and reliability of the

resources i.e solar, wind, geothermal, low-impact hydro, biomass and others.
Generation of renewable electricity using photovoltaic (PV) system is highly
recommended in the Malaysian climate. It can be either grid connected or off-

grid system. Solar PV panels can be attached to pitched roofs or flat roofs,
fixed vertically onto external walls or located on the ground. They should work
efficiently in most locations as long as no part of the panel is shaded from the
sun.
If PV system is to consider in the design, as of minimum requirement, it is

suggested to estimate the installed power capacity (kWp) where 0.5 % (of
total) or 5 kWp (of PV) whichever is the greater, of the total electricity
consumption is generated by renewable energy. However, the designers are
encouraged to design and install a bigger PV system capacity if it does not
cause cost overruns for the whole project.
7.0 Suggested Methods for Energy Efficiency by Others in JKR
7.1 Building Design Specification
The nature of the building environment is an important factor in the design of

the lighting system. If dark colours are used on walls, floors and ceilings, the
result is decreased light level as more light is absorbed by the dark surfaces.
Using light colours instead can allow the removal of lamps in some cases.
7.2 Maximise Daylighting / Natural Lighting Used
In this stage, the electrical designers should coordinate the electrical lighting
system with the day lighting design proposed by the architect.
For a place that is opened to the sunlight, there should enclose a lux sensor /
light control system to limit the glare entering the workstation to avoid errors,
fatigue and accidents.
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Wherever possible, use “natural lighting”. Choose transparent roof material,

which is easy to clean and will not darken under the action of sunlight.
Clean the “reflector” portion of the fluorescent light fittings to maintain the
available light output.
Task or area lighting may be used in some cases where only a small area of a
building needs higher lighting levels. Therefore, an efficient use of lighting is
applicable; however it must not compromise the visual aspects of a lighting
installation simply to reduce the energy consumption.
Factors such as glare or stray reflections should also be taken into account.
They can have an impact on productivity as well as on the energy efficiency of
the system.
7.3 Energy Efficient Office Equipment and Plug Loads
Except in Design & Build contracts, the purchase of office equipments and
other plug loads are not normally included under JKR 203 contracts. However
we should be proactive in advising our clients that they should only purchase
energy efficient office equipment in line with our integrated design approach.
Office equipment includes computers, printers, faxes, copying machines and

other equipment. Energy consumption of such equipment can represent large
portion of the building energy consumption. Using readily available energy
efficient and reasonably priced office equipment such as computers with power
management functions, laptop, liquid crystal display (LCDs) monitors,
multifunction office equipment and others can offer substantial reduction in
office equipment energy consumptions.
7.4 Energy Efficient ACMV Systems
ACMV systems are intended to provide adequate cooling comfort,

dehumidification and ventilation to occupied spaces at reasonable costs. Some
of effective and energy efficient system include:
 Efficient multi zoning air distribution with Variable Air Volume (VAV) and
Variable Speed Drives (VSD) to ensure the air conditioning areas are all
within the specified comfort zones and to control cooling comfort where
you want it.
 Using the motion sensors and occupancy sensors to control the
temperature in unoccupied rooms.
 Using effective air infiltration control to prevent the egress of external
untreated air.

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 Using of High Efficiency Motor (HEM) for bigger horse power motor with
longer running hours.
 Using of Energy Recovery Wheel to recover energy from exhaust air.
 Better ductworks and pipes insulation to prevent heat loss through
condensation.
 Using of high accuracy thermostats for accurate temperature control.
7.5 Energy Management System (EMS)
According to MS 1525, the EMS shall be considered for buildings having area
greater than 4000 m² of air-conditioned space where it is a subset of the
building automation system function.
For the installations taking supply at 11kV and above from TNB, it is
recommended to install the EMS complete with maximum demand (MD)
limiting controller for controlling and reducing MD in TNB bill.
Having an effective building monitoring, control, operation, energy

management and reporting system can play a critical role in operating and
maintaining energy efficient building. This system will ensure that the building
operates as efficiently as possible while meeting the occupants’ comfort and
functional needs not only during testing and commissioning but throughout the
life of the building.
Utility Meter
Pulse Output 24V DC
Relay
Main Switch Demand Load 1

Board (MSB) Controller
Load 2
Load 3
kW Transducer
mA Output
Remote PC
Telephone Line / Modem
Communication
Example of Maximum Demand Controller Schematic
7.6 Awareness
An intensive programme of electricity saving awareness for all employees for

their cooperation in lighting control.
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Appendix 1
Minimum Allowable Values of Luminous Efficacy for Various Types of Lamp
Factor Fluorescent MH HPS LPS
Wattage 18 – 95 50 – 400 50 – 400 18 – 180
Output 1,000 1,900 3,600 1,800

(lumens) - 7,500 - 30,000 - 4,600 - 33,000
Efficacy
(lumens / 55 – 79 38 – 75 72 – 115 100 – 183
watt)
Lumen
85 (80) 75 (65) 90 (70) 100 (100)
Maintenance
Lamp Life 10,000 – 10,000 – 18,000 –
16,000
(hours) 20, 000 20,000 24,000
CRI 30 – 90 80 – 90 20 – 39 <20
Notes: Wattage and output refers to the commonly available lamp rating for outdoor
lightings.
Efficacy refers to the ratio of the measured light output of a luminaire to its active
power, express in lumens per watt.
Lumen Maintenance refers to percent of initial lamp output at 50% of mean lifetime
and at end of lifetime (parenthesis).
Lamp Life refers to the approximate mean lifetime of lamp.

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Appendix 2

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Reference: CKE Lux Bulletin dated 23/11/2009

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Appendix 3
Energy Efficiency Checklist (Electrical Aspect Only)
Kumpulan BPR : Nama PRB :
Nama Projek :
Kos Projek (Keseluruhan): Kos Projek (Elektrik):
Kaedah Pelaksanaan:
Konvensional Dalaman Konvensional Perunding Reka & Bina
Jumlah Keluasan Lantai (m²): Jumlah Keluasan Lantai (m²):

(berdasarkan luas keseluruhan) (berdasarkan luas kawasan
berhawa dingin)
Beban Keseluruhan – M.D (kW): Beban Lampu – M.D (kW):
Beban Plug Load – M.D (kW):
Beban Mekanikal – M.D (kW):
Lighting Power Density (W/m²): Plug Load Density (W/m²):
(berdasarkan luas keseluruhan) (berdasarkan luas keseluruhan)
*LPD should be ≤12W/m²

Estimated Building Energy Intensity (kWh/m²/year):
BEI = x kW x jam x hari x 12 bulan =
m²
*norma waktu bekerja sehari = 10jam (pejabat)
Contoh kiraan BEI = (Design M.D x waktu bekerja sehari x jumlah hari bekerja sebulan x 12 bulan)
Jumlah keluasan keseluruhan lantai (berhawa dingin)

CAWANGAN KEJURUTERAAN ELE KTRIK, IBU PEJABAT JKR MALAYSIATINGKAT 10, CENTREPOINT NORTH, THE BOULEVARD, MID
VALLEY CITY, 59200 KUALA LUMPUR
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No. Descriptions √ if Yes Justify if No

x if No
1 Lighting System and Control
1.1 Use of Energy Efficient Lights:

i) Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) c/w Electronic
Ballast
ii) T5 Lamp
iii) LED Lamp
iv) Others :
1.2 All spaces enclosed by wall or ceiling height partitions

with an area ≤30 m² should be provided at least two
operated-on-off lighting controls for each room with
switch clearly label. If an area >30 m², appropriate
numbers of switch shall be provided.
1.3 One switch for each task or group of tasks (open

space) within an area of 30 m² or less with switch
clearly labels. If an area >30 m², appropriate numbers
of switch shall be provided.
1.4 Lighting switch next to exit door.
1.5 Separate switch for lighting which parallel to daylight.
1.6 Photo sensor at building perimeter which receive

daylight.
1.7 Use of occupancy/motion sensor at least 30% of

gross floor area.
1.8 Alternate switching for corridor lighting if > 10m.
1.9 Two way light switching for internal corridor, stair or

other suitable places.

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x if No
1.10 Dual timer switches with alternate circuit for
compound lighting.
1.11 Illuminance designed according to CKE Room

Illumination Level (refer to Appendix 2).
1.12 LED Exit sign
2 Transformer
2.1 Efficiency of Transformer:

a. Transformer size : < 1000kVA at full load condition
- not lower than 98%
b. Transformer size : > 1000kVA at full load condition
- not lower than 99%
2.2 The locations of power transformers and main

switchboards sited at their load centre
Distance of Transformer from load centre:
a. Load fed by Transformers: > 600A
- not more than 20 meters
b. Load fed by Transformers: 300A to 600A
- not more than 100 meters
2.3 The dry-type and oil-filled transformers should be of

low loss type (refer 5.7.4)
3 Monitoring System
3.1 Energy Management System (EMS) for building

having air-conditioned area > 4000m²
(To monitor and analyse energy consumption)
3.2 Installation of Digital Electrical Energy Meters at Main

Switch Board and sub-switch board serving, but not
limited to the following:
a. central air-conditioning system

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x if No
b. lift and escalator system
c. major water pumping system
d. general power supply
e. lighting supply
f. others
4 Renewable Energy
4.1 Design (sizing) of renewable energy:

Where 1% of the total expected electricity
consumption is generated by renewable energy, OR
consumption is generated by renewable energy
Disediakan oleh: Disemak oleh: Disahkan oleh:
…………………………. ………………………….. ………………………

Nama: Nama: Nama:
Jurutera Elektrik Jurutera Elektrik Ketua Jurutera
Penguasa Kanan/ Elektrik
Jurutera Elektrik
Penguasa

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References
1. Energy Efficiency and Conservation Guidelines for Malaysian Industries.

(Published by Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, July 2007)
2. Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for Non-
Residential Buildings (First Revision) - MS 1525:2007
3. Surat Edaran Dalaman CKE “11kV Dry-Type dan Oil-Filled Transformer” rujukan
(29)JKR(L)5/1/4-43 bertarikh 7 Mac 2008

.
.
Cawangan Kejuruteraan Elektrik
Ibu Pejabat JKR Malaysia
Tingkat 11, Centrepoint North
The Boulevard, Mid Valley City
59200 Kuala Lumpur
Telefon : 03-9235 4357

Fax : 03-2287 2704
Website : http : //www.jkr.gov.my

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JK R 20300 -0 25 -0 9

P AND UAN TE KNI K

CAWANGAN KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

1.0 Overview …………………………………………...…….. C1/ 1 – C1/ 24

4.0 Other Lighting……………………………………………... C4/ 1 – C4/ 4

5.0 Guidelines for Schematic Design …………………………. C5/ 1 – C5/ 14

6.0 Switchboards and Distribution System …………………… C6/ 1 – C6/ 10

8.0 Power Factor Correction ………………………………….. C8/ 1 – C8/ 13

9.0 Backup System ……………………………………………. C9/ 1 – C9/ 18

10.0 HT System Design and Criteria …………………………… C10/ 1 – C10/ 19

11.0 Public Address System ……………………………………. C11/ 1 – C11/ 47

12.0 Sound Reinforcement System ……………………………... C12/ 1 – C12/ 15

13.0 Security System …………………………………………… C13/ 1 – C13/ 1

14.0 ICT System ………………………………………………... C14/ 1 – C14/ 8

15.0 Telecommunication System ………………………………. C15/ 1 – C15/ 23

16.0 Guidelines for External / Road Lighting ………………….. C16/ 1 – C16/ 29

1.2 Design Procedure and Criteria

o) JKR Technical Circulars and Specifications

1.3 Planning Stage

The following are some of the points to be coordinated:

Telecommunication Company (TELCO), (e.g. Telekom Malaysia, Time, etc.) also

1.4 Detail Design Stage

1.5 Preparation of Bill of Quantities

TD prepared shall comprise of:

1.7 Preparation of Tender Evaluation Report

Evaluations of the tenders are done in two stages.

a) Statistical analysis of tender price (cut off analysis)

Stage 2 (only applicable to tenderers offering prices below cut off):

a) Analysis on past performance of the tenderer

1.8 Appointment of Nominated Subcontractor (NSC)

Simultaneously, the DE shall:

a) Prepare the necessary JKR203 forms,

1.9 Site Supervision

1.10 Towards a Quality Asset Development

JADUAL PERANCANGAN AKTIVITI / PROJEK

Kos PDA : ………………………………………………………………….

Jurutera Elektrik (JE) : ………………………………………………………………….

Penolong Jurutera (PJ) : ………………………………………………………………….

Juruteknik (JT) : ………………………………………………………………….

A.1 Penerimaan Projek 01

A.1.1 Buka Fail 02 √  CE/ISO2000/1

Lantikan HODT &

Majukan lantikan  JKR.PK(O).01-3

A.3 Brief Projek

A.3.3 Lawatan tapak

A.4 Q-Plan & D-Plan

A.4.1 Sediakan D-Plan 02 √  JKR.PK(0).02-1 JE

Open design file and

B.1.1 Kaji lukisan arkitek JE

B.1.2 Bincang skop kerja ALL

B.1.4 Kira keluasan lantai PT

B.1.5 Anggar harga √  CE/ISO2000/9A JE

B.1.7 Salinan PDA

B.1.8 Anggar beban √  CE/ISO2000/9B JE