Java Tutorial for

Complete Beginners (John Purcell)

Section 2
Lecture 5 : A Hello World Program

public class Application {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello World!");

Lecture 6 : Using Variables

public class Application {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int myNumber = 88;

short myShort = 847;

long myLong = 9797;

double myDouble = 7.3243;

float myFloat = 324.3f;

 char myChar = 'y';

boolean myBoolean = false;

byte myByte = 127;

System.out.println(myNumber);

System.out.println(myShort);

System.out.println(myLong);

System.out.println(myDouble);

System.out.println(myFloat);

System.out.println(myChar);

System.out.println(myBoolean);

System.out.println(myByte);

Lecture 7: Strings: Working With Text

public class Application {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int myInt = 7;

String text = "Hello";

 String blank = " ";

String name = "Bob";

String greeting = text + blank + name;

System.out.println(greeting);

System.out.println("Hello" + " " + "Bob");

System.out.println("My integer is: " + myInt);

double myDouble = 7.8;

System.out.println("My number is: " + myDouble + ".");

Output: Hello Bob

Hello Bob
My integer is: 7
My number is: 7.8.
Lecture 8: While Loops
public class Application {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int value = 0;

while(value < 10)

System.out.println("Hello " + value);

value = value + 1;

Hello 0
Hello 1
Hello 2
Hello 3
Hello 4
Hello 5
Hello 6
Hello 7
Hello 8
Hello 9
Lecture 9: For Loops
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {

for(int i=0; i < 5; i++) {

System.out.printf("The value of i is: %dn", i);
}
}
}
The value of i is: 0
The value of i is: 1
The value of i is: 2
The value of i is: 3
The value of i is: 4

Lecture 10: If
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {

// Some useful conditions:

System.out.println(5 == 5);
System.out.println(10 != 11);
System.out.println(3 < 6);
System.out.println(10 > 100);

// Using loops with "break":

int loop = 0;

while(true) {
System.out.println("Looping: " + loop);

if(loop == 3) {
break;
}

loop++;
 System.out.println("Running");
}
}
}
true
true
true
false
Looping: 0
Running
Looping: 1
Running
Looping: 2
Running
Looping: 3

Lecture 11: Getting User input

import java.util.Scanner;

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create scanner object

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

// Output the prompt

System.out.println("Enter a floating point value: ");

 // Wait for the user to enter something.

double value = input.nextDouble();

// Tell them what they entered.

System.out.println("You entered: " + value);

Enter a floating point value:

5,6
You entered: 5.6

Lecture 12: Do…While

import java.util.Scanner;

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

/*
System.out.println("Enter a number: ");
int value = scanner.nextInt();

while(value != 5) {
System.out.println("Enter a number: ");
value = scanner.nextInt();
}
*/

int value = 0;
do {
System.out.println("Enter a number: ");
value = scanner.nextInt();
}
while(value != 5);

System.out.println("Got 5!");
}
}

Lecture 13: Switch

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Application {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Please enter a command: ");

String text = input.nextLine();

switch (text) {

case "start":

System.out.println("Machine started!");

break;

case "stop":

System.out.println("Machine stopped.");

break;

default:

System.out.println("Command not recognized");

}
 }

Lecture 14: Arrays

public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) {

int value = 7;

int[] values;
values = new int[3];

System.out.println(values[0]);

values[0] = 10;
values[1] = 20;
values[2] = 30;

System.out.println(values[0]);
System.out.println(values[1]);
System.out.println(values[2]);

for(int i=0; i < values.length; i++) {

System.out.println(values[i]);
}

int[] numbers = {5, 6, 7};

for(int i=0; i < numbers.length; i++) {

System.out.println(numbers[i]);
}
 }

0
10
20
30
10
20
30
5
6
7

Lecture 15: Arrays of Strings

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Declare array of (references to) strings.

String[] words = new String[3];

// Set the array elements (point the references

// at strings)
words[0] = "Hello";
words[1] = "to";
words[2] = "you";

// Access an array element and print it.

System.out.println(words[2]);
 // Simultaneously declare and initialize an array of strings
String[] fruits = {"apple", "banana", "pear", "kiwi"};

// Iterate through an array

for(String fruit: fruits) {
System.out.println(fruit);
}

// "Default" value for an integer

int value = 0;

// Default value for a reference is "null"

String text = null;

System.out.println(text);

// Declare an array of strings

String[] texts = new String[2];

// The references to strings in the array

// are initialized to null.
System.out.println(texts[0]);

// ... But of course we can set them to actual strings.

texts[0] = "one";
}

you
apple
banana
pear
kiwi
null
null

Lecture 16: Multy-dimensional Arrays

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// 1D array
int[] values = {3, 5, 2343};

// Only need 1 index to access values.

System.out.println(values[2]);

// 2D array (grid or table)

int[][] grid = {
{3, 5, 2343},
{2, 4},
{1, 2, 3, 4}
};

// Need 2 indices to access values

System.out.println(grid[1][1]);
System.out.println(grid[0][2]);

// Can also create without initializing.

String[][] texts = new String[2][3];
 texts[0][1] = "Hello there";

System.out.println(texts[0][1]);

// How to iterate through 2D arrays.

// first iterate through rows, then for each row
// go through the columns.
for(int row=0; row < grid.length; row++) {
for(int col=0; col < grid[row].length; col++) {
System.out.print(grid[row][col] + "\t");
}

System.out.println();
}

// The last array index is optional.

String[][] words = new String[2][];

// Each sub-array is null.

System.out.println(words[0]);

// We can create the subarrays 'manually'.

words[0] = new String[3];

// Can set a values in the sub-array we

// just created.
words[0][1] = "hi there";

System.out.println(words[0][1]);
}

}
2343
4
2343
Hello there
3 5 2343
2 4
1 2 3 4
null
hi there

Lecture 17: Classes and Objects

class Person {

// Instance variables (data or "state")

String name;
int age;

// Classes can contain

// 1. Data
// 2. Subroutines (methods)
}

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

 // Create a Person object using the Person class
Person person1 = new Person();
person1.name = "Joe Bloggs";
person1.age = 37;

// Create a second Person object

Person person2 = new Person();
person2.name = "Sarah Smith";
person2.age = 20;

System.out.println(person1.name);

Joe Bloggs

Lecture 18: Methods

class Person {

// Instance variables (data or "state")

String name;
int age;

// Classes can contain

// 1. Data
// 2. Subroutines (methods)
 void speak() {
for(int i=0; i<3; i++) {
System.out.println("My name is: " + name + " and I am " + age + " years o
ld ");
}
}

void sayHello() {
System.out.println("Hello there!");
}
}

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a Person object using the Person class

Person person1 = new Person();
person1.name = "Joe Bloggs";
person1.age = 37;
person1.speak();
person1.sayHello();

// Create a second Person object

Person person2 = new Person();
person2.name = "Sarah Smith";
person2.age = 20;
person2.speak();
person1.sayHello();

System.out.println(person1.name);

}
}

My name is: Joe Bloggs and I am 37 years old

My name is: Joe Bloggs and I am 37 years old
My name is: Joe Bloggs and I am 37 years old
Hello there!
My name is: Sarah Smith and I am 20 years old
My name is: Sarah Smith and I am 20 years old
My name is: Sarah Smith and I am 20 years old
Hello there!
Joe Bloggs

Lecture 19: Getters and Return Values

class Person {
String name;
int age;

void speak() {
System.out.println("My name is: " + name);
}

int calculateYearsToRetirement() {
int yearsLeft = 65 - age;

return yearsLeft;
}

int getAge() {
return age;
}
 String getName() {
return name;
}
}

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Person person1 = new Person();

person1.name = "Joe";
person1.age = 25;

// person1.speak();

int years = person1.calculateYearsToRetirement();

System.out.println("Years till retirements " + years);

int age = person1.getAge();

String name = person1.getName();

System.out.println("Name is: " + name);

System.out.println("Age is: " + age);
}

Years till retirements 40

Name is: Joe
Age is: 25

Lecture 20: Methos Parameters

class Robot {
public void speak(String text) {
System.out.println(text);
}

public void jump(int height) {

System.out.println("Jumping: " + height);
}

public void move(String direction, double distance) {

System.out.println("Moving " + distance + " in direction " + direction);
}
}

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Robot sam = new Robot();

sam.speak("Hi I'm Sam");

sam.jump(7);

sam.move("West", 12.2);

String greeting = "Hello there";

sam.speak(greeting);
 int value = 14;
sam.jump(value);

Hi I'm Sam.
Jumping: 7
Moving 12.2 metres in direction West
Hello there.
Jumping: 14

Lecture 21: Setters and this

class Frog {
private String name;
private int age;

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name;
}

public void setAge(int age) {

this.age = age;
}

public String getName() {

return name;
}
 public int getAge() {
return age;
}

public void setInfo(String name, int age) {

setName(name);
setAge(age);
}
}

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Frog frog1 = new Frog();

//frog1.name = "Bertie";
//frog1.age = 1;

frog1.setName("Bertie");
frog1.setAge(1);

System.out.println(frog1.getName());
}

Bertie

Lecture 22: Constructors

class Machine {
private String name;
private int code;

public Machine() {
this("Arnie", 0);

System.out.println("Constructor running!");
}

public Machine(String name) {

this(name, 0);

System.out.println("Second constructor running");

// No longer need following line, since we're using the other constructor abo
ve.
//this.name = name;
}

public Machine(String name, int code) {

System.out.println("Third constructor running");

this.name = name;
this.code = code;
}
}

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Machine machine1 = new Machine();

Machine machine2 = new Machine("Bertie");

Machine machine3 = new Machine("Chalky", 7);

 }

Third constructor running

Constructor running!
Third constructor running
Second constructor running
Third constructor running

Lecture 23: Static (and Final)

class Thing {
public final static int LUCKY_NUMBER = 7;

public String name;

public static String description;

public static int count = 0;

public int id;

public Thing() {

id = count;

count++;
}

public void showName() {

System.out.println("Object id: " + id + ", " + description + ": " + name);
 }

public static void showInfo() {

System.out.println(description);
// Won't work: System.out.println(name);
}
}

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Thing.description = "I am a thing";

Thing.showInfo();

System.out.println("Before creating objects, count is: " + Thing.count);

Thing thing1 = new Thing();

Thing thing2 = new Thing();

System.out.println("After creating objects, count is: " + Thing.count);

thing1.name = "Bob";
thing2.name = "Sue";

thing1.showName();
thing2.showName();

System.out.println(Math.PI);

System.out.println(Thing.LUCKY_NUMBER);
 }

I am a thing
Before creating objects, count is: 0
After creating objects, count is: 2
Object id: 0, I am a thing: Bob
Object id: 1, I am a thing: Sue
3.141592653589793
7

Lecture 24: StringBuilder and String Formatting

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Inefficient
String info = "";

info += "My name is Bob.";

info += " ";
info += "I am a builder.";

System.out.println(info);

// More efficient.
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("");
sb.append("My name is Sue.");
sb.append(" ");
sb.append("I am a lion tamer.");

System.out.println(sb.toString());

// The same as above, but nicer ....

StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();

s.append("My name is Roger.")

.append(" ")
.append("I am a skydiver.");

System.out.println(s.toString());

///// Formatting //////////////////////////////////

// Outputting newlines and tabs

System.out.print("Here is some text.tThat was a tab.nThat was a newline.");
System.out.println(" More text.");

// Formatting integers
// %-10d means: output an integer in a space ten characters wide,
// padding with space and left-aligning (%10d would right-align)
System.out.printf("Total cost %-10d; quantity is %dn", 5, 120);

// Demo-ing integer and string formatting control sequences

for(int i=0; i<20; i++) {
System.out.printf("%-2d: %sn", i, "here is some text");
}

// Formatting floating point value

 // Two decimal place:
System.out.printf("Total value: %.2fn", 5.6874);

// One decimal place, left-aligned in 6-character field:

System.out.printf("Total value: %-6.1fn", 343.23423);

// You can also use the String.format() method if you want to retrieve
// a formatted string.
String formatted = String.format("This is a floating-point value: %.3f", 5.12
345);
System.out.println(formatted);

// Use double %% for outputting a % sign.

System.out.printf("Giving it %d%% is physically impossible.", 100);
}

My name is Bob. I am a builder.

My name is Sue. I am a lion tamer.
My name is Roger. I am a skydiver.
Here is some text. That was a tab.
That was a newline. More text.
Total cost 5 ; quantity is 120
0 : here is some text
1 : here is some text
2 : here is some text
3 : here is some text
4 : here is some text
5 : here is some text
6 : here is some text
7 : here is some text
8 : here is some text
9 : here is some text
10: here is some text
11: here is some text
12: here is some text
13: here is some text
14: here is some text
15: here is some text
16: here is some text
17: here is some text
18: here is some text
19: here is some text
Total value: 5.69
Total value: 343.2
This is a floating-point value: 5.123
Giving it 100% is physically impossible.

Lecture 25: toString

class Frog {

private int id;

private String name;

public Frog(int id, String name) {

this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}

public String toString() {

return String.format("%-4d: %s", id, name);

 /*
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
sb.append(id).append(": ").append(name);

return sb.toString();
*/
}
}

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Frog frog1 = new Frog(7, "Freddy");
Frog frog2 = new Frog(5, "Roger");

System.out.println(frog1);
System.out.println(frog2);
}
}

7 : Freddy
5 : Roger

Lecture 26: Inheritance

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Machine mach1 = new Machine();

mach1.start();
mach1.stop();
 Car car1 = new Car();

car1.start();
car1.wipeWindShield();
car1.showInfo();
car1.stop();

Machine.java:

public class Machine {

protected String name = "Machine Type 1";

public void start() {

System.out.println("Machine started.");
}

public void stop() {

System.out.println("Machine stopped.");
}
}

Car.java:
public class Car extends Machine {

@Override
public void start() {
System.out.println("Car started");
}

public void wipeWindShield() {

System.out.println("Wiping windshield");
}

public void showInfo() {

System.out.println("Car name: " + name);
}
}

Machine started.
Machine stopped.
Car started
Wiping windshield
Car name: Machine Type 1
Machine stopped.

Lecture 27: Packages

App.java:
import ocean.Fish;
import ocean.plants.Seaweed;

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Fish fish = new Fish();
Seaweed weed = new Seaweed();
}

Fish.java:

package ocean;

public class Fish {

Algae.java:

package ocean.plants;

public class Algae {

}
Seaweed.java:

package ocean.plants;

public class Seaweed {

Aquarium.java:

package com.caveofprogramming.oceangame;

public class Aquarium {

Lecture 28: Interfaces

App.java:

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Machine mach1 = new Machine();

mach1.start();
 Person person1 = new Person("Bob");
person1.greet();

Info info1 = new Machine();

info1.showInfo();

Info info2 = person1;

info2.showInfo();

System.out.println();

outputInfo(mach1);
outputInfo(person1);
}

private static void outputInfo(Info info) {

info.showInfo();
}

Machine.java:

public class Machine implements Info {

private int id = 7;

public void start() {

System.out.println("Machine started.");
}
 public void showInfo() {
System.out.println("Machine ID is: " + id);
}
}

Person.java:

public class Person implements Info {

private String name;

public Person(String name) {

this.name = name;
}

public void greet() {

System.out.println("Hello there.");
}

@Override
public void showInfo() {
System.out.println("Person name is: " + name);
}
}

Info.java:
public interface Info {
public void showInfo();
}

IStartable.java:

public interface IStartable {

public void start();
public void stop();
}

Machine started.
Hello there.
Machine ID is: 7
Person name is: Bob

Machine ID is: 7
Person name is: Bob

Lecture 29: Public, Private, Protected

App.java:

import world.Plant;
/*
* private --- only within same class
* public --- from anywhere
* protected -- same class, subclass, and same package
* no modifier -- same package only
*/

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Plant plant = new Plant();

System.out.println(plant.name);

System.out.println(plant.ID);

// Won't work --- type is private

//System.out.println(plant.type);

// size is protected; App is not in the same package as Plant.

// Won't work
// System.out.println(plant.size);

// Won't work; App and Plant in different packages, height has package-level
visibility.
//System.out.println(plant.height);

Grass.java:
import world.Plant;

public class Grass extends Plant {

public Grass() {

// Won't work --- Grass not in same package as plant, even though it's a subc
lass
// System.out.println(this.height);
}
}

Field.java:

package world;

public class Field {

private Plant plant = new Plant();

public Field() {

// size is protected; Field is in the same package as Plant.

System.out.println(plant.size);
}
}

Oak.java:
package world;

public class Oak extends Plant {

public Oak() {

// Won't work -- type is private

// type = "tree";

// This works --- size is protected, Oak is a subclass of plant.

this.size = "large";

// No access specifier; works because Oak and Plant in same package

this.height = 10;
}

Plant.java:

package world;

class Something {

public class Plant {

// Bad practice
 public String name;

// Accepetable practice --- it's final.

public final static int ID = 8;

private String type;

protected String size;

int height;

public Plant() {
this.name = "Freddy";
this.type = "plant";
this.size = "medium";
this.height = 8;
}
}

Lecture 30: Polymorphism

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Plant plant1 = new Plant();

// Tree is a kind of Plant (it extends Plant)

Tree tree = new Tree();

// Polymorphism guarantees that we can use a child class

 // wherever a parent class is expected.
Plant plant2 = tree;

// plant2 references a Tree, so the Tree grow() method is called.

plant2.grow();

// The type of the reference decided what methods you can actually call;
// we need a Tree-type reference to call tree-specific methods.
tree.shedLeaves();

// ... so this won't work.

//plant2.shedLeaves();

// Another example of polymorphism.

doGrow(tree);
}

public static void doGrow(Plant plant) {

plant.grow();
}

Plant.java:

public class Plant {

public void grow() {
System.out.println("Plant growing");
}
}
Tree.java:

public class Tree extends Plant {

@Override
public void grow() {
System.out.println("Tree growing");
}

public void shedLeaves() {

System.out.println("Leaves shedding.");
}

Lecture 31: Encapsulation and the API Docs

App.java:

class Plant {

// Usually only static final members are public

public static final int ID = 7;

// Instance variables should be declared private,

// or at least protected.
private String name;
 // Only methods intended for use outside the class
// should be public. These methods should be documented
// carefully if you distribute your code.
public String getData() {
String data = "some stuff" + calculateGrowthForecast();

return data;
}

// Methods only used the the class itself should

// be private or protected.
private int calculateGrowthForecast() {
return 9;
}

public String getName() {

return name;
}

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name;
}

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

 }

Lecture 32: Casting Numerical Values

App.java:

public class App {

/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {

byte byteValue = 20;

short shortValue = 55;
int intValue = 888;
long longValue = 23355;

float floatValue = 8834.8f;

float floatValue2 = (float)99.3;
double doubleValue = 32.4;

System.out.println(Byte.MAX_VALUE);

intValue = (int)longValue;

System.out.println(intValue);

doubleValue = intValue;
 System.out.println(doubleValue);

intValue = (int)floatValue;
System.out.println(intValue);

// The following won't work as we expect it to!!

// 128 is too big for a byte.
byteValue = (byte)128;
System.out.println(byteValue);

Lecture 33: UpCasting and DownCasting

class Machine {

public void start() {

System.out.println("Machine started.");

class Camera extends Machine {

public void start() {

System.out.println("Camera started.");

public void snap() {

 System.out.println("Photo taken.");

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Machine machine1 = new Machine();

Camera camera1 = new Camera();

machine1.start();

camera1.start();

camera1.snap();

// Upcasting

Machine machine2 = camera1;

machine2.start();

// error: machine2.snap();

// Downcasting

Machine machine3 = new Camera();

Camera camera2 = (Camera)machine3;

camera2.start();

camera2.snap();

// Doesn't work --- runtime error.

Machine machine4 = new Machine();

 // Camera camera3 = (Camera)machine4;

// camera3.start();

// camera3.snap();

Lecture 34: Using Generics

App.java:

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;

class Animal {

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

/////////////////// Before Java 5 ////////////////////////

ArrayList list = new ArrayList();

list.add("apple");
list.add("banana");
list.add("orange");
 String fruit = (String)list.get(1);

System.out.println(fruit);

/////////////// Modern style //////////////////////////////

ArrayList<String> strings = new ArrayList<String>();

strings.add("cat");
strings.add("dog");
strings.add("alligator");

String animal = strings.get(1);

System.out.println(animal);

///////////// There can be more than one type argument ////////////////////

HashMap<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<Integer, String>();

//////////// Java 7 style /////////////////////////////////

ArrayList<Animal> someList = new ArrayList<>();

}

Lecture 35: Generic and Wildcards

App.java:
import java.util.ArrayList;

class Machine {

@Override
public String toString() {
return "I am a machine";
}

public void start() {

System.out.println("Machine starting.");
}

class Camera extends Machine {

@Override
public String toString() {
return "I am a camera";
}

public void snap() {

System.out.println("snap!");
}
}

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ArrayList<Machine> list1 = new ArrayList<Machine>();

 list1.add(new Machine());
list1.add(new Machine());

ArrayList<Camera> list2 = new ArrayList<Camera>();

list2.add(new Camera());
list2.add(new Camera());

showList(list2);
showList2(list1);
showList3(list1);
}

public static void showList(ArrayList<? extends Machine> list) {

for (Machine value : list) {
System.out.println(value);
value.start();
}

public static void showList2(ArrayList<? super Camera> list) {

for (Object value : list) {
System.out.println(value);
}
}

public static void showList3(ArrayList<?> list) {

for (Object value : list) {
System.out.println(value);
}
}
}

Lecture 36: Anonymous Classes

App.java:

class Machine {
public void start() {
System.out.println("Starting machine ...");
}
}

interface Plant {
public void grow();
}

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// This is equivalent to creating a class that "extends"

// Machine and overrides the start method.
Machine machine1 = new Machine() {
@Override public void start() {
System.out.println("Camera snapping ....");
}
};

machine1.start();
 // This is equivalent to creating a class that "implements"
// the Plant interface
Plant plant1 = new Plant() {
@Override
public void grow() {
System.out.println("Plant growing");

}
};

plant1.grow();
}
}

Lecture 37: Reading Files Using Scanner

App.java:

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException {

//String fileName = "C:/Users/John/Desktop/example.txt";
String fileName = "example.txt";

File textFile = new File(fileName);

 Scanner in = new Scanner(textFile);

int value = in.nextInt();

System.out.println("Read value: " + value);

in.nextLine();

int count = 2;
while(in.hasNextLine()) {
String line = in.nextLine();

System.out.println(count + ": " + line);

count++;
}

in.close();
}

Lecture 38: Handling Exceptions

demo1/App.java:

package demo1;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileReader;

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException {

File file = new File("test.txt");

FileReader fr = new FileReader(file);

}

demo2/App.java:

package demo2;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileReader;

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

File file = new File("test.txt");

try {
 FileReader fr = new FileReader(file);

// This will not be executed if an exception is thrown.

System.out.println("Continuing ....");
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
System.out.println("File not found: " + file.toString());
}

System.out.println("Finished.");
}

demo3/App.java:

package demo3;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileReader;

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {
openFile();
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
// PS. This message is too vague : )
System.out.println("Could not open file");
}
 }

public static void openFile() throws FileNotFoundException {

File file = new File("test.txt");

FileReader fr = new FileReader(file);

Lecture 40: Multiple Exceptions

App.java:

import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.text.ParseException;

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Test test = new Test();

// Multiple catch blocks

try {
test.run();
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ParseException e) {
System.out.println("Couldn't parse command file.");
}
 // Try multi-catch (Java 7+ only)
try {
test.run();
} catch (IOException | ParseException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}

// Using polymorphism to catch the parent of all exceptions

try {
test.run();
} catch (Exception e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}

// Important to catch exceptions in the right order!

// IOException cannot come first, because it's the parent
// of FileNotFoundException, so would catch both exceptions
// in this case.
try {
test.input();
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}

}
}

Test.java:

import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.text.ParseException;

public class Test {

public void run() throws IOException, ParseException {

//throw new IOException();

throw new ParseException("Error in command list.", 2);

public void input() throws IOException, FileNotFoundException {

}
}

Lecture 40: Runtime vs, Checked Exceptions

App.java:

public class App {

 public static void main(String[] args) {

// Null pointer exception ....

String text = null;

System.out.println(text.length());

// Arithmetic exception ... (divide by zero)

int value = 7/0;

// You can actually handle RuntimeExceptions if you want to;

// for example, here we handle an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
String[] texts = { "one", "two", "three" };

try {
System.out.println(texts[3]);
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println(e.toString());
}
}
}

Lecture 41: Abstract Classes

App.java:

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

 Camera cam1 = new Camera();
cam1.setId(5);

Car car1 = new Car();

car1.setId(4);

car1.run();

//Machine machine1 = new Machine();

}

Machine.java:

public abstract class Machine {

private int id;

public int getId() {

return id;
}

public void setId(int id) {

this.id = id;
}

public abstract void start();

public abstract void doStuff();
public abstract void shutdown();

public void run() {

start();
 doStuff();
shutdown();
}
}

Camera.java:

public class Camera extends Machine {

@Override
public void start() {
System.out.println("Starting camera.");
}

@Override
public void doStuff() {
System.out.println("Taking a photo");

@Override
public void shutdown() {
System.out.println("Shutting down the camera.");

Car.java:
public class Car extends Machine {

@Override
public void start() {
System.out.println("Starting ignition...");

@Override
public void doStuff() {
System.out.println("Driving...");
}

@Override
public void shutdown() {
System.out.println("Switch off ignition.");

Lecture 42: Reading Files with FileReader

import java.io.BufferedReader;

import java.io.File;

import java.io.FileNotFoundException;

import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

File file = new File("test.txt");

BufferedReader br = null;

try {

FileReader fr = new FileReader(file);

br = new BufferedReader(fr);

String line;

while( (line = br.readLine()) != null ) {

System.out.println(line);

} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {

System.out.println("File not found: " + file.toString());

} catch (IOException e) {

System.out.println("Unable to read file: " + file.toString());

finally {

try {
 br.close();

} catch (IOException e) {

System.out.println("Unable to close file: " + file.toString());

catch(NullPointerException ex) {

// File was probably never opened!

Lecture 43: Try with Resources

App.java:

class Temp implements AutoCloseable {

@Override
public void close() throws Exception {
System.out.println("Closing!");
throw new Exception("oh no!");
}

}
public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try(Temp temp = new Temp()) {

} catch (Exception e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}

App2.java:

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;

public class App2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

File file = new File("test.txt");
 try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file))) {
String line;

while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {

System.out.println(line);
}
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
System.out.println("Can't find file " + file.toString());
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Unable to read file " + file.toString());
}

Lecture 44: Creating and writing Text Files

App.java:

import java.io.BufferedWriter;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

File file = new File("test.txt");
 try (BufferedWriter br = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(file))) {
br.write("This is line one");
br.newLine();
br.write("This is line two");
br.newLine();
br.write("Last line.");
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Unable to read file " + file.toString());
}

Lecture 46: Inner Classes

App.java:

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Robot robot = new Robot(7);

robot.start();

// The syntax below will only work if Brain is

 // declared public. It is quite unusual to do this.
// Robot.Brain brain = robot.new Brain();
// brain.think();

// This is very typical Java syntax, using

// a static inner class.
Robot.Battery battery = new Robot.Battery();
battery.charge();
}

Robot.java:

public class Robot {

private int id;

// Non-static nested classes have access to the enclosing

// class's instance data. E.g. implement Iterable
// http://www.caveofprogramming.com/java/using-iterable-java-collections-framewor
k-video-tutorial-part-11/
// Use them to group functionality.
private class Brain {
public void think() {
System.out.println("Robot " + id + " is thinking.");
}
}

// static inner classes do not have access to instance data.

// They are really just like "normal" classes, except that they are grouped
// within an outer class. Use them for grouping classes together.
public static class Battery {
public void charge() {
System.out.println("Battery charging...");
}
}

public Robot(int id) {

this.id = id;
}

public void start() {

System.out.println("Starting robot " + id);

// Use Brain. We don't have an instance of brain

// until we create one. Instances of brain are
// always associated with instances of Robot (the
// enclosing class).
Brain brain = new Brain();
brain.think();

final String name = "Robert";

// Sometimes it's useful to create local classes

// within methods. You can use them only within the method.
class Temp {
public void doSomething() {
System.out.println("ID is: " + id);
System.out.println("My name is " + name);
}
}

Temp temp = new Temp();

 temp.doSomething();
}
}

Lecture 47: Enum Types

App.java:

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal animal = Animal.DOG;

switch(animal) {
case CAT:
System.out.println("Cat");
break;
case DOG:
System.out.println("Dog");
break;
case MOUSE:
break;
default:
break;

System.out.println(Animal.DOG);
System.out.println("Enum name as a string: " + Animal.DOG.name());

System.out.println(Animal.DOG.getClass());
 System.out.println(Animal.DOG instanceof Enum);

System.out.println(Animal.MOUSE.getName());

Animal animal2 = Animal.valueOf("CAT");

System.out.println(animal2);
}

Animal.java:

public enum Animal {

CAT("Fergus"), DOG("Fido"), MOUSE("Jerry");

private String name;

Animal(String name) {
this.name = name;
}

public String getName() {

return name;
}

public String toString() {

return "This animal is called: " + name;
}
}
Lecture 48: Recursion
App.java:
(Note: I didn't trouble to handle the value 0 here, so fix it before using this code in an
exam :)

public class App {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// E.g. 4! = 4*3*2*1 (factorial 4)

System.out.println(factorial(5));
}

private static int factorial(int value) {

//System.out.println(value);

if(value == 1) {
return 1;
}

return factorial(value - 1) * value;

}

Lecture 49: Serialization

Person.java:

import java.io.Serializable;

public class Person implements Serializable {

private static final long serialVersionUID = 4801633306273802062L;

private int id;

private String name;

public Person(int id, String name) {

this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + "]";
}
}

// www.caveofprogramming.com

WriteObjects.java:

import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
public class WriteObjects {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Writing objects...");

Person mike = new Person(543, "Mike");

Person sue = new Person(123, "Sue");

System.out.println(mike);
System.out.println(sue);

try(FileOutputStream fs = new FileOutputStream("people.bin")) {

ObjectOutputStream os = new ObjectOutputStream(fs);

os.writeObject(mike);
os.writeObject(sue);

os.close();

} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}

}
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;

public class ReadObjects {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Reading objects...");

try(FileInputStream fi = new FileInputStream("people.bin")) {

ObjectInputStream os = new ObjectInputStream(fi);

Person person1 = (Person)os.readObject();

Person person2 = (Person)os.readObject();

os.close();

System.out.println(person1);
System.out.println(person2);

} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
 e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}

Lecture 50: Serialization Arrays

Person.java:

import java.io.Serializable;

public class Person implements Serializable {

private static final long serialVersionUID = 4801633306273802062L;

private int id;

private String name;

public Person(int id, String name) {

this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + "]";
}
}

// www.caveofprogramming.com

WriteObjects.java:

import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

public class WriteObjects {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Writing objects...");

Person[] people = {new Person(1, "Sue"), new Person(99, "Mike"), new Person(7
, "Bob")};

ArrayList<Person> peopleList = new ArrayList<Person>(Arrays.asList(people));

try (FileOutputStream fs = new FileOutputStream("test.ser"); ObjectOutputStre

am os = new ObjectOutputStream(fs)) {

// Write entire array

os.writeObject(people);

// Write arraylist
 os.writeObject(peopleList);

// Write objects one by one

os.writeInt(peopleList.size());

for(Person person: peopleList) {

os.writeObject(person);
}

} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}

WriteObjects.java:

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
public class ReadObjects {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Reading objects...");

try (FileInputStream fi = new FileInputStream("test.ser"); ObjectInputStream

os = new ObjectInputStream(fi)) {

// Read entire array

Person[] people = (Person[])os.readObject();

// Read entire arraylist

@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
ArrayList<Person> peopleList = (ArrayList<Person>)os.readObject();

for(Person person: people) {

System.out.println(person);
}

for(Person person: peopleList) {

System.out.println(person);
}

// Read objects one by one.

int num = os.readInt();

for(int i=0; i<num; i++) {

Person person = (Person)os.readObject();
System.out.println(person);
}

} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
 } catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}

Lecture 51: The Transient keyword and more serialization

Person.java:

import java.io.Serializable;

public class Person implements Serializable {

private static final long serialVersionUID = -1150098568783815480L;

private transient int id;

private String name;

private static int count;

public Person() {
System.out.println("Default constructor");
}

public Person(int id, String name) {

 this.id = id;
this.name = name;

System.out.println("Two-argument constructor");
}

public static int getCount() {

return count;
}

public static void setCount(int count) {

Person.count = count;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + "] Count is: " + count;
}
}

// www.caveofprogramming.com

WriteObjects.java:

import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;

public class WriteObjects {

 public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Writing objects...");

try (ObjectOutputStream os = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("tes

t.ser"))) {

Person person = new Person(7, "Bob");

Person.setCount(88);
os.writeObject(person);

} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}

ReadObjects.java:

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.util.ArrayList;

public class ReadObjects {

 public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Reading objects...");

try (ObjectInputStream os = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("test.s

er"))) {

Person person = (Person)os.readObject();

System.out.println(person);

} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}