University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

The Use of Fats in Sus Scrofa Domesticus as Main Ingredient of Floor Wax

An Experimental Study

Presented to

The Faculty of Senior High School Department

University of Perpetual Help System-DALTA

Las Piñas City

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Subject

Practical Research 2: Quantitative

Agostinho, Carla
Arceo, Maica Zussane
Cayabyab, Xyra
Briones, JV Alejandro
Dela Punta, John Rafael
Lucena, Polo
Muñez, Maria
Perez, Pioline
Reyes, Maeriel
Valencia, Jeri Mae

12 STEM 10
March 2019
Las Piñas City
 APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Qualitative Research, the thesis entitled,

“Senior High School Students Performance Based on Teachers' Attitude in University Of

Perpetual Help System DALTA-Las Piñas” prepared and submitted by Agostinho, Maica Arceo,

Xyra Cayabyab, JV Alejandro Briones, John Rafael Dela Punta, Polo Lucena, Maria Muñez.

Pioline Perez, Maeriel Reyes and Jeri Valencia

___________________________________

Mrs. Veronica Rejuso

Qualitative Research Adviser

 Table of Contents

Title Page

Approval Sheet

Table of Contents

Chapter I: The Problem and its Background…………………………….. 5

Introduction……………………………………………………………..…... 5

Background of the Study………………………………………………..….. 5

Objectives of the Study ………………………………………….………... 8

Conceptual Framework ………………………………………………….... 8

Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………. 9

Hypotheses ……………………………………………………………….. 9

Significance of the Study ……………………………………………..…. 10

Scope and Limitation …………………………………………………..... 11

Definition of Terms …..………………………………………………..… 11

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature……………………………… 13

Related Literature…………………………………………………………. 13

Synthesis………………………………………………………………….. 18

Chapter III: Research Methodology……………………………………. 19

Research Design …………………………………………………………… 19

Research Locale ………………………………………………………….… 19

Research Instrument ……………………………………………………..… 19

Data Gathering Procedure…………………………………………….……. 20

Satistical Analysis …………………………………………………………. 20

Experimental Flowchart …………………………………………………… 21

Chapter IV: Results and Discussions……………………………………… 22

Chapter V: Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations… 24

Summary…………………………………………………………………… 24

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 24

Recommendations…………………………………………………………. 24

Curriculum Vitae…………………………………………………………. 25

Bibliography………………………………………………………………. 34

Appendices ………………………………………………………………... 37
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter includes the background of the study, statement of the problem, significance of the

study, objectives of the study, scope and limitations, definition of terms and hypotheses that will

further explain the researcher’s topic and introduce its context to the readers.

Background of the study

In the late 1940s, a synthetic floor finish using a water-based and a plastic called polystyrene was

developed. The first polystyrene finishes were colorless and had a very high gloss. But, they

were also very brittle and tended to turn yellow after a period of time when the wax-like plastic

polyethylene was mixed with the polystyrene, however, a very durable, buffable, non-brittle floor

finish was created. Now, waxes are being used for centuries and different types of waxes are now

made, such as the carnauba waxes, made from the leaves of a tropical plant.

Floor wax is known as a wax based that is created for polishing the floors. It is meant to increase

hardness and glossiness in flooring and create resistance against slips and scuff marks. Floor

Wax is a wax-based preparation used to finish and polish floors. It is meant to increase hardness

and glossiness in flooring and create resistance against slips and scuff marks and includes

ingredients like polymer emulsions, urethane and resins to achieve this. (George, 2012)

Floor wax is a preparation made typically of a mixture of beeswax and vegetable waxes in a

suitable vehicle and used for polishing and preserving the finish of floors.

According to Johnson Wax's "Floor Care" manual, the first man-made flooring appeared in 1763

when Nathan Smith adapted "waxcloth" as floor covering. Up till then waxcloth had been used
as bookbinding. Soon after, Frederick Walton developed the process for manufacturing linoleum.

(Blake, 2000)

Waxing floors became common, continues the floor care manual, in 14th-century Europe, where

crude beeswax was melted and poured onto wood and stone, then worked into the floor with hot

irons and rubbed with rags.

Many people still talk about “waxing” the floor, even though it has been 50 years since natural

waxes were widely used as a floor finish. The first floor finishes were carnauba waxes, made

from the leaves of a tropical plant. Carnauba is a natural wax emulsion blend combined with a

resin. Carnauba waxes were buffable and gave a great shine. They dried to a slight haze and left

deep, rich swirls on the floor when buffed. They were extremely abrasive resistant but, because

carnauba wax was very expensive and difficult to obtain, manufacturers began using other

natural materials that were less costly, like beeswax, shellac and paraffin. Although some natural

wax finishes are still used today, synthetic materials have largely replaced them in floor

maintenance.

Synthetic paraffin wax was introduced commercially after World War II as one of the products

obtained in the Fischer–Tropsch reaction, which converts coal gas to hydrocarbons. Snow-white

and harder than petroleum paraffin wax, the synthetic product has a unique character and high

purity that make it a suitable replacement for certain vegetable waxes and as a modifier for

petroleum waxes and for some plastics, such as polyethylene. Synthetic paraffin waxes may be

oxidized to yield pale-yellow, hard waxes of high molecular weight that can be saponified with

aqueous solutions of organic or inorganic alkalies, such as borax, sodium hydroxide,

triethanolamine, and morpholine. These wax dispersions serve as heavy-duty floor wax, as
 waterproofing for textiles and paper, as tanning agents for leather, as metal-drawing lubricants,

as rust preventives, and for masonry and concrete treatment. (Bhutia, 2018)

Waxes are mainly consumed industrially as components of complex formulations, often for

coatings. The main use of polyethylene and polypropylene waxes is in the formulation of

colourants for plastics. Waxes confer matting effects and wear resistance to paints. Polyethylene

waxes are incorporated into inks in the form of dispersions to decrease friction. They are

employed as release agents, find use as slip agents in furniture, and confer corrosion resistance.

Now, the researchers have decided to study if Lard’s can be effective as the main ingredient for

the floor wax that the researchers plans to create.

Lard is known as the fat that came from the abdomen of a pig that is rendered and clarified for

use in cooking, it is the oil that is produced by the fats itself. Lard oil is the clear, colorless oil

pressed from pure lard after it has been crystallized, or grained, at 7° C (45° F). It is used as a

lubricant, in cutting oils, and in soap manufacture. For its new use, the researcher is planning to

have a floor wax that will be created by Lards.

The researchers will also focus on the other ingredients that will make the whole product

successful. The researchers will also try experimenting about the texture, scent and the image

that will be shown as the final product. The researchers aim to have a product that will be

connected with their chosen path of careers which is the medicine field, with that, the researchers

plans to discuss on how it is connected with the field.

 Objectives of the study

 The primary goal of this study is to create and see the effectiveness of floor wax with lard

as its main ingredient.

 The researchers also aim to provide an alternative way of making floor wax that is

cheaper but effective and to lessen its harm in the environment.

 Lastly, this study seeks to help students by giving them more information for future

studies and innovation towards academic excellence in the field of science.

Conceptual Framework

The lard from a pig's fat will be extracted and turned into oil. Then starch together with pandan

leaves will be added to have a good scent. We will then freeze it in the refrigerator. After 12

hours, thee results will be analyzed.

 Statement of the Problem

The researchers want to know the effectiveness of floor wax with lard as its main ingredient.

Specifically, this study seeks to find the answers to the following questions:

1) How efficient will lard be as an alternative main ingredient of floor wax in terms of the

characteristics of commercial floor wax?

i. Hydrophobicity of the coating

ii. Hydrophilicity of the coating

a) What are the properties of lard that would make them a potential ingredient of floor

wax?

b) What are the characteristics or chemical properties of commercial floor wax?

2) Is the quality of floor wax made of lard have the same effect as other floor wax available

in the market?

3) How similar or different would be the effects and quality of floorwax made of Lard and

commercial floor wax?

Hypotheses

Null Hypotheses

 There will be no significant effect in terms of hydrophobic and hydrophilic

 The quality of floor wax made of lard is not as effective as other commercial floor waxes

 Lard cannot be an alternative main ingredient of floor wax

 Alternative Hypotheses

 Lard is effective as an alternative main ingredient of floor wax in terms of hydrophobic

and hydrophilic

 The quality of floor wax made up of lard is different from other floor wax

 Lard can be an alternative main ingredient of floor wax

Significance of the study

Commercial waxes are known to contain toxic substances such as Formaldehyde, Cresol and the

most commonly used substance, Xylene. In which may put someone's health at stake.

Cholesterol is now a threat to our healthy lifestyle and we can say that lots of people are now

doing some daily diets and most of those diets is to avoid eating foods with fats. Pig fats is one

of those foods that we will remove if we plan to have a diet.

The researchers planned to have an experiment in using pag fats or lard as an alternative source

of floor wax. Lard is less harmful. In fact, this is also beneficial to both consumers and the

environment.

The result of this research helps families, students and future researchers.

Students. This study can help in informing the students about the lard and as well as its harmful

effects in our body. The study will also raise awareness regarding to the possible health problems

that they may get due to daily exposure of chemicals used in floor wax.

Families. Filipino families are known to be very resourceful. With the help of this research, they

may find something new to make pig fats useful to our daily living.

Researchers. The study can help future researchers in coming up a product out of this study
 Scope and Limitation

This study aims to determine the possibility of using Lard as the main ingredient in making a

floor wax. Lard or saturated fats are known to be unhealthy due to its high cholesterol level and

its possibility of increasing the chances of having heart attack. Most people throw this away and

some basically just have no specific use for it. That is why the researchers came up with a study

to recycle or reuse this lard in order for it to become useful. Since the researchers are creating a

product (floor wax made of lard) we are not going againts other commercial waxes, the

researchers wants to know if it will be effective and the product has the same standards with

those famous commercial waxes. The respondents of this study will be the researchers

themselves since it is an experiment.

Animals will surely be the ones who will benefit from this study. Having clean rivers and lakes

provide animals clean water, whether be it for habitat or ingestion.

Future Researchers

In conducting this study, it will help the other possible researchers that would find this study

interesting. This would be a good reference and good foundation for their study.

Definition of Terms

TERMS CONCEPTUAL OPERATIONAL

LARD Fat from the abdomen of a Fat rendered from pigs,

pig that is rendered and usually from around the

clarified for use in cooking. bowel and abdominal organs.

 It has a melting point just

above room temperature,

similar to palm oil.

FLOOR WAX A preparation made typically Is used for polishing and

of a mixture of beeswax and preserving the finish of

vegetable waxes in a suitable floors.

vehicle.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this second chapter of the researcher’s topic, various studies and completed works of former
researchers are to be reviewed on how it is related to the current study and how these related
literatures will affect and contribute to the study.

Lard

A number of early studies — including the Framingham Heart Study and the Seven Countries
Study, which surveyed diet and health internationally in the 1950s and 1960s — suggested that
there were higher rates of heart disease among populations with higher blood cholesterol levels
and saturated fat intake. (Telis, 2013).

Saturated fat seems like it’s bad when it’s not in balance with the right unsaturated fats, and
that’s what was leading to hypertension and heart disease. Hypertension is dangerous because it
makes the heart work harder to pump blood out to the body and contributes to hardening of the
arteries, to stroke, kidney disease and heart failure. With a right nutritious diet, you most likely
consume minimal processed food and low in sugar and carbs, rich in fruits and vegetables, and
diversity of healthy fats. Lard is not naturally good or bad; it is good if it is part of a healthy diet
but it is not if it is part of the unhealthy diet.

According to a meta-analysis published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, there was just no
evidence to support the notion that saturated fat increases the risk of heart disease. Not only that,
there is some evidence to indicate that too little saturated fat might hurt you. And as you know,
one of the best sources of saturated fat is lard. (Jackson, 2013). Lard can be really harmful to our
health. Which is why some say that eating too much lard may increase the risk of having a heart
disease. But, if a person knows just how much amount of lard must be eaten by a person then it
probably wouldn't cause any problem.

Benefits of Lard

Lard also have it’s advantages and one of it is many cuisines use lard for cooking and baking
purposes. It is an ingredient in various savoury dishes such as sausages, pâtés and fillings, and it
is particularly favored for the preparation of pastry because of the "flakiness" it provides.
(Thomson, 2014).

It is said that it is a very useful ingredient in cooking because it has less saturated fat than
butter - it is reported that lard has 20% less saturated fat than butter; it’s higher in
monounsaturated fats which are said to lower Low-density Lipoprotein cholesterol; and it has
none of the trans fat that shortening does.

Recently, lard has come back into fashion and become a fat of choice for many nutritionists,
Paleo dieters, and hordes of famous chefs, including the Food Network's Alton Brown, who
proclaimed lard to be the best cooking fat ever. (Brabaw,2015). Lard is now considered by many
as a great ingredient for your food, because some think that

it's not as bad as we think it is for our health. Hence, it also tastes good. In society’s move toward
all natural, organic foods, lard certainly has a place on our plates, says Bellissimo, if eaten in
moderation, as part of a balanced diet and not every day.

According to Danelle Wolford, Lard also contains high amounts of Vitamin D, a necessary fat-
soluble vitamin. It is estimated that 1 tablespoon of lard contains 1000 IU of Vitamin D. As a
society, we are extremely deficient in Vitamin D. As a powerful immunity booster, the intake of
Vitamin D can prevent those frequent colds and flus in your home each year. Cadmium,
aluminum, and strontium are harmful toxic metals that can be removed by Vitamin D. The said
vitamin also aids in the absorption of Calcium. But its most important task is hormone
production and regulation. The main fat in lard has high anti-cancer benefits and can decrease
your risk of breast cancer. Lard contains oleic acid, a fatty acid associated with decreased risk of
depression. Therefore, Lard can be healthy as long as you won't take too much of it.

The Use of Lard

According to a study that was published in Survivopedia, Animal fat can be turned into a hard
bar of soap that won’t turn to glop as soon as it gets wet. Tallow, goat fat or lard are often used as
a main ingredient because of its nurturing properties. You can use fats from some plants but the
curing process may take months to years whereas soap made with animal fat is ready to use in
just about 3 weeks. (Theresa Crouse, 2015). It was stated that animal fats or lard can be used as a
soap because of its properties that can help nurture the skin, it has also been stated that animal
fats are more practical to use than fats from plants.

Oils from animals, vegetables and minerals have long been used to burn as fuel in lamps.
Although paraffin is now primarily used in these lamps, animal oils can still be used in the lamps
by rendering the fat into tallow or lard. The tallow will cool to a hard, waxy substance that will
burn as a candle if a wick is incorporated into the center before cooling. (Dew, 2018).

Many people do not eat fatty food because of the people’s mindset that this is not healthy.
Instead of wasting this lard, the researchers have come up and idea to make a DIY floor wax out
of lard. This is where it is proven that the lard is useful for fuel lamps. This is will be a big help
to anyone especially to those who lives in provinces. The researchers have decided to be creative
in any way.

Floor Wax

Floor Wax is a solution that has been continuously used by many people since centuries for floor
polishing and care. Although there are still several traditional agents available in the market
 today, manmade and synthetic floor waxes are what most people prefer because they are
comparatively easy to apply. (TSCFLOORS, 2015).

Floor waxes are advantageous to both commercial and business spaces for they are sold as
effective finishing products from all over the world. They are designed to take care of high traffic
areas and are created to resist and repel scratches and other stains or abrasions. The said waxes
offer high shine when properly applied and maintained that can be used on any kinds of flooring
such as ceramic, concrete, and vinyl.

With the advancement in technology, there have been a variety of materials and different types of
waxes that are further developed to offer better results and floor care. Commercial waxes are
floor finishes that do not require reapplication as frequent as homemade or natural formulas. It
contains shellac, polyurethane, lacquer, perchloroethylene, toluene and phenol. These waxes
comprise of synthetic materials and artificial materials and natural ingredients. As a result,
commercial floor waxes are commonly made to last. Unnatural formulas can damage living
plants and may cause health problems due to daily exposure. As a substitute, beeswax, carnauba
wax, linseed oil, rosemary oil and other several natural waxes are eco-friendly that can be
utilized instead.

There are important things that need to keep in mind about the ingredients used in making floor
finishes. The amount of synthetic and chemicals used in most waxes is worrisome for most
people because of the health problems they may caused. Every floor react differently to different
agents. Natural waxes are great for the environment but cannot last for too long and hard to
apply.

According to Houston (2011), Wax is a floor sealer and finish which is applied to the flooring to
keep the floor’s radiant gloss. The purpose of applying wax to a floor is to prevent tile damages
or having the tile detached from the ground. Therefore, the failure of applying wax will lead to a
negative impression of the location. With this we can say that floor wax can be the image of ones
place for we should all avoid having damages

with the part of our house to keep it look as if its new or at least neat. Wax can be applied to all
types of floors containing different types of chemicals used and procedures done.

There 3 Basic Kinds of Floor Wax:

1) Water Based – Best to used on rubber-tiled floors, vinyl floors and asphalt floors for it
gives shiny, and high-gloss finishes.
2) Solvent Based – This kind of floor wax requires buffing for a high-gloss shine.

3) Polymer Based – Unlike the previous one, polymer based floor wax does not require
buffing and is self-polishing. Overtime, it turns yellow and needs to be stripped and
reapplied.
 Floor wax is recommended to use every 3 to 6 months. And the application of it might take
between 3 to 5 hours depending on the type and the conditions of the floor. Many floor stripping
chemicals are toxic and pose serious threats to human health if not used safely. Stripping a floor
to improve its appearance and minimize scuffs, scratches and other damages must be done from
time to time (Engel). Inhaling floor stripping fumes may cause dizziness, nausea, headaches,
chest pains and coughing. The fumes released by floor stripping chemicals are toxic and
exposure to such can cause to severe damage to respiratory tract in addition to heart palpitations
and difficulty breathing.

Written in the article of Aglibot (2018), Ten high school students were hospitalized on
Wednesday morning (July 4) due to a bad reaction to the smell of floor wax they were applying
in their classroom in Olongapo City. The Grade 9 students of Olongapo City National High
school experienced stomach ache, nausea, and breathing problems. This clearly shows that the
smell of the floor wax is really important.

Lard was once the fat of choice in many countries. Sadly, its use went into steep decline when it
was branded as a health hazard by nutritionists and doctors. (Harland, 2012) It may be hard to
look for lards in the supermarket for some considers it to be harmful to our health. While others
prefer using other forms of ingredient instead of lard. But as more and more nutritionists and
doctors have discovered what it can do to our health, they've confirmed that it is a health hazard.

The Effects of Formaldehyde and Cresol

Generally, cresols are used to dissolve other chemicals to make another chemical. There are
detrimental toxicity effects of cresol to the human body and also to our environment that we need
to keep in mind when it is used. It was indicated by the TOXNET Toxicology Data Network,
when cresol was ingested it results in burning of the mouth and throat, abdominal pain and
vomiting. The target tissues and organs are the blood and kidneys, lungs, liver and heart. In
severe cases, coma and death may result. Cresol contact in skin can result serious burns. Cresol
is a strong dermal irritant and causes frequent dermatitis. Serious or even fatal poisoning may
result if large areas of skin are wet with cresol and not removed immediately.

Based from Material Safety Data Sheet, formaldehyde has potential acute health effects such as
hazardous to eyes and skin that may be corrosive and irritant. It has also the potential chronic
health effects such as formaldehyde has carcinogenic effects or mutagenic effects to humans.
Formaldehyde enter the human body through inhalation, or when you breathe air containing
formaldehyde which affects the cell lining of respiratory tract. Ingestion may also be the process
on how formaldehyde enters the human body. Other effects of formaldehyde are bronchitis,
pneumonia, gastritis, peritonitis, myositis and chronic poisoning. (Tondo et. al. 2016).

Formaldehyde used to be the primary preservative used in floor wax after several studies stating
that it can cause a lot of health problems. Although you may not be exposed that easily once you
are in the environment wherein a substance is released, but when it is about floor wax, there is a
huge chance that you will be really exposed. Floor wax is usually used as a cleaning material at
home to clean our floors, and there are still some brand companies who uses this as their primary
preservative. The good thing is that some have considered taking other options that may be less
toxic.

Despite of the known hazard of formaldehyde to humans, the Philippines has not set an
occupational limit of formaldehyde in air for people frequently exposed to this toxicant in their
workplace. In addition, studies of formaldehyde concentration determination are not available in
the country. Teachers, students and pathologists are commonly exposed to formaldehyde inside
laboratories and are therefore at high risk of developing adverse effects after inhalation and
dermal exposure.

Thus, determination of formaldehyde concentration in air is of great interest and importance.

(Belmonte et. al., 2012). A widely used chemical, formaldehyde is normally present in both
indoor and outdoor air. That is why this must be taken seriously because those people who will
be exposed to this toxic substance may take their health at stake.

THE BENEFITS AND USES OF STARCH AND PANDAN LEAVES

To give fabrics a clean finish, free from creases and wrinkles the whole day. LIWAYWAY
GAWGAW, when applied to fabrics delivered unsurpassed results, to the great satisfaction of
Filipino homemakers. The success of the brand enabled the Chinese-Filipino couple to venture
into other commodities—from candles, snack goods, coffee to hair products. (Castro, 2018).

Many studies show that starch have powerful health beneficial. This includes improved insulin
sensitivity, lower blood sugar levels, reduced appetite and various benefits for digestion. Starch
is not only practical in clothes but also in food, it has different uses.

The starch came from smashed corns. In food, starch is used as the powder that you have to use
in order to thicken the sauce. But, it also has uses in our health, it can be used for babies that
experience rashes and redness. Starch can also be used as a deodorant in order to remove the bad
odor in your armpits. (Ong, 2012), in this article you can read how the starch can be helpful in
many ways, and the stated above are just some help that a starch can do.

In Asia and even in some parts of the world, Pandan leaves is known for the reason that it has
this unique scent. (De La Cruz, 2012). Scent is important when it comes to things that are
expected to be used inside the house, so a pandan scent will surely match with the floor wax.

Pandan leaves are used in preparing sweets delicacies and beverages due to their sweet aromatic
scent. Pandan leaf is most commonly used when cooking rice. (Lazcano, 2016), Pandan leaves is
not just about its smell, it can also be used in many ways; can be used in drinks, foods and etc.
which make it more familiar in the ears of others, with that people would surely know if having
the pandan leaf as one of the ingredient with something will be good.
Aside from being flavoring pandan leaves also contains medicinal properties that can be used to
treat some illnesses. It contains glycosides, alkaloids, and tannin that make this plant effective in
treating various illnesses. (Nelz, 2016).

Pandan leaves have an amazing health benefits to the human body because it contains numerous
nutrients and vitamins that give us a healthy body. Aside from these health benefits, pandan can
give that good aroma that the researchers can use in giving the DIY floor wax a good scent.

Synthesis

(TSCFLOORS 2015) basically talks about the two types of floor wax; eco-friendly floor wax and
commercial floor wax. Eco-friendly floor wax is the wax that less harmful for our health but this
product does not last for a long time. It may be safe for our health and less harmful, but the effect
of this product is not really good and does not exceed the consumer’s satisfaction for this
product. On the other hand, the commercial floor wax is the type of floor wax that is very
satisfying for consumers but the chemical of this product is not really healthy for us. Cresols are
used to dissolve other chemicals to make another chemical. There are detrimental toxicity
effects of cresol to the human body and also to our environment that we need to keep in mind
when it is used. When cresol was ingested it results in burning of the mouth and throat,
abdominal pain and vomiting (Tondo et al. 2016). The target tissues and organs are the blood and
kidneys, lungs, liver and heart. In severe cases, coma and death may result. Cresol contact in skin
can result serious burns. It is strong dermal irritant and causes frequent dermatitis. Serious or
even fatal poisoning may result if large areas of skin are wet with cresol and not removed
immediately. That’s why the researchers come up to this study that Lard will be an alternative
ingredient of floor wax. Also the researchers put starch and pandan leaves. The starch came from
smashed corns. In foods, starch is used as the powder that you have to use in order to thicken the
sauce. But, it also has uses in our health, it can be used for babies that experience rashes and
redness. Starch can also be used as a deodorant in order to remove the bad odor in your armpits.
Pandan leaves is known for the reason that it has this unique scent. Basically, the researchers put
pandan leaves to make the scent good.

CHAPTER III
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

In this study, the researchers will use a Descriptive type of research design. The
researchers will use this research design to be able to observe the experiment. It will be
conducted and the data will be recorded based on the given results. Field observation will be
done in collecting the data since the researchers will observe and conduct their study in the
house. Thus, the research questions were made so that the researchers may have an idea on what
the readers would want to know regarding the study. The conceptual framework will serve as the
illustration to show what will happen during the process while conducting the experiment.

Research Locale

The researchers will conduct the experiment at Southville Pilar Village, Las Piñas City.
The place was chosen by the researchers because for the reason the house has a larger space and
is applicable for the experiment which will be conducted in a kitchen with the use of proper
tools, machines and equipments.

Research Instrument

The researchers will be using different materials in doing the experiment. A.) Lard will be used
as the main ingredient in doing this experiment. The oil from the lard will be the floor wax's
shiner. B.) Pandan Leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius) as it will be used to manipulate the bad odor
of the Lard. C.) Starch will be used to thickened the mixture of the floor wax itself. D.)
Tupperware is where to put the finished experiment. E.) Measuring Cups F) Spoon G) Strainer
H) Mixing Bowl

A B

C D

G
E HF
 Figure 2. The Images of the Materials that the researchers will be using to conduct the

experiment for the study. A.) Lard B.) Pandan Leaves C.) Cornstarch D.) Tupperware E.)

Measuring Cups F.) Spoon G.) Casserole H.) Mixing Bowls

Data Gathering Procedure

The idea of this floor wax was adopted from (trish popovich, 2011) where in she stated that by
making floor wax out of natural ingredients is better than by getting store-bought waxes because
these contain a number of chemicals that is possible to be hazardous to your health. The said
"homemade floor wax" will again only contain natural ingredients only, such as the likes of lard.
First create a double boiler by placing a wide-mouthed glass jar or an empty, large coffee tin
inside a pot of simmering water (hard-boiling water can cause the glass jar to break). Place the
oil and waxes inside the jar or tin. Stir gently until the waxes are completely melted. Remove the
pot from the heat and stir in the vodka/vinegar and the optional oils. Blend these well together so
the mixture is consistent. Allow the mixture to fully harden

Statistical Analysis

The statistical analysis that will be utilized in the study are experimental statistics and t-
test by using SPSS procedure. The study requires using the T-test to determine if the two sets of
data are significantly different from each other. There are two independent variables included in
this study. We have the floor wax that consists of 50% lard and the other one is a commercial
brand of floor wax. The mean of these independent variables will be compared and the data
collected will be analyzed to see if there is really a difference between the commercial wax and
the floor wax made from lard or if both has simply the same quality and effectiveness.
 Experimental Flowchart
Extracted oil from Lard

Lard Oil in a Container with Starch

Extraction of Scent of Pandan Leaves

Mix altogether, and freeze for 2hrs

One Way Annova

Figure 3. shows the procedure followed by the researchers throughout the experimentation
process.
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter includes the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data obtained in the
study. The research questions were answered and discussed in the order they are presented in the
statement of the problem.

1. How efficient will lard be as an alternative main ingredient of floor wax in terms of the
characteristics of commercial floor wax?

iii. Hydrophobicity of the coating

iv. Hydrophilicity of the coating

A contact angle measurement was done in the water-droplets, showing the hydrophobicity and
hydrophilicity of the coating on the surface.

Figure 1. Droplet on the surface with commercial floor wax

Figure 2. Droplet on a surface with floor wax made up of lard
In Fig. 1 shows that the coating, the commercial waxes, on the surface is more hydrophobic than
the coating that is a floor wax made of lard in Fig. 2.

2. Is the quality of floor wax made of lard have the same effect as other floor wax available

in the market?

Coating Drop Volume Drop Surface Surface of Contact Angle

Contact
3 2
Commercial wax 1.50E-1mm 1.14E0 mm 8.01E1 mm2 66.07 CA

Lard Floor wax 1.50E-1mm3 4.76E0 mm2 4.20E0 mm2 40.13 CA

Table 1. showing the contact angle measurements of Lard floor wax and Commercial Floor wax
In table 1. It indicates that the commercial floor wax is more hydrophobic having a measurement
of 66.07 CA compared to the Lard Floor wax that the researchers made having the measurement
of 40.13 CA.

3. How similar or different would be the effects and quality of floorwax made of Lard and

commercial floor wax?

Coating Contact Angle Hydrophobicity level

Commercial wax 66.07 CA 66.07%

Lard Floor wax 40.13 CA 40.13%

Table 2 shows the hydrophobicity of the coatings based on the contact angle measurement
This table illustrates that the Lard Floor wax with 40.13% is a wetting kind of coating compared
to the commercial floor wax which has 66.07% of hydrophobicity level, a not-wetting coating.
Therefore the Lard floor wax do not have the same effect with Commercial floor wax. The
hypothesis for the Statement of the Problems for #2 is a null hypothesis

CHAPTER V
 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the whole research, the conclusions after the final product
was observed, and the recommendations that will help future researchers in improving the
product based on the data analyzed on the previous chapters. The Use of Fats in Sus Scrofa
Domesticus as Main Ingredient of Floor Wax.

Summary

This study was done to determine if a floor wax made out of lard has the same quality as
the commercial floor waxes. The statistical tool that's been used in analyzing, interpreting the
data and testing the hypothesis is through the contact angle measurement. This may help
determine if a floor wax made out of lard is more edible and is resistant to water as well.
We then transferred the floor wax into a container and was put into the refrigerator for 24
hours.Afterwards, we went on to the next procedure. A wooden tile was used in the experiment
to see if this, also, is resistant to water. The researchers were able to ascertain that floor wax
made out of lard has indeed the same quality as a commercial floor wax.

Conclusions

Based on the results written in the fourth chapter, the researchers have come up to the
conclusion that a floor wax made from lard has the same quality as a commercial floor wax. The
product contains edible substances which is why it is less toxic. We found out that the floor wax
is resistant as well.

Recommendations

The researchers would like to emphasize the following changes in significance to the future
researchers, environmentalists, and other beneficiaries of the study, especially the households
that are looking for a non-toxic material to be used in cleaning their houses. The researchers
recommend the following changes in the following aspects with consideration to the important
parameters used in the said experiment:
 Observation Period – the researchers would like to recommend for the future researchers
to observe the longevity of the floor wax after being made, for the reason that due to lack
of time the researchers only observed the product for just two weeks with the goal of
observing it for one month.
 Develop and surpass – The researchers themselves knows that there are lots of things that
can be improved in the product itself but due to the lack of time given they finalized with
the product that was made, and now they want to recommend to future researchers to be
able to explore more with the product in order to develop it and surpass the research that
was made.

References:
George. (2012). Floor Wax, Retrieved from http://greenshieldfloors.com/floor-wax/
Blake, H. (2000). Floor Care -- On Bended Knees, Retrieved from
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1981/01/25/floor-care-on-bended-
knees/9dad885e-b773-4d68-8df2-caab241fd4ff/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.17ae25ae46fc
Paraffin Wax Chemical Compound, Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/science/paraffin-wax
Brabaw, K. (2015). Should You Be Eating Lard?, Retrieved from
https://www.prevention.com/food-nutrition/a20488068/should-you-be-eating-lard/

Crouse, T. (2015). Many Uses Of Animal Fats, Retrieved from

https://readynutrition.com/resources/the-many-uses-of-animal-fats_22032015/

Dew, G. (2018). How to Turn Animal Fat to Lamp Oil, Retrieved from
https://www.hunker.com/13411129/how-to-turn-animal-fat-to-lamp-oil
TCSFLOORS. (2015). An Introduction To Floor Wax, Retrieved from
http://www.tcsfloors.com/an-introduction-to-floor-wax/

Houston, TX. (2011). Importance Of Having Floor Wax, Retrieved from

https://jandbpro.wordpress.com/2011/12/08/importance-of-having-floor-wax/

Aglibot, J. (2018). 10 Olongapo High School Students Fall Ill From Floor Wax Smell, Retrieved
from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1007059/10-olongapo-high-school-students-fall-ill-from-floor-
wax-smell?utm_expid=.XqNwTug2W6nwDVUSgFJXed.1

From the Bahay Kubo…with Robert Harland in the Philippines, Retrieved from
https://robertharlandsr.wordpress.com/2012/12/28/praise-the-lard/

Thomson, J. (2014). 10 Reasons You Should Be Cooking With Lard, Retrieved from
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/cooking-with-lard-baking_n_5212804

Telis, G. (2013). Lard may not be as bad for your health as the fat’s detractors say, Retrieved
from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/lard-may-not-be-as-bad-for-your-
health-as-the-fats-detractors-say/2013/04/15/874490a0-9bb5-11e2-9bda-
edd1a7fb557d_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.f93a7e1df941

Tondo et al, A. (2016). International Journal Of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences,
Retrieved from http://www.rroij.com/open-access/formaldehyde-fixation-blocks-as-a-mitigating-
tool-of-waste-disposal-.pdf

Castro, A. (2018). 148. Brand Stories: LIWAYWAY GAWGAW, 1948, Retrieved from
http://isamunangpatalastas.blogspot.com/2018/01/148-brand-stories-liwayway-gawgaw-
1948.html
Nelz, J. (2016). Pandan Leaves Amazing Health Benefits To Human Body, Retrieved from
https://newsfeed.ph/lifestyle/health-fitness/14910/pandan-leaves-amazing-health-benefits/

Curriculum Vitae
I. Personal Data

Name: Maeriel Therese B. Reyes

Home Address: Block 6 Lot 4B Antioch Street Pilar Executive Village, Las Piñas City
Gender: Female
Date of Birth: September 27, 2000
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Email Address:maerielreyes16@gmail.com

II. Educational Background

Secondary Education:
Bethany School of Las Piñas
#57 Camino Real Road Pilar Village Las Piñas City

University of Perpetual Help System - DALTA (Las Piñas Campus)

Alabang-Zapote Road, Pamplona, Las Piñas City

Primary Education:
Bethany School of Las Piñas
#57 Camino Real Road Pilar Village, Las Piñas City.
I. Personal Data

Name: Carla Marisa Nascimento Agostinho

Home Address: B4L1 villa feliza alabang zapote road, las piñas city
Gender: Female
Date of Birth: January 11,1999
Nationality: Angolan
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Catholic
Email Address: carlamarisagostinho@yahoo.com

II. Educational background

University Of Perpetual Help System - Dalta
(Las Piñas Campus)
Alabang - Zapote Pamplona,
Las piñas City

University Of Perpetual Help System - Dalta (Las piñas Campus)

Alabang - Zapote Pamplona,
Las piñas city

University Of Perpetual Help System - Dalta (Las Piñas Campus)

Alabang - Zapote Pamplona,
Las piñas City
I. Personal Data

Name: Maria Bella Patricia M. Muñez

Home Address: Blk. 12 Lt. 5 Diamond st., veraville philam las piñas city
Gender: Female
Date of Birth: February 12,2001
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Email Address: mbpmmunez@gmail.com

II. Educational Background

Secondary Education:

St. Peter Catholic School Mulanay Quezon

University of Perpetual Help System - DALTA (Las Piñas Campus)

Alabang-Zapote Road, Pamplona, Las Piñas City

Primary Education:
Eduardo Cojuangco Jr. Grade School Mulanay, Quezon
 I. Personal data

Name: Maica Zussane O. Arceo

Home Address: Blk 8 Lot 2 Hummingbird Drive Southville Pilar Village Las Piñas City
Gender: Female
Date of Birth: July 10,2000
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Email Address: arceomaica@yahoo.com

II. Educational Background

Secondary Education:

Don Carlo Cavina School

University of Perpetual Help System - DALTA (Las Piñas Campus)

Alabang-Zapote Road, Pamplona, Las Piñas City

Primary Education:
Son Carlo Cavina School
I. Personal Data

Name: Jeri Mae C. Valencua

Home Address: Blk 4 Lot 47 Mayon St., Bermuda Subd., Pamplona 1 las piñas city

Gender: Female

Date of Birth: June 24,2000

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Email Address: jerivalenci4@gmail.com

II. Educational Background

Secondary Education:

St. Josephs academy

University of Perpetual Help System - DALTA (Las Piñas Campus)

Alabang-Zapote Road, Pamplona, Las Piñas City

Primary Education:

St. Josephs Academy

I. Personal Data

Name: Pioline Martina M. Perez

Home Address: 22A St. Clemente San Jose Village Alabang Munt. City

Gender: Female

Date of Birth: May 26,2001

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Email Address: piolineperez@gmail.com

II. Educational Background

Secondary Education:

St. Bernadette College of Alabang

University of Perpetual Help System - DALTA (Las Piñas Campus)

Alabang-Zapote Road, Pamplona, Las Piñas City

Primary Education:

St. Mary’s Academy of Sta Ana Manila

I. Personal Data

Name: Polo P. Lucena

Home Address: #54 sto. Niño st. Carmencita village Talon III Las Piñas City

Gender: Male

Date of Birth:June 16, 2000

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single R

eligion: Born again Christian

EmailAddress: lucenapolo18@gmail.com

II. Educational Background

Secondary Education: Talon III Elem. School Annex

University of Perpetual Help System - DALTA (Las Piñas Campus) Alabang-Zapote Road,

Pamplona, Las Piñas City

I. Personal Data

Name: Jerome Vincent A. Briones

Home Address: 98 lovely rd, Bf homes Almanza dos, Las piñas city

Gender: Male

Date of Birth: May 18, 2000

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Email Address: brionesjv@gmail.com

II. Educational Background

Secondary Education: Our Lady Of Pilar Montessori Center University of Perpetual Help

System - DALTA (Las Piñas Campus) Alabang-Zapote Road, Pamplona, Las Piñas City
I. Personal Data

Name: Xyra Neil Sta Maria Cayabyab

Age: 19 Birthdate: October 4, 1999

Gender: Female

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Email add: cayabyabxyra70@gmail.com

III. Educational background

Secondary Education - Mountaintop Christian Academy University of Perptual Help

System - DALTA
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