GURU NANAK INSTITUTIONS TECHNICAL

CAMPUS
Ibrahimpatnam, R.R District-501506 (T.S)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION (A70231)

IV B.Tech I Semester (2016-2017)

(EEE)

Mr. S. rajander Reddy

Assistant Professor-EEE
 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, Hyderabad
L T / P /D C
IV Year B. Tech. EEE : I - Semester
4 - / - /- 4
(A70231) SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION

Unit –I: Circuit Breakers : Circuit Breaker: Elementary principles of arc interruption, Recovery,
Restricting voltage & recovery voltages – Restiking phenomenon, Average & maximum RRRV, Numerical
Problems – Current chopping & resistance switching. CB ratings & specifications: Types & Numerical
Problems - Auto reclosures. Description & operation of following types of circuit breakers: Minimum Oil
Circuit breakers, Air blast circuit breakers, Vacuum & SF 6 circuit breakers.

Unit –II: Electromagnetic and Static Relays: Principle of operation and construction of attracted
armature, Balanced – beam, induction – disc and induction – cup relays. Classification of relays:
Instantaneous, DMT and IDMT types. Application of Relays: Over current/ under voltage relays, Direction
relays, Differential Relays – Percentage differential relays. Universal Torque equation. Distance relays-
Impedance, reactance and Mho and off-set Mho relays, Characteristics of Distance relays & comparison. Static
relays – Static relays Versus Electromagnetic relays.

Unit – III: Generator &Transformer Protection: Generator Protection: Protection of generators

against Stator faults, and Abnormal conditions. Restricted Earth fault & Inter- turn fault protection. Numerical
Problems on %winding unprotected.
Protection of Transformers: Percentage differential protections, Numerical Problem on design of CT s ratio,
Buchholtz relay protection.

Unit – IV: Feeder & Bus Bar Protection& Grounding : Protection of lines: Over current, Carrier
current &Three zone distance relay protection using Impedance relays. Translay Relay. Protection of Bus Bar:
Differential Protection. Neutral Grounding: Grounded & ungrounded neutral systems- Effects of
Ungrounded neutral on system performance. Methods of Neutral Grounding: Solid, Resistance, Reactance,-
Arcing grounds and Grounding Practices.

Unit – V: Protection Against Over Voltages : Generation of over voltages in power systems – Protection
against Lightening over voltages – Valve Type & zinc oxide type lightening arresters. Insulation & co-
ordination – BIL, Impulse Ratio, Standard Impulse Test Wave, Volt- time characteristics & Insulation co-
ordination.

TEXT BOOKS:
1) Switchgear and Protection – by Sunil S Rao, Khanna Publishers.
2) .Protection and switch gear , Bvavesh Bhalija,R.P.Mahesheari, Nilesh G.Chothani, Oxford university
Press

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1) Electrical Power Systems – by CL Wadhwa, New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers 2 nd edition.
2) Power System Protection and Switch Gear – By Badriram Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishers.
3) Electrical power system Protection, C.Chistopoulos and A. Wright, Springer International.
4) Electrical Power system, PSR Murty, BS Publication.
5) Power system protection and switch gear by Bhuvanesh Oza,TMH,
6) A Text book on power system.
Engineering,M.L.Soni,P.V.Gupta,U.S.Bhatnagar,A.Chakrabarthy,Dhanpat rai& co.Pvt.Ltd
 7) A.Text book of power system Engineering ,R.K.Rajput ,Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd.
8) Principle of power system, V.K.Metha and Rohit Metha S. Chand Company Pvt Ltd.

SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION

COURSE INFORMATION SHEET
PROGRAMME: EEE DEGREE: BTECH
COURSE: Switchgear and Protection SEMESTER: I CREDITS: 4
COURSE CODE: A70231 REGULATION: R 13 COURSE TYPE: CORE
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN: POWER SYSTEMS CONTACT HOURS: 4 (Tutorial) hours/Week.
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE (IF ANY): LAB COURSE NAME:

SYLLABUS:
UNIT DETAILS HOURS
Circuit Breakers: Elementary principles of arc interruption, Recovery, Restriking
Voltage and Recovery voltages. – Restriking Phenomenon, Average and Max. RRRV,
I Numerical Problems – Current Chopping and Resistance Switching – CB ratings and
15
Specifications: Types and Numerical Problems – Auto reclosures.
Description and Operation of following types of circuit breakers: Minimum Oil
Circuit breakers, Air Blast Circuit Breakers, Vacuum and SF6 circuit breakers.
Principle of operation and construction of attracted armature, Balanced – beam,
induction – disc and induction – cup relays. Classification of relays: Instantaneous,
DMT and IDMT types. Application of Relays: Over current/ under voltage relays,
II Direction relays, Differential Relays – Percentage differential relays. Universal Torque 10
equation, Distance relays, Impedance, reactance and Mho and off-set Mho relays,
Characteristics of Distance relays & comparison.
Static relays – Static relays Versus Electromagnetic relays.
Protection of generators against Stator faults, Rotor faults, and Abnormal Conditions.
Restricted Earth fault and Inter – turn fault Protection. Numerical Problems on %
III
winding Unprotected. 12
Protection of transformers: Percentage Differential Protection, Numerical problem on
Design of CTs Ratio, Buchholtz relay Protection.
Protection of Lines: Over Current, Carrier Current and Three-zone distance relay
protection using Impedance relays. Translay Relay. Protection of Bus bars –
IV Differential protection.
15
Grounded and Ungrounded Neutral Systems – Effects of Ungrounded Neutral on
system performance. Methods of Neutral Grounding: Solid, Resistance, Reactance –
Arcing Grounds and Grounding Practices.
Generation of Over Voltages in Power Systems – Protection against Lightning Over
V Voltages – Valve type and Zinc – Oxide Lighting Arresters – Insulation Coordination – 8
BIL, Impulse Ration, Standard Impulse Test Wave, Volt – Time Characteristics.
TOTAL HOURS 60
Tutorial Class 10
Descriptive Tests 02
Classes for beyond syllabus 01
Remedial Classes / NPTEL 02
Total number of classes 75

TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS:
 T/R BOOK TITLE/AUTHORS/PUBLICATION
T1 Power System Protection and Switch Gear – By Badriram Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishers
T2 Switchgear and Protection – by Sunil S Rao, Khanna Publishers
R1 Electrical Power Systems-by J.B Guptha
R2 Electrical Power Systems – by CL Wadhwa, New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers 2 nd
edition

COURSE PRE-REQUISITES:
C.CODE COURSE NAME DESCRIPTION SEM
54008 Power Systems-I Transmission and Distribution of System,substation II-II
Classification of Transmission lines, Mechanical Design
55011 Power Systems-II Of Over Head Line, Sag&Tension Travelling or III-I
Propagation of Surges

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 To introduce students to power system protection and switchgear.

To teach students theory and applications of the main components used in power system protection
2
for electric machines, transformers, bus bars, overhead and underground feeders.
To teach students the theory, construction, applications of main types Circuit breakers, Relays for
3 protection of generators, transformers and protection of feeders from over- voltages and other
hazards. It emphasis on neutral grounding for overall protection
To develop an ability and skill to design the feasible protection systems needed for each main part of
4
a power system in students.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
SNO DESCRIPTION PO MAPPING
Describe the working mechanism of circuit breakers and their selection for each B,C,E
1
of protection scheme design.
Design different protection schemes including over current Protection scheme, A,C,E
2
differential protection scheme and distance protection scheme.
3 Understand power system protection coordination. E
4 Learn about over-voltages due to lightening and switching surges K,L
Analyze a range of electrical Earthing methods and predict fault currents under K,L
5
balanced and unbalanced conditions

GAPS IN THE SYLLABUS - TO MEET INDUSTRY/PROFESSION REQUIREMENTS:

SNO DESCRIPTION PROPOSED
ACTIONS
1 Current transformer operation ,mechanical design of overhead Demo model
explanation
2 Line Travelling wave and Propagation of Surges Effect of capacitance on ground Demo model
explanation
3 Operation , design of transformer and DC machine Demo model
explanation
4 Transmission and distribution of power NPTEL
PROPOSED ACTIONS: TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ASSIGNMENT/INDUSTRY VISIT/GUEST LECTURER/NPTEL ETC

TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ADVANCED TOPICS/DESIGN:

1 Microprocessor based and static relays
2 Synchronizing systems, synchro-check relays
3 Protection of Transmission Lines Breaker failure protection (BFP)
4 Relay coordination in Power System Protection

WEB SOURCE REFERENCES:

1 Ocw.mit.edu
2 epdweb.engr.wisc.edu
3 www.eptc.wapa.gov
4. http://www.jeffersonelectric.com/s3/site/catalog/basics.pdf
5. http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/appnotes/00887a.pdf
6. http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_13/9.html
7. http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/three-phase-induction-motors-operating-principle
8. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/electrical-systems-t_33.html

DELIVERY/INSTRUCTIONAL METHODOLOGIES:
☑ CHALK & TALK ☑STUD. ASSIGNMENT ☑ WEB RESOURCES
☑ LCD/SMART BOARDS ☑ STUD. SEMINARS ☐ ADD-ON COURSES

ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-DIRECT
☑ ASSIGNMENTS ☑ STUD. SEMINARS ☑ TESTS/MODEL ☑ UNIV. EXAMINATION
EXAMS
☑ STUD. LAB ☑ STUD. VIVA ☐ MINI/MAJOR ☐ CERTIFICATIONS
PRACTICES PROJECTS
☐ ADD-ON ☐ OTHERS
COURSES

ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-INDIRECT
☑ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES (BY ☑STUDENT FEEDBACK ON FACULTY (TWICE)
FEEDBACK, ONCE)
☐ ASSESSMENT OF MINI/MAJOR PROJECTS BY ☐ OTHERS
EXT. EXPERTS

Prepared by: Mr. S Rajender Reddy Approved by

(Faculty) (HOD)
 Consolidated Unit Wise Lesson Plan
Subject SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION
Faculty Mr. S Rajender Reddy
Text Books (to be acquired by the Students)
Book 1 Power System Protection and Switch Gear – By Badriram Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishers
Book 2 Switchgear and Protection – by Sunil S Rao, Khanna Publishers
Reference Books
Book 3 Electrical Power Systems-by J.B Guptha
Electrical Power Systems – by CL Wadhwa, New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers 2nd
Book 4
edition
Chapters No of
Unit Topic
Book 1 Book 2 Book3 Book4 Classes
2,3,4
I Circuit Breakers 9 5 15 15
5,6,7,8,9

Electromagnetic & Static

II 2,3,4 25,26 6 14 10
Relays

Generator & Transformer 33,27

III 6 8,9 14 12
Protection 32,28

Feeder & Bus Bar 30,29

IV 3,6 10,11,15 14,11 15
Protection & Grounding 18-B,C
Protection Against Over
V 11 18-A 12 16 8
Voltages
Contact classes for syllabus coverage 60

Tutorial Class 10

Descriptive Tests 02

Classes for beyond syllabus 01

Remedial Classes / NPTEL 02

Total number of classes 75

 MIRCO PLAN – SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION
(IV Year I Sem)
No. of Cumulative
Sl.
Name of the Topic Classes number of Teaching Aid
No.
required periods
UNIT – 1: Circuit Breakers
1. Elementary principles of arc interruption 01 1 Chalk & Talk
Recovery, Restricting voltage & recovery Chalk & Talk
2. 01 2
voltages
3. Restricting phenomenon 01 3 PPT
4. Average & maximum RRRV 01 4 Chalk & Talk
5. Current chopping & resistance switching 01 5 PPT
6. CB ratings & specifications 01 6 Chalk & Talk
Types & Numerical Problems – Auto Chalk & Talk
7. 01 7
reclosusers
Description & Operation of different types of Chalk & Talk
8. 02 9
circuit breakers
9. Minimum Oil Circuit breakers 02 11 PPT
10. Air blast circuit breakers 01 12 PPT
11. SF6 circuit breakers 02 14 PPT
12. Vacuum circuit breakers 01 15 Chalk & Talk
13. Tutorial Class -I 01 16 Chalk & Talk
14. Tutorial Class -II 01 17 Chalk & Talk
15. Classes for beyond syllabus 01 18 Chalk & Talk
16. Descriptive Test 01 19 Chalk & Talk
UNIT –II : Electromagnetic & Static Relays
Principles of operation and construction of Chalk & Talk
17. 01 20
attracted armature
18. Balanced – beam - Induction 01 21 Chalk & Talk
19. Disc and induction – Cup relays 01 22 Chalk & Talk
Classification of relays : Instantaneous, DMT PPT
20. 01 23
Types
Application or Relays : Over current / under Chalk & Talk
21. voltage relays, Direction relays, Differential 02 25
Relays – Percentage differential relays.
22. Universal Torque equation, Distance relays, 02 27 PPT
Impedance, reactance and Mho and off-set
 Mho relays
Characteristics of Distance Relays & Chalk & Talk
23. 01 28
Comparison
Static relays – Static relays Versus Chalk & Talk
24. 01 29
Electromagnetic relays
25. Tutorial Class -I 01 30 Chalk & Talk
26. Tutorial Class -II 01 31 Chalk & Talk
27. Remedial Classes/NPTL 01 32 Chalk & Talk
UNIT – III: Generator & Transformer Protection
Protection of generators against Stator faults, Chalk & Talk
28. 01 33
and Abnormal conditions
Rotor protection PPT
29. Field ground fault protection 01 34
Loss of excitation and overheating
30 Misce. Fault. over speeding ,aux. failure 01 35 Chalk & Talk
Numerical Problems on % winding Chalk & Talk
31. 01 36
unprotected
32. Protection of Transformers ,types of fault 01 37 Chalk & Talk
33 Overheating 01 38 Chalk & Talk
34 Magnetising inrush current 01 39 Chalk & Talk
35 Earth fault. 01 40 Chalk & Talk
36. Percentage differential protection 01 41 Chalk & Talk
37 3-winding transformer 01 42 PPT
39. Numerical Problem on design of CTs ratio 01 43 Chalk & Talk
39. Buchholtz relay protection 01 44 PPT
43. Tutorial Class -I 01 45 Chalk & Talk
44. Tutorial Class -II 01 46 Chalk & Talk
UNIT – IV: Feeder & Bus Bar Protection & Grounding
45. Protection of lines 01 47 Chalk & Talk
Over current, Carrier current & Three zone Chalk & Talk
50. distance relay protection using Impedance 02 49
relays
51. Tran slay Relay 01 50 Chalk & Talk
52. Protection of Bus Bar 01 51 PPT
53. Differential Protection 01 52 Chalk & Talk
54. Grounded & ungrounded neutral systems 02 54 Chalk & Talk
Effects of Ungrounded neutral on system Chalk & Talk
55. 01 55
performance
56. Methods of Neutral Grounding 02 57 PPT
57. Solid, Resistance, Reactance 02 59 PPT
58. Arcing grounds and Grounding Practices 02 61 Chalk & Talk
59. Tutorial Class -I 01 62 Chalk & Talk
60. Tutorial Class -II 01 63 Chalk & Talk
61. Remedial Classes/NPTL 01 64 Chalk & Talk
62. Descriptive Test 01 65
UNIT – V: Protection Against Over Voltages
63. Generation of over voltage in power systems 01 66 Chalk & Talk
64. Protection against Lightening over voltages 01 67 Chalk & Talk
Valve Type & Zinc oxide type lightening Chalk & Talk
65. 01 68
arresters
66. Insulation & co-ordination 02 70 PPT
BIL, Impulse Ratio, Standard Impulse Test PPT
67. 01 71
Wave
Volt-time characteristics & Insulation Chalk & Talk
68. 02 73
co-ordinaion
69. Tutorial Class -I 01 74 Chalk & Talk
70. Tutorial Class -II 01 75 Chalk & Talk
 Tutorial Classes
Sl.
Date Topic Delivered Teaching Aid HOD Sign
No.
UNIT – 1: Circuit Breakers
Problems on Recovery, Restricting voltage & Chalk & Talk
1.
recovery Average & maximum RRRV
Problems on Current chopping & resistance
2. Chalk & Talk
switching
Description & Operation of all types
3. Chalk & Talk
of circuit breakers
4 Problems on CB ratings & specifications Chalk & Talk
Unit –II : Electromagnetic & Static Relays
5. Problems on different type of relays Chalk & Talk
Problems on time setting and current setting relays
6. Chalk & Talk
Unit – III : Generator &Transformer Protection
Numerical Problems Rotor protection
7. Field ground failt protection Chalk & Talk
Loss of excitation and overheating
Numerical Problems on % winding
8. Chalk & Talk
unprotected
Numerical Problem on Percentage differential
9. Chalk & Talk
protection, types of fault
10. Numerical Problem on design of CTs ratio Chalk & Talk
Unit –IV : Feeder & Bus Bar Protection & Grounding
Numerical Problem on Over current, Carrier current
& Three zone distance relay protection using
11. Chalk & Talk
Impedance
relays
12. Numerical Problem on Differential Protection Chalk & Talk
13. Problem on Grounded & ungrounded neutral systems Chalk & Talk
Problem on Solid, Resistance, Reactance ,arc
14. Chalk & Talk
suppression coil
Unit – V : Protection Against Over Voltages
15. Problem on Insulation & co-ordination Chalk & Talk
Problem on BIL, Impulse Ratio, Standard Impulse
16. Test Chalk & Talk
Wave
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO’S):
 To provide students with a strong foundation in various disciplines and in emerging areas of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering for higher studies, research, to understand, analyze and
solve engineering problems, employability and meet the realistic constraints.
 Our graduates have the communication skills, ethical conduct towards their profession, social
responsibility and sense of responsibility to protect the environment and commitment to serve
the society.
 Our graduates possess academic excellence, managerial skills, and leadership qualities and
understand the need for lifelong learning for a successful professional career.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO’S):

a. An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering
b. An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interprete data
c. An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs Within realistic
constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety,
manufacturability, and sustainability.
d. An ability to function on multidisciplinary teams
e. An ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems
f. An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility
g. An ability to communicate effectively
h. The broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering Solutions in a global,
economic, environmental, and societal context
i. An recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning
j. A knowledge of contemporary issues and
k. An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering
practice.
l. Ability to recognize the global issues like green initiatives, alternate energy sources and relate
engineering sources solutions to meet such requirements.
Course objectives :

1) To introduce students to power system protection and switchgear

2) To teach students theory and applications of the main components used in power system
protection for electric machines, transformers, bus bars, overhead and underground feeders

3) To teach students the theory, construction, applications of main types Circuit breakers, Relays
for protection of generators, transformers and protection of feeders from over- voltages and
other hazards. It emphasis on neutral grounding for overall protection

4) To develop an ability and skill to design the feasible protection systems needed for each main
part of a power system in students.

Course Outcomes:

1) Describe the working mechanism of circuit breakers and their selection for each of protection
scheme design

2) Design different protection schemes including over current Protection scheme, differential
protection scheme and distance protection scheme

3) Understand power system protection coordination

4) Learn about over-voltages due to lightening and switching surges

5) Analyze a range of electrical Earthing methods and predict fault currents under balanced and
unbalanced conditions.

C0’S / PO MAPPING:
Program Education Outcomes
CO’S
a b c d e f g h i j k l m
Describe the working mechanism of circuit breakers
and their selection for each of protection scheme √ √ √
design
Design different protection schemes including over
current Protection scheme, differential protection √ √ √
scheme and distance protection scheme
Understand power system protection coordination √
Learn about over-voltages due to lightening and
switching surges √ √
Analyze a range of electrical Earthing methods and
predict fault currents under balanced and √ √
unbalanced conditions
 (A70231) SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION

Unit Wise Assignments (FOUR SETS)

Unit – I Circuit Breakers
SET-I
2 Marks
1. What is a circuit breaker? Explain its functions.
2 What is the function of Auto re closures
3 Marks
1 Explain the phenomenon of current chopping
Define the following terms as applied to circuit breakers : (i) Arc voltage (ii) Re striking voltage
2
(iii) Recovery voltage
5 Marks
a).Derive an expression for restriking voltage in terms of system capacitance and inductance
1
b). Derive the expression for recovery voltage
SET-2
2 Marks
1 Why are circuit breakers designed to have a short-time rating?
2 What is switchgear?
3 Marks
1 What are the major duties that a circuit breaker is required to perform
2 Explain the phenomenon of current chopping
5 Marks
Ina power system the R.M.S voltage is 38.1kv, L is 10mH and C is 0.02µF. determine a)
1 restriking voltage across the circuit breaker b) frequency of restriking voltage transient c)
average rate of restriking voltage up to peak restriking voltage and d) maximum RRRV.
SET-3
2 Marks
1 What are the types of air blast circuit breaker?
2 What are the disadvantage the plain break oil circuit breaker
3 Marks
1 Explain the difference between bulk oil circuit breakers and low-oil circuit breakers
Explain the terms (i) symmetrical breaking current (ii) Asymmetrical breaking current(iii)
2
making current
5 Marks
a).Discuss the constructional details and operation of a typical low-oil circuit breaker? What are
its relative merits and demerits?
1
b). Discuss the principle of operation of an air-blast circuit breaker. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of using air as the arc quenching medium?
SET-4
2 Marks
1 What are the advantages of SF6 circuit breaker?
2 What are the applications of air blast circuit breaker?
3 Marks
1 Why the current chopping is not common in oil circuit breaker
2 Give the advantage of SF6 circuit breaker over Air blast circuit breaker
5 Marks
a).Describe the construction, principle of operation and application of sf6 circuit breaker. How
does this breaker essentially differed from an air blast Breaker
1 b). A circuit breaker is rated at 1500 A, 2000 MVA, 33 kV, 3 sec, 3-phase oil circuit breaker.
Determine (i)the rated normal current (ii) breaking current (iii) making current (iv) short time
rating current.
Unit – II Electromagnetic and Static Relays
SET-I
2 Marks
1. What are the functions of protective relay
2 What is meant by primary and back up protection
3 Marks
1 Define following terms a) Current setting b) time setting
2 What is the difference between an over current relay and current differential relay ?
5 Marks
1 With the help of neat sketch explain the principle of operation of Differential relays

SET-2
2 Marks
1 What is the difference between a fuse and a relay?
2 Why are differential relays more sensitive than over current relays?
3 Marks
1 What is the difference between a balanced voltage relay and a Translay relay?
2 (i) Plug-setting multiplier (ii) Time-setting multiplier
5 Marks
Describe the operating principle, constructional features and area of applications of reverse
1
power or directional relay
SET-3
2 Marks
1 What is protective relay?
2. State the various applications of differential protection
3 Marks
1 Drive universal torque equation for distance relay
2 How the relays are basically classified
5 Marks
1 Explain the working principle of distance relays
SET-4
2 Marks
1 Define impedance relay? Write application of impedance relay
2 Classify the relay on their timing and Explain its characteristics
3 Marks
1 Classify the distance relays and write it’s applications
2 Write down the applications of induction cup relay
5 Marks
4 a).What are the different inverse time characteristics of over current Relays? Mention how
characteristics can be achieved practice for an electromagnetic relay.
 b). Determine the time of operation of a 5-ampere, 3-second over current relay having a current
setting of 125% and a time setting multiplier of 0·6 connected to supply circuit through a 400/5
current transformer when the circuit carries a fault current of 4000 A
Unit – III Generator &Transformer Protection
SET-I
2 Marks
1. Why is overload protection not necessary for alternators?
2 What are the types of stator winding faults in alternator?
3 Marks
1 (a) What do you understand by field suppression of an alternator? (b) How is it achieved?
2 Explain biased differential Protection?
5 Marks
a). Explain with a neat diagram the application of Merz-Price circulating current principle for the
protection of alternator.
b).A star-connected, 3-phase, 10 MVA, 6·6 kV alternator is protected by Merz-Price circulating-
1 current principle using 1000/5 amperes current transformers. The star point of the alternator is
earthed through a resistance of 7·5 Ω. If the minimum operating current for the relay is 0·5 A,
calculate the percentage of each phase of the stator winding which is unprotected against earth-
faults when the machine is operating at normal voltage.
SET-2
2 Marks
1 What are the rotor faults in alternator
2 What is field suppression?
3 Marks
1 Discuss the protection employed against loss of excitation of an alternator
2 Mention the most commonly used protection scheme for alternators
5 Marks
a).What type of a protective device is used for the protection of an alternator against overheating
1 of its (i) stator (ii) rotor? Discuss them in brief
b). Describe protection scheme of an alternator against inter-turn fault
SET-3
2 Marks
1 How many faults develop in a power transformer?
2 What are the advantages in operating choppers at high frequency
3 Marks
1 What is the principle of harmonic restraint relay
2 What is magnetic inrush current?
5 Marks
a). Explain with a neat circuit diagram the differential protection scheme used to protect
1. star/delta transformers.
b). Describe with a neat sketch the operation of Buchholz relay
SET-4
2 Marks
1 What are incipient faults?
2 What are the limitations Buchholz Relay?
3 Marks
1 Name the two basic requirements that are to be fulfilled by differential relay
2 What are the various protections usually recommended for power transformers?
5 Marks
a) What is the principle of harmonic restraint relay? Explain its applications
b) A 3-phase transformer having a line voltage ratio of 400/33,000V is star-delta connected.
1
The CTs on the 400v side have a ratio of 800/5A.What must be the ratio of CTs on
33,000V side?

Unit – IV Feeder & Bus Bar Protection& Grounding

SET-I
2 Marks
1. What are the different types of distance relays used for protection of transmission lines
2 write different types of bus bar protection schemes used
3 Marks
1 Explain the operating principles of pilot wire protection
2 What is the necessity of bus-bar protection?
5 Marks
Write short-notes on the following
(i) Fault-bus protection (ii) Merz-Price voltage balance system for protection of feeders
1
(iii) Translay scheme
SET-2
2 Marks
1 What is the Merz-Price voltage protection scheme
2 What are the advantages of distance protection over other types of protection
3 Marks
1 How earth fault protection is achieved in case of feeder?
2 What are the protection scheme for the protection parallel feeder
5 Marks
a) Explain the Translay protection & Distance protection scheme for feeders
1 b) What are the different bus-bar arrangements possible in a substation? Discuss them briefly
with application areas
SET-3
2 Marks
1 What do you mean by grounding or earthling
2 What is neutral grounding
3 Marks
1 In an overhead system, most of the faults are single line to ground. Why
2 What are the factors causing arching grounds?
5 Marks
a) Describe ungrounded or isolated neutral system. What are its disadvantages?
1
b) Describe Arc suppression coil grounding
SET-4
2 Marks
1 What are the advantages of neutral grounding
2 What is solid grounding
3 Marks
1 Where do we use grounding transformer?
2 What is resonant grounding?
5 Marks
a) Explain the phenomenon of “arcing grounds” on overhead transmission lines How does
neutral earthling oppose arcing ground currents?
1 b) A transmission line has capacitance of 0.1µf per phase. Determine the inductance of Peterson
coil to neutralize the effect of capacitance of (i) complete length of line (ii) 97%of the line (iii)
90% length of line .The supply frequency is 50HZ
Unit – V Protection Against Over Voltages
SET-I
2 Marks
1. Define lighting stroke
2 What is the of ground wires
3 Marks
1 Write short notes on Lightening phenomenon
2 Explain how a substation and the equipment in the substation are protected from lightening strokes
5 Marks
What are the causes of over-voltages arising on a power system? Why is it necessary to protect
1
the lines and other equipment of power system against over voltages?
SET-2
2 Marks
1 What are the basic requirements of a lightning arrester
2 What is the difference between A lightning arrester and a lightning conductor
3 Marks
1 What are the causes of over-voltages arising on a power system
2 With neat diagram explain the Insulation Co-ordination.
5 Marks
Write short notes on the following surge diverters
1
a). Expulsion type diverter b).Multigap type diverter
SET-3
2 Marks
1 What are the types of lightning stroke
2 What is a surge absorber?
3 Marks
1 Why is lightning accompanied by a thunder?
2 What is the principle of a valve type arrester
5 Marks
1 Discuss the construction, principle and working of a valve type arrester
SET-4
2 Marks
1 What is lightning?
2 What is a surge diverter?
3 Marks
1 What is a voltage surge?
2 What are the causes of over voltages
5 Marks
a). How do earthling screen and ground wires provide protection against direct lightning strokes?
1
b). Describe the various types of lightning stroke