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12/15/2017 Iraqi Kurdistan profile - timeline - BBC News
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Iraqi Kurdistan profile - timeline
31 October 2017
A chronology of key events:
1918 - After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War, British forces occupy the
oil-rich Ottoman province of Mosul, bringing extensive Kurdish-populated areas under British
rule.
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1919 - Mosul area is added to the new Iraqi state, which comes under a British mandate.
1920 - Treaty of Sevres, signed by the defeated Ottoman government, provides for a Kurdish
state, subject to the agreement of the League of Nations. Article 64 of the Treaty gives Kurds
living in the Mosul vilayet the option of joining a future independent Kurdistan.
1921 - Emir Faysal crowned king of Iraq, including Mosul.
Uprising
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15467672 1/29
1923 - Shaykh Mahmud Barzinji rebels against British rule and declares a Kurdish kingdom in
northern Iraq.
1923 - Kemal Ataturk's newly founded Turkish Republic gains international recognition with the
Treaty of Lausanne. The Treaty of Sevres is not ratified by the Turkish parliament.
1924 - Sulaymaniyah falls to British forces.
1932 - Uprising in the Barzan region to protest at Iraq's admittance to the League of Nations,
while Kurdish demands for autonomy are ignored.
1943 - Mullah Mustafa Barzani leads another uprising, and wins control of large areas of Irbil and
Badinan.
1946 August - British RAF bombing forces Kurdish rebels over border into Iran where they join
Iranian Kurds led by Qazi Mohamed, who founds an independent Kurdish state in Mahabad.
1946 - Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) holds its first congress in Mahabad. Within a few
months, the "Mahabad Republic" collapses under attack from Iranian forces, and Mustafa
Barzani flees to the Soviet Union.
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1951 - A new generation of Kurdish nationalists revives the KDP. Mullah Mustafa Barzani is
nominated president while in exile in the Soviet Union, but the real leader of the KDP is Ibrahim
Ahmad, who favours close ties with the Iraqi Communist Party.
1958 - Overthrow of the Iraqi monarchy allows Kurdish nationalists to organise openly after many
years in hiding. A new Iraqi constitution recognises Kurdish "national rights" and Mullah Mustafa
Barzani returns from exile.
1960 - Relations between the Iraqi government and Kurdish groups become strained. The KDP
complains of increasing repression.
1961 - KDP is dissolved by the Iraqi government after Kurdish rebellion in northern Iraq.
Autonomy granted
1970 March - Iraqi government and the Kurdish parties agree a peace accord, which grants the
Kurds autonomy. The accord recognises Kurdish as an official language and amends the
constitution to state that: "the Iraqi people is made up of two nationalities, the Arab nationality and
the Kurdish nationality."
1971 August - Relations between the Kurds and the Iraqi government deteriorate. Mullah Mustafa
Barzani appeals to the US for aid.
1974 March - Iraqi government imposes a draft of the autonomy agreement and gives the KDP
two weeks to respond. Mullah Mustafa Barzani rejects the agreement, which would have left the
oilfields of Kirkuk under Iraqi government control, and calls for a new rebellion.
1975 March - Algiers Accord between Iran and Iraq ends Iranian support for the Kurdish uprising,
which collapses. Barzani withdraws from political life.
1975 June - Jalal Talabani, a former leading member of the KDP, announces the establishment
of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) from Damascus.
1978 - Clashes between KDP and PUK forces leave many dead.
1979 - Mullah Mustafa dies, his son Massoud Barzani takes over the leadership of the KDP.
Iranian involvement
1980 - Outbreak of war between Iran and Iraq. KDP forces work closely with Iran, but the PUK
remains hostile to cooperation with Tehran.
1983 - An Iranian counterattack opens a northern front in Kurdish northern Iraq. With support
from KDP fighters, Iranian troops take the key town of Hajj Umran. Human rights organisations
say Iraqi troops killed around 8,000 men from the KDP leader's home area of Barzan in revenge.
1983 - PUK agrees to a ceasefire with Iraq and begins negotiations on Kurdish autonomy.
1985 - Under increasing Iraqi government repression, the ceasefire begins to break down. Pro-
Iraqi government militia men kill Jalal Talabani's brother and two nieces.
1986 - Iranian government sponsors a meeting reconciling the KDP and PUK. Now both major
Kurdish parties are receiving support from Tehran.
1987 - Jalal Talabani and Massoud Barzani join forces with a number of smaller Kurdish factions
to create the Kurdistan Front.
1988 - As the Iran-Iraq war draws to a close, Iraqi forces launch the "Anfal Campaign" against
the Kurds. Tens of thousands of Kurdish civilians and fighters are killed, and hundreds of
thousands forced into exile, in a systematic attempt to break the Kurdish resistance movement.
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1988 16 March - Thousands of Kurdish civilians die in a poison gas attack on the town of
Halabjah near the Iranian border. Human rights watchdogs and Kurdish groups hold the Iraqi
regime responsible.
1991 March - After the Gulf War in which US-led forces expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait, Iraq puts
down a Kurdish rebellion. Around 1.5 million Kurds flee before the Iraqi onslaught, but Turkey
closes the border forcing hundreds of thousands to seek refuge in the mountains.
Safe haven
1991 April - Coalition forces announce the creation of a "safe haven" on the Iraqi side of the
border. International aid agencies launch a massive aid operation to help the refugees.
Meanwhile, Jalal Talabani and Massoud Barzani open negotiations with Saddam Hussein on
autonomy for Kurdistan.
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1991 July - Talks continue in Baghdad, but Kurdish peshmerga forces take control of Irbil and
Sulaymaniyah, in defiance of Iraqi government orders.
1991 October - Fighting between Kurdish and Iraqi government forces breaks out in earnest.
Saddam Hussein fortifies the border of Kurdish-held northern Iraq and imposes a blockade.
1992 May - Elections held in areas under Kurdish control give KDP candidates 50.8% of the
vote, while the PUK takes 49.2%. The two parties are equally balanced in the new Kurdish
government.
1992 September - Newly-established Iraqi National Congress (INC), which brings together a
wide-range of Iraqi opposition groups, meets in Salah-al-Din in the Kurdish-held north. KDP and
PUK representatives take part.
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1994-97 - Civil war involving KDP and PUK forces.
1996 May - UN agrees "Oil-for-Food" programme with Baghdad; 13% of the proceeds from Iraqi
oil exports are earmarked for the three northern governorates, which are largely under Kurdish
control.
1996 August - Masoud Barzani appeals to Saddam Hussein for help to defeat the PUK.
1996 September - With the help of Iraqi government troops, KDP forces seize the northern city
of Irbil and take the PUK stronghold of Sulaymaniyah. A new KDP-led government is announced
at the parliament building in Irbil.
1996 October - PUK forces retake Sulaymaniyah.
1997 January - PUK announces a new government based in Sulaymaniyah. Both the PUK and
KDP claim jurisdiction over the whole of the Kurdish-controlled north.
1998 September - Jalal Talabani and Masoud Barzani sign a peace agreement in Washington,
but government of the Kurdish region remains split between the two rival administrations.
2000 November - In a letter to the United Nations secretary-general, the PUK accuses the Iraqi
government of expelling Kurdish families from Kirkuk.
2001 September - Fighting breaks out between the PUK and the Islamic fundamentalist group
Jund al-Islam, later renamed Ansar al-Islam.
Moves toward unity
2002 June - PUK and KDP officials take part in joint discussions with other Iraqi groups aimed at
coordinating the work of the opposition in the event of a US-led military campaign against Iraq.
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2002 October - Joint session of the Kurdish parliament convenes in Irbil. KDP and PUK
parliamentarians agree to work together during a "transitional session" until new elections can be
held.
2003 February - US Secretary of State Colin Powell accuses Iraqi Kurdish Islamist group Ansar
al-Islam of playing a pivotal role in linking Osama Bin Ladin's al-Qaeda network with the Iraqi
regime.
2003 February - Kurdish leaders reject proposals to bring Turkish troops into northern Iraq as
part of a US-led military campaign to oust Saddam Hussein. Anti-Turkish demonstrators take to
the streets of Kurdish towns.
2003 February - Failure of a parliamentary bill allowing US troops to deploy on Turkish soil hits
American plans to open a northern front against Iraq.
2003 3 March - KDP and PUK create a "joint higher leadership" in the Kurdish-held north, under
the chairmanship of the two party leaders, Massoud Barzani and Jalal Talabani.
US-led campaign against Iraq

2003 20 March - US-led coalition forces invade Iraq and begin bombardment of Baghdad and
other cities. Mosul and Kirkuk near the Kurdish enclaves come under heavy fire.
2003 22 March - Coalition forces launch Cruise missile attack on bases held by Ansar al-Islam in
the north. Dozens killed in the headquarters of the Islamic Group, an unrelated radical Islamist
faction when a missile hits the Khormal area.
2003 27 March - Hundreds of US paratroopers land near Irbil, signalling the opening of a northern
front in the war on Iraq.
2003 9 April - US forces advance into central Baghdad. Saddam Hussein's grip on the city is
broken. In the following days Kurdish fighters and US forces take control of the northern cities of
Kirkuk and Mosul.
2003 July - Interim governing council (IGC) meets for first time. Saddam's sons Uday and Qusay
killed in gun battle in Mosul.
2004 1 February - At least 56 people die and more than 200 people are injured after a double
suicide bombing at the offices of the two main political Kurdish parties in the northern city of Irbil.
Several senior political figures are among the dead.
2005 January - An alliance of Kurdish parties comes second in Iraq's landmark national election,
sending 77 deputies to an interim parliament.
2005 April - PUK leader Jalal Talabani is elected as interim Iraqi president by MPs.
2005 May - At least 50 people are killed in a suicide bomb attack on police recruits in Irbil.
Kurdish parliament
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2005 June - First session of Kurdish parliament held in Irbil; KDP's Massoud Barzani is president
of autonomous region.
2005 December - News that a foreign firm has begun drilling for oil in the Kurdish north sparks
new fears of secession among Iraqi Sunni leaders. Kurdish authorities later report a "major
discovery" of oil.
2006 September - Massoud Barzani orders the Iraqi national flag be replaced with the Kurdish
one in government buildings. But Iraq's Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki says: "The Iraqi flag is the
only flag that should be raised over any square inch of Iraq."
2006 September - Five blasts caused by one suicide truck bomb and four car bombs kill 23
people in Kirkuk.
The BBC's Newsnight programme reports that former Israeli commandos secretly trained
Kurdish soldiers in Northern Iraq to protect a new international airport and in counter-terrorism
operations.
2007 April - The head of Turkey's military says his country should launch an operation against
Kurdish guerillas based in northern Iraq.
2007 May - The Kurdish regional government takes over responsibility for security in the three
Kurdish provinces from the US forces.
2007 July - Human Rights Watch gives details of torture and abuse in prisons run by the Kurds
in the Kurdish area of northern Iraq.
2007 August - At least 300 people are killed in a series of bomb attacks on members of the
Kurdish Yazidi sect in northern Iraq.
2007 September - Iran shells rear bases of Kurdish rebels in Iraqi Kurdistan.
Iran closes its border with Iraqi Kurdistan to protest at the detention of an Iranian by US troops.
Turkish attacks
2007 October - Turkish parliament gives go-ahead for military operations in Iraq in pursuit of
Kurdish rebels. Turkey comes under international pressure to avoid an invasion.
2007 November - A referendum on whether Kirkuk province should become part of Iraqi
Kurdistan is due to be held, but is in the event put on hold indefinitely.
2007 December - Turkey launches air strikes on fighters from the Kurdish PKK movement
inside Iraq.
2008 February - Turkish forces mount a ground offensive against PKK Kurdish rebel bases in
northern Iraq.
2008 September - Iraqi parliament passes provincial elections law. City of Kirkuk, claimed by
Kurdistan Region, is excluded from provisions of law until its status is settled.
2009 April - Turkish warplanes bomb PKK Kurdish rebel positions in northern Iraq after Turkey
accused the group of killing Turkish soldiers in two attacks.
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2009 June - The Kurdish government begins crude oil exports to foreign markets. Contractors
are to pump 90,000-100,000 barrels a day from two northern oilfields to Turkey. The central
government is allowing its pipeline to be used in return for a share of revenues.
2009 July - Massoud Barzani is re-elected as president of Kurdish autonomous region.
Ruling two-party coalition wins parliamentary election, but with reduced majority. Recently-
formed group Change Movement (Gorran) wins 25 seats in 111-seat regional parliament.
2011 February - Public protests against corruption and power held by KDP and PUK start in
Sulaymaniyah city, heartland of opposition Change Movement; at least two protestors killed.
2011 August and October - Turkey launches air and ground assaults on PKK militants in Iraqi
Kurdistan.
Oil row
2012 April/May - Oil exports from Iraqi Kurdistan are halted amid a row with central government
over contracts with foreign firms. The region says it expects to start exporting oil via a new
pipeline to the Turkish border in 2013.
2012 June - Turkish air force strikes at Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebel bases in northern
Iraq days after eight Turkish soldiers are killed in a PKK attack in southern Turkey.
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2012 September - Turkish air force says it kills 25 PKK rebels in further strikes on bases in
northern Iraq.
2012 December - Jalal Talabani, Iraq's Kurdish president, suffers a stroke. He undergoes
treatment in Germany and makes progress.
2013 April - At least 31 people are killed and more than 200 others wounded in explosions in
cities across the country, including Kurdistan.
2013 June - Iraqi cabinet holds a meeting in Iraqi Kurdistan in a symbolic effort to reduce
tensions over a range of political and economic disputes.
Refugee flood
2013 May - Flood of refugees from Syria prompts authorities to shut the border temporarily.
2013 August - President Barzani secures a two-year extension to his second term of office.
2013 September - Regional parliamentary elections provide an upset to the government, as the
opposition Change Movement wins 24 seats, pushing Iraqi President Jalal Talabani's Patriotic
Union of Kurdistan (PUK) into third place. The Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) of regional
President Massoud Barzani remains the largest bloc with 38 seats.
2014 March - The Iraqi government under Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki blocks the transfer of
revenues to the Kurdish authorities, leaving regional leaders unable to pay the salaries of
officials.
2014 May - Kurdistan officially markets its first pipeline oil, despite opposition from the
government in Baghdad.
2014 June - As the Sunni coalition led by the hardline Islamists of ISIS (The Islamic State in Iraq
and the Levant) seizes control of much of Anbar Province and the approaches to Baghdad,
Kurdish Peshmerga forces capture Kirkuk - the oil-rich city outside the borders of Iraqi Kurdistan
that Iraqi Kurds have long regarded as their capital.
Independence plans
2014 July - President Barzani announces plans for an independence referendum later in the
year, saying that independence is a "natural right".
2014 August - Islamic State conquers several Kurdish-held towns.
US jets support Kurdish Peshmerga forces by striking jihadist positions.
Islamic State defeat Peshmerga forces defending town of Sinjar, prompting an exodus by people
of the Yazidi religious sect.
US, Iraqi government supply Peshmerga fighters with weapons to help them battle Islamists.
Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki - who had come to be seen as an increasingly divisive figure
who alienated the Kurds - is replaced by Haider al-Abadi.
2014 September - Kurdish leaders agree to put independence referendum on hold, on the
grounds that fighting Islamic State is currently the top priority.
2014 October - The Iraqi Kurdistan government sends Peshmerga forces to the northern Syrian
city of Kobane - via Turkey - to back fellow Kurdish fighters attempting to defend the city from
attack by Islamic State militants.
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2014 December - The Iraqi government and the Kurdish leadership sign a deal on sharing Iraq's
oil wealth and military resources, amid hopes that the agreement will help to reunite the country
in the face of the common threat represented by Islamic State.
Peshmerga and Syrian Kurdish fighters retake Mount Sinjar from Islamic State forces.
Constitutional reform
2015 May - Iraqi Kurdistan parliament appoints committee to oversee revision of constitution.
One of the issues under review is the number of terms the president should be allowed to serve.
2015 June - President Barzani's chief of staff announces that a presidential election will be held
on 20 August, a day after Mr Barzani's current term of office expires. The president's critics
accuse him of seeking to pre-empt any revision to the constitution that would prevent him from
serving a further term.
2015 July - Turkey joins the US-led military alliance against Islamic State but insists that air-
strikes against IS should go hand-in-hand with operations against Kurdish PKK militants in
northern Iraq. Ankara launches a bombing campaign against the PKK in northern Iraq - the first
time that it has attacked the Kurds since reaching a ceasefire with them in 2013.
2015 August - Barzani's extended term in office ends. He is given another two years in a move
described by the opposition as illegal.
2015 September - A US court rules in favour of an Iraqi government bid to block Kurdish oil sales
to a US buyer.
2015 October - Gorran (Change Movement) expelled from coalition government following days of
violent street protests against Barzani.
Parliament is suspended.
2015 November - Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga forces and Turkish-Kurdish PKK guerrilla fighters,
backed by US-led coalition forces, recapture Sinjar town from IS.
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2015 December - Iraqi parliament approves allocation of Kurdistan Region's 17 per cent share of
the national budget despite opposition from the Dawa Party of former Prime Minister Nuri al-
Maliki.
2016 January - Barzani says era of Sykes-Picot agreement and the Treaty of Lusanne that
divided the Middle East has ended and the international community needs to redraw borders to
include a Kurdish state.
Financial crisis
2016 February - Regional government decides to cut the pay of public service employees to
tackle a deepening financial crisis.
2016 April - US begins paying salaries of the Kurdish Peshmerga fighters taking part in the anti-
IS battles.
2016 June - Regional government threatens to cut water supplies from the Tigris River to the
rest of Iraq after Baghdad buys smaller than expected quantities of wheat products from
Kurdistan.
2016 June - Peshmerga forces report increasing use of "chemical weapons" by IS and plead for
more weapons for fight the militants.
2016 July - US and regional government sign a memo of understanding for Washington to
provide more military aid to Peshmerga forces, a move which angers Baghdad.
2016 August - Germany resumes direct shipment of weapons to Iraqi Kurdistan after regional
government pledges to prevent the weapons from ending up on the black market.
2016 August - Abduction and killing of Iraqi Kurdish journalist Wedat Hussein Ali in the KDP
stronghold of Duhok Province draws widespread condemnation.
2016 September - Civil servants announce indefinite strike mainly in Sulaymaniyah Province
over pay cuts and delays in salary payments.
2016 October - IS carries out a commando attack in Kirkuk's inner districts. Peshmerga and
volunteers reclaim full control of the city after several days of street-to-street fighting.
2016 November - Peshmerga capture the mainly Christian town of Baashiqa from IS as part of
operations to recapture Mosul. Peshmerga officials say they will not advance beyond the town.
2016 November - Human Rights Watch (HRW) accuses Peshmerga forces of systematically
destroying Arab homes and villages in areas retaken from IS.
2016 December - The Kurdistan region says it will not abide by an OPEC agreement to reduce
oil production to help cut Iraq's overall oil output.
American oil giant Exxon Mobil pulls out of half of the six exploration blocks it operated across
Iraqi Kurdistan.
Increased oil activity

2017 January - Russian Gazprom Neft plans to increase oil extraction in Iraqi Kurdistan despite
the security threat posed by IS.
2017 February - Turkey raises the Kurdistan region flag during a visit by Barzani.
2017 March - The governor of disputed city of Kirkuk orders the Kurdistan regional flag to be
flown over all government buildings, drawing condemnation from Baghdad as well as Iran and
Turkey.
2017 April - Turkish jets carry out deadly air strikes on Peshmerga positions near Sinjar in Iraq
and Syrian Kurdish fighters across the border in Syria.
Russia's Rosneft reportedly pays 1 bn US dollars in advance for Iraqi Kurdistan's crude oil,
signalling growing Russian interest in the region's natural resources.
Date set for referendum

2017 June - A cross-party meeting led by President Barzani agrees to hold an independence
referendum on 25 September.
2017 August - Prominent Kurds establish the "No for now" movement, saying it would be wrong
to hold a referendum under current security and economic conditions.
The provincial council of disputed Kirkuk votes to take part in the referendum.
2017 September - Independence referendum goes ahead in the face of international opposition.
Baghdad moves to assert its authority, sending troops to retake areas recently controlled by
Kurds and taking control of borders.
2017 October - President Barzani resigns.
Related Topics
Iraqi Kurdistan
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12/15/2017 Iraqi Kurdistan profile - timeline - BBC News

Home News Sport Weather Shop Earth Travel

Iraqi Kurdistan profile - timeline

A chronology of key events:

1921 - Emir Faysal crowned king of Iraq, including Mosul.

1924 - Sulaymaniyah falls to British forces.

to create the Kurdistan Front.

1994-97 - Civil war involving KDP and PUK forces.

1996 October - PUK forces retake Sulaymaniyah.

Moves toward unity

US-led campaign against Iraq

faction when a missile hits the Khormal area.

2009 July - Massoud Barzani is re-elected as president of Kurdish autonomous region.

2014 August - Islamic State conquers several Kurdish-held towns.

US jets support Kurdish Peshmerga forces by striking jihadist positions.

violent street protests against Barzani.

more weapons for fight the militants.

Increased oil activity

Date set for referendum

2017 October - President Barzani resigns.

Share this story About sharing

Country profiles: Middle East

Country profiles: Middle East

Bahrain country profile

Egypt country profile

Golan Heights profile

Iran country profile

Iraq country profile

Iraqi Kurdistan profile

Jordan country profile

Jordan country profile

Lebanon country profile

Libya country profile

Mauritania country profile

Morocco country profile

Palestinian territories profile

Qatar country profile

Saudi Arabia profile

Sudan country profile

Syria country profile

United Arab Emirates profile

Yemen country profile

Iran 'supplied missile to Yemen rebels'

Iraq hangs 38 on terrorism charges

US woman 'laundered bitcoin for IS'

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