2marks HVDC

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EE6010 HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION
CO1:Able to understand the concept, planning of DC power transmission and comparison with AC
Power transmission. (U)
CO2:Able to analyze HVDC converters. (An)
CO3:Able to study about the HVDC system control.(U)
CO4:Able to analyze harmonics and design of filters.(An)
CO5:Modeling and analysis the DC system under steady state.(C)
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
PART-A
1. Compare AC and DC transmission.(Analyse)
ww DC Transmission.
 It requires only two conductors as compared to three for a.c transmission
 There is no skin effect in a d.c system.
w.E  A d.c line has less corona loss and reduced interference.
AC Transmission
asy
 The power can be generated at high voltages
 The maintenance of a.c sub-station is easy and cheaper
2.
En
What are the types of DC link?(U)
 Monopolar link
 Bipolar link
 Homopolar link gin
3.
ee
Draw the block diagram of bipolar link(U)
rin
g.n
et
4. List the types of power devices for HVDC transmission(R)
1. Thyristor
2. Insulated fiats bipolar transistor
3. GTO-gate turn-off thyristor
4. LTT- Light hissered thyrisor
5. Mos-controlled thyristo(MCT)
5. Write the advantages and disadvantages of HVDC Transmission(U)

Advantages
1. Full control over power transmitted
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2. The ability to enhance transient and dynamic stability in

associated AC networks
3. Fast control to limit fault current in DC lines
4. Reduced transmission lines.
5. Interconnection of systems operating at different frequencies
Disadvantages
1. Inability to use transformer to change voltage levels

2. High cost of converter equipment
3. Generation of harmonics which requires AC and DC filters,
adding to the cost of converters station
4. Complexity of control
6. Mention the some of HVDC projects from abroad?(U)
ww 1. Gotland 1 – 98km, 200kv, 20mw, 1954

2. HVDC Gotland 2 – vastervik (Sweden) to yipne (Sweden) 92.9km,
w.E
150kv, 130mw, 1983
3. Nelson river bipole 2 – sundance(Canada) to rosser (Canada)
937km, ±500kv, 1800Mw, 1985
asy
4. HVDC Tjaereborg - Tjaereborg (Denmark) – Tjaereborg 4.3km,
±9kv, 7.2mw,2000(interconnection of wind power station)
En
5. HVDC back-to-back station – eagle pan (USA) - eagle pan
(USA)(Texas) ±15.9kv,36mw,2000
gin
6. Caprivi link – Namibia (gerus) to Namibia zembari
970km,500kv,300mw,2010
7.
78mw, 2009 ee
7. HVDC valhall- lista(Norway) to valhall (offshore) 292km, 150kv,
What are the types of power losses in thristor?(U)

rin
1. Forward conduction losses
g.n
2. Loss due to leakage current during forward & reverse blocking
3. Switching losses due to ton and toff
4. Gate triggering loss
8. Define Reliability.(R)
et
The reliability of DC transmission system is quite good on exhaustive record of
existing HVDC lines in the world in available from which the reliability statistics Can be
computed the development of LTT is expected to improve reliability Because of
elimination of high voltage pulse transformers and auxiliary supplies For turning on the
devices.
9. Define Energy Availability(R)

It is defined as,WWW
Where equivalent outage time is the product of the actual outage time and The
fraction of system capacity lost to outage.

10. Write down any two application DC transmission?(U)

 Long distance bulk power transmission
 Underground or underwater cables
 Asynchronous interconnection of A.C systems operating at different
frequencies.
11. What are the factors to be considered for planning HVDC Transmission? (U)
The system planner must consider the factors are,
 Cost
 Technical performance
 Reliability
12. What are the advantages of LTT over ETT?

 Infinite gate isolation
 Total noise immunity for the control circuits
 Faster turn-on time
ww  Elimination if high voltage pulse transformers and auxiliary power supplies.
w.E
13. Distinguish between AC & DC transmission. (An)
S.NO AC Transmission DC Transmission
1. asy
It requires three conductors It requires only
2.
En
for transmission
There skin effect is present
2conductors
There is no skin effect in
3.
in AC
gin
More corona loss
DC Transmission
Less corona loss
4.
ee
Stability problem occurs.
14. What is meant by MOS controlled thyristor?(U)
No stability problem.
rin
g.n
An MCT is a new device in the field of semiconductor-controlled devices. It is
basically a thyristor with two MOSFETs built into the gate structure one MOSFET
et
is used for turning on the MCT and other for turning off device. An MCT is a High
– frequency, high power, low – conduction drop switching device.

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM
15. Define break even distance- give its range of value for overhead line(R)
ww
w.E The variation of costs of transmission with distance for AC and DC
asy
Transmission. For distances less them break even distance, AC tends to Be
economical them DC. And costlier for longer distances. The break even Distances
can vary from 500 to 800 km in overhead lines.
En
16.
gin
State atleast four HVDC projects in India.(U)
S.NO
1.
System/Project
National HVDC
project-stage-I
eeYear of
Commissioned
1989
Supplier
BHEL
Power
Rating(mw)
rin 100
Voltage
(kv)
100
2.
3.
NHVDC-stage-II
Rihand-Delhi
2000
1991-92
BHEL
ABB g.n
100
750
200
±500
4.
Chandrapur-
padghe
1998 ABB
et
1500 ±500
17. What is meant by an Asynchronous tie?(U)

When two power system are connected through DC ties, there is no need
Of coordinated control. It is called asynchronous fie. The two systems which
Have different nominal frequencies.
18. What is LASCR? How does it differ from a conventional SCR?(U)

Light activated thyristor, also called LASCR. It is turned on by throwing a
Pulse of light on the silicon wafer of thyristor. This is the major difference to
Others.

19. What are the types of commutation?( U)
20.Why circuit turn off time should be greater than the thyristor turn-off time?(An)
Circuit turn off time should be greater than the thyristor turn-off time for re
liable turn-off, otherwise the device may turn-on at an undesired instant, a process called
commutation failure.
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21. What is the turn-off time for converter grade SCRs and inverter grade SCRs? (U)
Turn-off time for converter grade SCRs is 50 – 100 ms turn-off time for converter grade
w.ESCRs and inverter grade SCRs and for inverter grade SCRs is 3 – 50 ms.
asy
PART-B
1
Explain in detail about the various components of a HVDC transmission system.(U)
2
3 En
Briefly explain the types of DC link in HVDC transmission.(U)
Compare the AC and DC transmission and mention the applications of DC
4
transmission.(An)
gin
Write the HVDC projects in India and Abroad?(U)
6.
ee
Write the advantages and applications of HVDC TRANSMISSION?(u)
Explain the planning of HVDC system.(U) rin

7.
8..
Explain the modern trends in HVDC transmission system.(U)
Comparison between CSC based and VSC based HVDC system.(An) g.n
et

UNIT -2 ANALYSIS OF HVDC CONVERTERS

1. What is firing angle?(U)
The angle at which thyristor is triggered it is defined as the angle between the
zero crossing of the input voltage and the instant the thyristor is fired
2. Draw the circuit of Graetz CIRCUIT.(U)
ww
w.E
asy
3. What is meant by pulse number of a converter? .(U)
It is defined as the ratio of the base frequency of the DC voltage ripple To the
fundamental
=
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frequencyof the AC voltage is called pulse number.
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4. List some of the converters in HVDC systems. .(U)
 Line commutated converter
i. Six pulse converter
ii. 12-pulse converter
 Voltage source converter
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i. Basic two level converter
ii. Three level voltage source converter
g.n
5. Define value rating.(R)
et
The value voltage rating is specified in terms of peak inverse voltage (PIV) it has to withstand.
The ratio of PIV to the average dc voltage is an Index of the value utilization. The average
maximum dc voltage across the Converter is given by
6. What are the merits of twelve or multibridge pulse converter? .(U)

 Reduced filtering requirements and Harmonics are eliminated
7. How can the converter configuration defined? .(U)
There are several configuration for a converter of a specified pulse

Number, we have in addition to the graetz bridge, six phase diametric
Connection, cascade of three single phase fall wave converters, cascade

Of two three phase converters.
8. List the assumption made to develop the equivalent circuit of a converter(U)
Bridge used in dynamic simulation.
 All the values in a bridge have identical characteristics
 A value offers infinite impedance in the reverse direction
 The grading and damping circuits across the values are ignored
 The current id is assumed to be continuous and non zero.
 L/R of each phase of the converter transformer in the same.
9. Define overlap and overlap angle.(R)

Overlap is the phenomenon due to the effect of source inductance on the a.c. side. The
current commutation is delayed due to the source inductance which is normally the leakage
reactance of a transformer. The waveforms with commutation period, denoted by µ during
ww which both the outgoing diode and incoming diode

are conducting. This period is also known as “overlap” period.
w.E Or
The commutation period, when outgoing and incoming thyristors are conducting, is also
known as the overlap period. The angular period both devices share conduction is known as
asy
the commutation angle / overlap angle.
En
11. Write the assumptions for analysis of 6 pulse converter? (U)
gin
To consider the theoretical analysis of a conventional 6-pulse bridge , the following
assumptions are made:
 DC current is constant (i.e. the smoothing reactor is infinite),
ee
 Valves are ideal switches, and
 AC system is infinitely strong (i.e. the 3 phase emfs are balanced and
perfectly sinusoidal).
rin
12. Write the average direct voltage expression for graetz circuit?(U)
Vd = Vd0[ cosα + cos(α+u) and Vd = Vd0 cosα - RcId g.n

Where; Rc = 3/πωLc = 3/πXc = equivalent commutation resistance
13. Mention the various modes of operation of rectifier characteristics.(U)

et
Mode I : 2 and 3 valve conduction (u<60)
Mode II : 3 valve conduction only α < 30 deg, u = 60deg
Mode III : 3 and 4 valve conduction mode α > 30 deg,(60<u<120deg)

14. Mention the various modes of operation of inverter characteristics.(U)
Mode I : β <60 deg for values of u <60-£ , the characteristics are linear
60deg<β,90deg ; u=60deg - £ = 60deg – gamma = constant The
characteristics are elliptical
Mode II : For u>60deg corresponding to β> 90deg +gamma zerothe

characteristics are linear
15. Mention the various modes of characteristics of 12 pulse converter.(U)
ww
Mode I : 4 and 5 valve conduction 0 <u < 30deg
Mode 2: 5 and 6 valve conduction; 30deg < u < 60deg
w.E Mode 3: 6 valve conduction 0 < α < 30deg, u = 60deg

Mode 4 : 6 and 7 valve conduction 60deg< u <90deg
asy
Mode 5: 7 and 8 valve conduction, 90deg<u<120deg
En
16. Draw the equivalent circuit of rectifier.(U)
gin
ee rin
g.n
et
17. Draw the thyristor voltage waveform for inversion for 6 pulse converter.(U)

18. Draw the a.c current waveform.(U)
When star to star connected transformer
19. When star to delta star connected transformer(U)
ww
w.E
20. Draw the circuit diagram of 12 pulse converter.(U)
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
21. Why series and parallel operation of thristor in HVDC TRANSMISSION?(An)
et
For higher voltage rating use series operation of thyristor
For higher current rating use parallel operation of thyristor.
22. What is mean by snubber circuits?(U)

A Snubber circuits consists of a series combination of resistance Rs and
Capacitance es in parallel with the thyristor. A capacitor es in parallel with the
Device is sufficient to prevent unwanted triggering of the SCR.

PART – B
1 Explain the complete characteristics of converter as Rectifier and inverter(U)

2 Derive the expression for output dc average voltage for converter as rectifier
3 Explain in detail about the choice of Converter configuration with valve rating and
transformer rating(An)
4 Explain the complete characteristics of 12 pulse conveter(An)
5 Explain the simplified analysis of rectifier characteristics(U)
6 Explain the complete characteristics of converter as Rectifier and inverter. And
also draw the equivalent circuit of HVDC link(U)
7 Draw the 6 pulse Greatz converter and analysis the circuit with overlap for mode-
1 overlap angle <60deg (An)
ww 8 Explain the operation of three phase fully controlled converter with source
inductance.(An)
w.E 9
10
Analyze the parameter and characteristics of three phase fully controlled
converter used as inverter. (An)
Explain the detailed analysis of HVDC converter (U)
asy
En
UNIT III CONVERTER AND HVDC SYSTEM CONTROL
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1. What is meant by firing angle control?(U)
The current or extinction angle controller generates a control signal vc,
ee
Which is related to the firing angle required. The firing angle controller
Generates gate pulses in response to the control signal vc.
2. Write the features control?(U) rin

g.n
i) Current order setting can be quickly and reliably changed depending on the
requirement
ii) Power reversal can be done easily and quickly et

iii) Fault current levels are limited to rated values.
3. Why the necessity of control in a DC link?(An)
The expression for current through a DC link it can be observed that the denominator has
only resistances, which are small when compared with the reactance of the AC system.
Hence, current is sensitive to change in voltage resulting in large fluctuations which can
damage the thyristors,
4. What is the principal of control in DC link? (U)
The control of powerin a DC link can be achieved through the control of current of voltage.
From minimization of loss considerations, it is important to maintain constant voltage in the
link and adjust the current to meet the required power.

5. What is meant by current and extinction control? (U)
 The current controller is invariably of feedback type the controller which Is PI

type.
 The extinction angle controller can be of predictive type or feedback type With
EPC control. The predictive controller is considered to be less Prone to
commutation failure.
6. State any four important reasons why the current control is desirable in the Rectifier
station under normal operating conditions?(U)
i. The increase of power in the link is achieved by reducing αr, which
improves the power factor at the rectifier.
ii. The inverter can now be operated at minimum ‫ ﬠ‬thereby minimize the
ww iii.
reactive power consumption.
The operation at minimum extinction angle at the inverter and current
w.E control at the rectifier results in better voltage regulation them the
operation with minimum delay angle at the rectifier & current control
iv.
asy
at the inverter.
The current during line fault are automatically limited with rectifier
En
station in current control.
gin
7. How power is reversed in HVDC link?(U)
ee
The power reversal in the link can take place by the reversal of the DC Voltage. This is
done easily by increasing the delay angle at the station initially operating as the
rectifier, while reducing the delay angle at the station
rin
initially operating as the inverter.
8. Define current margin.(R)
g.n
et
The difference between the current controller settings of the two stations is called current
margin(Im). In order to avoid conflict between the two current controllers at the both ens,
the rectifier current controller is provided with a higher current order.
Idi = Idr – Im
Where Idi – current order of the inverter
Idr - current order of the rectifier
Im usually about 10% of rated value
9. Draw backs of constant current control(CCC ).(U)
 Increase in the converter valve voltage stress due to the voltages across
the series capacitors
 Increase in the magnitude of AC harmonics as the overlap angle is the
reduced for a specified DC current
10. What are the parameters to change current and power transfer in DC link?(U)
i) Control angle of rectifier α
ii) Control angle of inverter β
iii) Tap changer on rectifier side

iv) Tap changer on inverter side
11. What is meant by compounding?(U)

The term compounding a converter implies selection of converter characteristics in order to
meet the requirements of regulation and protectionYARTHIPLUS.COM
12. Define required regulation.(R)

Converter valves should be operated strictly within their current rating, since there is
substantial rise of damage if the current is increased beyond the rated value for a even a short
time. Therefore constant current regulation is thus clearly desirable.
13. Draw the characteristics of compounding of inverter.(U)
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
system?(U) ee
14. What is the use of transformer tap changer control at the inverter side of an HVDC
rin
The on-load tap changer control at the inverter is used mainly to maintain a constant DC
g.n
voltage. The tap changer control at the rectifier is designed to maintain delay angle within the
limits (say 10deg to 20deg) in order to maintain certain voltage margin for the purpose of
current control.
15. What is the use of tap changing transformer in HVDC systems? (U) et
The tap changing transformer used to increase the power factor obtained in the ac side and
maintain the operating point at point A or B in the Vd , id characteristics of rectifier and
inverter use tap changing transformer.
16. Draw the communication link of the HVDC transmission. (U)
A communication link is necessary to carry information from the receiving end to the rectifier
regulator and may also be needed for protective purposes, starting purposes and reversal of
the direction of power flow
There are 3 main possibilities:
1. Short wave radio link
2. Pilot wires
3. The use of carrier frequency on the power conductors.
17. What is meant by compounding a converter? (U)
The term compounding a converter implies selection of converter characteristics in order to
meet the requirements of regulation and protectionID.COM

18. What is the need for transformer tap changer control of HVDC converter? (U)
The tap changing transformer used to increase the power factor obtained in the ac side
and maintain the operating point at point A or B in the Vd , id characteristics of rectifier and
inverter use tap changing transformer.
PART B
Briefly explain the principle of DC link control and the converter control basic
1 characteristics. (U)
2 Draw and explain the basic V-I characteristics of HVDC converter control. (U)
3 Explain thePrinciple and necessary of control, compounding and regulation. (U)
4 Write short note on the following i) Tap changer control(U)
5 Explain the operation of current control and constant extinction angle control(U).
6
7
ww
8.
Explain how power reversal occurs in DC link.(An)
Explain the operation of inverter compounding and uncompounded inverter. (U)
Describe the operation of current regulation from the inverter side(U)
9
10.
11.
w.E Explain the operation of rectifier compounding. (U)
Explain the operation of transformer tap changing. (U)
Explain in detail the rectifier and inverter compounding with appropriate diagram andexpressions(U)
12 asy
Write short notes on the following: a. Transmission characteristics in the
rectifier and inverter compounding (4) b. Necessity of communication link in
13 En
HVDC power transmission(U)
Draw and explain the combined rectifier and inverter characteristics with current regulation
from both sides (U)
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ee
UNIT IV REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICS CONTROL
1. Mention the performance criteria for selection of harmonic filter(U)
 Harmonic distortion rin
 Telephone influence factor
 Telephone Harmonic form factor g.n
 IT product
2. Mention the Types of filters(U)

et
There are basically two types of filters
 Passive filters ---- tuned filters and damped filter; single and double
tuned , high pass filters
 Active filters
3. Differentiate characteristic and non-characteristic harmonics.(An)
s.no Characteristics harmonics Non-characteristics harmonics

It’s always presents even
under ideal operation, Unbalance and distortion in AC
1.
balanced AC voltages, voltages
equidistant pulses
Equal transformer leakage Unequal transformer leakage
2.
reactance impedances
DC current is assumed to be
DC current is varied
3. constant
h=np
h=np±1
4. State the ill effects of harmonics injected into the AC line?(U)
 Telephone interference
 Extra power looses & consequent heating in machines
 Over voltages due to resonances
 Instability of converter controls
 Interference with ripple control system used in load management.
ww
5. What is radio interference? (U)
The radio interference is mainly due to the positive conductor. This is
w.E Because of the fact that the corona discharges from the negative conductor are in
the form of trichel pulses which are uniformly distributed ever the conductor
surface
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

6.What are the sources of harmonics? (U)
• Magnetization nonlinearities of transformer Rotating

machines and Adjustable speed drives.
• Arcing devices and Electronic and medical test equipment
• PCs and office machines , Induction Heaters
• Semiconductor based power supply system
• Inverter fed A.C. drives , Thyristor controlled reactors
• Phase controllers and A.C. regulators
7. What are the effects of trouble caused by harmonics? (U)

1. Resonance 2. Poor Damping
ww
3. efficiency of motor reduced
4. Overheating of cable
5. Trip of protection
w.E 6. Overheating at winding.

7.Increase magnetic losses.
8. Define THD.(R)
asy
En
The THD is a measure of the effective value of the harmonic components of a
distorted waveform. That is, it is the potential heating value of the harmonics relative
gin
to the fundamental. This index can be calculated for either voltage or current
ee rin
9. What are the means to reduce harmonis? (U)
g.n
et
Using filter (passive and active filters)circuit and increasing pulse number
10. List the causes of non-characteristics harmonis. (U)

a) Imbalance in the operation of two bridges forming 12 pulse converter
b) Firing angle errors
c) unbalance and distortion in AC voltage and
d) unequal transformer leakage impedances
11. Write the effects of unbalanced voltages. (An)

The presence of the negative sequence component in the AC voltages shifts the zero crossing
of the commutation voltages.

12. Mension the criteria for selection of DC filter. (U)

a) Maximum voltage TIF on DC high voltage bus
b) maximum induced noise voltage in mv/km in a particular test line one
km away from the HVDC line
c) maximum permissible noise to ground in dB in telephone lines close to the
HVDC lines.
13. Define short circuit ratio(SCR)(R)
The short circuit ratio is defined as
ww
w.E
14. What are the factors depends commutation failure? (U)
The recovery from a commutation failure depends on the
asy
following Factors
 The response of the gamma controller at the inverter
En
 The current control in the link
 The magnitude of AC voltage
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15. What are the Function of smoothing reactor(U)
ee
A sufficiently large series reactor is used on DC side to
rin
smooth DC current and also for protection. The reactor is designed
as a linear reactor and is connected on the line side, neutral side.
g.n
et

PART-B
1. Explain the generation of Harmonics in HVDC system(U)

2. Explain detail about the analysis of single and double tuned AC filters and
write the design criteria for AC filters.(C)
3. Explain in detail about the passive and active DC filters with the design
criteria.(U)
4. Write short notes on:
(a) Stability aspects of synchronous link.
(b) Filters for harmonic elimination in HYDC-system(U)
5. Discuss criteria of design of a.c. filters. Also mention various types of a.c.
filters and show their circuit configuration and impedance characteristics(Ap)
ww 6. Why are harmonics generated in HVDC converter and what are the
problems associated with the harmonics. Suggest some remedial
w.E measures.(An)
asy
7. Explain the characteristics and non- characteristics harmonics in
HVDC converter system.(U)
8.
En
Write short note on the following terms(U)
gin
1. Harmonic distortion 2.TIF 3. THFF
2. IT and KIT
9.
10. ee
What are the types of AC filters? Also explain with waveforms(U)
Write criteria for design of AC filters.(C)
rin
UNIT V g.n
Power flow analysis in AC/Dc system
1. What is HVDC simulator?(U) et
HVDC simulator is similar to transient network analyzer (TNA) which is
Used to determine over voltages in AC systems due to switching surges and load
refection.
2. What are the requirements of a good simulation tool? (U)
The requirements of good simulation tool are as follows,

 Easy maintenance
 Accuracy of solution
 Flexibility of use
 Reduced cost
 Real time simulation

 Easy monitoring and control

3. List some tools used for the simulation of HVDC simulation. (U)
1. Physical simulator
2. Parity simulator
3. Analog computer
4. Digital computer
5. Hybrid computer
4. Write the application of HVDC transmission(U)
 Long distance bulk power transmission

 Underground or under water cables
 Asynchronous interconnection of AC systems operating at different
ww frequencies
 Control and stabilization of power flows in AC ties
w.E
5. What is parity simulator? (U)
asy
A parity simulator is essentially a synthetic breadboard which
Electronically simulates the physical terminal characteristics of Each
network element rather than its mathematical input/output
En T
6
gin
List the assumption made to develop the equivalent circuit of a converter(U)
ee
Bridge used in dynamic simulation.
 All the values in a bridge have identical characteristics
rin
 A value offers infinite impedance in the reverse direction
 The grading and damping circuits across the values are ignored
g.n
 The current id is assumed to be continuous and non zero.
 L/R of each phase of the converter transformer in the same.
8. What are the applications of DC simulator? (U) et

The application of DC simulator are,
1. Insulation coordination
2. Testing of controllers and their optimization
3. Evaluation of surge arrestor ratings
4. Harmonic analysis
9. State the advantages of parity simulator? (U)
It avoids drawback of an analog computer simulation

The advantages of an analog computer interms of change in
Time scaling are retained while eliminating the drawbacks
The principle of parity simulation permits hybrid structure.
10. Write the system studies required for design of HVDC system. (U)
i) Dc power transfer under various normal and contingency conditions

ii) Reactive power requirement

iii) DC terminal arresters
iv) AC and DC filter design
v) Controller requirements under various normal and faulted system
conditions
11. Write the advantages of digital dynamic simulation. (U)

Easy transportability and maintenance
Reduced cost of simulation
Flexibility interms of representing any components of the system.
12. Write the disadvanges of digital dynamic simulation. (U)

Increased simulation time
Lack of adequate mathematical models
ww Numerical problems and Lack of interactive capabilityUS.COM
w.E
13. Mention the types of valve model. (U)
3 types are:
Time varying imdedance, ideal switch which is controllable and ideal switch in series
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with a constant voltage source.
En
14. What are the approaches used for transient analysis of electrical network? (U)
1. The use of trapezoidal rule of integration to tramsform the energy storage
gin
elements to resistive elements with current sourse across them which represent the
past history
ee
2. Formulation of stage equation for network
15. What are two types of programs used for HVDC system studies? (U)
i) AC/DC load flow analysis rin
ii) AC/DC transient stability analysis
g.n
et
16. What are advantages of EMPT representation of elements in DC system? (U)
i) Easy of obtaining solutions particularly for piecewice linear components
ii) Inclusion of models for distributed lossless elements such as long transmission lines.
17. Write the equations representing the equivalent circuit of lumped element. (U)
For Inductor: i(t) = (1/L)ʃv(t) dt + i(t-h)

Apply trapezoidal rule
I(t) = (h/2L) [ v(t) + v(t-h) + i) t-h)
For capacitor
I(t) = -(2C/h) [ v(t) + v(t-h) + i( t-h)
18. Drawbacks of parity simulation. (U)

The problem of offset voltages and currents of OP-AMP used.
Each component of a parity simulator is electrically isolated, there could be
problems of interconnection and EMC.
19. Mention the some problems studied for DC simulator. (U)
The development of concepts and equipment for control and protection of HVDC
systems.
i) Control of power, current and extinction angle in 2 terminal system
ii) Evaluation of the control performance under AC and DC faults
iii) Evaluation of overcurrent and over voltages stresses in various
components.
iv) Analysis of various AC/DC system interations
v) Anlysis of AC and DC harmonicsIPLUS.COM
20. Comparison between insulation characteristics of DC and AC cable. (U)

1. In the ac cable case, the radial dielectric stress distribution is dependent upon the
perttivity of the dielectric. Where in the case of dc the stress distribution determined by
ww insulation resistance.
2. In the case of an ac cable the maximum stress always appears at the conductor surface,
but with dc the maximum sress may appear at the conductor surface or at the outer
w.E boundary of the dielectric, depending on the temperature.

3. The dc strength of a dielectric is much higher than tha ac strength
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4. With ac cables the temperature limitations are set by the physical behavious of the
materisl and the method of construction whereas with dc cable the temperature
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limitations are set by the physical behavious of the materisl and the method of
construction but also by variations in dielectric stressing arising from temperature
effects.
gin
21. Write practical dielectrics used in HVDC cables. (U)
Impregnated paper and polythene
ee
22. Compare the DC and AC cables from economic point of view. (An)
rin
DC is particularly applicable to long submarine cable transmission where the cost ratio is
g.n
high. The cost of DC cable is only a fraction of those for the AC cable and in addition
much less physical space tends to be required in the waterway involved. IN DC cable
et
the problems such as migration of impregnating compound, movement of the bales on
the sea-bed, under the effects of currents which may affect the economic considerations.
PART-B
1. Brief about the various types of system studies in design of HVDC
system.(C)
2. Explain the modeling of HVDC systems for digital dynamic simulation(C).
3. Describe the operation of physical simulator.(U)
4. Explain the various problems studies using DC simulator.(An)
5. Describe the operation of parity simulator(U)
6. Discuss about the advantages and disadvantages of digital dynamic
simulation.(An)
7. Write short on valve model and firing pulse generation.(C)
8. Explain the practical dielectric used in hvdc cables.(U)

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EE6010 HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION

5. Write the advantages and disadvantages of HVDC Transmission(U)

2. The ability to enhance transient and dynamic stability in

1. Inability to use transformer to change voltage levels

ww 1. Gotland 1 – 98km, 200kv, 20mw, 1954

What are the types of power losses in thristor?(U)

9. Define Energy Availability(R)

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10. Write down any two application DC transmission?(U)

12. What are the advantages of LTT over ETT?

ww  Elimination if high voltage pulse transformers and auxiliary power supplies.

S.NO AC Transmission DC Transmission

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17. What is meant by an Asynchronous tie?(U)

18. What is LASCR? How does it differ from a conventional SCR?(U)

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19. What are the types of commutation?( U)

Explain the planning of HVDC system.(U) rin

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UNIT -2 ANALYSIS OF HVDC CONVERTERS

2. Draw the circuit of Graetz CIRCUIT.(U)

6. What are the merits of twelve or multibridge pulse converter? .(U)

7. How can the converter configuration defined? .(U)

There are several configuration for a converter of a specified pulse

Connection, cascade of three single phase fall wave converters, cascade

9. Define overlap and overlap angle.(R)

ww which both the outgoing diode and incoming diode

Vd = Vd0[ cosα + cos(α+u) and Vd = Vd0 cosα - RcId g.n

13. Mention the various modes of operation of rectifier characteristics.(U)

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14. Mention the various modes of operation of inverter characteristics.(U)

Mode II : For u>60deg corresponding to β> 90deg +gamma zerothe

15. Mention the various modes of characteristics of 12 pulse converter.(U)

w.E Mode 3: 6 valve conduction 0 < α < 30deg, u = 60deg

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18. Draw the a.c current waveform.(U)

When star to star connected transformer

19. When star to delta star connected transformer(U)

22. What is mean by snubber circuits?(U)

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1 Explain the complete characteristics of converter as Rectifier and inverter(U)

2. Write the features control?(U) rin

ii) Power reversal can be done easily and quickly et

3. Why the necessity of control in a DC link?(An)

4. What is the principal of control in DC link? (U)

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5. What is meant by current and extinction control? (U)

 The current controller is invariably of feedback type the controller which Is PI

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iv) Tap changer on inverter side

11. What is meant by compounding?(U)

12. Define required regulation.(R)

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2. Mention the Types of filters(U)

3. Differentiate characteristic and non-characteristic harmonics.(An)

s.no Characteristics harmonics Non-characteristics harmonics

4. State the ill effects of harmonics injected into the AC line?(U)

The radio interference is mainly due to the positive conductor. This is