Narrated by:

RS Trijana Kartoatmodjo
 Course Objectives
• Understand the basics of drilling engineering ( rig
components, drill string design, directional ,
horizontal drilling, casing, cementing )
• Know drilling problems and how to cure them ?
• Determine the best practices during different
operations
• Understand the component of drill string and its
design
• Calculate pressure types, bit hydraulics, slug
calculations, hole cleaning parameters & equivalent
mud weight
• Identify the critical data requirements for different
operations

2
Basic Drilling Engineering
Offshore Rig Types

platform
barge with Semi- Fixed
tender Jack-up sub Platform Drillship

up to 70 ft 400ft 7500+ft 10,000ft

 Inland Barge

Land

Jackup
Drillship
Semisubmersible

Types of
Drilling
Rigs
How a Wellbore is Drilled
Surface
Conductor
casing
Surface
casing

Immediate
casing Casing
Production Scheme
casing

Production
liner
Main Drilling Rig Equipment Systems
 Main Components of a Drilling Rig

All drilling rigs have the following basic

systems
1) Derrick or Mast
2) Hoisting System
3) Rotating System
4) Circulating & Solids Control System
5) Power System
6) Blowout Prevention System
The structure used to support the crown blocks and the
drillstring of a drilling rig.
Derricks are usually pyramidal in shape.
Derrick Type
Drilling Rig
Mast Type
Drilling Rig
Catline Boom and Hoist Line:
A structural framework erected near the top of the derrick
for lifting material.

Pipe Ramp
An angled ramp for dragging drill pipe up to the drilling platform or bringing pipe down
off the drill platform.
Monkeyboard:
The derrickman's working platform. a monkey
board located at a height in the derrick equal
to two, three, or four lengths of pipe
respectively.

Doghouse:
A small enclosure on the rig floor used
as an office for the driller
Pipe Racks:
A horizontal support for tubular goods.

Water tank
Is used to store water that is used for mud
mixing, cementing, and rig cleaning.
Used for raising
and lowering the
drilling assembly,
and for running
casing, completion
equipment and
other tools in and
out of the hole.
 1 Crown Block

2 Deadline Hoisting
3 Drilling line System
Fast Line 4 5 Traveling Block
6 Pipe elevators
7 Deadline Anchor
Drawworks 11

9 6

9 Drum 8 Storage Reel

7
10 Drum Brake
 Drawworks:
 The machine on the rig consisting of a large-diameter steel spool,
brakes, a power source and assorted auxiliary devices.
 The primary function of the drawworks is to reel out and reel in the
drilling line, a large diameter wire rope, in a controlled fashion.
 Travelling block:
 The set of sheaves that move
up and down in the derrick.
 The wire rope threaded through
them is threaded (or "reeved")
back to the stationary crown
blocks located on the top of the
derrick.
 This pulley system gives great
mechanical advantage to the
action of the wire rope drilling
line, enabling heavy loads
(drillstring, casing and liners) to
be lifted out of or lowered into
the wellbore.
 Crown block:
 The fixed ( stationary) set of sheaves located at the top of the
derrick or mast, over which the drilling line is threaded.
 The companion blocks to these pulleys are the traveling blocks.
By using two sets of blocks in this fashion, great mechanical
advantage is gained, enabling the use of relatively small drilling
line (3/4 to 1 1/2 in. diameter steel cable) to hoist loads many times
heavier than the cable could support as a single strand.
 Hook:
The high-capacity J-shaped equipment used to hang various other
equipment, particularly the swivel and kelly, the elevator bails or
topdrive units.
 Deadline Anchor
An equipment that holds down the deadline part of the wire rope.
It is usually bolted on to the substructure.
Drilling Line
The wire rope used to support the Drilling
Tools.
Types of Wire Rope Lay

Right Lang Lay

Left Lang Lay

Right Regular Lay

Left Regular Lay

Shallow: 1” to 1-1/8” diameter

Deep: 1-1/4” to 2” diameter
 Drilling Line

The wire rope used to support the Drilling Tools.

It must be changed periodically according to the value of ( ton.milles)
The value of (Ton.miles) is determined by toolpusher and must not
exceed 100,000 ton miles or 50,000 ft (tripping)

Slip & cut

If the value of (ton.miles) became near to the (100,000), slip & cut
must occur to the drilling line.
Slip & cut must occur when the drill string is on the casing shoe.
 Swivel
Kelly

Kelly Bushing
K.B. Elevation
Rotary Table

Drill Pipe

Drill Collars

Bit
Rotary system
A hexagonal or square pipe is connected to the
topmost joint of the drill string. The rotary
table and kelly drive bushing impart rotation
to the drill string while allowing it to be
moved up or down.

As an alternative to the kelly and rotary

table, most modern rigs employ a Top
Drive system for rotating the drill string.
A powerful electric or hydraulic motor is
suspended from the traveling block.
rotary table components.
 Rotary Table
It has a beveled gear arrangement to create the rotational motion and opening
into which bushings are fitted to drive and support the drilling assembly.
Rotary Table
 Master Bushing
A device that fits into the rotary table to accommodate the slips and
drive the kelly bushing so that the rotating motion of the rotary table
can be transmitted to the Kelly.

Type MSPC

Fits 20-1/2” to 27-1/2”

Rotary Tables Type MPCH

Fits 37-1/2” to 49-1/2”

Rotary Tables Type MSPC
Fits 17-1/2” to 27-1/2”
Type MBSS
Rotary Tables

Fits 17-1/2” to 27-1/2”

Rotary Tables
Kelly Bushing
A device that when fitted to master bushing transmits torque to the kelly
and simultaneously permits vertical movement of the Kelly to make hole.
The kelly bushing has an inside diameter profile that matches that of the
kelly, usually square or hexagonal.

Type HDP

Heavy Duty fits 23” through

Type HDS
49-1/2” Rotary Table
Heavy Duty for Square Type MDS
Drive Rotary Tables
Medium Duty for Square
Rotary Table
 Top Drive
A hydraulically powered device located below the Swivel that when
actuated allows the Drillstem to spin and proceed in drilling.

• The motion is transferred from main shaft to wash pipe , upper IBOP,
lower IBOP, saver sub .
• Graps catch d/p, then get m/u Torque on it from top drive
 A, top drive
mounted on the
derrick;

B, a particular
of the top drive.

12/01/2018 Basic Drilling Engineering

Top Drive System

Top
driv
e

‘A’ frame

Guide
rails

Rig floor Drill pipe

 Kelly:
 A long square or hexagonal steel bar
with a hole drilled through the middle
for a fluid path.

 The kelly is used to transmit rotary

motion from the rotary table or kelly
bushing to the drillstring, while
allowing the drillstring to be lowered
or raised during rotation.

 The kelly bushing has an inside profile

matching the kelly's outside profile
(either square or hexagonal), but with
slightly larger dimensions so that the
kelly can freely move up and down
inside.
 Swivel:

A mechanical device that must simultaneously suspend the weight of the

drillstring, provide for rotation of the drillstring beneath it while keeping the
upper portion stationary.
Kelly Spinner
A pneumatically controlled device mounted below the Swivel that
when actuated causes the Kelly to spin.
Mud hose:
A large-diameter (3- to 5-in. inside diameter), high-pressure flexible
line used to connect the standpipe to the swivel.
Basic Bottomhole Drilling
Assembly

DRILL PIPE
• Provides rotation to bit
DRILL COLLARS
• Provide weight on bit
DRILL BITS
• Grinds layers of
rock to make hole
Common Types of Drill Bits

• Insert
• Polycrystalline
• Mill tooth diamond
compact (PDC)
Drill pipe:

Drill pipe is a tubular steel conduit fitted

with special threaded ends called tool
joints.
Heavy Weight Drillpipe

Similar in appearance to a drill pipe, HWDP has the following different

dimensional characteristics; the tube wall is heavier about 1”thick in
most sizes, the tool joints are longer, and the tube section has a larger
diameter at mid length to protect the pipe from wear.

HWDP were developed for the following reasons; As a transition

member to be run between drill collars and drill pipe, as a flexible
weight member to run on directional drilling, as a weight member
on small rigs, drilling small diameter holes.
Drill Collar:
A component of a drillstring that provides weight on bit for
drilling. Gravity acts on the large mass of the collars to provide
the downward force needed for the bits to efficiently break rock.

Drillpipe

Drill collar
Tool Joint:
The enlarged and threaded ends
of joints of drillpipe.
HWDP has longer tool joint than
the D/P
UPSET

TOOL JOINT

UPSET
Tubular Handling Equipment

Equipment used to move, make and break

connection, suspend tubular on the rig. These
include the following:

1. Elevator Links 7. Safety Clamp

2. Elevator 8. Tongs

3. Lifting Subs 9. Kelly Spinner

4.Lifting Plug 10. Drillpipe Spinner

5. Tugger/Winch 11. Iron Roughneck

6. Slips 12. Bit Breaker

Tubular and Tubular Handling Equipment

1. Elevator Links

Equipment attached onto the Traveling Block in order to

suspend the Elevators.
Tubular and Tubular Handling Equipment

2. Elevator

Clamps that grip a stand of casing, tubing, drillpipe or drill collars so that the stand
or joint can be raised from or lowered into the hole opening of the rotary table.
Each type of D/P’s has its own elevator

SIDE DOOR ELEVATOR CENTER LATCH ELEVATOR SINGLE JOINT ELEVATOR

Lifting Subs
A short, threaded piece of pipe used to adapt parts of the drilling
string that cannot otherwise be screwed together because of
difference in thread size or design.
Subs
Tubular and Tubular Handling Equipment

5. Tugger/Winch

A pneumatically operated drum with wire rope spooled onto it to

move or lift heavy objects on the rig floor.
Tubular and Tubular Handling Equipment

6. Slips

A wedge shape piece of metal with teeth or other gripping elements

that are used to prevent pipe from slipping down into hole or to hold
the pipe in place.

Drill Pipe Slips

 Drill pipe suspended inside
the rotary table

12/01/2018 Basic Drilling Engineering

Tubular and Tubular Handling Equipment

6. Slips

A wedge shape piece of metal with teeth or other gripping elements

that are used to prevent pipe from slipping down into hole or to hold
the pipe in place.

Drill Collar Slips

Tubular and Tubular Handling Equipment

6. Slips

A wedge shape piece of metal with teeth or other gripping elements

that are used to prevent pipe from slipping down into hole or to hold
the pipe in place.

Casing Slips
Tubular and Tubular Handling Equipment

7. Safety Clamp

The are used on tubulars above the slips to prevent dropping the string
should the slips fail to hold.
It is used when the weight of drill string is vey low during make up of
BHA or breaking it

Safety Clamp
Tubular and Tubular Handling Equipment

8. Tong

Large wrenches used to make or break out tubulars.

Make up Tong Breakout Tong

Tubular and Tubular Handling Equipment

9. Kelly Spinner

A pneumatically operated device mounted on top of the kelly

that when actuated causes the kelly to spin.

KELLY SPINNER
Tubular and Tubular Handling Equipment

10. Drillpipe Spinner

A pneumatically operated device usually suspended on the rig floor

used to make fast connections and spin off of drill pipeS.

DRILLPIPE SPINNER
Tubular and Tubular Handling Equipment

11. Iron Roughneck

A pneumatically operated machine that replaces the functions

performed by the Kelly Spinner, Drillpipe Spinner and Tongs.

IRON ROUGHNECK
Tubular and Tubular Handling Equipment

12. Bit Breaker

A device that is placed on top of the rotary table to enable

the bit to be made up to drill string.

BIT BREAKER
System of
mud
circulation.

12/01/2018 Basic Drilling Engineering

 Standpipe Swivel

Mud Rotary hose

pump
Kelly
Mud
Discharge
House
Mud return
Chemical tank line Drill pipe

Annulus

Shale
shaker
Drill Collar
Mud pit
Borehole
Shaleslide
Reserve
pit Bit
 Circulating Component

Mud Pump

1. SUCTION TANK
2. PREHYDRATION TANK
3. CHARGING PUMP
4. AGITATOR MOTORS
5. MUD HOPPPER
6. SUCTION LINE
7. CHARGING PUMP (MP)
8. MUD PUMP
9. VALVE AND PUMP
PISTON
10. MUD PUMP
DISCHARGE MANIFOLD
11. PRESSURE GAUGE
12. PULSATION
DAMPENER
13. PRESSURE RELIEF
VALVE
14. DISCHARGE LINE
15. MUD PUMP ENGINE

16. INTERMEDIATE TANK

Mud Pump
A large, reciprocating pump used to circulate the
mud on a drilling rig. A typical mud pump is a
double- or triple-acting, two- or three-cylinder
piston pump whose pistons travel in replaceable
liners and are driven by a crankshaft actuated by
an engine. A mud pump also is called a slush
pump.
Shale shaker:
A wire-cloth screen vibrates while the drilling fluid flows on top of it. The
liquid phase of the mud and solids smaller than the wire mesh pass
through the screen, while larger solids are retained on the screen and
eventually fall off the back of the device and are discarded.
Shale Shaker

An equipment the uses a vibrating screen to remove cuttings from

the circulating fluid in rotary drilling operations.

1. RETURN LINE

2. POSSUM BELLY

3. ELECTRIC MOTOR
4. SHAKER SCREEN
Desander:
A hydrocyclone device that removes large drill solids from the whole mud
system.
The desander should be located downstream of the shale shakers and
degassers, but before the desilters or mud
It depends on the theory of vortex in separation of solids from upper stream and
fluid discharges from down stream
Desilter:
A hydrocyclone much like a desander except that its design incorporates a
greater number of smaller cones. The smaller cones allow the desilter to
efficiently remove smaller diameter drill solids than a desander does. For that
reason, the desilter is located downstream from the desander in the surface
mud system.
*** operating pressure is 4 times mud weight in (ppg)
 Mud pit:
A large tank that holds drilling
fluid on the rig or at a mud-
mixing plant. For land rigs, most
mud pits are rectangular steel
construction, with partitions
that hold about 200 barrels
each. They are set in series for
the active mud system.

Mud House:
The place where mud additives
are kept at the rig, also known
as the sack room.
Waste Pits:
a waste pit, usually an excavated,
earthen-walled pit. It may be lined with
plastic to prevent soil contamination.

*** in OBM it is recommended to have

HG drier to get rid of cutings without
any OBM in it especially in offshore

Mud Gas Separator:

A device that removes gas from
the mud coming out of a well when
a kick is being circulated out.
 Flowline (mud return line):

 The large-diameter metal pipe that

connects the bell nipple under the
rotary table to the possum belly at
the mud tanks.
 The flowline is usually fitted with a
crude paddle-type flow-measuring
device commonly called a "flow
show" that may give the driller the
first indication that the well is
flowing.
 Stand pipe:
A rigid metal conduit that provides the high-
pressure pathway for drilling mud to travel
approximately one-third of the way up the
derrick, where it connects to a flexible high-
pressure hose (kelly hose).

Annulus:
The space around a pipe in a well bore, the
outer wall of which may be the wall of
either the bore hole or the casing;
sometimes termed the annular space.
Most modern rigs are electric.

Generally, large diesel engines

are the primary source of power.
Electric power generated by the
engines is first converted from AC
to DC in the SCR ( silcon control
rectifier ) unit. DC motors supply
power to the drawworks, rotary,
and pumps. AC power is still used
for auxiliary equipment.

Diesel Electric
Electric cable tray
Supports the heavy electrical cables
that feed the power from the control
panel to the rig motors.

Engine Generator Sets

A diesel, Liquefied Petroleum Gas
(LPG), natural gas, or gasoline engine,
along with a mechanical transmission
and generator for producing power for
the drilling rig.
Fuel tanks
Fuel storage tanks for the power
generating system.

Electric Control House

On diesel electric rigs, powerful diesel
engines drive large electric generators.
The generators produce electricity that
flows through cables to electric
switches and control equipment
enclosed in a control cabinet or panel.
Electricity is fed to electric motors via
the panel.
Casing
Well Construction and Well Types
0 ft Rig Datum - RKB
Types of Casings

• Conductor
• Surface
• Intermediate
• Liner
 Example Hole and String Sizes (in)

Hole Size Pipe Size

36” Structural casing 30”
26” Conductor string 20”

17 1/2 Surface pipe 13 3/8

12 1/4 IntermediateString
9 5/8
8 1/2 Production Liner
7
81
Casing String Design
• API Casing Specs
• OD 9 5/8”
• Weight 53.5 lbs./ft (determines ID)
• Grade C75 (yield point allowable tension)
• Burst pressure 7430 PSI
• Collapse pressure 6380 PSI
• Thread Buttress

• Tapered string used to minimize well cost.

• Casing program for well based on :
• Burst Pressure
• Collapse Pressure
• Tensile Load
 x
s

e
83
Thread Types
• 8 Round
• Seals on threads
• Use of couplings

• Buttress
• Seals on threads
• Use of couplings

• VAM
• Seals on threads &
shoulder
• Use of couplings

• Hydrill
• Seals on threads &
shoulder
• Integral
• 2 sets of threads
Check List for Running
Casing
• Inspection of Casing
• Tuboscope
• Pipe tally
• Hole Preparation
• Mud condition
• Clearance
• Running
• Casing crews
• Too fast
• Landing Casing
• Nippling up
API Design Factors (typical)

Required Design Factor Design

10,000 psi Collapse 1.125 11,250 psi

100,000 lbf Tension 1.8 180,000 lbf

10,000 psi Burst 1.1 11,000 psi

86
Conductor
• Purpose
• This is the building foundation of the rest of the
well
• Prevents washing out under the rig
• Provides elevation for flow nipple
• It is run in the well by hammering ( refusal
point)
• Common sizes and depths:
• 30” - 20” Welded or Connectors such as
Vetco,DrilQuip, XL
• 20” - 16” Threaded
• 30’ - 200’ (< 100’ common)
Conductor
Other Remarks:
• Plugs not always used, but should be if available
• Careful pumping practices
• Large excess amounts of cement required
• BOP’s not unusually connected, not enough
formation strength to contain pressures anyway,
more often see a divertor
• Common Cements
• Accelerated Neat class G
Surface Casing
Purposes:
• Protects surface fresh water formations
• Cases off unconsolidated or lost circulation
areas
• Supports subsequent casing strings
• Provides primary pressure control (BOP
support)
• Common sizes and depths:
• 20” - 9 5/8” threaded or use of connectors
• 100’ - 3000’ (or more)
Surface Cementing
• 100% plus excess cement is not uncommon
• Recommend inner string cementing method to save
• Cement
• Rig time
• Common cements:
• Lead light weight slurries with high yields
• Neat tail slurries with good compressive strength

• Some operators do not think that centralizers are

required on this string, but they are vital to achieving a
good “shoe track job”
Intermediate Casing
Purpose:
• Separates hole into workable sections when
dealing with
• Lost Circulation Zones
• Salt Section
• Overpressured Zones
• Heaving Shales
• Common sizes and depths:
• 13 3/8”, 10 3/4”, 9 5/8” and mixed tapered
strings
• 3000’ to 10,000’
Intermediate Casings cementing
• Cemented to surface or to previous casing shoe
• Two stage cementation jobs common
• Plugs, casing equipment, casing accessories
usual
• Good cementing practices are required
• Use of mud flushes and spacers is recommended
• Large cement volumes are often necessary
• Common Cements:
• Typically filler slurries followed by high
compressive tail
• Specialised (light, heavy, salt - saturated, etc)
Production Casing
Purpose:
• Isolates the payzone from other formations and the fluids in
them
• Protective housing for production equipment.
• Subsurface artificial lift
• Multiple zone completion
• Can consist of and contain screens for sand control
• Covers worn or damaged intermediate string.
• Common sizes:
• 4 1/2”, 5”, 5-1/2”, 7”, & 9 5/8”

Remember, Good Centralization is Critical on this String!

Casing accessories
Regular Casing Shoe Track

 Shoe
 2-3 joints
Somewhere for
contaminated cement
to go
 Float collar
Guide Shoes

Guide Shoe Down-Jet Float Shoes Needle nose

Cement Nose Float shoe
guide the casing in the open hole
 Float Shoes

Float Shoe Float Shoe with Down Jet

Ball valve Poppet
Valve
It is guide shoe with one way valve
 Prevents mud from entering the csg while RIH ,so csg weight is lowered
 Prevent cement from backflow
 Seat for bottom wiper plug
Self-Filling Float Shoes

AUTOMATIC FILL-UP FLOAT SHOE CEMENT NOSE

with FLAPPER VALVE and
FLOAT SHOE AUTOMATIC FILL-UP
with Actuated Valve
Auto-fill and Conversion Sequence

Flappers are A ball is Flapper

held open dropped valves
with a sleeve Pressure applied activated
to move the
sleeve down
Float Collars

Float Collar - Ball Valve Float Collar - Sure Seal Float Collar –
Flapper Valve
1-3 CASING JOINTS ABOVE SHOE
REDUCE CONTAMINATION AROUND THE SHOE
Mechanical Stage Collar

Running in position Opening bomb opens Closing plug closes the ports
Circulating ports
12 UTC/KTC
Hydraulic Stage Collar

Pressure is applied against the landed and sealed 1st stage plug breaking the shear
mechanism. To allow the sleeve to shift down and uncover the ports.
Two Stage Cementing (continued)

Closing plug

Stage collar

Opening bomb

1st stage wiper plug

Landing plate
Baskets and Centralizers

Cementing Basket

Centralizers
Scratchers and Collars
Rotating Scratcher

Stop Collars
Used to fix casing equipment
Reciprocal
Scratchers
Used to remove mud filter
16 UTC/KTC
cake
Plugs
• Separate fluids

• Wiping casing

• Surface indication

at the end of

displacement

17 UTC/KTC
Cement Plugs
Diaphragm

Top Plug (Solid) Bottom Plug (Hollow Inside)

18 UTC/KTC
Cementing
Hole
 Provides zonal isolation.

 Supports axial load of Casing

casing.
Cement
 Protects
casing against
corrosion and erosion

 Providessupport to gas zone

borehole in plastic or
unconsolidated formations

oil zone
 Primary Cementing Process

Cement
Head

Annulus
Outlet Top
Plug

Bottom
Plug

Float
Collar

Float
Shoe

1 Hole conditioning 2 Pumping Cement 3 Displacing Cement 4 Job completed

Two Stage Cementing
2nd
Stage

Key Points: Stage

Collar
• Separation and isolation of zones
is primary purpose
• Reduces hydrostatic loading of
weaker zones
• Operator can leave zone(s) in the
annulus uncemented (cement at
TD and surface)
• Cost of job can be higher due to
extra rig time (WOC), tools used
and drillout 1st Stage
Two Stage Cementing
Operation: 2nd
Stage
 Choose position of ( stage collar to
be 1000 ft higher than last casing Stage
shoe . Collar
 Perform first stage cement with
excess cement to cover 300 ft above
DV tool.
 Once you get bump plug ( first) , drop
( opening bomp) from surface, let it
gravitate
 Once the bomp is seated , pumping
pressure is applied to shear pins and
open ports allow bottom sleeve to
move downward, so communication
occurs between casing & annulus 1st Stage
Two Stage Cementing (continued)

Closing plug

Stage collar

Opening bomb

1st stage wiper plug

Landing plate
Outside Cementing ( top job)

• Purpose
• Bring cement to surface and
get a top job Tubing moved
during job
• Macaroni or small diameter
tubing used, such as 1”
• Max. depth 250-300 ft
• High friction pressures due to
small tubing
• Non-standard connections
Full-bore plug cementing
The Conventional job
 Liners
Key Points:
• Requires less casing if Drill pipe
tiebacks are not run Wiper Plug
• Deeper wells
• Small annular clearance Liner
• Specialised equipment Hanger
required, close tolerance
Running
• Centralization is more
important than ever due to Tool
limited hydraulics Liner Wiper
• Liner Hangers available in Plug
Mechanical and Hydraulic
versions
Shear
• Plugs and Float Equipment Pin
have to be compatible with
hanger!
Liner