Module 6 Geological Hazard

OTHER RELATED
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
1. Discuss the different geological hazards

2. Analyze the causes of geological hazards
3. Recognize signs of impending geological hazards
4. Interpret different geological maps
5. Apply mitigation strategies to prevent loss of lives and
properties
RAINFALL – INDUCED LANDSLIDE
LANDSLIDE – is a massive outward and downward movement of slope-forming materials.

CAUSE OF LANDSLIDE
▪ Groundwater (pore water) pressure acting to destabilize the slope
▪ Loss or absence of vertical vegetative structure, soil nutrients, and soil structure
▪ Erosion of the toe of a slope by rivers or oceans waves
▪ Weakening of a slope through saturation by snow melt, glaciers melting, or heavy rains
▪ Earthquakes adding loads to barely stable slope
LANDSLIDE ARE ALSO AGGRAVATED BY HUMAN
ACTIVITIES SUCH AS
Deforestation, cultivation and construction, which

destabilize the already fragile slopes
EFFECTS OF LANDSLIDE
• Property Damage
• Injury
• Death
• Adversely Affect a variety of resource
SINKHOLES
• Are common where the rock below the land surface is limestone, carbonate rock, salt
beds, or rocks that can naturally be dissolve by groundwater circulating through them
• Can vary from a few feet to hundreds of acres and from less than 1 to more than 100
feet deep. Some are shaped like shallow bowls and saucers whereas others have vertical
walls: some hold water and form natural ponds
TYPES OF SINKHOLES
DISSOLUTION SINKHOLES – dissolution of the limestone or dolomite is most

intensive where the water first contacts the rock surface.
COVER – SUBSIDENCE SINKHOLES – tend to develop gradually where the
covering sediments are permeable and contain sand.
COVER – COLLAPSE SINKHOLES – may develop abruptly over a period of
hours and cause catastrophic damages.
SINKHOLES CAN BE HUMAN – INDUCED – new sinkholes have been
correlated to land – use practices, especially from groundwater pumping and
from construction and development practices.
SIGN OF IMPENDING GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
A. LANDSLIDE
1. Earlier Landslide as an indicator – observing old landslide is a good indication that
the area has unstable geology and that more landslide are likely in the future.
2. Tension Cracks – are created by the stress of geological material pulling apart
3. Things Moving – observable movement and deformation of things are also indicators
of an impending landslide.
4. Water Doing Something Different – another warning sign for a landslide is changes
in water flow
B. SINKHOLES – RARELY STRIKE WITHOUT GIVING SOME WARNING IN
THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT OR IN A NEARBY HOME. HERE
ARE SOME SIGNS TO WATCH FOR THEY MAY INDICATE A PROBLEM
ABOUT THE PRESENT AND IMMINENT DANGER OF SINKHOLE
Trees or fence posts that tilt or fall
Foundations that slant
New small ponds that appear after rain
Cracks in the ground
Sudden drainage of a pond
Rapid appearance of a hole in the ground
Dips, depressions, slopes that appear in a yard
Dead patches of grass or plants
Sinkholes in the neighborhood
Wilted vegetation in a limited area
Well water that is discolored or contaminated with debris
Cracking or buckling of homes concrete slab
Presence of odd bugs like slugs and centipedes in the home
Earthy odor in home after rain
New or widening cracks
Separation between walls and ceiling or floors
Cracks in interior walls
Cracks around door and window frames
Cracked grout between tiles
Cracked tiles
Stair step cracks in blocks or bricks
Uneven floors, warping of hardwood, bulging or sagging sections
Doors or windows that don’t open or close easily
Cracks in sheetrock near doors or windows
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
• Watch for signs of water disappearing from the surface

• If a sinkhole occurs in an area of traffic, barricade it to prevent motorists or
pedestrians from getting too close to it. Remember that the size can continue
to increase, so barricade it with ample room to spare
• Check fields before undertaking machine-related activities, such as haying or
harvesting
• Keep tractors and heavy machinery far enough away from the sinkhole, since the
ground near the edge can easily give way. It is recommended that machinery stay
at least as far from the edge as the hole is deep
MITIGATION STRATEGIES TO PREVENT LOSS OF
LIVES AND PROPERTIES IN CASE OF LANDSLIDE
WHAT TO DO BEFORE A LANDSLIDE
Its good to secure clearance from the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) on status
of possible landslide
Help prepare the members of the family for evacuation upon the direction of proper
authorities
Maintain a list of contact numbers during emergencies
Participate in planting grasses to cover slopes or in building riprap to prevent soil
erosion
Participate in regular drills on evacuation procedures
Help promote public awareness and involvement on landslide mitigation
Help develop family preparedness and evacuation plan
WHAT TO DO DURING A LANDSLIDE
• Evacuate immediately if warned of an impending landslide or mudflow

• Stay away from the path of landslide debris, or seek refuge behind a
sturdy tree or boulder
• Get out of house as soon possible when rumbling sounds are heard
from upstream or the trembling of the ground is felt, indicating a
possible mudflow
• Run across a slope, not downwards
WHAT TO DO AFTER A LANDSLIDE
• Examine thoroughly the damaged parts and utilities of the house before re-
occupying it
• Stay away from the landslide area. There may be danger of additional lanslides
• Help check with caution injured and trapped persons within the landslide area and
direct rescuers to their locations
• Listen to local radio or television stations for the latest emergency information
• Help in seeking the advice of a geotechnical expert to evaluate landslide hazards or
design corrective measures to reduce landslide risk

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OTHER RELATED

1. Discuss the different geological hazards

LANDSLIDE – is a massive outward and downward movement of slope-forming materials.

Deforestation, cultivation and construction, which

DISSOLUTION SINKHOLES – dissolution of the limestone or dolomite is most

• Watch for signs of water disappearing from the surface

• Evacuate immediately if warned of an impending landslide or mudflow

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