The document discusses ventilation and odor control for sewers and tunnels. It covers topics such as the forces causing airflow in sewers, tools for estimating airflow and pressure, and technologies for controlling emissions of odorous compounds. Empirical and theoretical modeling approaches are described which can be used to identify odor sources, predict high pressure areas, and evaluate odor control strategies and technologies.
The document discusses ventilation and odor control for sewers and tunnels. It covers topics such as the forces causing airflow in sewers, tools for estimating airflow and pressure, and technologies for controlling emissions of odorous compounds. Empirical and theoretical modeling approaches are described which can be used to identify odor sources, predict high pressure areas, and evaluate odor control strategies and technologies.
The document discusses ventilation and odor control for sewers and tunnels. It covers topics such as the forces causing airflow in sewers, tools for estimating airflow and pressure, and technologies for controlling emissions of odorous compounds. Empirical and theoretical modeling approaches are described which can be used to identify odor sources, predict high pressure areas, and evaluate odor control strategies and technologies.
The document discusses ventilation and odor control for sewers and tunnels. It covers topics such as the forces causing airflow in sewers, tools for estimating airflow and pressure, and technologies for controlling emissions of odorous compounds. Empirical and theoretical modeling approaches are described which can be used to identify odor sources, predict high pressure areas, and evaluate odor control strategies and technologies.
Shahriar Eftekharzadeh, P.E., Ph.D,, PMP Rich Atoulikian, P.E., BCEE, PMP Do You Know My Friend? She Changed My Life
IRC, FL Seneca, MD Sarasota, FL Patuxent, MD Ypsilanti, MI Mill Creek, MD NGWRP, AZ Broadwater, MD 91st Avenue, AZ Mont. Co. RCF Ocotillo, AZ Howard Co, MD Avondale, AZ Arlington.VA Palm City/Tuscany Alexandria, VA Hills, FL DC WASA Seattle, WA Philly (x2), PA Iron Bridge, FL HRSD, VA (x4) Dade County, FL Chez Liz, VA Sacramento, CA Dick Creek, GA Hartford, CT Long Trail, VT East Bay MUD, CA NBC, RI Rock Hill, SC New England Fert Athens, Greece Yellowstone, WY MPW, SC (x4) WERF PG County, MD Harford County, MD H2S and Olfactory Science Analytical Chemistry And Chemical Engineering Typical Gas Chromatograph Publications and Patents …More Than 30 Articles on Odor Control
…Contributing Author to the
WEF / ASCE Manuals of Practice ODOR CONTROL IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
…U.S. Patent Holder
For Scrubber Technology I Am Forever Grateful Lessons Learned
Use Fundamental Scientific
Principals
Use Best Available
Information and Best Available Technology
Develop An Odor Control
Plan That Can Adapt To Actual Conditions An Ounce of Prevention
Planning Ventilation and Odor Control in Sewers and Tunnels
Forces Causing Airflow and Ventilation
Tools for Estimating Airflow and
Pressurization
Technologies for Controlling Emissions
of Odorous Compounds Sewer Ventilation
Positive Pressure: 0.25 inches water column
Airflow Phenomenon in Gravity Sewers
Sewer
Head Space
Surface Drag Induces Airflow in Gravity Sewers
Velocity Affects Stripping of Odorous Compounds Pressure Buildup and Odor Release
Pressure buildup Odor Release
Reduced Drag Reduced Head Space
Reduced Velocity Increased Depth
Flatter Slope
Reduced Surface Drag and/or Head Space Causes
Pressure Build Up and Potential Odor Release Empirical Modeling Approach
1. Estimates Vair Using Empirical Vair/Vwater ratios
Complex system Serves > 4 million people Tillman Water Reclamation Plant - LA/Glendale Water Service area >600 sq. mi. 80mgd capacity A Reclamation Plant – 20mgd capacity 6,500 miles B
average daily flow Water Reclamation Plant – 30mgd capacity D Overall Study Goal Minimize Odor Issues in the City of Los Angeles Sewer System
Study Objectives Identify sources and causes of odor Establish effective means of reducing odor Determine best location(s) and most effective technologies for Air Treatment Facilities (ATF) Airflow Modeling Components and Purpose
Empirical Airflow Model
Approximated airflow behavior Predicted locations of high pressures Measured pressures in field
Theoretical Airflow Model
Computed airflow rates and air pressures Evaluated management techniques • Extraction • Sewer modifications Identified best locations for air extraction and treatment Sewer Pressure Data Collection Pressure Data Collection Results of Empirical Model Used LA Sewer Model to Locate Pressure Buildup Areas (“Hot Spots”) Analyzed At Various Flow Regimes Provided Reasonable Prediction of Positive Pressure Locations and Airflow Rates Could Not Predict Pressures For Future Conditions Could Not Simulate Some Structures Drop Structures Air Extraction (Ventilation/Treatment) Siphons Reasonably Analyzed the Existing System Theoretical Model Principles
Air Mass Continuity (node)
Energy Principle (loop) Airflow in Headspace Air Leaking In and Out Drop Structure Impact Air Jumpers hj Q 2 fL ( ke ) 2 gA2 D Junctions hj kVd / g 2
Air Extraction (Qout, Pj)
Drop Structure Physical Models Air Model Input Data
Depth and Velocity (Hydraulic Model)
Drop Structure Characteristic Curve (Physical Model) Field Pressure Data Pav and Pmax Model Calibration at Average Flow
1 2
6 Predicted 3 Measured 5
5 2 6 1 4 Model Calibration Peak Hour Flow
1 2
6 Predicted 3 5 Measured
3 5 2 6 4 1 Theoretical Model Summary
Computed Airflow and Air Pressures
Analyzed Various Flow Scenarios Simulated Drop Structures, ATF(s), Siphons (air jumpers), and Air Curtains, etc.
Model Can Be Used as a Good Planning and
Decision- Making Too Originally 8 Proposed Air Treatment Facility Locations
NCOS
Air Treatment Facility Final 4 Planned Air Treatment Facility Locations
NCOS
Air Treatment Facility NCOS ATF – 12,000 cfm 3 BTFs
Eliminated 4 Originally Planned ATFs at an
Estimated Savings of $50 Million Ventilation Model Can Help Control Odorous Emissions from Sewers and Tunnels A Sensitized Community Is Much More Difficult to Please Creation of crusaders (lawyers) and loss of trust Criteria for success go way up Ventilation Model Can Help Plan For Impacts Predict location of hot spots Assess impacts of drop structures Analyze effects of extractions Ventilation Model Approach Plan Use HDR Ventilation Model and Utility Sewer Model Validate the model in the summer Collect H2S data Assess impacts of tunnel or sewer connections Assess emissions mitigation techniques (extraction, drop structures, etc) Output Air flow rates at hot spots under various flow regimes Locations of most influence for air extraction Options for control Estimates of H2S concentrations Most Important Odor Control Principles
Location, Location, Location
Distance to nearest detector The number of detectors Direction of prevailing winds
Control Technology Parameters
Airflow rates H2S concentration Emitted H2S mass emission rate Most Often Need BACT PPM to PPB = 99.9% efficiency Odor Control Scrubbers Packed Tower Scrubbers •Gas Velocity Enhances Gas Phase Diffusion to Liquid Film • Plastic Packing Creates Liquid Film (Transfer Area) • Liquid Recirculation Allows Efficient Chemical Use • Sump Allows Reaction Time • Liquid Blowdown Important to Prevent Chemical Backpressure Odor Control Scrubbers Misting Scrubber • Spray Contacts Odorous Chemicals in Gas Phase • Spray Nozzles Creates Liquid Droplet (Transfer Area) • Once Through Chemicals Maximizes Chemical Gradient • Reaction Time Limited to Reactor Detention Time Custom and Modular Biofilters Bio Trickling Filters Bio Trickling Filter Practical Capacities of Odor Control Technologies
Scrubbers Custom Biofilters Modular Biofilters
Bio Tr Filt
Activated Carbon 0 50 100 150 Avg1,000 cfm H2S Concentration vs Odor Control Technology
Need Ventilation Model to Estimate Hot Spots and Air Flow Rates Look At H2S Data and Predicted Hydraulic Regimes To Estimate Range of H2S Concentrations Consider Location of Receptors and Determine Control Efficiency Requirements Recommendations
Use Estimated Flow and Estimated H2S
Concentrations to Establish Type(s) of Control Technologies Most Appropriate Evaluate Options and Costs – Pick a Solution Develop a Plan for Higher Flow Rates and/or Higher H2S Concentrations Parallel Ducts and Controls Multiple Stages or Technologies An Ounce is Worth a Pound of Cure Thank You
