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    University of Southeastern Philippines

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    roel
    This document is a compilation of garden documentation and a written report on securing and testing seeds submitted in partial fulfillment of an agriculture course. It discusses the importance of seed quality and testing seeds before planting to ensure uniform growth and better yields. It provides details on seed structure, types of seeds, and factors to consider when selecting seeds such as damage, germination ability, and disease. Methods for testing seeds like the seed box method are described. The document also covers sampling techniques used in a seed testing laboratory like mixing, dividing, and various reduction methods.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    University of Southeastern Philippines

    Uploaded by

    roel
    36 views15 pages
    This document is a compilation of garden documentation and a written report on securing and testing seeds submitted in partial fulfillment of an agriculture course. It discusses the importance of seed quality and testing seeds before planting to ensure uniform growth and better yields. It provides details on seed structure, types of seeds, and factors to consider when selecting seeds such as damage, germination ability, and disease. Methods for testing seeds like the seed box method are described. The document also covers sampling techniques used in a seed testing laboratory like mixing, dividing, and various reduction methods.

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    AGRI FINAL

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    This document is a compilation of garden documentation and a written report on securing and testing seeds submitted in partial fulfillment of an agriculture course. It discusses the importance of seed quality and testing seeds before planting to ensure uniform growth and better yields. It provides details on seed structure, types of seeds, and factors to consider when selecting seeds such as damage, germination ability, and disease. Methods for testing seeds like the seed box method are described. The document also covers sampling techniques used in a seed testing laboratory like mixing, dividing, and various reduction methods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    36 views15 pages

    University of Southeastern Philippines

    Uploaded by

    roel
    This document is a compilation of garden documentation and a written report on securing and testing seeds submitted in partial fulfillment of an agriculture course. It discusses the importance of seed quality and testing seeds before planting to ensure uniform growth and better yields. It provides details on seed structure, types of seeds, and factors to consider when selecting seeds such as damage, germination ability, and disease. Methods for testing seeds like the seed box method are described. The document also covers sampling techniques used in a seed testing laboratory like mixing, dividing, and various reduction methods.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    University of

    Southeastern
    Philippines
    College of Education
    Obrero Campus, Davao City

    A COMPILATION OF GARDEN DOCUMENTATION AND WRITTEN REPORT


    ENTITLED SECURING AND TESTING SEEDS

    In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Introduction to Agriculture and Fisheries

    SUBMITTED TO:

    PROF. JUANITA BAGTILAY

    SUBMITTED BY:

    BALA, ARLENE
    BOLO, NEIL JOHN
    BULE, HEACHELLE
    CAVAN, CHARLES IAN
    DELA CERNA, KIESHAINE MARIE
    GRENIEN MICHELLE
    LORESTO BLESSEDEE
    MATUBANG, ROEL JR.
    MONASQUE, LISLIE MAE
    ORMO, SHENNEY ANNETTE
    PENARANDA, RALPH IAN
    TOROCTOCON, HONEY BEBS

    DECEMBER 2019
    GAR
    DEN
    DOC
    UME
    NTAT
    ION
    WRIT
    TEN
    REP
    ORT
    OF
    TEST
    ING
    AND
    SEC
    URIN
    G
    SEE
    DS
    SECURING AND TESTING SEEDS

    Living in a place full of bountiful crops is such a blessing hence, problems and
    challenges faced by farmers raised up especially in seed. Every year, farmers are
    facing an increasing problem of access to seeds. Standing in long queues, with cash in
    hand (procured from private money lenders with great difficulty and high rate of
    interest), and anxiety writ on their faces, farmers do not know if this method of seed
    procurement is likely to be permanent or a temporary phenomenon.

    Every year, they hope that the situation might change. Problems with seeds are
    deep rooted, and extending these roots into new
    areas. It is not just availability of seeds on time. It
    is also not just about quality of seeds. Good
    quality seeds, with good germination potential,
    are becoming rare, as the number of hybrids are
    increasing. On the other hand, prices of seeds
    are increasing every year. So much so, farmers
    are now shelling out 10-30 percent of per acre
    investment on seeds alone, starting from zero.
    Yet, they are not assured of good quality seeds.

    The germinating potential of seeds is important among plant growers. This can
    be determined by testing the seeds. Testing the seeds before they are planted prevents
    waste, to ensure uniformity of plant growth, and facilitates plant grower’s cultivation and
    early maturation of crops. If seeds are good, vegetable will be of good quality and there
    will be a better yield.

    But for those pioneering in the field of farming, how will


    they know if they can have a good seed and a good
    harvest? Let us first identify what is Seed.

    What is Seed?

    A seed is a basic part of any plant. The ovules after


    fertilization, develop into seeds. A seed is made up of a
    seed coat and an embryo. The embryo is made up of a
    radicle, an embryonal axis and one (wheat, maize) or
    two cotyledons (gram and pea). A seed is found inside
    a fruit which converts into a new plant when we plant it.
    Hence, the seed is the most important part.
    Types of Seeds

    A Seed is primarily of two types. The two types are:

     Monocotyledonous Seed
     Dicotyledonous Seed

    Structure of a Monocotyledonous Seed

    A Monocotyledonous seed, as the name suggests, has only one cotyledon. There is
    only one outer layering of the seed coat. A seed has the following parts:

     Seed Coat: In the seed of cereals such as maize, the seed coat is membranous
    and generally fused with the fruit wall, called Hull.
     Endosperm: The endosperm is bulky and stores food. Generally,
    monocotyledonous seeds are endospermic but some as in orchids are non-
    endospermic.
     Aleuron layer: The outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by
    a proteinous layer called aleurone layer.
     Embryo: The embryo is small and situated in a groove at one end of the
    endosperm.
     Scutellum: This is one large and shield-shaped cotyledon.
     Embryonal axis: Plumule and radicle are the two ends.
     Coleoptile and coleorhiza: The plumule and radicle are enclosed in sheaths.
    They are coleoptile and coleorhiza.

    Structure of a Dicotyledonous Seed

    Unlike monocotyledonous seed, a


    dicotyledonous seed, as the name
    suggests, has two cotyledons. It has
    the following parts:

     Seed coat: This is the


    outermost covering of a
    seed. The seed coat has two
    layers, the outer testa and the
    inner tegument.
     Hilum: The hilum is a scar on the seed coat through which the developing seed
    was attached to the fruit.
     Micropyle: It is a small pore present above the hilum.
     Embryo: It consists of an embryonal axis and two cotyledons.
     Cotyledons: These are often fleshy and full of reserve food materials.
     Radicle and plumule: They are present at the two ends of the embryonal axis.
     Endosperm: In some seeds such as castor, the endosperm formed as a result
    of double fertilization, is a food storing tissue. In plants such as bean, gram and
    pea, the endosperm is not present in the matured seed. They are known as non-
    endospermous.

    HOW TO SECURE YOUR SEEDS FOR BETTER YIELD CROPS?

    What is Seed Security?

     Is defined as ready access by rural households, particularly farmers and farming


    communities.
     To adequate quantities of quality seed and planting materials of crop varieties,
    adapted to their agro-ecological conditions and socioeconomic needs
     The availability and access to seeds is of particular importance to farmers in
    developing countries or areas frequently subject to droughts or other natural or
    human disasters. Seed security is defined as ready access by rural households,
    particularly farmers and farming communities, to adequate quantities of quality
    seed and planting materials of crop varieties, adapted to their agro-ecological
    conditions and socioeconomic needs, at planting time, under normal and
    abnormal weather conditions. Initiatives to improve seed security need to be
    based on a better understanding of them.

    Seed Testing

     Is performed for a number of reasons, including research purposes or to


    determine if seed storage techniques are functioning.
     To evaluate the quality of the seed lot being sold.
    WHAT TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING SEEDS?

    The following characteristics should be


    observed:

     Damage Free

    Seeds must be free from damage or


    plant may not be enough to keep the
    seed alive

     Good Germinating Ability

    If seeds germinate and produce


    healthy, strong plants, thy have
    greater percentage of viability:
    hence, they are capable of
    producing good crop yield.

     Disease Free

    Seeds which are free from diseases will


    naturally produce better quality crops and
    greater yield.

    True-to-type

    Seeds should be as strong and healthy


    as the plant variety from which they
    come.
    Always make a point that the seeds are harvested from the best fruits of your plants.

    TESTING SEEDS

    3. SEED BOX METHOD

    Seed box method is the process of germinating


    your seedlings in one flat tray. Usually 3–4
    inches deep.
    SAMPLING IN SEED TESTING LABORATORY

    The seed samples received in the laboratory (submitted sample) are required to
    be reduced to obtain working samples for carrying out various tests. A number of
    methods are available for obtaining working samples.

    Mixing and dividing of seeds

    The main objective of mixing and dividing of seeds is to obtain the representative
    homogenous seed sample for analysis by reducing the submitted sample to the
    desired size of working sample.

    Method of mixing and dividing

    • Mechanical dividing

    • Modified halving method

    • Hand halving method

    • Random cup method

    • Spoon method

    Mechanical method

    The reduction of sample size is carried out by the mechanical dividers suitable
    for all seeds except for chaffy and fuzzy seeds.

    Modified halving method


    The apparatus consists of a tray into which is fitted a grid of equal sized cubical
    cups open at the top and every alternate one having no bottom. After preliminary
    mixing the seed is poured evenly over the grid. When the grid is lifted, approximately
    half the sample remains on the tray. The submitted sample is successively halved in
    this method until a working sample size is obtained.

    Hand halving method

    This method is restricted to the chaffy seeds. The seed is poured evenly on to a
    smooth clean surface and thoroughly mixed into a mound. The mound is then
    divided into 1/2 and each half is mound again and halved into 4 portions. Each of the
    4 portions is halved again giving 8 portions. The halved portions are arranged in
    rows and alternate portions are combined and retained. The process is repeated
    until the sample of required weight is obtained.

    Random cup method

    This is the method suitable for seeds requiring working sample upto 10 grams
    provided that they are not extremely chaffy and do not bounce or roll (e.g.) Brassica
    spp. Six to eight small cups are placed at random on a tray. After a preliminary
    mixing the seed is poured uniformly over the tray. The seeds that fall into the cup is
    taken as the working sample.

    Spoon method

    This is suitable for samples of single small seeded species. A tray, spatula and a
    spoon with a straight edge are required. After preliminary mixing, the seed is poured
    evenly over the tray. The tray should not be shake thereafter. With the spoon in one
    hand, the spatula in the other and using both small portions of seed from not less
    than 5 random places on the tray should be removed.

    TYPES OF MECHANICAL DIVIDERS

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