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    Traverse: Using Distances and Directions of Lines Between Points

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    Ibrahim Adel
    The document discusses traversing methods, which involve measuring distances and angles between fixed points to determine their positions. There are two main types of traverses: closed traverses, where distances and angles are measured along a closed loop; and link traverses, which are open-ended. Traversing is used to establish coordinates for new points by intersection or setting out positions. Key steps involve measuring angles and distances in the field, computing bearings and rectangular coordinates, and checking for angular and linear misclosure errors to ensure accuracy.

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    Traverse: Using Distances and Directions of Lines Between Points

    Uploaded by

    Ibrahim Adel
    34 views26 pages
    The document discusses traversing methods, which involve measuring distances and angles between fixed points to determine their positions. There are two main types of traverses: closed traverses, where distances and angles are measured along a closed loop; and link traverses, which are open-ended. Traversing is used to establish coordinates for new points by intersection or setting out positions. Key steps involve measuring angles and distances in the field, computing bearings and rectangular coordinates, and checking for angular and linear misclosure errors to ensure accuracy.

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    The document discusses traversing methods, which involve measuring distances and angles between fixed points to determine their positions. There are two main types of traverses: closed traverses, where distances and angles are measured along a closed loop; and link traverses, which are open-ended. Traversing is used to establish coordinates for new points by intersection or setting out positions. Key steps involve measuring angles and distances in the field, computing bearings and rectangular coordinates, and checking for angular and linear misclosure errors to ensure accuracy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    34 views26 pages

    Traverse: Using Distances and Directions of Lines Between Points

    Uploaded by

    Ibrahim Adel
    The document discusses traversing methods, which involve measuring distances and angles between fixed points to determine their positions. There are two main types of traverses: closed traverses, where distances and angles are measured along a closed loop; and link traverses, which are open-ended. Traversing is used to establish coordinates for new points by intersection or setting out positions. Key steps involve measuring angles and distances in the field, computing bearings and rectangular coordinates, and checking for angular and linear misclosure errors to ensure accuracy.

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    You are on page 1of 26

    Traverse

    Traversing is the method of using distances and


    directions of lines between points to determine
    positions of the points. A D

    B C
    Measure lengths and directions (polar coordinates)
    Convert (polar coordinates) to Rectangular coordinates
    1 Prof. Adel El-Shazly
    Types of Traverses
    I. Closed Traverse
    Distance and angles are measured

    II. Link Traverse

    2 Prof. Adel El-Shazly


    Applications of traversing

    • Establishing coordinates for new points

    (E,N)known
    (E,N)known

    (E,N)new
    (E,N)new
    3 Prof. Adel El-Shazly
    Applications of traversing
    • To Establish Points with known coordinates to
    perform intersection method for position
    determination
    (E,N)known

    (E,N)new (E,N)known
    (E,N)new (E,N)new

    (E,N)new
    (E,N)new
    4 Prof. Adel El-Shazly
    Applications of traversing

    To Establish Points with known coordinates to


    perform setting out for positions

    (E,N)known
    (E,N)known

    (E,N)new
    5 (E,N)new Prof. Adel El-Shazly
    Types of Angles E
    D
    • Traverse is group of line connecting fixed points
    (stations)
    • In case angles are named anticlockwise , and C
    angles measured staring from left side to right side
    A
    of angle, then the observed angles are internal B
    angles.
    Sum of angles= 180 (n-2)

    • In case angles are named clockwise , and angles B C


    measured staring from left side to right side of
    angle, then the observed angles are external
    angles.
    A D
    Sum of angles =180 (n+2)
    E
    6 Prof. Adel El-Shazly
    Choosing location of traverse stations
    Some practical guidelines:

    1. Min. # of stations (each line of sight as long as possible);


    2. Ensure adjacent stations always inter-visible;
    3. No obstructions along traverse lines;
    4. Avoid acute traverse angles;
    5. Stable & safe ground conditions for instrument;
    6. Marked with paint or/and nail; to survive subsequent
    traffic/construction/weather conditions, etc.
    7. Include existing stations / reference objects for checking with
    known values;
    8. Traverse must not cross itself;
    7 Prof. Adel El-Shazly
    8 Prof. Adel El-Shazly
    Field Procedure

    A F
    Target removed
    Exchange theodolite and target from A to D
    w/o disturbing tribrach & tripod C

    E
    B
    The three tripod system (plan view) D

    9 Prof. Adel El-Shazly


    Angle Measurement Table

    POINT D
    HORIZONTAL CIRCLE
    POINT FACE LEFT FACE RIGHT DIFFERENCE REDUCED DIR. FINAL ANGLES REMARKS
    C 120 12 46 300 12 10 180 00 36 120 12 28

    90 25 19
    E 210 38 08 30 37 26 180 00 42 210 37 47

    10 Prof. Adel El-Shazly


    Stn Ln Observed Angles Adjusted Angles
    Angular Closing error
    A 92o 36’ 22” +6” 92o 36’ 28”
    A
    AB
    B 139 o 49’ 15” +6” 139 o 49’ 21” E
    BC
    C 87 o 59’ 00” +6” 87 o 59’ 06” B
    CD D
    D 90o 25’ 19” +6” 90o 25’ 25”
    C
    DE
    A.C.E.= 539 o 59’ 30”
    E 129 o 09’ 34” +6” 129 o 09’ 40” – 180*(5-2)=-30”
    EA Correction= –A.C.E./n
    A ∑=539 o 59’ 30” ∑=540 o 00’ 00” = + 6”
    Angular Closing Error=∑of observed angles- 180(n±2)
    n= no. of points 180(n-2) internal angles & 180(n+2) external angles
    11 Prof. Adel El-Shazly
    Angular Closing error
    • For closed traverse , sum of angles should satisfy
    (internal angles) = (n – 2) 180 or
    (external angles) = (n + 2) 180
    • In case sum of observed angles does not satisfy
    this condition then:
    Angular Closing Error=sum of observed angles – sum
    or Internal or external angles.
    • Check if error allowable or not:
    Allowable angular closing error= 3 sn
    where n is the number of angles measured s is
    standard deviation of observed angles.
    12 Prof. Adel El-Shazly
    Angular Closing error for Closed Traverse
    • Assign standard deviation for the observed angles according to the
    used equipment and observer.
    • For our equipment, standard deviation for the assigned total station is
    3”.
    • The standard deviation for the measured angles may be taken 6 or 10”

    13 Prof. Adel El-Shazly


    q1
    A
    a2
    C
    q2

    B
    q1
    a2
    A C
    If estimated bearing exceed q2
    360° then subtract 360 °
    B q1

    14 Prof. Adel El-Shazly


    Forward bearing AB = ϑ1
    Forward bearing AB = ϑ2 q1
    External angle at B = a2 A
    q1 q2
    A
    B
    q2
    B q1
    a2
    C

    a2 If estimated bearing exceed


    C
    360° then subtract 360 °

    15 Prof. Adel El-Shazly


    Stn Ln Adjusted Angles Bearing
    A 92o 36’ 28”
    AB 200 o 00’ 00”
    B 139 o 49’ 21”
    BC 159 o 49’ 21”
    C 87 o 59’ 06”
    CD 67 o 48’ 27”
    D 90o 25’ 25”
    DE 338 o 13’ 52”
    E 129 o 09’ 40”
    EA 287 o 23’ 32”
    A
    Check : Recompute bearing for AB
    16 Prof. Adel El-Shazly
    (E,N) for each line

    • The rectangular components for each line are


    computed from the polar coordinates (q,d)
    E  d sin 
    N  d cos
    • Note that these formulae apply regardless of
    the quadrant so long as whole circle bearings
    are used

    17 Prof. Adel El-Shazly


    Linear Closing Error
    For Closed traverse , Sum of horizontal
    and vertical components = zero

    DNEA (+)
    In case of error, linear error= e
    A
    E

    DNBC (-) DNAB (-)

    DNDE(+)
    DEEA (-)
     E  0 B

     N  0 DNCD(+)
    DEAB (-) D
    DEAB (-)
    C DECD (+)
    DEBC (+)
    18 Prof. Adel El-Shazly
    e is the LINEAR MISCLOSURE

    e =  (eE2 + eN2 )
    eE A
    eN e

    B
    D

    C
    19 Prof. Adel El-Shazly
    Linear Closing error & accuracy
    • eE = final computed easting – final known easting
    • eN = final computed northing – final known northing
    • eE = ∑∆E
    • eN =∑∆N
    • Linear Closing Error e:

    e  eE  e N
    2 2

    • Accuracy is given by relative closing error

    1 : (traverse length / linear clo sin g error)


    20 Prof. Adel El-Shazly
    Acceptable Relative linear closing error values :-

    •1 in 5000 for most engineering surveys

    •1 in 10000 for control for large projects

    •1 in 20000 for major works and monitoring for


    structural deformation etc.

    21 Prof. Adel El-Shazly


    Stn Ln Bearing (q) Distance (D) ∆E=Dsin (ϑ) ∆N=D cos (ϑ)
    A

    AB 200 o 00’ 00” 155.743 -53.267 -146.351


    B

    BC 159 o 49’ 21” 98.376 33.933 -92.339


    C

    CD 67 o 48’ 27” 184.905 171.207 69.842


    D

    DE 338 o 13’ 52” 149.178 -55.325 138.540


    E

    EA 287 o 23’ 32” 101.060 -96.440 30.208


    ∑D=689.262 ∑∆E= 0.108 ∑∆N= -0.100
    A

    22 Prof. Adel El-Shazly


    Relative closing error = 0.147/689.262= 1:4688
    a) Bowditch Method - proportional to line distances

    The eE and the eN have to be distributed

    For any line IJ the adjustments are dE IJ and dN IJ

    dE IJ = [- eE / SD] x D IJ

    dN IJ = [ -eN / SD ] x D IJ

    23 Prof. Adel El-Shazly


    b) Transit Method - proportional to line components

    The eE and the eN have to be distributed

    For any line IJ the adjustments are dE IJ and dN IJ

    dE IJ = [- eE / S │∆ E│] x │∆ E│ IJ

    dN IJ = [ -eN / S │∆ N│ ] x │∆ N│ IJ

    24 Prof. Adel El-Shazly


    Stn Ln Dist. (D) ∆E ∆N dE dN Adj. E Adj. N
    A

    AB 155.743 -53.267 -146.351 -0.025 0.023 -53.292 -146.328


    B

    BC 98.376 33.933 -92.339 -0.015 0.014 33.918 -92.325


    C

    CD 184.905 171.207 69.842 -0.029 0.027 171.178 69.869


    D

    DE 149.178 -55.325 138.540 -0.023 0.022 -55.348 138.562


    E

    EA 101.060 -96.440 30.208 -0.016 0.014 -96.456 30.222


    A ∑∆E= 0.108 ∑∆N= -0.100 ∑dE= -0.108 ∑dN= 0.100
    dE IJ = [- eE / SD] x D IJ =[-0.108/689.262]x D IJ
    dN IJ = [ -eN / SD ] x D IJ=[-(-0.100)/689.262]x D IJ
    25 Prof. Adel El-Shazly
    Stn Ln Adj. E Adj. N E N
    A 5000.000 5000.000
    AB -53.292 -146.328
    B 4946.708 4853.672
    BC 33.918 -92.325
    C 4980.626 4761.347
    CD 171.178 69.869
    D 5151.804 4831.216
    DE -55.348 138.562
    E 5096.456 4969.778
    EA -96.456 30.222
    A 5000.000 50000.000

    26 Prof. Adel El-Shazly

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