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2D Orr-Sommerfeld Equation derivation

Technical Report · June 2018

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24472.70406

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Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
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 2D Orr-Sommerfeld Equation derivation
Yasar Arafath
Department of Aerospace, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
June 1, 2018

Method of small disturbances

Basef low : U = U (y), V = W = 0
F luctuatingf low : uf = uf (x, y, t); v f = v f (x, y, t) (1)
u = U + uf , v = V + v f , w = 0, p = P + pf
Continuity equation
∂u ∂v
+ =0 (2)
∂x ∂y
x-momentum equation
 2
∂ u ∂ 2u

∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p
+u +v =− +ν + (3)
∂t ∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂x2 ∂y 2
y-momentum equation
 2
∂ v ∂ 2v

∂v ∂v ∂v 1 ∂p
+u +v =− +ν + (4)
∂t ∂x ∂y ρ ∂y ∂x2 ∂y 2
Substituting Eqn(1) into Eqn(2)
∂(U + uf ) ∂(V + v f )
+ =0
∂x ∂y
∂U ∂V ∂uf ∂v f
+ + + =0
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂U ∂V (5)
since + =0
∂x ∂y
∂uf ∂v f
+ =0
∂x ∂y

1
Fluctuating x-momentum equation:
Substituting Eqn(1) into Eqn(3)
∂(U + uf ) f
f ∂(U + u )
f
f ∂(U + u )
+ (U + u ) + (V + v ) =
∂t ∂x ∂y
1 ∂(P + pf )
 2
∂ (U + uf ) ∂ 2 (U + uf )

− +ν + .
ρ ∂x ∂x2 ∂y 2

 
∂U ∂U   ∂U

+U + V

+
 ∂t
  ∂x ∂y
 f f f f f

∂u ∂U ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂U ∂u
+ uf +U + uf +V + vf + vf =
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
  2 2 (((
  f
 2 f 2 f

1 ∂P ∂ U (∂( U 1 ∂p ∂ u ∂ u
− (((+(ν((((2 + + −
(
(
+ν + .
(((ρ ∂x ∂x ∂y 2 ρ ∂x ∂x2 ∂y 2
(6)
∂U ∂U
Since <<
∂x ∂y
F rom Base f low, V = 0
And neglecting product of f luctuating terms
∂uf ∂U ∂uf ∂uf ∂uf ∂U ∂uf
+ uf +U + uf +V + vf + vf =
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
1 ∂pf
 2 f
∂ 2 uf

∂ u
− +ν + .
ρ ∂x ∂x2 ∂y 2

∂uf ∂uf f
 2 f 2 f

∂U 1 ∂p ∂ u ∂ u
+U + vf + =ν +
∂t ∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂x2 ∂y 2

2
Fluctuating y-momentum equation:
Substituting Eqn(1) into Eqn(4)
∂(V + v f ) f
f ∂(V + v ) f ∂(V + v )
f
+ (U + u ) + (V + v ) =
∂t ∂x ∂y
1 ∂(P + pf )
 2
∂ (V + V f ) ∂ 2 (V + v f )

− +ν + .
ρ ∂y ∂x2 ∂y 2

 
∂V ∂V ∂V
+U +V
 ∂x
+
 ∂t
  ∂y
 f f f f f

∂v ∂V ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂V ∂v
+ uf +U + uf +V + vf + vf =
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
  2 2 (((
  f
 2 f 2 f

1 ∂P ∂ V (∂( V 1 ∂p ∂ v ∂ v
(
− (((+(ν((((2 + + −
(
(
+ν + .
(((ρ ∂y ∂x ∂y 2 ρ ∂y ∂x2 ∂y 2 (7)
∂V ∂V
F rom Base f low, V = 0, So = 0& =0
∂x ∂y
And neglecting product of f luctuating terms
∂v f f ∂V ∂v f f ∂v
f
∂v f f ∂V f ∂v
f
+u +U +u +V +v +v =
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
1 ∂pf
 2 f
∂ 2vf

∂ v
− +ν + .
ρ ∂y ∂x2 ∂y 2

∂v f ∂v f 1 ∂pf
 2 f
∂ 2vf

∂ v
+U + =ν +
∂t ∂x ρ ∂y ∂x2 ∂y 2
Disturbances are assumed to be composed of a number of discrete partial
fluctuations.
- Each of which propagating in x-direction.
- Assuming perturbation is 2D stream function.
- Any arbitrary 2D disturbance is assumed to be expanded in Fourier series.
- Each term represents partial oscillations.
ψ(x, y, t) = φ(y)ei(αx−ωt) = φ(y)eiα(x−ct)
ω = ωr + iωi (8)
c = cr + ici
ωr - Circular frequency
ωi - Amplification factor

3
cr - Velocity of propagation of wave(phase velocity)
∂ψ
uf = = φ0(y)ei(αx−ωt)
∂y (9)
f ∂ψ
v =− = −φ(y)ei(αx−ωt) (iα)
∂x
Substituting Eqn(9) into Eqn(6)&(7)

i(αx−ωt) i(αx−ωt) 1 ∂pf

i(αx−ωt) ∂U
φ0e (−iω) + U φ0e (iα) + (−iα)φe + =
∂y ρ ∂x
 2
∂2

∂
ν 2
+ 2 (φ0ei(αx−ωt ).
∂x ∂y
f
(10)
1 ∂p
(−iα)φei(αx−ωt) (−iω) + U (−iα)φei(αx−ωt) (iα) + =
ρ ∂y
 2
∂2 

∂ i(αx−ωt)

ν + (−iα)φe
∂x2 ∂y 2
Rearranging...

i(αx−ωt) i(αx−ωt) i(αx−ωt) 1 ∂pf

(−iω)φ0e + (iα)U φ0e + (iα)U 0φe + =
ρ ∂x
 2
∂2

∂
ν 2
+ 2 (φ0ei(αx−ωt ).
∂x ∂y
(11)
1 ∂pf
−αωφei(αx−ωt) + α2 U φei(αx−ωt) + =
ρ ∂y
 2
∂ 2  i(αx−ωt) 

∂
(−iα)ν + φe
∂x2 ∂y 2
Expanding right side...
1 ∂pf
(−iω)φ0ei(αx−ωt) + (iα)U φ0ei(αx−ωt) + (iα)U 0φei(αx−ωt) + =
ρ ∂x
h i
2 i(αx−ωt) i(αx−ωt)
ν −α φ0e + φ000e .
(12)
i(αx−ωt) 2 i(αx−ωt) 1 ∂pf
−αωφe + α U φe + =
ρ ∂y
h i
2 i(αx−ωt) i(αx−ωt)
−iαν −α φe + φ00e

Differentiating first Equation in Eqn(12) with y and Differentiating second

4
equation in Eqn(12) with x...
−iωφ00ei(αx−ωt) + iαU 0φ0ei(αx−ωt) + iαU φ00ei(αx−ωt)
h i 1 ∂ 2 pf
i(αx−ωt) i(αx−ωt)
−iα U 00φe + U 0φ0e + =
ρ ∂x∂y
h i
2 i(αx−ωt) i(αx−ωt)
ν −α φ00e + φ0000e . (13)
2 i(αx−ωt) 3 1 ∂ 2 pf
i(αx−ωt)
−iα ωφe + iα U φe + =
ρ ∂x∂y
h i
3 i(αx−ωt) i(αx−ωt)
−iαν −iα φe + iαφ00e

Now equating pressure term in both first and second equation in Eqn(13)
and re-arranging so that all ν terms is in the right side of the equation
−iωφ00ei(αx−ωt) + iαU 0φ0ei(αx−ωt) + iαU 0φ00ei(αx−ωt) − iαU 00φei(αx−ωt)
−iαU 0φ0ei(αx−ωt) + +iα2 ωφei(αx−ωt) − iα3 U φei(αx−ωt)
= α2 νφ00ei(αx−ωt) + νφ0000ei(αx−ωt) + α4 νφei(αx−ωt) − α2 νφ00ei(αx−ωt)
(14)

−iωφ00 + iαU 0φ0 + iαU φ00 − iαU 00 − iαU 0φ0 + iα2 ωφ − iα3 U φ 
  i(αx−ωt)

e 
= −α2 νφ00 + νφ0000 + α4 νφ − α2 νφ00 
  i(αx−ωt)

e 
(15)
2 3
−iωφ00 +  0φ0 + iαU φ00 − iαU 00φ − 
iαU 

0φ0 + iα ωφ − iα U φ+
iαU 
(16)
ν[α2 φ00 − φ0000 − α4 φ + α2 φ00] = 0
taking iφ00 and iφ common and re-arranging...
i(U α − ω)φ00 + i(α2 ω − αU 00 − α3 U )φ = ν[φ0000 − 2α2 φ00 + α4 φ] (17)
taking α common in the left side of Equation(17)
iα(U − c)φ00 + iα(αω − U 00 − α2 U )φ = ν[φ0000 − 2α2 φ00 + α4 φ] (18)
bringing iα to the right side of the equation and doing a small re-arrangment
on the right side...
ν
(U − c)φ00 + (αω − α2 U )φ − U 00φ = [φ0000 − 2α2 φ00 + α4 φ] (19)
iα
ν
(U − c)φ00 − (U − c)α2 φ − U 00φ = [φ0000 − 2α2 φ00 + α4 φ] (20)
iα
iν
(U − c)(φ00 − α2 φ) − U 00φ = − [φ0000 − 2α2 φ00 + α4 φ] (21)
α

5
 The above Orr-Sommerfeld Equation is linearized boundary layer stability
equation. It is in dimensional form. To non-dimensional this equation, the
following non-dimensional parameters can be used.
U
U=
U∞
c
c=
U∞
φ (22)
φ=
U∞ δ ∗
y
y= ∗
δ
α = αδ ∗
And the non-dimensional form...
i
(U − c)(φ00 − α2 φ) − U 00φ = − [φ0000 − 2α2 φ00 + α4 φ] (23)
αReδ∗

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